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  • Drosophila
  • Springer  (27)
  • Annual Reviews
  • 1990-1994  (27)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1965-1969
  • 1960-1964
  • 1945-1949
  • 1991  (27)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1990-1994  (27)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1965-1969
  • 1960-1964
  • 1945-1949
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Can we predict the mating pattern ofDrosophila females from the sperm length distribution in males? (1991)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 47 (1991), S. 111-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Drosophila ; repeat matings ; polyandrous pattern diversity ; sperm length
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to test the validity of the prediction of the mating pattern of females from the sperm length distribution in males, three species ofDrosophila were analysed. Males in the three species are equally polygynous but females differ in the level of polyandry. A ‘low recurrence polyandry’ is observed in the sperm dimorphic speciesD. affinis while a ‘high recurrence polyandry’ is observed in the sperm monomorphic speciesD. latifasciaeformis andD. littoralis. These results are consistent with the hypothesis proposed previously that sperm dimorphism in males can only be maintained by a selective alternative in females (i.e. facultative female polygamy), whereas a stricter mating system (e.g., ‘obligatory’ polyandry) should only result in sperm monomorphism irrespective of the absolute value of sperm length.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02041270
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mitochondrial DNA sequence divergence in theMelanogaster and oriental species subgroups ofDrosophila (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 33 (1991), S. 156-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Nucleotide sequence ; Nonsynonymous substitutions ; Phylogeny ; A+T content
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The nucleotide sequence of a segment of the mitochondrial DNA from threeDrosophila species (D. erecta, D. eugracilis, andD. takahashii), belonging to different subgroups of themelanogaster group has been determined. The segment encompasses three complete tRNA genes (tRNAtrp, tRNAcys, and tRNAtyr) and portions of two protein-coding genes: the subunit 2 of the NADH dehydrogenase (ND2) and the subunit 1 of the cytochrome oxidase (COI). Comparisons also involve homologous sequences already known for four otherDrosophila species of themelanogaster group. Length differences were confined in the intergenic region where a long stretch of AT repeats was observed in one of the species analyzed. The three tRNA genes exhibit very different evolutionary rates, the most slowly evolving one, tRNAtyr, is adjacent to the 5′ end of COI; tRNAs in similar positions have been previously shown to evolve slowly because they are probably involved in transcript processing. Although the rate of synonymous substitutions was very similar between ND2 and COI genes there were strong discrepancies between them in terms of the number of nonsynonymous substitutions. Differences have also been found in G+C content of the genes, which are likely to be linked to different selective pressures. There is a reduction in G+C content in the region where selective constraints are reduced. This suggests the existence of different levels of constraints along the sequenced segment. An overall analysis of the types of substitutions showed a decrease in A+T content during the course of evolution of the species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02193630
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ADH and phylogenetic relationships ofDrosophila lebanonensis (Scaptodrosophila) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 32 (1991), S. 421-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Alcohol dehydrogenase ; Amino acid sequence ; Phylogenetic relationships ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Increasing data onDrosophila alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) sequences have made it possible to calculate the rate of amino acid replacement per year, which is 1.7×10−9. This value makes this protein suitable for reconstructing phylogenetic relationships within the genus for those species for which no molecular data are available such asScaptodrosophila. The amino acid sequence ofDrosophila lebanonensis is compared to all of the already knownDrosophila ADHs, stressing the unique characteristic features of this protein such as the conservation of an initiating methionine at the N-terminus, the unique replacement of a glycine by an alanine at a very conserved position in the NAD domain of all dehydrogenases, the lack of a slowmigrating peptide, and the total conservation of the maximally hydrophilic peptide. The functional significance of these features is discussed. Although the percent amino acid identity of the ADH molecule inDrosophila decreases as the number of sequences compared increases, the conservation of residue type in terms of size and hydrophobocity for the ADH molecule is shown to be very high throughout the genusDrosophila. The distance matrix and parsimony methods used to establish the phylogenetic relationships ofD. lebanonensis show that the three subgenera,Scaptodrosophila, Drosophila, andSophophora separated at approximately the same time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02101282
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolution of thedec-1 eggshell locus inDrosophila. I. Restriction site mapping and limited sequence comparison in themelanogaster species subgroup (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 33 (1991), S. 321-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Drosophila ; dec-1 locus ; Restriction map conservation ; Sequence comparison ; Melanogaster species subgroup ; Phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have analyzed ∼18 kb of DNA in and upstream of thedefective chorion-1 (dec-1) locus of the eight known species of themelanogaster species subgroup ofDrosophila. The restriction maps ofD. simulans, D. mauritiana, D. sechellia, D. erecta, andD. orena are shown to have basically the restriction map ofD. melanogaster, whereas the maps ofD. teissieri andD. yakuba were more difficult to align. However, the basic amount of DNA and sequence arrangement appear to have been conserved in these species. A small deletion of varying length (65–200 bp) is found in a repeated sequence of the central transcribed region ofD. melanogaster, D. simulans, andD. erecta. Restriction site mapping indicated that thedec-1 gene is highly conserved in themelanogaster species subgroup. However, sequence comparison revealed that the amount of nucleotide and amino acid substitution in the repeated region is much larger than in the 5′ translated region. The 5′ flanking region showed noticeable restriction site polymorphisms between species. Based on calculations from the restriction maps a dendrogram was derived that supports earlier published phylogenetic relationships within themelanogaster species subgroup except that theerecta-orena pair is placed closer to themelanogaster complex than toD. teissieri andD. yakuba.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02102863
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Insertion sites of the transposable elementmariner are fixed in the genome ofDrosophila sechellia (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 33 (1991), S. 450-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Mariner ; Transposable elements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The abundance of the transposable elementmariner differs dramatically in the genomes of the closely related speciesDrosophila simulans, D. mauritiana, D. sechellia, andD. melanogaster. Natural populations ofD. simulans andD. mauritiana have 1–10 and 20–30 copies per diploid genome, respectively, and the insertion sites are polymorphic. The element has not been found inD. melanogaster. In this paper we show thatD. sechellia, a species endemic to the Seychelles Islands, contains only twomariner elements that are at fixed sites in the genome. One element, inserted in chromosome 2R at 51A1–2, contains three deletions and is missing much of the 3′ end. The other element, inserted in chromosome 3L at 64A10–11, is the full length of 1286 bp. Although the sequence of the full-length element is polymorphic in populations ofD. sechellia, at least some of the sequences are closely related to elements fromD. simulans andD. mauritiana that are known to be active. However, judging from the progeny of crosses betweenD. sechellia andD. simulans, the biological activity of the full-lengthD. sechellia element appears to be low, either because of the nucleotide sequence of the element or because of its position in the genome, or both.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02103137
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    TheAdh genomic region ofDrosophila ambigua: Evolutionary trends in different species (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 32 (1991), S. 454-462 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Alcohol dehydrogenase gene ; Drosophila ; Gene structure ; Evolutionary trends ; Nucleotide substitution rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The study of individual genes is essential to a comprehensive understanding of genome evolution. The wealth of information on alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) inDrosophila makes this gene particularly suitable for such analysis. We have characterized more than 4 kb of the genomicAdh region inDrosophila ambigua and compared this region toDrosophila mauritiana andDrosophila pseudoobscura. The presence of two genes,Adh and 3′ORF (open reading frame), has been confirmed and some of their essential features have been inferred from primary structural analysis. Inter- and intraspecific comparisons have led us to support that both genes may have diverged from an ancient precursor. They appear to be evolving independently, and show a species-specific pattern. TheAdh in theobscura group species lacks amino acids three and four when compared to the species of themelanogaster group and has accumulated most of its amino acid replacements in the third exon. Neither characteristic is observed when any other group species are compared, which suggests that these may be particular features of the evolution of theobscura group. The 3′ORF is highly conserved among the three species analyzed, although variability in the length of the third exon and the nucleotide substitution rate, which is much higher than inAdh, are worth noting. According to our data, both mutation/fixation rates and the distribution of mutations vary over time, which makes it difficult to predict the evolutionary dynamics of specific genome regions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02102647
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for interspecific transfer of the transposable element mariner betweenDrosophila andZaprionus (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 33 (1991), S. 514-524 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Zaprionus ; Mariner ; Transposable elements ; Horizontal gene transfer ; Alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) ; Sequence divergence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The transposable element mariner occurs widely in themelanogaster species group ofDrosophila. However, in drosophilids outside of themelanogaster species group, sequences showing strong DNA hybridization with mariner are found only in the genusZaprionus. the mariner sequence obtained fromZaprionus tuberculatus is 97% identical with that fromDrosophila mauritiana, a member of themelanogaster species subgroup, whereas a mariner sequence isolated fromDrosophila tsacasi is only 92% identical with that fromD. mauritiana. BecauseD. tsacasi is much more closely related toD. mauritiana than isZaprionus, the presence of mariner inZaprionus may result from horizontal transfer. In order to confirm lack of a close phylogenetic relationship between the genusZaprionus and themelanogaster species group, we compared the alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) sequences among these species. The results show that the coding region of Adh is only 82% identical betweenZ. tuberculatus andD. mauritiana, as compared with 90% identical betweenD. tsacasi andD. mauritiana. Furthermore, the mariner gene phylogeny obtained by maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony analyses is discordant with the species phylogeny estimated by using the Adh genes. The only inconsistency in the mariner gene phylogeny is in the placement of theZaprionus mariner sequence, which clusters with mariner fromDrosophila teissieri andDrosophila yakuba in themelanogaster species subgroup. These results strongly suggest horizontal transfer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02102804
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Length polymorphism in the threonine-glycine-encoding repeat region of theperiod gene inDrosophila (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 32 (1991), S. 238-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Drosophila ; per gene ; Repeated sequence ; Threonine-glycine ; Length polymorphism ; Minisatellite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Single-fly polymerase chain reaction amplification and direct DNA sequencing revealed high levels of length polymorphism in the threonine-glycine encoding repeat region of theperiod (per) gene in natural populations ofDrosophila melanogaster. DNA comparison of two alleles of identical lengths gave a high number of synonymous substitutions suggesting an ancient time of separation. However detailed examination of the sequences of different Thr-Gly length variants indicated that this divergence could be understood in terms of four deletion/insertion events. InDrosophila pseudoobscura a length polymorphism is observed in a five-amino acid degenerate repeat, which corresponds tomelanogaster's Thr-Gly domain. In spite of the differences betweenD. melanogaster andD. pseudoobscura in the amino acid sequence of the repeats, the predicted secondary structures suggest evolutionary and mechanistic constraints on theper protein of these two species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02342746
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The gene fl(2)d is required for various Sxl-controlled processes in Drosophila females (1991)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 200 (1991), S. 172-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Sxl expression ; fl(2)d ; Adult life
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In Drosophila melanogaster, the gene Sex-lethal (Sxl) controls the processes of sex determination, dosage compensation, oogenesis and sexual behaviour. The control of Sxl is by alternative splicing of its primary RNA. We have identified a gene, female-lethal-2-d (fl(2)d), which is needed for the female-specific splicing of Sxl RNA and which also has a vital function independent of Sxl. Here we analyse other aspects of the gene fl(2)d. Specifically, we have analysed the effect of the temperature-sensitive mutation fl(2)d 1 on the viability of adult flies homozygous for this mutation. We have found that the viability of the mutant females is reduced, while that of the mutant males is not affected. In addition, the capacity of the mutant females to be inseminated is considerably reduced, whilst all the mutant males are able to inseminate females. These effects on females are suppressed by Sxl M1. However, the fat body cells of fl(2)d 1 homozygous females are able to synthesize yolk proteins at the restrictive temperature. We have also carried out, in males, a clonal analysis of fl(2)d 2, a mutation lethal in both sexes. We have found that the clones are fully viable. We conclude that the gene fl(2)d seems to be necessary during the adult life of females for the processes that require Sxl + activity. Moreover, the Sxl-independent vital function of fl(2)d seems to be required in both sexes only during larval development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00190237
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Host habitat finding and host selection of theDrosophila parasitoidLeptopilina australis (Hymenoptera, Eucoilidae), with a comparison of the niches of EuropeanLeptopilina species (1991)
    Springer
    Oecologia 87 (1991), S. 324-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Parasitoid ; Host suitability ; Phylogeny ; Leptopilina ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Decaying petioles of giant hogweed,Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier & Levier, are used as a breeding site by six species ofDrosophila and the drosophilidScaptomyza pallida. The most numerous parasitoid species associated with this community isLeptopilina australis. BecauseL. australis was previously unknown in western Europe, we present the characters to distinguish it form its close relativeL. clavipes. Experiments on host species selection and survival ofL. australis showed that this parasitoid mainly usesD. limbata as host. Olfactometer experiments showed thatL. australis is attracted by the odour of decaying hogweed stalks, especially when these contain larvae ofD. limbata. L. australis is also strongly attracted by the odour of stinkhorns, a habitat in which it has never been found in nature.D. phalerata is the dominant fly species in stinkhorns, and is not a host ofL. australis. We offer a possible functional explanation for this unexpected habitat choice, by showing thatD. transversa andD. kuntzei, both species found to breed in fungi, are also suitable hosts forL. australis. We also discuss habitat choice with regard to a proposed phylogeny of theLeptopilina species in temperate Europe. Finally, we discuss niche overlap ofL. australis with the otherLeptopilina species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00634586
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Species-specific differences in tissue-specific expression of alcohol dehydrogenase are under the control of complexcis-acting loci: Evidence fromDrosophila hybrids (1991)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 29 (1991), S. 577-592 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; regulatory loci ; tissue-specific expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Differences in the expression of alcohol dehydrogenase in the hindgut and testis of adultDrosophila virilis, D. texana, D. novamexicana andD. borealis flies were observed. These heritable differences do not arise due to chromosomal rearrangements, since the polytene chromosome banding patterns did not reveal any such gross chromosomal rearrangements near theAdh locus in any of the tested species. Analysis of the interspecific hybrids revealed that these differences are controlled by complexcis-acting genetic loci. Further, thecis-acting locus controlling the expression of ADH in testis was found to be separable by crossing-over.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02426872
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The isolation and characterization of a mutant allele at a new X-linked locus,mex, affecting NADP+-dependent enzymes inDrosophila melanogaster (1991)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 29 (1991), S. 145-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; mex ; NADP+ ; NADPH ; malic enzyme
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The isolation and characterization of mutant alleles in a regulatory gene affecting NADP+-dependent enzymes are described. The locus,mex, is at position 26.5 ± 0.74 on the X chromosome ofDrosophila melanogaster. The newly isolated mutant allele,mex 1, is recessive to either themex allele found in Oregon-R wild-type individuals or that found in thecm v parental stock in which the new mutants were induced. Themex 1 mutant allele is associated with statistically significant decreases in malic enzyme (ME) specific activity and ME specific immunologically cross-reacting material (ME-CRM) in newly emerged adult males. During this same developmental stage in males, the NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase specific activity increases to statistically significant levels. Females of themex 1 mutant strain show statistically significant elevated levels of the pentose phosphate shunt enzymes, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. Isoelectric focusing and thermolability comparisons of the active ME from mutant and control organisms indicate that the enzyme is the same. Developmental profiles ofmex 1 and control strains indicate that this mutant allele differentially modulates the levels of ME enzymatic activity and ME-CRM during development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00554208
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Species-specific differences in tissue-specific expression of alcohol dehydrogenase are under the control of complexcis-acting loci: Evidence fromDrosophila hybrids (1991)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 29 (1991), S. 577-592 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; regulatory loci ; tissue-specific expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Differences in the expression of alcohol dehydrogenase in the hindgut and testis of adultDrosophila virilis, D. texana, D. novamexicana andD. borealis flies were observed. These heritable differences do not arise due to chromosomal rearrangements, since the polytene chromosome banding patterns did not reveal any such gross chromosomal rearrangements near theAdh locus in any of the tested species. Analysis of the interspecific hybrids revealed that these differences are controlled by complexcis-acting genetic loci. Further, thecis-acting locus controlling the expression of ADH in testis was found to be separable by crossing-over.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00554131
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The isolation and characterization of a mutant allele at a new X-linked locus,mex, affecting NADP+-dependent enzymes inDrosophila melanogaster (1991)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 29 (1991), S. 145-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; mex ; NADP+ ; NADPH ; malic enzyme
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The isolation and characterization of mutant alleles in a regulatory gene affecting NADP+-dependent enzymes are described. The locus,mex, is at position 26.5 ± 0.74 on the X chromosome ofDrosophila melanogaster. The newly isolated mutant allele,mex 1, is recessive to either themex allele found in Oregon-R wild-type individuals or that found in thecm v parental stock in which the new mutants were induced. Themex 1 mutant allele is associated with statistically significant decreases in malic enzyme (ME) specific activity and ME specific immunologically cross-reacting material (ME-CRM) in newly emerged adult males. During this same developmental stage in males, the NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase specific activity increases to statistically significant levels. Females of themex 1 mutant strain show statistically significant elevated levels of the pentose phosphate shunt enzymes, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. Isoelectric focusing and thermolability comparisons of the active ME from mutant and control organisms indicate that the enzyme is the same. Developmental profiles ofmex 1 and control strains indicate that this mutant allele differentially modulates the levels of ME enzymatic activity and ME-CRM during development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02401809
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  • 15
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    Electronic Resource
    Investigation of cis-acting sequences regulating expression of the gene encoding yolk protein 3 in Drosophila melanogaster (1991)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 230 (1991), S. 219-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: P element transformation ; Yolk proteins ; Drosophila ; Tissue-specific enhancers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The regulatory sequences leading to the ovarian and fat body expression of yolk proteins 1 and 2 (YP1 and 2) of Drosophila melanogaster have been characterised in some detail. These genes (yp1 and yp2) share many enhancer elements, and some important regulatory sequences lie within the coding regions. We have begun to investigate the cis-regulation of the gene encoding yolk protein 3 (yp3). We describe a system for P element transformation using the complete and unaltered yp3 gene rather than reporter genes and describe sequences conferring correct expression in the ovary and carcass.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00290671
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  • 16
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    Structure and expression of the triose phosphate isomerase (Tpi) gene of Drosophila melanogaster (1991)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 230 (1991), S. 225-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Triosephosphate isomerase ; Drosophila ; Intron ; Nucleotide sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We report the isolation of the genomic sequence that encodes the enzyme triose phosphate isomerase of Drosophila melanogaster. There is a single copy of the Tpi sequence in the genome of Drosophila, as judged by Southern blots and in situ hybridization to salivary gland chromosomes. The sequence of 3414 nucleotides from the Tpi region was determined. The gene has an intron in the 5′ untranslated region of the transcript and a second intron in the coding region at an evolutionarily conserved position. Transcripts initiate at a single site which does not have a TATA box in the usual position. Northern blot analysis of RNA prepared from different developmental stages revealed that Tpi mRNA is present in substantial amounts in oocytes, declines in abundance in early embryos, and begins to increase during mid-embryogenesis. Transcript abundance follows a pattern typical of enzymes involved in intermediate metabolism. A peak is found during third instar followed by a decline during pupal stages and then a second rise near the time of eclosion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00290672
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  • 17
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    Electronic Resource
    High levels of recombination induced by homologous P elements in Drosophila melanogaster (1991)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 225 (1991), S. 443-447 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: P element ; Drosophila ; Recombination ; Homology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary P element transposons in Drosophila melanogaster are capable of mobilizing incomplete P elements elsewhere in the genome, and of inducing recombination. This recombination is usually only of the order of 1% or less. We show that two P elements, located at exactly homologous sites, induce levels of recombination of 20% or higher. The recombination appears to be exact, as determined by the lack of phenotypic effects in recombinant products and the lack of size changes detectable by Southern hybridization. Female recombination is increased, but to a lesser extent than male recombination. Somatic recombination levels are also elevated. Alternative explanations for the high recombination levels are given in terms of the consequences of repair of an excision site and in terms of recombination as part of the replicative transposition process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00261685
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterisation of missense mutations in the Act88F gene of Drosophila melanogaster (1991)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 226 (1991), S. 70-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Actin ; Drosophila ; Heat shock ; Muscle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have created missense mutations in the indirect flight muscle (IFM)-specific Act88F actin gene of Drosophila melanogaster by random in vitro mutagenesis. Following P element-mediated transformation into wild-type flies and subsequent transfer of the inserts into Act88F null strains, the effects of the actin mutants on the structure and function of the IFMs were examined. All of the mutants were antimorphic for flight ability. E316K and G368E formed muscle with only relatively small defects in structure whilst the others produced IFMs with large amounts of disruption. E334K formed filaments but lacked Z discs. V339I formed no muscle structure in null flies and did not accumulate actin. E364K and G366D both had relatively stable actin but did not form myofibrils. Using an in vitro polymerisation assay we found no significant effects on the ability of the mutant actins to polymerise. E364K and G366D also caused a strong induction of heat shock protein (hsp) synthesis at normal temperatures and accumulated large amounts of hsp22 which, together with the mutant actin, was resistant to detergent extraction. Both E316K and E334K caused a weak induction of hsp synthesis. We discuss how the stability, structure and function of the different mutant actins affects myofibril assembly and function, and the induction of hsps.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00273589
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  • 19
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    Egg production and fertility in Drosophila depend upon the number of yolk-protein gene copies (1991)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 228 (1991), S. 324-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Yolk proteins ; Gene families ; Evolution ; Egg production ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The yolk proteins of Drosophila melanogaster comprise a family of three related yolk polypeptides each encoded by a single-copy gene. We show by genetic crosses that each gene makes an equivalent contribution to the fecundity and fertility of the female and they do not individually provide unique functions to the embryo. We show that the number of eggs laid by a female depends upon the number of genes encoding yolk polypeptides present in the genome and furthermore that the probability of an egg hatching into an adult also critically depends upon the number of yolk protein genes present in the mother. This suggests that the three yolk protein-encoding genes in Drosophila melanogaster may have arisen by duplication, then been maintained for quantitative reasons because they increased egg production and fertility, rather than each protein evolving a different function as is the case with most small gene families, such as tubulins and collagen genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00282485
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    Ribosomal protein S14 is not responsible for the Minute phenotype associated with the M(1)7C locus in Drosophila melanogaster (1991)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 230 (1991), S. 8-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Ribosomal protein ; Drosophila ; Minute locus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A locus associated with a severe Minute effect has been mapped at 7C on the X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. Previous work has suggested that this Minute encodes ribosomal proteins S14A and S141B. We have made a chromosomal deficiency that removes the S14 ribosomal protein genes, yet does not display the Minute phenotype. These data suggest that the S14 genes do not actually correspond to the Minute locus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00290642
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  • 21
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    Characterization, molecular cloning and sequencing of YP3 s1, a fertile yolk protein 3 mutant in Drosophila (1991)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 228 (1991), S. 81-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Yolk protein ; Protein processing ; Secretion ; Transcript stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The three yolk proteins (YP1, YP2 and YP3) of Drosophila melanogaster are synthesized in two tissues of the adult female, the fat body and ovarian follicle cells. The YPs are selectively accumulated in the oocyte to provide nutrients for embryogenesis. We describe a female-sterile mutant, fs(1)A1526, which lacks YP3 in the haemolymph. The female sterility mutation mapped some distance away from the yp3 gene on the X chromosome and we were able to separate the YP3 defect from the female sterility by recombination, thus producing a fertile line of flies having no YP3 in the eggs. This shows that YP3 is not essential for embryogenesis. The mutant line is to be known as YP3 s1. Investigation of yp3 transcription in the mutant females revealed that the gene is transcribed but yp3 s1mRNA levels are reduced relative to wild type. Transcription of the mutant yp3 gene can be induced in males by ecdysone. Investigation of the yolk proteins in YP3 s1females suggested that the YP3s1 polypeptide is synthesized in the fat body but not secreted. The mutant YP3 protein shows an increase in apparent molecular weight of approximately 1 kDa. The mutant yp3 gene was cloned and the DNA sequence determined. The sequence differences between the mutant and wild-type genes include an amino acid substitution in the leader sequence. We suggest that this may be responsible for the failure of YP3 secretion in the mutant YP3 s1and speculate on the cause of the reduction seen in the steady-state level of yp3 mRNA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00282451
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  • 22
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    Micro-spatial population differentiation in activity of glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase (GPO) from mitochondria of Drosophila melanogaster (1991)
    Springer
    Genetica 84 (1991), S. 145-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: Drosophila ; glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase ; spatial variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Replicate mass-bred laboratory populations of D. melanogaster were derived from females collected in the Tahbilk winery cellar and from females collected outside but from within two kilometres of the cellar. When mitochondrial extracts from larvae were assayed for specific activity of glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase the cellar populations had levels only 50% of those from the outside area, confirming an earlier report of such a difference among isofemale lines derived from these same areas. This micro-spatial differentiation occurred when larvae were raised on a medium supplemented with both sucrose (5% w/v) and ethanol (4% v/v), known to effect high GPO activity, but was not detected when the larvae were raised on unsupplemented medium. A heritable basis for larval GPO activity variation was confirmed in a set of 32 isogenic second chromosome substitution lines and measured in a subset of 4 of these lines about 25 generations later. A reciprocal cross using two isogenic substitution lines with the highest and lowest activities suggested the difference was attributable to genes acting additively and that there were no maternal or paternal effects. The detection of a collection site difference in GPO enzyme activity in the isogenic lines suggests that polymorphic variation on the second chromosome is responsible for the differentiation at the winery. Variation in adult GPO activity did not show a dependence on the winery location from where the isogenic lines were derived nor was there an effect of line. Adult GPO activity was significantly higher than that detected in larval tissues and did not show a dependence on the sugar/ethanol level in the growth medium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00127241
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    Tissue specific expression of the Drosophila Adh gene: a comparison of in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry (1991)
    Springer
    Genetica 84 (1991), S. 95-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: Drosophila ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; in situ ; immunocytochemistry ; gene regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The tissue specific patterns for Drosophila melanogaster alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) mRNA and protein expression were determined using in situ hybridization and immunocytochemical techniques. Alcohol dehydrogenase mRNAs were localized in thin sections of frozen tissue using the hybridization of single stranded RNA probes. Alcohol dehydrogenase protein was identified in frozen tissue samples using ADH antisera, a biotinylated secondary antibody, and streptavidin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. In tissues such as fat body, gastric caeca, and adult cardiac valve, the patterns of expression for ADH protein and mRNA were identical. Other tissues such as oocytes, nurse cells, imaginal disks, and brain show levels of Adh mRNA that are lower than or equivalent to those observed in the previously mentioned tissues, but they exhibit little or no ADH protein. The lack of concordance between Adh mRNA and ADH protein expression in oocytes and nurse cells may reflect the packaging of maternal mRNAs (but not ADH protein) for use in early development. The reason(s) for the other discrepancies in protein and mRNA expression are not known at this time but may be due to post-transcriptional regulation in these specific tissues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00116548
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    Sexual behavior in laboratory strains ofDrosophila mercatorum that have spontaneously adopted parthenogenesis (1991)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 21 (1991), S. 305-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: sexual behavior ; sexual selection ; origin of parthenogenesis ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Three instances are described in which bisexual laboratory strains spontaneously adopted an exclusively parthenogenetic mode of reproduction, even in the presence of fertile, bisexual males. The few males produced by the parthenogenetic strains lack a Y chromosome and are sterile but, nevertheless, showed no correlated impairment of normal mating behavior. In contrast, females show a strong reluctance to accept copulation. This behavioral correlate of parthenogenesis also has been observed previously in experimentally produced parthenogenetic lines. We suggest that genetic breakdown in female mating behavior may contribute to an evolutionary stimulus that results in a selective increase in the frequency of diploidizing events in unfertilized eggs. This ultimately might lead to the origin of an exclusively parthenogenetic reproductive mode.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01065822
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    Female sexual receptivity is defective in juvenile hormone-deficient mutants of theapterous gene ofDrosophila melanogaster (1991)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 21 (1991), S. 453-469 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: female receptivity ; Drosophila ; apterous ; juvenile hormone ; reproductive development ; sexual behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract During reproductive maturation of female insects, the acquisition of sexual receptivity is coordinated with ovarian development. Juvenile homone regulates vitellogenesis in the ovaries, but the action of this hormone in the development of sexual behavior is less well-understood. A strain ofDrosophila melanogaster carrying a mutation in theapterous gene(ap 4) was known to exhibit arrested vitellogenesis (rescuable by applying exogenous juvenile hormone), sterility of both sexes, and a deficiency of juvenile hormone. In this study, we examined the effects of mutations ofap on female receptivity and its relationship to juvenile hormone. We observed abnormally low female receptivity in homozygousap strains, and heteroallelic combinations ofap mutations exhibited low receptivity. For female receptivity,ap showed no dominance (i.e.,ap/ap + was intermediate betweenap/ap andap +/ap +). Low receptivity mapped genetically to theap locus. The reduction in female receptivity in these mutants is positively correlated with levels of juvenile hormone synthesized by their corpora allata.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01066724
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    On the pharmacological phenocopying of memory mutations inDrosophila: Alkylxanthines accelerate memory decay (1991)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 21 (1991), S. 495-511 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila ; memory mutants ; cyclic AMP ; phosphodiesterase ; olfaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Theophylline and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, two cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitors, when fed to wild-typeDrosophila adults, cause the rapid decay of learning index after training in a shock-odor learning paradigm. The drugs practically do not affect the olfactory acuity of flies, hence they influence the learning/memory process itself. The time courses of memory decay resemble those of the memory mutantsrutabaga andamnesiac and, to a lesser extent,dunce 2 anddunce M11. Theophylline further deteriorates the learning performance ofdunce M11. Biochemical characterization of the inhibition of the two major phosphodiesterase isoenzymes inDrosophila by theophylline predicts only a slight inhibition of these enzymesin vivo, in accordance with the unchanged level of cAMP in wild-type fly heads during drug feeding. 8-Phenyltheophylline, an adenosine receptor antagonist in mammals, slightly retards memory decay in the wild-type. It is suggested that alkylxanthines induce memory decay inDrosophila by interfering with cAMP dynamics at more than one point of its metabolism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01066727
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    Specificity of the toxic genetic action of carcinogenic aromatic compounds on mus-mutant strains ofDrosophila (1991)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 112 (1991), S. 1631-1633 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: Drosophila ; genetic toxicity ; specificity ; metabolism ; precarcinogens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00840433
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