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  • 1
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Cotesia marginiventris ; parasitoid ; host searching ; allelochemicals ; plant synomones ; leaf damage ; frass ; flight tunnel
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé L'hyménoptèreC. marginiventris Cresson, parasite solitaire, est connu comme étant attiré par les odeurs liées à l'hôte émises par un complexe de chenilles consommant des feuilles. La source exacte de ces substances attractives restait encore à déterminer. Pour cela, des expériences en tunnel de vol ont été réalisées dans lesquelles différents composés du complexe plante et hôte ont été testés individuellement et en combinaisons diverses. Les 3 composés testés ont été: 1) des plantules de maïs endommagées par des chenilles deSpodoptera exigua (BAW); 2) des excréments produits par les chenilles de BAW consommant du maïs; 3) des chenilles de BAW en l'absence de plantes et d'excréments. Les plantes endommagées ont été significativement plus attractives que les excréments ou les chenilles. En expériences de choix, les excréments étaient plus attractifs que les chenilles. Différentes combinaisons de ces 3 composantes principales ont montré que l'attractivité augmentait quand les chenilles étaient associées à des feuilles endommagées. Ajouter des excréments n'augmentait pas significativement l'attractivité. Quand des chenilles étaient associées avec des feuilles endommagées, mais en présence d'écran les empêchant de consommer les feuilles, l'attractivité était celle des feuilles endommagées seules. Des feuilles de maïs n'ayant jamais été exposées aux dégâts des chenilles étaient à peine attractives. On peut en conclure que les feuilles endommagées par les chenilles sont la principale source de substances volatiles qui orientent le parasitoïdeC. marginiventris vers le voisinage de ses hôtes. La consommation active par les chenilles augmente probablement la quantité de substances émises par les plantes, ce qui se traduit par une attractivité accrue. Les substances volatiles des plantes jouent un rôle dans la découverte de l'habitat de l'hôte par les parasitoïdes. De plus en plus d'éléments suggèrent qu'une interaction sophistiquée entre hôte, plante et parasitoïde sera éventuellement révélée.
    Notizen: Abstract Single and dual choice tests in a flight tunnel revealed that plants damaged by host larvae are the main source of the volatiles that attract females of the parasitoidCotesia marginiventris (Cresson) to the microhabitat of its hosts. Frass and host larvae, the other two major components of a complete plant-host complex, were significantly less attractive than the damaged seedlings; frass alone was more attractive than larvae alone. However, a recombination of larvae with the damaged seedlings was significantly more attractive than the damaged leaves alone, or damaged leaves with frass. This was due to the additional feeding damage done by the larvae. The role of plants in the host-finding behaviour of parasitoids is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 58 (1991), S. 165-174 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Eurytoma amygdali ; Hymenoptera ; Eurytomidae ; host marking pheromone ; host discrimination ; oviposition behaviour
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Des expériences de laboratoire et des observations concernant le comportement de ponte de Eurytoma amygdali Enderlein (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) ont montré que, immédiatement après la ponte, les femelles déposent une phéromone de marquage de l'hôte en trainant le bout de leur abdomen sur la surface de l'amande. Cette phéromone les rends capable de distinguer les fruits infectés des non-infectés dt de sélectionner pour la ponte les derniers. Apparemment, la fonction principale de cette phéromone est la prévention de la répétition des ovipositions dans les fruits déjà infectés et la répartition uniforme des oeufs dans les amandes, contribuant ainsi à la meilleure utilisation des ressources disponsibles pour le développement des larves. Des expériences de deux choix entre des fruits de différents traitements ont montré que la phéromone pouvait être perçue par les femelles par le direct contact et, quand elle était à hautes concentrations, par olfaction d'une courte distance. La phéromone était présente dans l'abdomen et dans le thorax des femelles, et bien qu'elle soit soluble à l'eau, elle ne pouvait pas s'éloigner entièrement par lavage des amandes sérieusement infectées à l'eau. Les observations ont démontré qu'après un numéro de 3.7 visites successives sur des amandes portant de la phéromone les femelles s'éloignaient du lieu de ponte en marchant ou, le plus souvant, en s'envolant, ce qui suggère que la phéromone contribue à la dispersion des femelles.
    Notizen: Abstract Laboratory experiments and observations on the oviposition behaviour of the almond seed wasp Eurytoma amygdali Enderlein (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) revealed that the females of this species deposit a host-marking pheromone, immediately after an oviposition, by dragging the tip of their abdomen on the fruit surface. This pheromone enables them to discriminate between the infested and uninfested fruit and to select for oviposition the latter. Its primary function is apparently the prevention of repeated ovipositions in already infested fruit, thus contributing to the optimal utilisation of the available resources for larval development. The responses of individual females to different treatments of almonds, in a series of two-choice tests, revealed that the pheromone can be perceived by the females on direct contact and, when at high concentrations, also olfactorily from a short distance. The pheromone was present inside the abdomen and thorax of females but not of males, and, although water soluble, could not be entirely removed from heavily infested almonds when rinsed with water. Direct observations revealed that after an average of 3.7 successive visits to pheromone-bearing almonds, females were induced to walk or, most often, fly away from the experimental set-up. This suggests that the pheromone may also contribute to the dispersion of the wasps.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 58 (1991), S. 267-277 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; Campoletis sonorensis ; parasitoid ; host microhabitat ; synomones ; wind tunnel ; experience
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The host microhabitat location behavior of females of the generalist parasitoid Campoletis sonorensis (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) was studied in a wind tunnel. Visual cues associated with the host plant cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., were important and significantly more parasitoids completed flights to a damaged 4-leaf cotton plant bearing a Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larva and frass than to a similarly damaged single leaf with frass and a larva. This difference in completed flights was not due to differences in amounts of volatiles released by the two stimuli. Both naive and experienced parasitoids responded differently to an undamaged cotton leaf, a mechanially damaged leaf, a naturally damaged leaf with the host removed and a naturally damaged leaf with a host larva. Parasitoids completed significantly fewer flights to the undamaged sources of volatiles than to damaged sources of volatiles. Experienced females responded strongly to all types of damage. The number of flights completed by naive females to the three types of damage differed but not significantly and was less than the number completed by experienced females. Components of the preflight experience were varied to determine which factors were responsible for the higher response of experienced females to the host/plant complex. Oviposition was the most important component of this experience. Contact with host frass or plant damage followed by oviposition did not increase the response over that exhibited by females allowed oviposition only. When frass or damaged plant material were contacted without subsequent oviposition, females completed fewer flights than naive females.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 4 (1991), S. 743-750 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): Leptopilina boulardi ; Hymenoptera ; Eucoilidae ; parasitoid ; olfaction ; learning ; olfactometer
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract We studied odor learning in Leptopilina boulardi,a specialist larval parasitoid of Drosophila melanogaster.The behavioral responses of differently experienced females to an artificial odor (Must de Cartier, Paris) were analyzed using a fourarmed airflow olfactometer. The responses of females with an oviposition experience in the presence of the perfume were compared with those of four control groups. As controls we used naive females, females with an oviposition experience in the absence of odor, females which had been previously exposed to perfume but without an oviposition experience, and females with an oviposition experience which also had been exposed to perfume but not at the same time. The results demonstrate that a specialist such as L. boulardican learn very well to respond to an artificial odor by associating this odor with a reward, i.e., an oviposition. The four control groups responded more or less in a similar way.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 4 (1991), S. 489-500 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Dacnusa sibirica ; Diptera ; Agromyzidae ; Liriomyza bryoniae ; foraging behavior ; volatile infochemicals ; wind tunnel ; anemotaxis ; learning
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Previous investigations suggested that the leafminer parasitoid Dacnusa sibirica Telenga does not use a volatile hostrelated infochemical in foraging for hosts. Parasitoids landed with equal frequencies on an uninfested tomato plant and on a tomato plant infested with larvae of the leafminer Liriomyza bryoniae (Kalt.) (Hendrikse et al., 1980). In contrast, we found that volatile infochemicals emitted by uninfested and leafminer-infested tomato plants differently affected the parasitoid 's foraging behavior in a windtunnel. This was obvious from the proportion of wasps flying upwind but not from the proportion of wasps landing on the leaves. Latency time on an uninfested tomato leaflet and proportion of latency time devoted to preflight antennal behavior were influenced by the presence of upwind infested or uninfested tomato leaves. However, these parameters were not affected by odors in the absence of visual plant stimuli. Our data provide a new view on foraging behavior of Dacnusa sibirica.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 4 (1991), S. 727-742 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): postemergence learning ; early-adult experience ; Cotesia congregata (Say) ; Braconidae ; Hymenoptera
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Exposing newly emerged females of Cotesia congregata(Say) to wild cherry, an inherently unattractive plant, and their host larvae at 0–4 h after adult emergence induced a positive searching response to wild cherry and an inhibited response to cabbage, an attractive plant. Inherent responses were not affected when females were exposed to their hosts at 0–12 h and to cherry at 8–12 h after emergence. The induced response to cherry was constant until its disappearance at 6–7 days;inhibition of the response to cabbage was released at 4–5 days after emergence. Postemergence exposure to cherry and parasitoid cocoons induced similar but weaker searching responses. Induced searching responses exhibit features of associative learning and receptor modification. In addition to its presumed role in foraging, postemergence experience with plants may encourage assortative mating of C. congregatawithin suitable host habitats and, thus, facilitate local adaptations to specific plants.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chemoecology 2 (1991), S. 35-40 
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Schlagwort(e): scent-marking ; tarsal glands ; hydrocarbons ; Insecta ; Hymenoptera ; Apidae ; Bombus terrestris
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Scent-marking of artificial food sources by workers of the bumblebee,Bombus terrestris, was investigated. Odour marks deposited on artificial flowers were subsequently collected and chemically analysed. Alkanes and alkenes were identified as the main components. The behaviour mediating capacity of synthetic mixtures of the identified compounds was bioassayed using an artificial flower system. A mixture of alkanes and alkenes, close to natural proportions, released regular foraging behaviour. The reaction proved to be dose-dependent.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 38 (1991), S. 95-103 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; ants ; inquilinism ; chromosome polymorphism ; hybridization
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The workerless, inquiline ant,Doronomyrmex kutteri has isolated populations with a haploid chromosome number ofn=23 both in the Alps (Swiss and South Tyrolean Alps) and in Sweden, and a population withn=25 in southern Germany. Crossbreeding of sexuals from all populations proved successful. Backcrosses of F1-females with males from the parental populations produced F2-females, and hybrid males withn=23, 24, or 25 chromosomes. The chromosome polymorphism is not due to B-chromosomes. Probably then=25 karyotype originated from then=23 karyotype by two Robertsonian fissions (2 ¯M → 4 ¯A), since then=25 karyotype was found in only one of the populations. Diploid males occurred frequently in colonies from four out of five sites investigated.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 38 (1991), S. 105-110 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; social wasps ; sociotomy ; behaviour ; Ropalidia
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Females of an Australian polistine wasp,Ropalidia plebeiana, often use their mandibles to cut their nest-comb in spring, dividing it into two or more completely independent nests. Prior to the division, each of the major egg layers, often with some subordinates, tended to occupy a different part of a single comb. These females gnawed cells in the intermediate zone between such “territories”, and ultimately divided the comb. Many other females also built new nests near the nest aggregations, but addition of new nests by comb cutting represented 34.8 % of the increase in nest number. This method of colony fission is so far unknown in any eusocial Hymenoptera.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 38 (1991), S. 139-147 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; social wasps ; Polybia ; prey capture
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Polybia sericea (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) prey foraging was studied by following individual foragers as they hunted in the field, by observing how wasps handled prey once they had captured it, and by observing wasps as they returned to the nest with prey. Wasps were most likely to forage for prey between 0700 and 1300 hours and between 1600 and 1700 hours. The prey foraging sequence consisted of the behaviours high flight, search, touch, land, groom, walk, bite and malaxate. Captured small prey were malaxated and carried to the nest. Wasps removed the gut from large prey and dragged the meat up a twig or grass stem. A load of the meat was then bitten off and malaxated; the remainder was cached while the wasp made an orientation flight and returned to the nest. The forager returned within minutes for the remainder of the prey. Experiments demonstrated that caching the prey remains above the ground rather than close to the ground, where the prey are generally captured, reduces the chance that the prey will be found and expropriated by ants.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; ants ; Messor ; pleometrosis ; queens
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Starting colonies of the desert seed-harvester antMessor pergandei are clumped in the field and face severe intraspecific competition through brood raiding. Single foundress laboratory colonies ofM. pergandei are more likely to succeed at brood raiding with conspecific colonies if they are given additional workers and mature pupae several days prior to brood raiding. Per foundress fecundity remains constant across laboratory starting colonies established with 1, 3 and 5 foundresses. These results suggest that the selective advantage of cooperative colony foundation (pleometrosis) in this and similar species may derive directly from the ability of multiple foundresses to produce a larger brood raiding force.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 200 (1991), S. 330-335 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Oogenesis ; Oocyte polarity ; Accessory nuclei ; Hymenoptera
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The progressive establishment of anteroposterior and dorsoventral polarity in developing oocytes ofCosmoconus meridionator is described. In fully grown oocytes, the asymmetrical (polar) organization is apparent in the localization of the oocyte nucleus (germinal vesicle) and oosome, and in the uneven (graded) distribution of lipid droplets, yolk spheres and specific organelles termed accessory nuclei (AN). The latter structures occur preferentially within the anteroventral periplasm. The developmental significance of AN is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 29 (1991), S. 593-600 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Schlagwort(e): glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ; bees ; wasps ; isozymes ; Hymenoptera
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-3-PDH) isozymes were investigated in several bee and wasp species to verify if variations detected in G-3-PDH-2 isozymes are closely related to the age and activity of adult workers in the nest or hive of social species. In the solitary, the semisocial, and one social bee species, no phenotypic variations were detected for G-3-PDH-2 isozymes, and this was also the case for all wasp species investigated which were characterized as social. These results allow us to suggest that the variation detected in G-3-PDH-2 isozymes is a phenomenon closely related not only to adult age and activity in the hive, but also to a gradual acquisition of the ability to fly, which is not present in newly emerged worker meliponids in particular.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 557-566 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Bee ; Nomada lathburiana ; nest parasite ; cephalic secretion ; terpenoids ; Hymenoptera ; Anthophoridae ; cuckoo
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract A series of new sesquiterpene ketones and norsesquiterpene ketones could be identified from the cephalic secretion of females of the cuckoo bee,Nomada lathburiana (K.). The major component proved to be 2,6,10-trimethylundeca-(5E)-2,5,9-trien-4-one. Large amounts of high-boiling-point straight-chain hydrocarbons serve as solvents for the volatile, unstable ketones.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1811-1819 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Atta cephalotes ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; attine fungus ; fungal performance ; condensed tannin ; hydrolyzable tannin ; polyphenol oxidase
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The leaf-cutting antAtta cephalotes is a generalist herbivore of the neotropics and collects leaf material to cultivate a fungus. It appears that this fungus, a Basidiomycete, is responsible for the ability of the ants to utilize most of the available woody plant species. Tannins and other phenolics are ubiquitous secondary chemicals in woody plants, and Basidiomycete fungi produce enzymes, such as polyphenol oxidase, that are capable of polymerizing and inactivating the phenolics. This study evaluates the effects of a condensed and a hydrolyzable tannin on the activity of polyphenoi oxidase and the growth of the fungus. I hypothesized that low concentrations of tannin would not inhibit polyphenol oxidase activity but high concentrations would inhibit the enzyme. Consequently, I predicted that only high concentrations of tannin would inhibit fungal growth. Laboratory assays with the fungus indicated that hydrolyzable tannin (tannic acid) and condensed tannin (quebracho tannin) differ in the mechanism of inhibition. Tannic acid does not inhibit polyphenol oxidase activity but does inhibit fungal growth. Quebracho tannin, however, inhibits both polyphenol oxidase activity and fungal growth. As predicted, both tannic acid and quebracho tannin primarily inhibit the fungus at high concentrations.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 29 (1991), S. 255-260 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Schlagwort(e): glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ; social bees ; wasp ; isozymes ; Hymenoptera
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract In only 1 bee species(Tetragona clavipes) of 24 sampled in 145 colonies (0.69%) did we detect the presence of more than one allele for glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.8), an enzyme that is involved in flight. In 34 colonies containing 9 wasp species, 5 colonies of only 2 species(Polybia paulista andP. sericea) showed variation in larval G-3-PDH (14.7%). The small amount of variation observed for theG-3-PDH-1 locus in the bee and wasp species analyzed in the present study agrees with that reported for the G-3-PDH system in other insects.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 29 (1991), S. 593-600 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Schlagwort(e): glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ; bees ; wasps ; isozymes ; Hymenoptera
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-3-PDH) isozymes were investigated in several bee and wasp species to verify if variations detected in G-3-PDH-2 isozymes are closely related to the age and activity of adult workers in the nest or hive of social species. In the solitary, the semisocial, and one social bee species, no phenotypic variations were detected for G-3-PDH-2 isozymes, and this was also the case for all wasp species investigated which were characterized as social. These results allow us to suggest that the variation detected in G-3-PDH-2 isozymes is a phenomenon closely related not only to adult age and activity in the hive, but also to a gradual acquisition of the ability to fly, which is not present in newly emerged worker meliponids in particular.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 177 (1991), S. 71-75 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Malus ; Medicago sativa ; Salvia glutinosa ; Hymenoptera ; Apoidea ; Apis mellifera ; Bombus ; Floral constancy ; foraging ; pollination ; social behaviour
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Contrary to most other bee species honeybees are highly eusocial and hold extremely long-lived societies. Their all-season activities force them to use whatever plants available and prevent any specific adaptations — in the flowers, in honeybees, and in all competing bees. This flexible behaviour in flowers has been a precondition for perennial colony life. But as bees evade becoming contaminated by pollen their visits often do not result in pollination. Honeybee monocultures thus must be avoided by all means.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1177-1195 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Atta cephalotes ; attine ants ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; Inga oerstediana ; plant-herbivore interactions ; host selection ; condensed tannins ; fungal performance ; polyphenol oxidase
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Field experiments indicate that the foliar concentration of condensed tannin affects the selection of leaf material ofInga oerstediana Benth., a tropical legume tree, by leaf cutter ants. In one study an increase in tannin concentration was correlated with a decrease in the acceptability of leaves to leaf-cutter ants, except at low tannin concentrations. Protein concentration was not correlated with acceptability nor was the ratio of protein to tannin. Results from a second study suggest that when the concentration of tannin was low the ants appear to select leaves on the basis of nutrient availability. Laboratory assays with the ants indicated that quebracho tannin, a commercially available condensed tannin, inhibits foraging ants. Again, at lower concentrations, quebracho tannin appeared to have little affect on the ants. The fungus the ants cultivate is a wood-rotting Basidiomycete that produces enzymes, such as polyphenol oxidase (PPO), that are capable of inactivating tannins. The activity of these PPOs may explain why leaf-cutter ants are undeterred by low concentrations of condensed tannins. I hypothesized that PPO activity would be absent from fungal cultures without tannin and that only high concentrations of tannin would inhibit the fungus. Cultures with and without tannin showed similar PPO activity. Thus PPO activity is constitutive. In fact, as fungal biomass increased, so did PPO activity. As hypothesized, only high concentrations of quebracho tannin inhibited PPO activity and fungal growth. However, it is not clear whether the ants can discriminate between concentrations that do and do not inhibit the fungus.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1309-1325 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Microplitis croceipes ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; parasitoid ; host-finding ; behavior ; feces odors ; attraction ; 13-methylhentriacontane ; associative learning
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract When experienced by contact with feces from hosts feeding on cowpeas, laboratory-reared females ofMicroplitis croceipes, a larval parasitoid ofHeliothis spp., orient and fly to odors of the same feces, whereas naive laboratory-reared females do not. Flight-tunnel studies revealed that associative learning occurs during female encounters with hosts and host products. When females antennate host feces, they learn to recognize the volatile odors associated with the feces. Females even can be conditioned to respond to novel and otherwise unattractive odors such as vanilla extract by exposure to these volatile substances in association with a water extract of the feces. They apparently link the volatile odors with a nonvolatile hostspecific recognition chemical found in the feces. The antennating stimulant, 13-methylhentriacontane, was found to be a valuable ingredient, apparently as a facilitator of the initial antennation and subsequent linkage of the volatiles to the nonvolatile host recognition cue.
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1897-1908 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Megalomyrmex ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; venom ; alkaloids ; ants ; trans-2,5-dialkylpyrrolidine ; 3,5-dialkylpyrrolizidine ; Hofmann degradation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Chemical analyses of three species in the Neotropical ant genusMegalomyrmex have identified this taxon as the third myrmicine genus to produce alkaloids as major venom products. Workers ofM. leoninus and workers and ergatoids ofM. goeldii produce one or more of fourtrans-2,5-dialkylpyrrolidines previously identified in other myrmicine genera.M. modestus, on the other hand, is distinctive in producing the novel alkaloid (5E,8E)-3-butyl-5-hexylpyrrolizidine (5d), whose structure was established using a micro-Hofmann degradation sequence. The relationship ofMegalomyrmex to other alkaloid-producing ant genera is discussed along with the possible chemotaxonomic significance of the analyzed species when viewed in terms of the recognized species groups in this genus.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Cotesia marginiventris ; corn ; parasitoid ; host searching ; semiochemicals ; synomones
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Volatiles released from corn seedlings on which beet armyworm larvae were feeding were attractive to females of the parasitoid,Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson), in flight tunnel bioassays. Analyses of the collected volatiles revealed the consistent presence of 11 compounds in significant amounts. They were: (Z)-3-hexenal, (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, (Z)- 3-hexen-1-yl acetate, linalool, (3E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, indole, α-trans-bergamotene, (E)-β-farnesene, (E)-nerolidol, and (3E,7E)-4,8,12-trimethyl-1, 3,7,ll-tridecatetraene. A synthetic blend of all 11 compounds was slightly less attractive to parasitoid females than an equivalent natural blend. However, preflight experience with the synthetic blend instead of experience with a regular plant-host complex significantly improved the response to the synthetic blend. Our results suggest thatC. marginiventris females, in their search for hosts, use a blend of airborne semiochemicals emitted by plants on which their hosts feed. The response to a particular odor blend dramatically increases after a parasitoid experiences it in association with contacting host by-products.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum ; tomato ; glandular trichomes ; Trichogramma pretiosum ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae ; plant-insect interaction ; 2-tridecanone ; 2-undecanone
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The glandular trichome/methyl ketone-mediated insect resistance of the wild tomato,Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum C.H. Mull, accession PI 134417, toManduca sexta (L.) andLeptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) was shown to affect adverselyTrichogramma pretiosum Riley. AdultT. pretiosum were killed by direct contact with PI 134417 foliage and by exposure to its volatiles. This effect was greatly reduced or eliminated by removing the exudate of the glandular trichomes from the foliage. 2-Tridecanone, a principal consituent of the foliar glandular trichomes of PI 134417, was toxic to adultT. pretiosum at concentrations similar to those associated with PI 134417 foliage. Incubation of parasitizedHelicoverpa (=Heliothis) zea (Boddie) eggs on PI 134417 foliage or 2-tridecanone-treated filter paper significantly reduced the proportion of eggs producing adult parasitoids. Similarly, incubation of parasitizedH. zea eggs on filter paper treated with 2-undecanone, another constituent of the glandular trichomes of PI 134417, caused an increase in the percentage of host eggs containing dead parasitoid pupae.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Dendroctonus frontalis ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Dinotiscus dendroctoni ; Hymenoptera ; Pteromalidae ; parasitoid ; kairomone ; electroan-tennogram
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract In two studies using the electroantennogram (EAG) technique, bark beetle- and tree-produced semiochemicals were presented toDinotiscus dendroctoni (Ashmead), a larval parasitoid ofDendroctonus frontalis Zimm. In the first study, 20 test compounds and a standard mixture of oxygenated monoterpenes were presented individually at one concentration to the parasitoids. In the second study, the nine compounds that elicited the greatest EAGs in study 1 were then tested as serial dilutions of 10 to 0.0001μg/ul. The individual compounds did not elicit responses greater than the standard mixture of oxygenated monoterpenes. Males and females exhibited similar dose responses, although females showed lower thresholds of response than males to frontalin, terpinen-4-ol,E,Z-chalcogran, andexo-brevicomin. In both studies, pino-/isopinocamphone elicited the greatest responses at high concentrations. Tests of different ratios of the camphone mixture indicated that pinocamphone elicited the greatest response. Most of the test compounds elicited similar responses which suggests that several of the compounds may be used together byD. dendroctoni in habitat and/or host community location.
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 19 (1991), S. 247-250 
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Schlagwort(e): 75.20.-g ; 35.20.My ; 36.40. + d
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract The orbital magnetism in atoms is described in terms of Larmor diamagnetic and van Vleck paramagnetic contributions. The orbital magnetism in metals is described by Landau diamagnetism. Here, a discussion of the intermediate, mesoscopic regime is presented using a simple free-particle-in-a-box approximation. It is argued that, in general, one cannot separate Larmor and van Vleck contributions, and that the total susceptibility is expected to be small. The conclusions are illustrated on some experimental results.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 19 (1991), S. 251-254 
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Schlagwort(e): 36.40. + d ; 75.50.Cc
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract A new apparatus for measuring the magnetic properties of metal clusters has been constructed. The technique involves the conventional Stern-Gerlach deflection scheme together with modern pulsed laser vaporization source technology and time of flight mass spectrometry. High field seeking monodirectional deflections have been measured for cobalt clusters containing between 40 and 400 atoms. The measured magnetic moments per atom are found to be lower than the known values for the bulk. Special attention has been given to velocity measurements of the metal clusters and the carrier gas atoms in the beam. The residence time of the particles in the source cavity has been measured.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 19 (1991), S. 255-257 
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Schlagwort(e): 31.20. Sy ; 36.40. + d ; 75.60. Jp
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Isomers of pure Fe13 and icosahedral Fe12X clusters are studied using the all-electron linear-combination-of-Gaussian-type-orbital (LCGTO) local-density-functional (LDF) methods that allow the spin and geometry of the cluster to be determined self-consistently. The Fe13 ground state is icosahedral. The icosahedral cluster also has the greatest magnetic moment because of increased symmetry-required orbital degeneracy for electrons of different spins. The central atom of the icosahedral iron cluster has been varied to optimize the spin of the cluster keeping the oribital contribution to the magnetic moment quenched. Varying the central atom under this constraint can alter the magnetic moment by more than 20%. Similar studies have begun on 55-atom icosahedral iron clusters.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 19 (1991), S. 263-265 
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Schlagwort(e): 36.40. + d
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract We present results for the magnetic properties of (Fe x Cr1−x ) n alloy clusters obtained by using a tight-binding Hubbard Hamiltonian in the unrestricted Hartree-Fock approximation. The dependence of the average magnetic moment, local magnetic moments, magnetic order, and cohesive energy on the size and composition of the cluster were determined. In agreement with surface calculations, we find that the average magnetic moment of the alloy is larger than that of the cluster of one element. Forn=15 a transition from ferromagnetic to antiferromagnetic order is obtained forx≈0.4−0.53. We discuss the importance of the overlap interaction in the spin polarized charge distribution of the alloy (e.g., charge transfer, local magnetic moments). The characteristic properties of the mixed clusters are also discussed by comparison with available results for homogeneous clusters.
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 19 (1991), S. 303-306 
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Schlagwort(e): 36.40. + d ; 61.16.Di
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Clusters nucleated by inert gas aggregation have been studied by HREM. The clusters were supported by amorphous carbon films and by crystalline graphite fibres. Multiply twinned particles with 5-fold axes of symmetry were observed whose structures and orientations are discussed. It is also demonstrated that crystalline graphite substrates can be used to calibrate lattice distances and to improve the image processing. With the help of computer simulations complex structures were resolved.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 19 (1991), S. 299-301 
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Schlagwort(e): 61.16D ; 61.50J ; 81.15J ; 36.40. + d
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Ultra-fine particles of TiN have been produced by evaporating titanium in an atmosphere of helium and nitrogen. After evaporation titanium is cooled by the helium gas and small particles are formed. These are extremely reactive and react with the nitrogen gas making nitride. The particles were either collected as a powder on a vertical tube cooled by liquid nitrogen, or as a surface coating on some areas of the tungsten crucible. The produced powder was observed to consist of single crystalline particles with sizes ranging from 5 to 20 nm. The only phase observed was the δ-phase (fcc, NaCl-structure), and the dominating particle morphology was cubic with (100)-surfaces. Due to the size of the particles it was not possible to determine the stoichiometry by accurate lattice parameter measurements. However, quantitative electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) was applied on single particles and indicated a quite low content of nitrogen (about 33 at%). Some areas of the tungsten evaporation source were covered with a 10 μm thick TiN coating with its typical yellowish colour. The grains had a size of 1–10 μm and a rectangular shape. The grains were heavily stressed and had an amount of nitrogen quite similar to that of the small particles.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 19 (1991), S. 315-317 
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Schlagwort(e): 36.40. + d ; 38.65. − i
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract The adhesion of small particles of palladium prepared by thermal evaporation onto a substrate of Al2O3 was studied. Al2O3 was obtained by oxidation of a pollycristalline aluminum strip. The deposit of palladium was observed by Transmission Electron Microscopy which allowed to determine the size and the density of particles according to the average deposition thickness. The adhesion of particles was determined by two methods: the study of particle number density, and the study of the particle shapes.
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 19 (1991), S. 311-313 
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Schlagwort(e): 36.40. + d ; 61.16.D
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract We investigated the growth of small gold particles on thin alumina substrates obtained by oxidation of aluminum. The particles were vapor deposited in vacuum from a Knudsen cell source with a vapor rate of 1·1013 cm−2·s−1. In our experiments small Au particles on Al2O3 were examined by electron microscopy. From electron micrographs we draw a size histogram of Au particles depending on the mean deposit thickness and the deposition rate. For a mean thickness larger than 1.5 nm the particle size distributions show two peaks. The shapes and the positions of these two peaks allow us to determine the particle growth mechanism and to evidence the importance of the liquid-like coalescence resulting of diffusion and collision of the aggregates.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 19 (1991), S. 323-325 
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Schlagwort(e): 36.40. + d ; 61.16.Di
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract The scanning tunneling microscope is an ideal tool to study the local geometric and electronic structure of single supported metal clusters. Our experimental setup consists of an extraction type ion gun combined with a quadrupol mass spectrometer to deposit mass-selected metal cluster. ions. First results showing scanning tunneling microscopy pictures of sputtered aluminum clusters are presented.
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 19 (1991), S. 337-342 
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Schlagwort(e): 36.40. + d ; 82.20.Pm ; 82.30.Fi
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract The chemical reactions of size selected silicon cluster ions (containing up to 70 atoms) have been studied with a number of different reagents using injected ion drift tube techniques. Both kinetic and equilibrium measurements have been performed as a function of temperature, and the influence of cluster annealing on chemical reactivity explored. Unlike metal clusters, where bulk behavior appears to be approached with around 30 atoms, large silicon clusters (n up to 70) are much less reactive than bulk silicon surfaces. These results suggest that the clusters in the size range examined here are not small crystals of bulk silicon, but have compact, high coordination number structures with few dangling bonds.
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 19 (1991), S. 353-355 
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Schlagwort(e): 82.40. − g ; 36.40. + d
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract We have examined the reactivity and saturation of small gold clusters (cations, neutrals and anions) towards several molecules and find that specific small gold clusters exhibit a pronounced variation in their reactivity towards hydrogen, methane and oxygen. The reactivity not only depends strongly on cluster size but also on the cluster charge state. For example, small (n〈15) gold cations react readily with D2, but no evidence of reaction is observed for the anions under our experimental conditions. Similar behavior is seen for methane. With oxygen only even atom (odd electron) anions are reactive, and Au 10 + is the only cation which exhibits evidence of reaction. The global features (small cluster cations reactive towards H2, CH4, but large ones not reactive, odd electron anions reactive towards O2) are qualitatively explained by appealing to a simple frontier orbital picture. The uptake of deuterium and methane on gold clusters also exhibits a pronounced size dependence with D/Au varying from a high of 3 for the dimer to zero for clusters containing more than 15 Au atoms. Comparison of the methane and deuterium saturation behavior leads us to suggest that methane is dissociated and bound as CH3 and H.
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 19 (1991), S. 357-359 
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Schlagwort(e): 36.40. + d ; 35.20. Wg ; 82.65. − i
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Using two independent vaporization lasers, bimetallic clusters composed of transition elements and A1 were generated by the laser vaporization method. Reactivity toward hydrogen adsorption of bimetallic clusters was compared with genuine clusters. It was found that A1 which has no reactivity toward hydrogen plays a role of either inhibitor or accelerator of the reaction when A1 is mixed with Nb or Co. Unusual stability of Co12 V1 in contrast to the high reactivity of Co12–13 is attributed to the rigid geometric structure where V occupies the central position.
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 19 (1991), S. 371-373 
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Schlagwort(e): 34.10. + x ; 36.40. + d ; 82.20.Fd ; 82.20.Wf
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Selected characteristic results of a quasiclassical trajectory study of dissociative adsorption of a D2 molecule on a Ni13 cluster are presented. These include detailed probabilities as functions of the impact parameter and of the relative translational energy of D2, and cross sections as functions of this energy. The roles of the initial rovibrational state of the D2 molecule and of the initial temperature of the cluster are examined. The effect of freezing the cluster into a rigid geometry is tested.
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 21 (1991), S. 281-283 
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Schlagwort(e): 36.40. + d ; 33.20.kf
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract We study the problem of two-photon absorption in alkali metal clusters: a) by using a sum rule approach for double dipole excitation operators to have some insight on the nature of the corresponding excited states; b) by using a simple random phase approximation [RPA] model to develope an harmonic model for the excited states of the system which allows an explicit prediction for the probability to excite states in the vibrational band build on the surface plasma resonance.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Schlagwort(e): 73.20.Mf ; 36.40. + d ; 71.45. − d
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract The line shape of the plasmon resonance in a cold, small sodium cluster (Na8) is calculated taking into account its coupling to the quantal quadrupole fluctuations of the cluster shape. This coupling is found to give rise to a small damping factor (Γ/ħω1∼0.03, where ħω1 denotes the energy centroid and Γ the full width at half maximum of the resonance), and to an asymmetric line shape with Gaussian behaviour in the wings.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Schlagwort(e): 31.20.Di ; 36.40. + d
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Electronic structure and geometries of small (n≦4) neutral, singly, and doubly ionized clusters of beryllium atoms have been studied using ab initio quantum chemical and local density techniques. In the quantum chemical method the exchange potential is treated exactly in the Hartree-Fock scheme while the correlation correction is incorporated through perturbative procedure. In the density functional approach the exchange and correlation potentials are treated in the local spin density approximation. To facilitate an unambiguous comparison between these methods we have used the same basis functions and numerical procedures. All the investigations yield nearly identical geometries. However, the binding energies using these methods can vary by as much as 2 eV and this variation is comparable to what one obtains using different basis functions.
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 18 (1991), S. 193-201 
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Schlagwort(e): 71.45.-d ; 36.40. + d
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract A theoretical study of collective excitations in deformed metal clusters is presented. Sum rules are used to study the splittings of the dipole surface plasma resonance originating from the cluster deformation. The vibrating potential model is developed and used to predict the occurrence of a low lying collective mode of orbital magnetic nature.
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 19 (1991), S. 361-365 
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Schlagwort(e): 36.40. + d ; 35.20. Wg ; 82.65. − i
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract We have investigated the surface of supported palladium particles by static secondary ion mass spectrometry (SSIMS). Pd particles were grown in situ on alumi na (oxide layer and sapphire surfaces) and stabilized by heating treatment. The particle size, density and crystallographic structure were determined in previous studies by transmission electron microscopy and diffraction (TEM and TED). Various ionic species are detected by SSIMS analysis which makes it possible to characterize the CO absorbed layer: Pd n CO+ (n=1, 2) for molecular adsorption and Pd n C+ for CO dissociation. The size dependence of the bonding state of CO (linear, bridge, ...) was monitored by: PdCO+/σ n Pd n CO+ signal ratio over various size particles (mean diameter in the 2–9 nm range). Investigations were performed as a function of CO coverage (adsorption at room temperature) and also under CO dissociation conditions: heating under CO atmosphere or CO+O2 (catalysis). The data analysis shows that on clean Pd particles smaller than 3 nm the CO molecules give rise mainly to PdCO+ species. We have interpreted this result by the adsorption of CO on two palladium atoms, the carbon end being tightly bonded to a low coordination Pd atom and the oxygen end weakly bonded to a neighbour Pd atom. These couples of Pd atoms form the specific sites for CO dissociation, the density of which depends on the roughness of the particle surface.
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 19 (1991), S. 413-418 
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Schlagwort(e): 36.40. + d
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract New non linear isomers of C n forn=4, 5, 6 have been observed using the combination of the laser photodetachment technique and the Coulomb Explosion Imaging method. Electron affinities of these isomers were found to be lower than the corresponding known linear isomers. The structure of low electron affinity C4 isomer was found to be rhombic in accordance with recent theory. Indications for the non linearity of the low electron affinity isomers of C5 and C6 are also presented.
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 20 (1991), S. 33-34 
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Schlagwort(e): 36.40. + d
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract A tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometer is used to measure photofragmentation mass spectra and optical absorption spectra of mass selected argon cluster ions in then=3 to 108 atoms per cluster range.
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 20 (1991), S. 29-32 
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Schlagwort(e): 36.40. + d ; 82.50.Fv
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Single photon ionization of argon and krypton clusters has been studied in the region between threshold and the ionization potential of the corresponding atom. Synchrotron radiation from the electron storage ring BESSY is used to ionize the clusters; threshold-photo-electron-photoion-coincidence (TPEPICO)-time-of-flight technique is used to detect ions correlated with the emission of zero-kinetic-energy-electrons. The spectra of the clusters in the range ofn=2 to 15 are discussed in view of the extensive fragmentation taking place in these systems. In order to characterize the properties of the clusters a method using scaling laws is applied. The principles and the deduction of Hagena's scaling parameter Γ* are briefly reviewed. Using Γ* an experimentally derived mean cluster size for molecular beams can be assigned. This allows one to clearly demonstrate the systematic variations of the measured spectra due to cluster fragmentation. As a general feature it is observed that, in the range studied, the peak in the measured ionization rate for a cluster ion (fragment) of a given size shifts to higher photon energies as the mean cluster size is increased.
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 20 (1991), S. 43-46 
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Schlagwort(e): 33.20.Lg ; 35.20.Pa ; 36.40. + d
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Sub-Doppler electronic spectra with hundreds of resolved rotational lines are now available for benzene-Ar dimers and trimers. From their analysis the structure of these clusters is precisely determined. The analysis of two bands, 6 0 1 and 16 0 2 , of C6H6 · Ar is presented in detail. It leads to accurate values of the van der Waals bond length in the electronic ground and excited state. The change in frequency upon clustering is found to be a factor of 17 larger for the overtone of the out-of-plane modev 16 than for the in-plane vibrationv 1. This can be tentatively explained by an interaction of the low frequency out-of-plane motion of the ring with the van-der-Waals motion of the Ar atom.
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 20 (1991), S. 57-59 
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Schlagwort(e): 36.40. + d
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Photodissociation and photodetachment of negatively charged sulfur dioxide clusters (SO2) n − ,n=2–11, were investigated in the wavelength range from 458 to 660 nm. Electrons obtained from the interaction of photons with clusters were found to be produced in two photon processes forn≥3. Hence their detachment threshold energy is increased by at least 0.7 eV with respect to the dimer. Wavelength dependent depletion spectra indicate that the clusters are composed of a dimer anion chromophore solvated by neutral molecules. The spectral position of the absorption band is maintained and the shape evolves continuously with cluster size. However, a narrowing of the band with increasing cluster size is observed.
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 20 (1991), S. 61-63 
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Schlagwort(e): 36.40. + d ; 79.20.RF
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract The paper presents the results of study of a new phenomenon — the formation of cluster ions of both signs in the scattering of neutral water clusters by solid surfaces and the appearance of a current to the target. The experiments were carried out by the nozzle molecular beam technique. The probabilities of the charge removal from the surface were measured in dependence on incident angle, cluster size, and target material. The model of the process has been proposed which incorporates 1) formation of an ion pair during ion dissociation of a vibrationally excited molecule in a water cluster colliding with the surface; 2) asymmetric neutralization of an ion pair by surface; 3) inertial removal of a cluster ion from the surface. However the measured angular and energy distribution of emitted charged particles testify to more complex mechanisms of ionization and scattering because the spatial pattern of ion emission is of rainbow character and in some cases the direction of inertial removal (along the tangential component of initial velocity) does not dominate.
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 20 (1991), S. 93-96 
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Schlagwort(e): 36.40. + d ; 35.20. Wg ; 79.20.Ds
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract We have investigated the structures and properties of alkali halide cluster ions produced by laser vaporization of solid samples. In many alkali halide cluster ions, we observe the appearances of bulk-like characteristics even at sub-nanometer sizes:fcc crystalline structures (including surface terraces), ionic binding, and a susceptibility to common bulk defects such as F and H color-centers. To understand the origins of cluster structures, we have made calculations of ground state energetics, high-temperature molecular dynamics, and the electronic structure of clusters having excess electrons.
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 20 (1991), S. 101-104 
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Schlagwort(e): 36.40. + d ; 35.80. + S
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract The dissociation patterns of doubly charged noble metal clusters (M) n ++ to two singly charged clusters, (M) m Emphasis〉1/+ and (M) m Emphasis〉2/+ have been investigated using a double focusing mass spectrometer. They are compared with the dissociation patterns from singly charged clusters. The dissociation probabilities to (M) 3 + and (M) 9 + were large and the odd-even alternations were observed in both patterns.
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 20 (1991), S. 119-122 
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Schlagwort(e): 36.40. + d ; 31.20.Sy ; 65.50. + m ; 63.70. + h
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract A scheme based in density functional theory with pseudopotentials is used to obtain the normal modes of vibration of Na n clusters (4 ≤n ≤ 22). The monomer and dimer evaporation rates from thermally excited clusters are obtained in this harmonic approximation. The time evolution of the abundance spectra from an initial uniform mass distribution of hot clusters is studied and its influence in the experimentally observed spectra is discussed.
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 20 (1991), S. 137-140 
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Schlagwort(e): 36.40. + d ; 79.20.Ds ; 78.47. + P
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Light emission and scattering are analyzed for the plume of vapor produced by laser excitation of the solid target of Group II, III and IV elements. Spectroscopic evidences suggest that the plume consists of microclusters of target elements. The size of microclusters is estimated to be 0.6 nm in diameter.
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  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 20 (1991), S. 133-135 
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Schlagwort(e): 36.40. + d
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract The stability of multiply charged Pb n m+ -clusters (n ≤ 3;m=0, 1, 2) was studied by solving exactly for the valencep-electrons a many body Hubbard-like Hamiltonian with intra- and interatomic Coulomb interactions. Particularly we obtain that Pb 3 2+ has a metastable ground state, in which Pb 3 2+ has isosceles shape (bond lengthR=3.2 Å, bond angle θ=124°) and a positive binding energyE B =3.4 eV. The activation barrier against dissociation into Pb 2 + + Pb+ is 0.13 eV, yielding a very long lifetime. This is in agreement with recent experiments [1] in which the lifetime of Pb 3 2+ was determined to be at least 10−6 s. Comparison with self consistent Hartree-Fock calculations shows that the metastability of Pb 3 2+ is due to electronic correlations within the paramagnetic ground state.
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 20 (1991), S. 141-143 
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Schlagwort(e): 36.40. + d
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Electron emission efficiency induced by the collision of clusters with a solid surface was measured as a function of cluster size. Emitted electron energy distribution for the impact of mass selected negative ion clusters or mass selected neutral clusters was also measured in the energy region of 0–5 eV. The difference in the shape of the electron spectra was observed depending on the size and charge of the clusters.
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 20 (1991), S. 161-162 
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Schlagwort(e): 31.20 − d ; 36.40. + d
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract The breathing vibration of Ar N cluster,N=13, 20, 25, 30 and 55, was investigated by use of the molecular dynamics method. The average distance $$(\bar r)$$ averaged over the positions of all Ar atoms with respect to the center of mass was calculated as a function of time and its frequency spectrum was derived by the Fourier transform analysis. The $$\bar r$$ value was proved to be a good index of the breathing vibration in comparison with the exact breathing vibration of an Ar dense sphere. The vibrational frequency thus estimated,f MD, was found to increase with the cluster sizen as expected.
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 20 (1991), S. 189-192 
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Schlagwort(e): 36.40. + d ; 35.20.Wg ; 35.20.Gs
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract In this work the appearance potentials for the metastable decay channel of a series of van der Waals dimer ions are presented. Ionization and metastable dissociation is achieved by resonance-enhanced two-photon absorption in a linear reflection time-of-flight mass spectrometer. From the appearance potentials the binding energy of the neutral dimers is obtained and from the additionally measured ionization potentials binding energies of the dimer cations are achieved. The contribution of charge transfer resonance interaction to the binding in cluster ions is evaluated by investigation of several homo-and heterodimers of aromatic components and the heterodimer benzene/cyclohexane as an example for a dimer consisting of an aromatic and a nonaromatic component.
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  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 20 (1991), S. 193-196 
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Schlagwort(e): 36.40. + d ; 35.20.Wg ; 33.80.Eh
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract A reflecting time of flight mass spectrometer (RETOF) is used to study unimolecular and collision induced fragmentation of ammonia cluster ions. Synchrotron radiation from the BESSY electron storage ring is used in a range of photon energies from 9.08 up to 17.7 eV for single photon ionisation of neutral clusters in a supersonic beam. The threshold photoelectron photoion coincidence technique (TPEPICO) is used to define the energy initially deposited into the cluster ions. Metastable unimolecular decay (µs range) is studied using the RETOF's capacity for energy analysis. Under collision free conditions the by far most prominent metastable process is the evaporation of one neutral NH3 monomer from protonated clusters (NH3) n − 2NH 4 + . Abundance of homogeneous vs. protonated cluster ions and of metastable fragments are reported as a function of photon energy and cluster size up ton=10.
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 20 (1991), S. 197-200 
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Schlagwort(e): 36.40. + d ; 35.80 + s
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Metastable uni-cluster dissociation for several hydrogen-bonded and van der Waals cluster ions are observed via resonance-enhanced two-photon ionization reflectron time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry. All of the cluster ions studied show evaporation of a single molecule from the respective parent cluster ions as dominant metastable decay processes. Furthermore, the averaged metastable evaporation rate constants (k evap) of these cluster ions in a fixed time domain of 0.2–50 µs are obtained by analyzing the relative intensity of metastable ion peaks due to evaporation in the acceleration and the field-free drift regions of the TOF mass spectrometer. An intensity anomaly in some of the observed metastable ion peaks, indicative of magic number stability of the cluster ion, is also presented.
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 20 (1991), S. 205-208 
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Schlagwort(e): 36.40. + d
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract As a result of combined measurements of radiation intensity, electronically excited particles density and the density of mass-separated ions formed by a collision of electrons with CO2, N2O, H2O molecules and clusters in intersecting beams it has been found that the process of ejection of electronically excited particles from clusters forms a main contribution to electron-induced luminescence in a mass-spectrum of molecular, fragmented and microcluster ions. The value of this contribution depends on the cluster sizeN. The enhancement of electron-induced luminescence by small clusters (N ≲ 15) has been found.
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 20 (1991), S. 209-214 
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Schlagwort(e): 68.45 Gd ; 33.10.Gx ; 33.80. − b ; 36.40. + d
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract At the atomic size level, descriptions of rearrangement of structures and shapes of molecules are couched in chemical terminology (isomerization, racemization, rearrangement, etc.). In bulk solids, structural changes are described on a collective scale as order-disorder transformations and phase transitions (melting). To describe structural changes in atomic and molecular clusters we employ elements of both pictures:(a) local bonding rearrangements in molecules, and(b) collective permutational and/or translational rearrangements in the bulk. Various examples are given of isomerism and collective structural transformations in clusters.
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 20 (1991), S. 219-222 
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Schlagwort(e): 36.40. + d ; 67.40. − w
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract We discuss ground state and statistical properties of helium clusters with special emphasis to quantum statistical effects. We investigate the density of states of4He and3He clusters, their cooling due to evaporation as well as the role played by surface excitations in the superfluid motion.
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 20 (1991), S. 21-23 
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Schlagwort(e): 36.40. + d ; 33.80 ; 33.60 ; 32.80F
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Photoionization experiments have been performed to investigate Ne clusters after absorbing a single photon of known energy. The photon energies used were below the threshold energy of the Ne atom. Masses and initial velocities of the clusters were determined by time-of-flight techniques with a resolution ofm/Δm ≈ 500 (t/Δt ≈ 1000). The mass spectra of Ne clusters differ significantly from those reported for other rare gas clusters. An analysis of the isotopic composition of the clusters showed an enrichment of22Ne, which is attributed to a photo-induced fragmentation process.
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 20 (1991), S. 227-229 
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Schlagwort(e): 35.20. − i ; 33.80. − b ; 36.40. + d
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract The time resolved dynamics of diffusionless cube → ring isomerization of the Na4Cl4 cluster was interrogated by constant energy molecular dynamics simulations, utilizing the first passage time method. The nonreactive isomerization induced by nonselective vibrational excitation is well accounted for in terms of the statistical RRK theory, opening avenues for experimental exploration of time-resolved cluster isomerization dynamics.
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 20 (1991), S. 247-250 
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Schlagwort(e): 61.20.Ja ; 64.60.Cn ; 36.40. + d ; 33.20.Lg
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Van-der-Waals clusters of carbazole (representing the ‘solute’) with up to 40 nitrogen or methane solvent molecules were characterized using two-color resonant two-photon ionization spectroscopy. Features in these spectra (redshift, homogeneous and heterogeneous broadening, etc.) are interpreted as being caused by various static and dynamic effects of the solvent shell surrounding the aromatic substrate. For a better understanding of such effects, Monte Carlo simulations of the clusters were performed: Statics: Using a Monte Carlo simulated annealing minimization procedure, minimum energy structures (local, probably global) were found for the various cluster species. Using a simple empirical additivity rule, spectral shifts are rationalized from these structures.Dynamics: Starting from these minimum configurations, canonical ensemble simulations were carried out in a temperature range from 0 to 35 K. Severalorder-disorder transitions were identified including: 1 orientational isomerization or ‘melting’ 2 surface isomerization or decoupling 3 rigid → fluxional transitions 4 full cluster ‘melting’ We present some of our experimental results on the systems carbazole · (N2) n and carbazole · (CH4) n together with the corresponding simulation data.
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 20 (1991), S. 277-279 
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Schlagwort(e): 36.40. + d ; 67.50. Dg
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Collective excitations of3He clusters are studied by treating the cluster as a quantum liquid drop. We have used the Random-Phase Approximation sum rules technique within a Density Functional Formalism. Results forL=2 to 10 surface modes and theL=0 volume mode are presented.
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  • 66
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 20 (1991), S. 17-19 
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Schlagwort(e): 36.40. + d ; 79.00
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract In a first part, we present experimental results on Si n Au m p+ and Ge n Au m /p+ produced by the Liquid Metal Ion Source methods (LMIS). In these experiments the liquid tips are SiAu and GeAu eutectic alloys. We compare our results with LMIS experiments made on pure liquid tips and also with data given in the literature. Among the results, we note that GeAu m + exhibit an interesting alternating behaviour. In a second part, we give a quantum mechanical description of Si m p+ properties. In the range 20≲n≲40 these ions show a Δn=6 periodic behaviour. Such an effect is also observed by LMIS on Ge n Emphasis〉3+ and Sn n + aggregates. Our geometries are fragment of Zintl phase lattices (formula K8Si46 or K8Ge46). In these lattices the elementary cell is a regular array of 5-atom and 6-atom rings and the studied fragments have an integer number of rings.
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 20 (1991), S. 381-383 
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Schlagwort(e): 32.80. Fb ; 78.40. − q ; 36.40. + d
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract This paper reports new results on the optical spectra of Na particles and on laser-induced photodissociation of Na atoms from the surface of these particles. In continuation of our earlier studies we have performed experiments to elucidate the mechanism of thenonthermal dissociation process. Furthermore, theoretical calculations have been carried out with the goal to correlate the wavelength dependence of the photodissociation yield with the optical absorption spectra of the metal particles. In addition, manipulation of the size distribution of metal particles on supports is outlined as an application of the effect. This allows for the preparation of very special surfaces with novel physical and chemical properties.
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 20 (1991), S. 411-412 
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Schlagwort(e): 36.40. + d
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Metal clusters are generated via laser vaporization technique, but in contrast to common designs metal wires are used as target materials. This allowed to simplify the construction of the source dramatically, because buffer gas leakage and hole drilling by the laser beam could easily be prevented. The source producesneutral clusters as well ascharged clusters (negative and positive). Time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used to characterize these three different cluster distributions for two target materials: silver and gold.
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 20 (1991), S. 413-415 
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Schlagwort(e): 36.40. + d ; 81.15.Ef
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Combining a magnetron gas discharge with the gas aggregation technique an intense source of clusters has been developed. A large part (up to 80%) of the clusters can be generated as ions without using additional electron impact ionisation.
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  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 20 (1991), S. 421-423 
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Schlagwort(e): 36.40. + d
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract The generation of cesium clusters with up to 2500 atoms per cluster by nozzle expansion of pure metal vapor without carrier gas is reported. Electron impact is found to lead to positively or negatively charged clusters with comparable probability.
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 20 (1991), S. 417-420 
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Schlagwort(e): 36.40. + d ; 07.77. + p ; 07.75. + h
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract A new cluster source, the “PACIS”, has recently been developed [1, 2]: a pulsed high-current arc is fired between two electrically isolated electrodes. In a stream of carrier gas, the nascent metal plasma cools down, thus undergoes significant aggregation. After supersonic expansion into high vacuum, the resulting cluster ions will be subject to investigation. Here, we present the current state of the source development and further technical details. The integral intensity is estimated by film thickness measurements and yields a deposition rate of, e.g., up to 2 Å per shot for lead. About 10% of the emitted material turns out to be charged. Time-of-flight measurements show similar cluster ion mass spectra as they are known from laser vaporization. Already single shot mass spectra display completen-series which can be followed ton ≈ 40. For heavy clusters, a significant velocity slip is estimated from the beam velocities.
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  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 20 (1991), S. 429-432 
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Schlagwort(e): 36.40. + d
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract The condensation of pure superheated water vapour and of a mixture with carbon dioxide in a supersonic jet behind a sonic nozzle has been investigated by the nozzle molecular beam method. The relation of source temperature, pressure, and nozzle diameter necessary for fully developed condensation has been determined for the pure vapour. By using the retarding potential technique, the cluster size distribution function and the dependence of the mean cluster size on the nozzle source conditions have been obtained. Mass-spectrometric measurements of the beam composition in a mixture expansion have revealed the presence of both homogeneous and heterogeneous clusters. The fully developed condensation in CO2-H2O mixture was found to begin at a smaller total source pressure than in pure water vapour or carbon dioxide.
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  • 73
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 20 (1991), S. 461-463 
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Schlagwort(e): 36.40. + d ; 35.20.Wg ; 79.20.Ds
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract We have studied the formation of clusters of alkali halides during laser vaporization. Measurements of the abundances of cluster ions produced by several different source configurations indicate that clusters are ejected directly from the source sample and do not necessarily grow from an atomic or molecular vapor. Using samples consisting of mixed alkali halide powders, we have found that unalloyed clusters are easily produced in a source that prevents growth from occurring after the clusters leave the sample surface. Melting the sample or encouraging growth after vaporization lead to the production of alloyed cluster species. We also obtain information about the relative binding energies for substituted halogen ions bound to alkali halide clusters.
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 21 (1991), S. 47-55 
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Schlagwort(e): 05.70.Ce ; 31.20.Tz ; 36.40. + d
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract The lowest1Σ+ and3Π states of the BN molecule have been studied using the quadratic configuration interaction method and (spdf) basis sets. The lowest1Σ+ and3Π states lie extremely closely (T e≈100 cm−1) together; it is not clear which is the ground state. The very small separation should form a useful benchmark for basis sets and electron correlation methods. The dissociation energyD 0 is computed to be 103.9±2 kcal/mol. A self-consistent set of spectroscopic constants is derived from a combination of ab initio and experimental data. JANAF-style thermodynamic functions in the range 100–6000 K, including anharmonic, rovibrational coupling, centrifugal stretching, and spin-orbit coupling effects are computed using direct numerical summation over the 25 lowest electronic states. A modified procedure for the latter is outlined that reduces computer time by one or two orders of magnitude without compromise in accuracy.
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  • 75
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    The European physical journal 21 (1991), S. 85-87 
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Schlagwort(e): 36.40. + d ; 34.30. + h
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Recently Märk and collaborators [1, 2] reported the metastable emission of large fractions from argon and neon cluster ions after electron impact ionisation at high excess energies. The decay was interpreted as the result of an intra-cluster excitation of a metastable state by one of the electrons involved in the ionisation process. Here we report the first direct observation of such a correlated two electron process during photoionisation of argon clusters using synchroton radiation and the TPEPICO technique. We observe at least two distinct maxima of the metastable TPEPICO spectrum at around 27 eV and 28.5 eV, the former being consistent with the previously reported energetic threshold for electron impact ionisation [1, 2].
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  • 76
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 2507-2518 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Megalomyrmex ; Hymenoptera ; Myrmicinae ; venom ; alkaloids ; ants ; pyrrolines ; alarm behavior ; stridulation ; toxicity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Chemical analysis of the venom of the myrmicine antMegalomyrmex foreli from Costa Rica revealed the presence of four major alkaloidal components. Two of these, 2-butyl-5-(E, 1-heptenyl)-5-pyrroline (3) and 2-butyl-5-(E, E, 1,3-heptadienyl)-5-pyrroline (4), constitute a new functional class of ant venom alkaloids, whose structures were assigned from their spectral and chemical behavior and unambiguous syntheses. The function of these compounds is suggested by field observations of the behavior ofM. foreli, its sting morphology, and the relative toxicity of 3 and 4 against termite workers.
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  • 77
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    Digitale Medien
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    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 335-342 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Ant ; Myrmica ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; exocrine secretions ; mandibular gland ; Dufour gland ; trail pheromone ; 3-ethyl-2,5-di-methylpyrazine ; bishomofamesene
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract An undescribed species ofMyrmica collected in Idaho has been shown to have the same substances in its mandibular glands (3-octanol and 3-octanone and related 3-alkanols and 3-alkanones) and in its Dufour gland (linear alkanes, alkenes, and farnesene isomers and homologs) as previously examined European species ofMyrmica. The poison gland contains the trail pheromone 3-ethyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazine, common to allMyrmica species studied so far. The Dufour gland contains large amounts of bishomofarnesene, which easily distinguishes it from some 13 otherMyrmica already known.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Lepidoptera ; Hymenoptera ; predation ; sequestration ; chemical ; defense ; cuticle
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Larvae ofUresiphita reversalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) sequester quinolizidine alkaloids from their leguminous hosts and store them primarily in the cuticle. Stored alkaloids are lost with the last larval molt. Extracts of late-instar larvae and of pupae were applied to larvae of the potato tuber moth,Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Gelichiidae), which are normally palatable to two hymenopteran predators, the Argentine ant,Iridomyrmex humilis (Mayr) (Formicidae), and the paper wasp,Mischocyttarus flavitarsus (Sauss.) (Vespidae). Larvae ofP. operculella treated with alkaloid extracts ofU. reversalis larval exuviae, or with surface extracts of whole larvae, were deterrent to both predators, compared to untreated prey. Extracts of pupal exuviae added toP. operculella, however, were not deterrent.P. operculella larvae treated with the authentic alkaloids sparteine and cytisine were also deterrent to these hymenopteran predators. Storage of small but concentrated amounts of plant secondary compounds in the cuticle appears to be an efficacious means of defense against at least two common predators of lepidopteran larvae.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 79
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 463-473 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Acarapis woodi ; tracheal mite ; Tarsonemidae ; Apis mellifera ; Hymenoptera ; Apidae ; honeybee ; hydrocarbons ; host selection ; cuticular lipids ; kairomones
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Using a simple two-choice bioassay and video analysis of individual locomotory tracks, it was determined that a preference for young-bee hosts over old-bee hosts in female honeybee tracheal mites,Acarapis woodi (Rennie), is chemically mediated. When presented with a choice of cuticular extracts from 5-day-old and 〈1-day-old adult bees, mites showed a significant preference for the young-bee extract in three of four bee colony sources. This discrimination was due apparently to a greater positive response elicited by the young-bee extract rather than a deterrent effect of old-bee extract, as the extract of old bees evoked a significantly higher response than a hexane control. A bioassay of silica-gel fractions of young-bee extract indicated that cuticular hydrocarbons alone were responsible for tracheal mite response. Further fractionation of a hydrocarbon fraction by argentation chromatography demonstrated that both saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons were involved in the mite response, but when presented in opposition, mites showed a stronger response to the saturated than to the unsaturated components. Mites placed in zones treated with cuticular extract of young bees exhibited higher angular velocities than those placed on hexane, causing them to remain in the extract-treated zones for extended periods. These results point to a possible control strategy whereby migration of tracheal mites to young-bee hosts could be disrupted by artificially altering the chemical profile of the honeybee cuticle.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 80
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1021-1035 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Dendrocerus carpenteri ; Hymenoptera ; Megaspilidae ; hyperparasitoid ; primary parasitoid ; marking pheromone ; host discrimination ; self-recognition ; superparasitism
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The megaspilidDendrocerus carpenteri (Curtis) is a solitary ectohyperparasitoid of aphid primary parasitoids. It avoids superparasitism, but the avoidance rate depends on the amount of time elapsed after the first oviposition. In addition, females discriminate in a time-dependent manner between hosts parasitized by themselves and hosts parasitized by conspecifics. They recognize parasitized hosts by means of two externally perceivable chemical markers that are deposited on the mummy shell. One of the markers is highly active, short-lived, not passable through gas chromatography (GC), and freezing sensitive; the other is moderately active, persistent, GC-passable and freezing tolerant. Using two markers is believed to be advantageous for the hyperparasitoid female, as their ratio provides information on mark age and on the producer of the mark (the female herself or a conspecific female).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 81
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1557-1573 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Laburnum anagyroides ; Robinia pseudacacia ; Aphis cytisorum ; Homoptera ; Aphididae ; Bruchidius villosus ; Coleoptera ; Bruchidae ; Lasius niger ; Formica species ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; Triaspis thoracicus ; Braconidae ; Chalcidoidea ; quinolizidine alkaloids
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The quinolizidine alkaloids (QA) of golden rain,Laburnum anagyroides, and those of phytophagous insects associated with the plant, as well as of parasitoids of the latter, were analyzed by capillary GLC and GLC-MS. The alkaloid content in samples of vegetative plant parts was high at the beginning of the season, then decreased, while that of reproductive organs was high throughout flowering, pod formation, and maturation. The analyses showed that the QA of the plant passed through two higher trophic levels (herbivorous insects and their parasitoids) and that the alkaloid pattern changed little during the passage. The alkaloids were present in two phytophagous insect species associated with golden rain: the predispersal seed predator,Bruchidius villosus [5–13μg/g fresh weight (fw)], andAphis cytisorum (182–1012μg/g fw), an aphid that feeds on shoots, leaves, and inflorescences. Braconid and chalcidoid parasitoids emerging from the bruchid host also contained alkaloids (1.3–3μg/g fw), as did three foraging ant species,Lasius niger, Formica rufibarbis, andF. cunicularia (45μg/g fw), that visited the aphid colonies or honeydew-covered leaves of aphid-infested plants. The hypothesis that developing bruchid larvae and/or the plant “manipulate” QA supply to infested seeds was not supported, because QA content of leftover endosperm in seeds after bruchid development was similar to that of uninfested seeds. The frass of developing bruchid larvae was rich in QA (31μg/ g dry weight). While aphids sequestered, the bruchid larvae took up and eliminated QA with the frass without chemical transformation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1641-1664 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Formicinae ; mimicry ; artificial mixed colonies ; cuticular hydrocarbons ; colony recognition ; ants ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; Formica selysi ; Monica rubida
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The cuticular hydrocarbons ofFormica selysi (Formicinae) andMonica rubida (Myrmicinae) reared in single species and in mixed species colonies were determined using gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry. In colonies containing both species, each species modified its species-specific recognition odor. This odor is composed, at least partly, of cuticular hydrocarbons. The cuticular hydrocarbons ofM. rubida consist only of saturated alkanes (n-alkanes and branched alkanes). InF. selysi the mixture also contains unsaturated compounds (monoenes and dienes). In hetero-specific colonies, a new chemical signature developed. This signature resulted from qualitative and quantitative changes in the spectrum of hydrocarbons produced by each species and permitted the two species to inhabit the same nest without displaying interspecific aggression. The readjustment seemed to be more an active synthesis or an active transfer than simply a passive transfer from one species to the other. This may imply that the ants synthesized some components of the hydrocarbon signature of the other species. These synthesizing processes may be activated under particular social environmental conditions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Lycopersicon hirsutum f.glabratum ; glandular trichomes ; Trichogramma pretiosum ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae ; Telenomus sphingis ; Scelionidae ; plant-insect interaction ; 2-tridecanone ; 2-undecanone ; parasitism
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Effects of methyl ketone (2-tridecanone and 2-undecanone)/glandular trichome-based resistance to insects ofLycopersicon hirsutum f.glabratum C.H. Mull, PI 134417, on the behavioral responses ofTrichogramma pretiosum Riley andTelenomus sphingis (Ashmead) were observed in the laboratory. ForT. pretiosum, these effects included (1) longer time required by the wasps to cross a leaf disk (diam. 16.3 mm), (2) higher percentage of wasps initiating flight from disks before reaching the edge, and (3) entrapment of wasps in trichome exudates. In tomato genotypes with varying densities of type VI glandular trichomes (3.1–9.2/mm2) but with no methyl ketones in the trichome tips, no such adverse effects were observed. The time taken to cross a disk or initiate flight byT. sphingis, a larger wasp thanT. pretiosum, was not significantly affected on 16.3-mm leaf disks, although the percentage ofT. sphingis initiating flight was directly correlated with trichome density among lines with no ketones. When placed on whole leaflets of plant lines with or without methyl ketones,T. sphingis was entangled by trichome exudates. However, unlikeT. pretiosum, T. sphingis was eventually able to free itself from entanglement. Landing rates byT. sphingis on PI 134417 foliage contained in dialysis tubes were also reduced. Data indicate that suppression of egg parasitism byT. sphingis on resistant foliage is due to both repellent action of its foliar volatiles and reduced searching rates by the parasitoids. Results indicate that a significant portion of the reduction of egg parasitism byT. pretiosum andT. sphingis is attributable to the effects of 2-tridecanone and/or 2-undecanone present in the tips of type VI glandular trichomes on PI 134417 foliage, although the trichomes also adversely affect the wasps even in plant lines without ketones.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 84
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Honeybee ; Apis mellifera ; Hymenoptera ; Apidae ; hydrocarbons ; kin recognition ; genetic relatedness
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Hydrocarbons of worker honeybees of known pedigree were extracted and analyzed using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Variability in hydrocarbon extracts of individual workers is determined at least in part genetically. Correlations in hydrocarbon composition of extracts were highest among more closely related individuals. Individuals maintained in groups exchange hydrocarbons but still maintain enough self-produced compounds to retain genetically determined individual characteristics. These results demonstrate that extractable hydrocarbons of bees provide sufficiently reliable genetic information to function as labels for use during kin recognition.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 85
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1633-1639 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Exocrine secretion ; Dufour gland ; Dorylus (Anomma) molestus ; Dorylus (Anomma) nigricans ; Dorylinae ; Formicidae ; Hymenoptera
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The Dufour glands of workers ofDorylus (Anomma) molestus contain chiefly linear alkenes and alkanes, with (Z)-9-tricosene and tricosane representing over 70%. The glands are relatively small with some indication of very small (nanogram or less) amounts of dihydrofarnesol. Minima, medium, and major workers ofDorylus (Anomma) nigricans contain a similar spectrum of compounds.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Herbivores ; Pseudoplusia includens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; natural enemies ; Microplitis demolitor ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; EAG responses ; green leaf volatiles
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Electroantennograms were recorded from an herbivore,Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and a parasitoid,Microplitis demolitor (Wilkinson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), exposed to 5-through 12-carbon aliphatic compounds of several chemical classes. The response of the herbivore was higher for the 6- and/or 7-carbon hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, and ketones. The response of the parasitoid was higher for the 7- and 8-carbon hydrocarbons, aldehydes, and ketones. Responses of the herbivore and the parasitoid to alcohols were similar. Both the herbivore and the parasitoid were most sensitive to aldehydes and ketones, and least sensitive to alcohols and hydrocarbons. Responses of the parasitoid to hydrocarbons, aldehydes, and ketones were numerically higher than those of the herbivore. The adaptive significance of differential olfactory sensitivity between the herbivore and the natural enemy is discussed in relation to tri-trophic interactions among plants, herbivores, and natural enemies.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; parasitoids ; recombinant males ; polygenes ; Hymenoptera ; parasitoïdes ; mâles recombinants ; polygénie
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé L'analyse de mâles recombinants issus de femelles hybrides vierges, obtenues à partir de croisements effectués entre populations solitaires et grégaires deMuscidifurax raptorrelus Kogan & Legner, a permis d'estimer le nombre minimal de loci impliqués dans le déterminisme de la grégarité. L'étude de ce phénomène dans la descendance de femelles ayant pour père des mâles F1 indique la présence d'hybrides parmi ces mâles. Les estimations du nombre de gènes impliqués, obtenues à partir des variances calculées sur les générations P1, F1, F2 et sur celles issues des backcross de premier, deuxième et troisième ordre, sont toutes comprises entre deux et dix-neuf, la plupart entre deux et cinq. Les données de backcross suggèrent cependant qu'au moins huit loci segrègent activement dans le déterminisme de ce comportement. Des effets de semi-dominance (D=0.63 à 0.84) et des effets inégaux des gènes en cause expliquent probablement que les estimations obtenues conduisent à des résultats plus faibles que le nombre réel de loci impliqués. Des estimations du coefficient d'héritabilité, au sens large, fondées sur l'analyse de la variance des générations des parents, de la F1 et de la F2 indiquent que la variabilité de la grégarité est ici pour plus de 60% sous la dépendance de facteurs génotypiques. Des analyses par régression parents-enfants donnent des estimations supérieures à 38%.
    Notizen: Abstract Estimates of the minimum number of genetic loci governing expressions of gregarious oviposition inMuscidifurax raptorellus Kogan & Legner were enabled by the verification of recombinant males, which were secured from virgin hybrid females, formed by crossing cohorts from solitary and gregarious populations. Examinations of parasitization behavior in female progeny that had F1 male fathers indicated the presence of hybrids among the males. Estimates of gene number, made on the basis of variances in P1, F1, F2 and backcross progeny, and by observing behavior in second and third order backcrosses, ranged from two to 19, with most between two and five. However, backcrossing data suggested that at least eight loci were actively segregating for this characteristic. Semi-dominance of the solitary trait (D=0.63 to 0.84), and unequal gene effects probably caused these gene estimated to be lower than the actual number. Estimates of the coefficient of heritability, in the broad sense based on parental and F1 and F2 variances indicated that variability of gregarious behavior in the experimental environment was influenced 〉60% by genotypic factors, offspring-parent regression analyses gave estimates 〉38%.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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