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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Molecular Basis of Adaptation: A Critical Review of Relevant Ideas and Observations (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 14 (1983), S. 77-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4162
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.14.110183.000453
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vacuum deposition of nonlinear chromophore-polymer composite thin films (1994)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 64 (1994), S. 533-535 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Novel nonlinear composite thin films containing 4-dialkylamino-4'-nitro-stilbene (DANS) and Teflon AF 1600 have been deposited by vacuum evaporation techniques. Pure DANS thin film, due to its centrosymmetric crystal structure, does not exhibit any electro-optic effect. However, composite thin films of DANS and Teflon AF 1600 with a DANS concentration of 5%–25% (by volume) do exhibit an electro-optic effect after poling. Their electro-optical coefficients are measured to be as large as 2.4 pm/V. X-ray diffraction shows that these composite thin films are in an amorphous state as-deposited as well as after poling. It is argued that the DANS molecules are in their molecular form embedded in the Teflon AF amorphous matrix, thereby allowing the effect of their large molecular hyperpolarizability to be detected. The characterization of the thin films using scanning electron microscopy is also presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.111966
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Partially ionized beam deposition of 2-methyl-4-nitroaniline thin films (1991)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 70 (1991), S. 6766-6773 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Polycrystalline thin films (1–10 μm) of the nonlinear material 2-methyl-4-nitroaniline were deposited on Ag, Cu, and Si by conventional and partially ionized beam deposition. The use of ions was seen to promote a highly oriented film, with only the single x-ray diffraction orientation (112) being observed at reduced temperatures (−50 °C). The effect of the ions on the physical microstructure of the films was to densify the film and reduce the size of the microcrystals. The films had powderlike optical properties and displayed a strong second harmonic from a Nd:YAG laser.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.349851
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Densification induced dielectric properties change in amorphous BaTiO3 thin films (1992)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 71 (1992), S. 5596-5600 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The properties of amorphous BaTiO3 thin films deposited on Si substrates were studied as functions of annealing temperature. The film thickness decreased monotonically as the annealing temperature increased up to 600 °C. This reduction is believed to correlate with the densification process observed in the amorphous films during annealing. After the 500 °C annealing, a partial crystallization process was observed. It was also found that the dielectric constant and the index of refraction of the film showed significant changes as the annealing temperature increased from 400 to 500 °C. Correlations between the film density, index of refraction, and the dielectric constant are discussed. A severe reaction at the interface between the film and Si substrate was observed in the 750 °C annealed sample.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.350538
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metal/polymer interface adhesion by partially ionized beam deposition (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 80 (1996), S. 5759-5764 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: It is shown that a peel strength of larger than 70 g/mm adhesion can be achieved between Cu and Parylene-N surfaces using the partially ionized beam (PIB) deposition technique while the conventional deposition techniques such as thermal evaporation, e-beam evaporation, and sputtering give no measurable adhesion. With the PIB process, neither an adhesion enhancement layer nor substrate pretreatment is required. In the PIB deposition, up to 5% of self-ions and 3 kV substrate bias were used during deposition. Secondary-ion-mass spectroscopy revealed a Cu–Parylene-N intermixed layer located at the Cu/Parylene-N interface. It is proposed that the mechanical interlocking provided by the graded interface region may play a role for the observed adhesion enhancement. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.363630
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diffusion in Ni/Cu bilayer films (1992)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 60 (1992), S. 1824-1826 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: It is shown that the diffusion of Cu into the Ni layer of a Ni/Cu bilayer film after thermal annealing is significantly reduced when the deposition temperature of the Ni layer is raised from approximately 50 to 200 °C. The effect of the deposition temperature on the physical structure of the Ni layer and the possible connection between the Ni layer physical structure and the diffusion reduction are investigated. The effect of the diffusion on the resistivity of the Cu layer is also studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.107176
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Texture of vapor deposited parylene thin films (1994)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 64 (1994), S. 2812-2814 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The texture of vapor deposited parylene (poly-p-xylylene) thin films on Si is measured using the x-ray pole figure technique to quantify the crystalline portion. The as-deposited sample is the monoclinic α phase where the (020) fiber texture component comprises 48% and the remaining 52% are randomly oriented crystallites. The sample annealed for 350 °C 12 h is hexagonal β phase with an (040) fiber texture component of 68%. The half-width (ω) of the (040) fiber component of the β crystallites is within 25° of the substrate normal (fiber axis). In a β(040) oriented crystallite, the polymer chain is parallel to the Si substrate. This β fiber texture develops by polymer chain movement and rearrangement of the as-deposited α fiber texture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.111433
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new approach to the analysis of random methods for detecting necessary linear inequality constraints (1989)
    Springer
    Mathematical programming 43 (1989), S. 97-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Random methods ; necessary constraints ; redundancy ; coordinate directions ; hypersphere directions ; linear inequalities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A new approach is given for the analysis of random methods for detecting necessary constraints in systems of linear inequality constraints. This new approach directly accounts for the fact that two constraints are detected as necessary (hit) at each iteration of a random method. The significance of this two-hit analysis is demonstrated by comparing it with the usual one-hit analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01582281
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the best case performance of hit and run methods for detecting necessary constraints (1992)
    Springer
    Mathematical programming 54 (1992), S. 233-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Hit and run methods ; redundancy ; linear inequalities ; coupon collector's problem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The hit and run methods are probabilistic algorithms that can be used to detect necessary (nonredundant) constraints in systems of linear constraints. These methods construct random sequences of lines that pass through the feasible region. These lines intersect the boundary of the region at twohit-points, each identifying a necessary constraint. In order to study the statistical performance of such methods it is assumed that the probabilities of hitting particular constraints are the same for every iteration. An indication of the best case performance of these methods can be determined by minimizing, with respect to the hit probabilities, the expected value of the number of iterations required to detect all necessary constraints. We give a set of isolated strong local minimizers and prove that for two, three and four necessary constraints the set of local minimizers is the complete set of global minimizers. We conjecture that this is also the case for any number of necessary constraints. The results in this paper also apply to sampling problems (e.g., balls from an urn) and to the coupon collector's problem.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01586052
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tissue specific expression of the Drosophila Adh gene: a comparison of in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry (1991)
    Springer
    Genetica 84 (1991), S. 95-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: Drosophila ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; in situ ; immunocytochemistry ; gene regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The tissue specific patterns for Drosophila melanogaster alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) mRNA and protein expression were determined using in situ hybridization and immunocytochemical techniques. Alcohol dehydrogenase mRNAs were localized in thin sections of frozen tissue using the hybridization of single stranded RNA probes. Alcohol dehydrogenase protein was identified in frozen tissue samples using ADH antisera, a biotinylated secondary antibody, and streptavidin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. In tissues such as fat body, gastric caeca, and adult cardiac valve, the patterns of expression for ADH protein and mRNA were identical. Other tissues such as oocytes, nurse cells, imaginal disks, and brain show levels of Adh mRNA that are lower than or equivalent to those observed in the previously mentioned tissues, but they exhibit little or no ADH protein. The lack of concordance between Adh mRNA and ADH protein expression in oocytes and nurse cells may reflect the packaging of maternal mRNAs (but not ADH protein) for use in early development. The reason(s) for the other discrepancies in protein and mRNA expression are not known at this time but may be due to post-transcriptional regulation in these specific tissues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00116548
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