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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 5 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 5 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The twentieth century has seen a sea change in the concentration of ownership of U.S. corporations. Early in the century Berle and Means identified the divorce of ownership from control as the central corporate governance problem, but since the 1970’s ownership has been re’rating into the hands of fiduciary institutions – most notably pension funds and mutual funds. By the 1990s fiduciaries collectively owned over 50% of the outstanding equity of the 1,000 largest corporations. This new pattern of ownership, fiduciary capitalism, has begun to raise important policy questions including: How can agents (fiduciaries) effectively monitor other agents (boards of directors)? What are the social implications of universal ownership where fiduciaries own substantial stakes in virtually all of the corporations in a country, and, finally, What does it mean to maximize shareholder wealth when fiduciaries are universal owners?
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 5 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: This paper outlines the conceptual, cultural, contextual and disciplinary scope of the rapidly evolving topic of corporate governance. As a basis for improving the rigour of research and analysis, some definitions are suggested. Reasons for the diversity of view-points and concerns are considered. To provide an orientation for new scholars and those from specialised disciplines, recent surveys of corporate governance are reviewed from their ethnocentric, contextual, and intellectual contingencies. The prospects of developing the topic as a “science of organization” are considered along with areas for future research.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 5 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The publication in the UK of the Cadbury Report and its associated Code of Best Practice focused attention on the conduct and structure of boards in large companies. The Code suggested that greater financial accountability would be facilitated by increasing the number of non-executive directors, creating new sub-committees and ensuring that the power of the chair is limited. Surveys amongst FT100 companies show that their compliance with the Cadbury Code has been rapid and virtually complete (Bostock [1995], Cadbury [1995]); less attention has been paid to the compliance of small and medium-sized companies. The approach that is taken in this survey is to investigate the board structures chosen by these enterprises as they prepare for stock market listing. Companies are prepared for market with the advice of professional advisors who it is assumed have a reputational interest in the success of the issue; therefore, they advance corporate governance structures that satisfy potential investors’ expectations. Such companies are making their boards anew and should represent best-practice. This paper examines whether current practice in small and medium-sized companies conforms to the prescribed model for UK boards. It is concluded that the Cadbury Code is not the only model for emergent small to medium sized companies and that the market does not value its adoption in all cases.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 5 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: This Australian study utilises disclosure requirements in accordance with Australian Accounting Standards AASB 1017: Related Party Disclosures, to provide a richer description of non-executive director characteristics. Consistent with the findings of Baysinger and Butler (1985) we find a three scale classification system for directors (insider, grey area, outsider) to better reflect board composition.The results indicate that 35% of non-executive directors were involved in transactions with their companies which potentially threaten their independence (i.e. grey area directors). On average, our findings reveal that the combination of insider and ‘grey’ area directors would constitute a majority of the board. This could lead to companies appearing to comply with current Australian recommendations through possessing a non-executive majority on the board, whilst in fact being controlled by internal management. This finding similarly applied to the composition of the audit committee.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 5 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 5 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 5 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 5 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 5 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 5 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 5 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 5 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 5 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Corporate Governance – responsibilities, risks and remuneration by Kevin Keasey and Mikie Wright
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 5 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 5 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: A considerable amount of attention has recently been given to the lack of equality for women in the economic arena. Women are systematically disadvantaged in many ways in terms of pay for the same job, promotion prospects and access to the most important top jobs in the United Kingdom. In this paper we present new evidence on women participation rates in UK boardrooms. In particular, our objectives are to (i) examine the proportion of executive and non-executive directors who are women (ii) to document the degree to which women are deployed to key boardroom committees.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 5 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Board activists continue to suggest – even demand – that the CEO and board chairperson positions be held separately, to ensure governance independence at board level. A regression analysis of large corporations provides no evidence of differences in independence across a range of dimensions. Even when the positions are held separately, the chairperson is often the former CEO, holds substantial equity in the firm and, in many cases, has familial ties to current executives.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 5 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: This study examined views of women directors on criteria for their being selected, reasons for serving and benefits derived from their directorships. Data were collected from 280 women serving on Canadian corporate boards of directors using anonymous questionnaires. A successful career in traditional business organizations emerged as the major selection criteria. Personal contacts and visibility to male board members was essential. Company/industry interest and broadening skills and knowledge motivated women’s board service. Finally women board members reported considerable benefits from serving. Efforts to broaden the selection and nomination process to include more qualified women may benefit women, men and organizations.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 5 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: This paper is based on a large and comprehensive survey of the investor relations process in large UK companies. The survey was primarily designed to investigate investor relations, secondarily to explore links between investor relations procedures and improvements in corporate governance. Of the independent variables, the size of company has the greatest association with measures of well organised and controlled investor relations. The use of a non–executive chairman also has a positive association. The proportion of non–executive directors does not appear to influence whether investor relations are well organised and successful.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 5 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 5 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: This paper describes a process for the evaluation of the Chairperson by his or her fellow board members. It has been developed in close co-operation between academics and practitioners and has been successfully tested in different companies. Frequently, there is a fairly high threshold to be overcome before companies agree to such a step. They fear a dismantling of the authority of the Chairman or a “Götterdämmerung” in the board room. These fears are unfounded if the process is handled with care and embedded in a culture of learning; learning even at the level of the board. In such cases, all parties involved (and, in particular, the Chairman) found the process very helpful, and satisfaction was widespread despite considerable initial hesitation and uneasiness.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 5 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Over the past eleven years, activists – particularly public pension funds such as the California Employees Retirement System (CalPERS) – are credited with prompting boards to roust underperforming management at some of the largest US corporations, and they have pushed for reforms in areas ranging from compensation to corporate strategy. Evidence for shareholders’ increased interest in corporate governance is clear. In the 1984–5 proxy season, shareholder resolutions totaled 275, and the average vote was 5.74%; by 1991–2, resolutions and the average vote on them had climbed to 487 and 24.06%, respectively. In 1992, shareholders were also successful in pushing through regulatory changes that gave them the right to communicate with each other outside the management–dominated proxy system.After 11 years of shareholder activism, where does the movement stand today? Understanding the development of the shareholder–rights movement, the prospects for governance reform, and the future evolution of the movement requires a sophisticated understanding of how the politics of corporate control is accomplished and, in particular, the important role that social structure plays. In this article, we suggest that social movement theory, which sociologists have used to explain collective action by groups ranging from the Civil Rights movement to Mothers Against Drunk Driving, provides a useful tool for analysing owner–management conflicts, and in particular, the recent rise of the shareholder–rights movement in the United States. After briefly discussing the traditional economic view of corporate governance and its shortcomings, we argue that more–or–less organized politics is an essential ingredient of the American system of corporate governance. We then present a social movement framework to explain the rise in investor activism. We conclude by continuing our application of this framework to examine the maturation of this movement and to assess its future, in part by comparing it to other contemporary, confrontational movements.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 5 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 5 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 5 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 5 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 5 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: It is widely acknowledged that the impetus for the setting up of the CadburyCommittee on corporate governance was the series of scandals that became public in the late 1980's. And whilst hard cases do not always help in making good laws, they can sometimes prompt us into reflective action to consider what arrangements might prevent these problems from occurring in the future. This paper seeks to describe and examine a hard case that poses corporate governance questions regarding distributive justice and the appropriate form of procedure that might satisfy its demands. The hard case in question is that of Turner and Newall (T&N) and its handling of its asbestos liabilities. This case raises many ethical issues (secrecy, duties of care, distributive justice, informed consent, corporate responsibility) which can only be touched upon in this brief examination which is mainly focused upon the issue of corporate responsibility arising from this firm’s predicament.The case will be discussed as follows: first, the facts as they are known will be described concerning the asbestos risks and damage liabilities of T&; secondly, the policy and practice of T&N in dealing with this issue will be outlined; thirdly, the moral inadequacies of their response will be highlighted; then a contrast will be drawn with the strategy adopted in the USA by the Johns-Manville Corporation; and finally, one possible alternative solution will be proposed and its wider lessons for corporate governance considered.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 5 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 5 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: This précis is from Research Paper #1/96, by Jennifer Hill, and published by the Australian Investment Managers’ Association, 1996. It supplements, as a matter of record, the conclusions of the UK report of a study group chaired by Sir Richard Greenbury, and published in Corporate Governance – an international review.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 5 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 5 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 5 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 5 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: In 1993 the Executive Board of the Mass Transit Railway Corporation (MTRC) in Hong Kong approved the implementation of a corporate wide manpower and succession planning process. Succession at executive director level was identified as a priority. It was recognised that it would be necessary to identify and assess skills appropriate to company ‘direction’ as distinct from ‘management’ in order to proceed with succession planning at director level and to identify director training and development needs.Two crucial questions emerged: was it possible to identify the core competencies that are required by executive directors? If so, could those competencies be measured and assessed objectively? The experiences of the MTRC in identifying director competencies and in designing, validating and implementing the assessment process during 1994 and 1995 suggests that they can. Their experience forms the basis of this paper.The relatively sparse literature on the identification of director-level competencies is discussed. The competencies identified by the MTRC are outlined. The development of assessment centres, which are widely used to assess core competencies in managerial and professional roles, is then explained. Finally, the experience of the MTRC in extending the use of assessment centres to appraise board-level governance rather than managerial competencies is described and conclusions drawn.
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 5 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 5 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: This article considers notions of accountability and governance in the charitable sector. It suggests a model of accountability based on a case study of a well known, but anonymous charity. The opportunities for voluntary bodies are increasing and more state funds are becoming available; but with them comes a demand for more public accountability. A definition of accountability is proposed and the extent of the charity’s compliance discussed. From this inventory of compliance, conclusions are drawn as to reforms needed in the charity’s structure and management if it is to become more in tune with its environment.
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 5 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Stakeholder theory has been widely offered as a corrective to perceived defects of business and business ethics, and as an alternative model of corporate governance. Indeed, it is now advocated so commonly as to have become a new orthodoxy. Far from being a source of improvements, however, stakeholder theory is fundamentally misguided, incapable of providing better corporate governance, business performance or business conduct. Stakeholder theory is indeed intrinsically incompatible with all substantive objectives, and undermines both private property and accountability.
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 5 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: A cybernetic perspective is used to evaluate firms with or without stakeholder participation in their information and control architecture. This approach also provides a basis for evaluating firms with more than one board or control centre as found in Japan, Europe, and labour-managed firms. Empirical evidence supports the hypothesis that multi control centres with stakeholder participation can provide competitive advantages. This hypothesis is supported by the Law of Requisite Variety and the Williamson analysis of why Multi-divisional firms provide advantages over Unitary Form firms. The opportunity to support stakeholder governance with stakeholder ownership is identified from an analysis of how corporate rights of perpetual succession permits investors to be overpaid. The public policy implications of investor overpayments are considered. Also considered is the use of cybernetic principles to introduce self-regulation as proposed by the US Vice President. Policy initiatives are identified to build a ‘stakeholder economy’ as proposed by the Leader of the Labour Party in Britain. The paper concludes that appropriate stakeholder governance could improve equity and self-governance in the private sector, the quality of democracy in the public sector, and the efficiency of both sectors.
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 5 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 5 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 5 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: In this paper we first describe recent developments which have seen the emergence of a stronger regulatory structure for United Kingdom charities. Secondly, we outline the radical proposal to change the financial accounting practices of charities. These proposals are designed to provide the financial criteria for monitoring and ensuring greater accountability of charities. Finally we question what effect will these changes have had on the rest of the European charitable sector? How different is the ‘British Model’ from other European countries? Will other European States follow the ‘British Model’? Or has the ‘British Model’ lessons it could learn from its partner states? To effect an answer we illustrate from our recent survey the current audit, accounting and supervision practices in the other European Union States with the exception of Greece.
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 5 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Institutional shareholders are increasingly being urged to take a more active role in the governance of the companies in which they invest. In particular, attention has focused on the level of voting by institutions at annual general meetings, which has historically been rather low, and many commentators argue that institutions (particularly the pension funds) should have a legal duty to exercise their voting rights on behalf of their beneficiaries. This paper examines the issues regarding institutional voting and considers whether mandatory institutional voting is likely to lead to more active institutional involvement in corporate governnance at the individual firm level. In particular, it is argued that the imposition of mandatory voting is unlikely to result in informed voting, which is essential if the objective of increasing effective institutional involvement in corporate governance is to be met. This paper concludes that the imposition of mandatory voting is unlikely to result in a change in the investment and ownership ethos of the institutions.
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The period between 1957 and 1964 was one of immense yet underestimated political and administrative change. It culminated in what many have seen as a golden age in Whitehall. This is reflected by the wealth of records now available for the study of government and policy networks. The period is thus an ideal one for collaboration between historians and political scientists.The decisional case study examined in this article focuses on the early years of the Public Expenditure Survey Committee, as viewed from the perspective of welfare policy. The drive to ‘modernize’ government started with attempts to ‘roll back the state’ and to hive off the implementation of policy to executive agencies, very similar to those pursued in the 1980s by Mrs Thatcher and Next Steps. The reasoned rejection of such a policy was symbolized by the creation of PESC, a centralized attempt to allocate resources rationally. PESC itself, however, was initially a failure. External circumstances, such as the breakdown of political and administrative networks within the core executive, and internal tensions, including the Treasury’s covert attempt to impose its own departmental interest, led the Cabinet Secretary to conclude that the prioritization and strict control of forward expenditure commitments was ‘not possible’. This case study demonstrates how future studies of the core executive might be broadened and deepened.
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The article discusses (1) the uses, advantages and drawbacks of the biographical approach in the study of public administration and (2) the application of theories of leadership to senior British civil servants. The argument is advanced that biographical case studies - looking at the personal qualities, careers and achievements of top mandarins - can illuminate the exercise of leadership in Whitehall and the changing role and culture of the civil service.
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The period since 1979 has witnessed more radical change in the civil service than in any other peacetime era in its history. Such has been the order of change that Lord Bancroft, the former Head of the Home Civil Service, has suggested that the civil service was in danger of being ‘demolished’ and of there being a return to the ills of the ‘unreformed’ service before the 1850s. This would be to take the ‘two steps back’ of the article’s title before the Northcote-Trevelyan report and the Warren Fisher era. Against the background of this possible outcome, this article evaluates the Next Steps programme and the other initiatives promoted by recent Conservative governments, before concluding that the requirements of the work and a markedly unified career civil service need not be compatible, and that there is at least the possibility that the various changes when fully implemented could represent ‘one step forward’.
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Using a transaction cost perspective, this article explores the administrative costs involved in quasi-market systems of public service delivery. Employing the historical example of the interwar National Health Insurance scheme, it revives Beveridge’s early criticisms of the duplication and expense incurred by the utilization of approved societies for benefit administration purposes. To this we should add the costs incurred by central audit and actuarial evaluation, the main mechanisms through which the societies were centrally regulated. The article concludes that, thanks to regulatory requirements, this poly-centric system of public administration was more expensive than a state-run equivalent – and that this message has significance for recent reforms. In the course of the analysis, the narrowness of a ‘pure’ transaction cost perspective is demonstrated and common assumptions concerning distinctions between ‘the state and the market’ in administrative structures are drawn into question. The division of public administration into these two typologies is arguably based on a false dichotomy.
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: This article deals with developing relationships between local authorities and local non–elected public service agencies in England and Wales. It classifies local authority responses to the growth of the non–elected state. Account is taken of varying agency characteristics and the constraints and dilemmas they face. From the local authority vantage point what is at stake is organizational (re)positioning in a changing institutional environment. Insights derived from strategic management are therefore utilized. But resource dependencies and exchanges also manifest themselves in these emerging relationships. Moreover, account must be taken of the scope for local authorities to be ‘network managers’ given the structural reconfiguration of the local state. The analysis therefore takes on board organizational networking theoretical frameworks. Although central government remains best placed to manipulate the ‘rules of the [new and uncertain] game’, interesting possibilities present themselves if local authorities can show more strategic skill than in the recent past.
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: There has been substantial growth in the number of non-elected public bodies – or quangos – operating at the local level. This development presents a marked change from the model of elected local authorities as the main focus for the governance and delivery of local public services. Four interpretations of this change are examined: agency-type, ideological control, managerial restructuring and regulationist explanations. Agency-type explanations recognize a plurality of factors, but lack theoretical or predictive rigour. Ideological and managerial explanations have a stronger theoretical basis but fail to recognize the wider structural context. Regulationist explanations offer, but also suffer from the problems of, structuralist analysis. An integrating framework is developed. Three phases in the development of local quangos are presented as a process by which government has resolved tensions in the British state. A consequence, however, has been to raise questions about the state's longer term legitimacy.
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: An alternative to contractual solutions to agency problems is suggested in the literature on leadership in which leaders are often claimed to be able to steer historical processes in the direction they intend through the distinctive influence they have on the intrinsic motivation of their followers. We evaluate Casson’s (1991) agency–theoretic model of leadership as ‘moral manipulation’ which under certain conditions can be exercised at lower agency cost than monitoring. We then make a case for conceiving leadership as the development of culture of passion to advance the leader’s quest through the engagement of followers in ‘interaction rituals’ in which their passion is either recharged or their lack of passion exposed. The impact the emergence of such cultures can have on the policy–making community is examined using the British and New Zealand experiences and a case is made for the preservation of a counter–culture of ‘public interest’ in the policy advisory ranks of the civil service.
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The NHS internal market, introduced in an atmosphere of controversy, continues to generate much disagreement. This article examines the evidence on the impact of this policy with regard to a range of criteria, including efficiency, accountability, effective planning and co-ordination, patient choice and service quality, equity, and the culture of the NHS. It explores the different ways in which this evidence is perceived and seeks to make explicit the assumptions and biases of those involved in the debate about the reforms. The article also examines the policy process behind the reforms and the extent to which it has added to the problems of evaluation. By way of conclusion, the implications for future health care reform are considered and a number of procedural changes suggested.
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: This article analyses the diversity of public organizations focusing on variations in their degree of publicness. We define ‘publicness’ as organizational attachment to public sector values: for example, due process, accountability, and welfare provision. Based on a survey of Danish public organizations, we show that organizations with a high degree of publicness differ from organizations with a low degree of publicness. The former are characterized by complex tasks, professional orientation, many external stakeholders, conflicting environmental demands, and low managerial autonomy. The latter are the opposite. We explore in detail both the relationship between the organizations and their parent ministries and their responses to organizational change. Organizations with a high degree of publicness are subject to a tight ministerial control and have formal and distant relations with the ministry. They also have strong vertical links, externally and internally. High internal control is the joint product of ministerial control and the stress on the public sector value of rule compliance. All organizations ranked high on publicness are reluctant to adopt organizational changes stemming from the ‘New Public Management’. Again, organizations with a low degree of publicness are the opposite, keen to adopt new ideas. We show that degree of publicness matters, across both functional types of organizations and policy sectors. Finally, we discuss alternative theoretical explanations of publicness drawn from contingency theory and the new institutionalism.
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Policy networks is a powerful analytical concept. However, it must be combined with a model of the actor if the analyst is to move beyond description and into the more interesting field of policy explanation. This article argues that this may be done by the use of ‘new institutionalism’. It first demonstrates that policy networks may be understood as institutions, i.e. as rules constraining the actions of the participating actors. It then outlines the contribution which institutional theory may make to policy analysis. This is done by giving an institutional answer to three questions which the policy network literature has not successfully addressed. Why do networks come into existence? Why do networks change? Why are networks so persistent? The institutional logic is illustrated in a case study of a Danish intergovernmental policy network: the annual budget negotiations between the state and local authorities. The main lesson to draw from this exercise is that when the insights from policy network analysis are combined with the theoretical insights from ‘new institutionalism’, it is indeed possible to start providing explanations of policy networks and their impact on policy outcomes.
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  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Political craft is an essential qualification of senior officials in the German Federal ministerial administration. The emphasis on political craft as a vital complement to administrative-technical competence reflects a policy-making system that is characterized by multi-party government, an assertive Parliament, a strong opposition, influential Lander, and growing informalization. In fostering political craft, three institutions play a key role: (i) the Chancellery; (ii) the political support units to the executive leadership; and (iii) the parliamentary parties in the Bundestag, which employ Federal ministerial officials on temporary leave. The centrality of these institutions in Federal policy-making makes them into outstanding training grounds for future top officials.
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The term ‘multi-level governance’ synthesizes the overlapping nature of the European Union and implicit theories of EU-state-subnational interdependence. Although stimulating as an overriding framework, the concept’s explanatory powers are not self-evident. Using illustrations from implementation of the structural funds within three French regions, this article endeavours to operationalize multi-level governance by concentrating upon what it could help to study and what it might contribute in terms of analysing change. A case is made for focusing research upon variations in patterns of governance through developing a rapprochment between the study of public action and that of political representation.
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: In many Western public administrations, particularly the American and Anglo-Saxon ones, a remarkable trend is taking place - the ‘new public management’ (Hood 1991). Many Western governments and public services are adopting a more ‘managerial’ approach to administration. Under conditions of heavy public demands but a severely constrained public budget, the only feasible alternative to cutting public services or raising taxes, seems to be to reduce costs, increase effectiveness and efficiency, and deliver ‘more value for the money’. This budgetary consolidation forces the public sector to become more businesslike, ‘work better and cost less’, and become more client-oriented.In this article, this trend of ‘public managerialism’ will be critically examined. From a theoretical viewpoint the adequacy for the public sector of a businesslike concept of ‘management’ can seriously be criticized. From an empirical viewpoint it is also inadequate as a description of administrative practice. Without denying the budgetary circumstances and the need for ‘effectiveness and efficiency’, the one-sidedness of ‘managerialism’ is ill-suited to the public sector. Other politico-administrative responses to these circumstances may be possible and more appropriate. In this article one such possible alternative is theoretically examined and practically illustrated. Although not as elaborate and well developed as the multitude of available ‘managerial’ models, methods and techniques, the alternative ‘public governance’ not only possesses theoretical and analytical cogency but also reflects the practice of administrative developments. The idea and practical impacts are illustrated in case studies of administrative reforms in the Netherlands.
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: This article offers an introduction to Niklas Luhmann’s theory of social systems as it pertains to public administration and policy, as a first step towards both a critique and its empirical application to empirical reality. It reconstructs Luhmann’s early writings on bureaucracy and policy-making and shows how this early, more empirical work grounded his abstract theory of social systems in general and the political system in particular. The article also introduces some central concepts of Luhmann’s more recent work on the autopoietic nature of social systems and considers the latter’s consequences for bureaucratic adaptiveness and governmental steering in the welfare state. One of the main benefits of applying Luhmann’s theory to public administration, the article concludes, is that it conceptualizes the central concerns of public administration within a complex picture of society as a whole, in which both the agency that issues decisions and the realm affected by these decisions are included.
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  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: This article contrasts the principles and prescriptions behind the UK model of utility regulation in the post–privatization period with its workings in actual practice, focusing in particular on the case of the telecommunications services industry as an exemplar of the broader picture.It diagnoses that the system has not evolved, as its primary architect (Littlechild) prescribed, into the rule – where feasible – of the competitive order in UK utility industries. Instead it has metamorphosed into a different system that Hayek termed ordered competition. The unintended consequences of this miscegenation are then evaluated.The conclusion is that a fundamental policy choice remains to be made as to the basic form of the system in the future: whether it should continue as a system of ordered competition as now, or whether it should become a regime characterized by open and effective competition (where feasible) as envisioned by Littlechild originally.
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The public sector in the UK has become the object of constant reform and change as part of the government’s project to increase the remit of the private sector and the role of markets. There is much debate about the effect such a move to market relations has on public services. There is increasing concern with the way market–based reforms are linked to a new pattern of organizational structure and strategy that negates and/or opposes the traditional political processes associated with the public sector. This article focuses on the case of the Royal Mail to explore how such a transformation is both complex and contested. It reveals how ‘the market’ within the public sector is to a large extent politically constructed, and that the public–private dichotomy over–simplifies what is a complex process of negotiating meaning, forming alliances, lobbying for support, handling conflict and exerting influence. It demonstrates how various readings of ‘the market’ emerge, and that any solutions of how to become more commercial can be the result of political machinations. The implications of this analysis go beyond Royal Mail and can be generalized across the public sector.
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Supreme Audit Institutions (SAIs) such as the UK National Audit Office and the French Cour des Comptes play important roles within the institutional mechanisms of the democratic state. They are given high independence in order to secure public accountability for, first, the probity and legality of public spending and, second, economy, efficiency and effectiveness. During the last twenty years several SAIs’ mandates have been adjusted to reflect the latter, more managerialist, concerns.This article asks two questions: first, what evidence do these SAIs offer as to the quality and effectiveness of their activities in carrying out their mandates and, second, to what extent does their self–reporting appear to have been influenced by the precepts of the ‘New Public Management’ (NPM)? To address these questions an analysis is carried out of the annual reports and other relevant documents of the Finnish, Swedish, French and UK SAIs, and of the European Court of Auditors. The analysis shows considerable differences of approach. These may well be related to the differing constitutional positions and administrative cultures of the SAIs concerned. In conclusion we identify different concerns which are associated with either a fervent embracing of NPM criteria by SAIs or, alternatively, with an apparent rejection of those approaches.
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The Polish Commissioner for Citizens’ Rights Protection was established during the Communist regime but survived the transition to plural democracy after 1989, despite suggestions that the Office was a survival from the Communist era which ought to be dismantled as part of the transition to democracy. His role has involved securing respect for the law by officials who were accustomed to ignore it so long as they followed the Communist Party’s ‘line’. Equally, many citizens still find challenging officialdom daunting because of their experience of the old regime. Hence much of the Commissioner’s work has entailed pursuing official illegalities through the Constitutional Tribunal and the Supreme Administrative Court, rather than pursuing claims of maladministration. The Commissioner has become engaged in several of the major controversies facing Polish society, in particular the introduction of religious instruction into the public schools and the circumstances in which an abortion may legally be carried out. Also, there have been many complaints about the government’s inability to maintain social security payments. Furthermore, successive Commissioners have criticized the inability of President and Sejm to agree on a new constitution. The Commissioner is now securely established among European ombudsmen and the Office has become an important factor in ensuring his country’s compliance with its international obligations, especially in the field of human rights.
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Reorganizations have provided fertile ground for researchers and practitioners seeking to draw lessons about the nature of public administration. The review leading to the reorganization of British local government in 1991-96 sustains the tradition. In an extraordinary unfolding of events key features of the policy and political system are laid bare. This article provides a background analysis of the review, examines the main turning points in the process, assesses the performance of key players and concludes with a judgement about the sustainability of the settlement that ultimately emerged. A number of lessons are drawn about the nature of the British political system as revealed through the impact of the challenge of a large-scale structural review of local government.
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: This article presents a study of the local government review process in West Sussex. As in any local government reorganization the career and status concerns of individuals and broader positions of coalitions dominant in different organizations provide the dynamic to a ‘play of power’ which is in turn conditioned by external events and contextual factors. Underlying the analysis is a concern to assess whether in particular the presence of an independent commission facilitated the application of an element of policy analysis and learning into the process. It is concluded that little in the way of a reflective and deliberative process occurred. Equally it is noted that to achieve such qualities in public decision-making is a challenging and daunting task when major organizational interests are at stake.
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The article examines the findings from longitudinal case study work conducted in the 1992-96 period in two organizations in the United Kingdom health care and post office sectors. The study highlights the many cultural, political and technical issues that emerge in the strategy and implementation of IT-enabled re-engineering projects. The radical re-engineering perspective and model for change presented by Hammer and Champy (1993) are compared against empirical findings. These suggest that the Hammer and Champy advice contains many limitations. The cases show the specific circumstances in which radical re-engineering can be effective, in managerial terms, but also point to conditions under which a unitary perspective on the organization often cannot address adequately many critical political and cultural issues. Moreover, the case histories point to the dangers of an over reliance on a methodological holism that can rarely be delivered in complex large-scale organizations, given the scale of change envisaged; and the difficulties engendered by over-emphasizing the need for transformation, and ‘starting again’, and downplaying the role of history and continuity in both the study and management of organizational change.
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Far-reaching managerial changes to the public sector in the UK have been occurring in the last few years. Broadly described as the ‘new public management’ (Hood 1991, 1995) these changes have reached new levels of intensity ever since the Conservative Government came to power in 1979. The article argues that the government should be accountable for these changes but not in a way which simply justifies its actions to the body politic but rather by going beyond this to a complete critical evaluation to assess their merit and worth. It is this exposure which will provide its real accountability. This article addresses the contextual factors surrounding the possibility of conducting such a wide-ranging evaluation. It traces a range of different examples which highlight the resistance of the previous government to an open-ended evaluation tracing the sizeable investment in implementation rather than careful policy experimentation and evaluation that has occurred. Finally, and most importantly the article explores the constitutional position of the Comptroller and Auditor General (C&AG) and the National Audit Office (NAO) who could conduct the wide-ranging evaluation which is deemed necessary. The conclusion of the article is that there is a need for an evaluation and any resistance of the government could be overcome if the C&AG and NAO exercised their constitutional right to conduct an evaluation of the reforms.
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  • 66
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: In the build up to general elections there is invariably a wealth of discourse on constitutional and transitional issues and even on the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the civil service, but rarely is there any debate on the manner in which politicians manage the government machine. This article seeks to address this deficiency. It examines the operational factors common to the core executive, assesses the problems usually associated with the government as an organization and reviews alternative solutions. Finally, it offers managerially oriented advice, reasoning that it is the role of policy analysts to prescribe and that it is irresponsible to ignore this function. it is clearly emphasized that management solutions are not synonymous with business solutions. The article draws on universal principles of management, seeking to avoid normative suggestions and concentrating instead on practical considerations. Those considerations include personnel selection, collective responsibility, leadership style, organizational structure and team mentality. The conclusion is that strong managerially based leadership should not be dismissed as incompatible with the political constraints placed upon Prime Ministers but rather it should e the predominant impulse.
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 73
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The 1994 Fundamental Expenditure Review (FER) of the UK Treasury was a radical overhaul of organization that had major implications for the way the Treasury conducts its business. This article examines the origins and implications of FER, paying particular attention to the ‘strategic’ philosophy of controlling public expenditure encapsulated within it. Ostensibly an expression of modern economic rationalism overturning outmoded administrative practices, the FER approach to public spending control might alternatively be interpreted as a manifestation of a recurring ‘econocrat’s fallacy of control’ which aims to remove redundancy, random search mechanisms and external veto points from control systems.
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: This article uses the Department of National Heritage (DNH) founded in 1992 to illustrate the current debate over changing governance in Britain (such as the hollow core and self-steering networks) given the development of small, central policy-oriented ministries supervising a penumbra of policy networks. The article argues that the DNH has at its disposal a number of power resources – ministerial activism, policy review and guidance, systematic review, and finance – which enable it to give a determined steer to its autonomous networks. The implication of this is that real structural change should not obscure the resources at the disposal of the centre in their relationship with their policy networks: government is not just another organization.
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  • 75
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The article argues that institutions of parliamentary democracy are currently being undermined and calls for the development of new means of democratic empowerment. The meaning of ‘democratic empowerment’ differs sharply depending on whether one refers to a predominantly aggregative, or a predominantly integrative strategy of empowerment. The article seeks to clarify the phrase. For a predominantly aggregative strategy of empowerment, as proposed by Paul Hirst, the primary means of empowerment is exist. For a predominantly integrative strategy of empowerment, proposed by David Burns, Robin Hambleton and Paul Hoggett the primary means of empowerment is voice. The article concludes that a democratic strategy of empowerment must aim to balance exit and voice options. An example of how balance could be institutionalized is found in Denmark.
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  • 76
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: This article investigates the impact which the institutional development of the European Union (EU) and the new public management (NPM) have had on the process of recruitment and training of senior public officials in the United Kingdom between 1970 and 1995. Information provided by directors of personnel and training has enabled the extent of change observed in three government departments – Agriculture, Transport and Health – to be measured on a numerical scale. This is combined with a historical analysis rooted in practitioner experience. The evidence from both sources suggests that whereas NPM pressures have had a relatively similar impact on recruitment and training practices in all three departments, the response to EU pressure is much stronger in the Ministry of Agriculture than in the Departments of Transport and Health. The EU impact in Agriculture is particularly strong in respect of recruitment and career progression, the only area and the only department in which our index suggests that policy has been more heavily influenced by European pressures than by NPM. These findings reflect the strength of the political commitment to NPM and the power of the central departments in imposing it across Whitehall; and in the case of Agriculture the development of a cadre of senior officials who have almost all had experience of working in or with the EU institutions.
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  • 77
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Vickers, Geoffrey Sir The Art of Judgement: A Study of Policy MakingBlunden, Margaret and Dando, Malcolm (eds.) Rethinking Public Policy-making: Questioning Assumptions, Challenging Beliefs.Essays in Honour of Sir Geoffrey Vickers on his CentenaryHay, Colin Re-stating Social and Political ChangeBarberis, Peter (ed.) The Whitehall Reader. The UK’s Administrative Machine in ActionBekke, Hans, Perry, James and Toonen, Theo (eds.) Civil Service Systems in Comparative PerspectiveThe Constitution Unit, University College London Delivering Constitutional ReformNagel, Stuart S. (ed.) Research in Public Policy Analysis and Management, Volume 7Kirkpatrick, Ian, Lucio, Miguel Martinez (eds.) The Politics of quality in the Public SectorPeters, B. Guy and Rockman, Bert A. (eds.) Agenda for Excellence 2: Administering the StateHeyen, E.V. (ed.) Yearbook of European Administrative History, Volume 5: Bureaucratisation et Professionalisation de la Politique Sociale en Europe (1870–1918)Caulfield, Janice and Wanna, John (eds.) Power and Politics in the City: Brisbane in TransitionKickert, W. and Van Vught, F. (eds.) Public Policy and Administration Sciences in the Netherlands
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  • 78
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Survival of the public service ethos in Britain has been called into question following introduction of the ‘new public management’ and marketizing reforms in much of the public sector. This article examines how these developments have occurred in the NHS, using survey data to analyse NHS board members’ substantive ethical values. Unexpectedly the results suggest that NHS board members with a predominantly NHS background appear less ethically conservative, more flexible and less risk–averse than those recruited from non–NHS backgrounds; and that as yet the NHS management ‘culture’ is not very homogenous in respect of ‘business ethics’. The NHS reforms also appear to accentuate the tensions between transparent public accountability in NHS management and incentives not to publicize certain types of information. Recent codification of NHS ‘business ethics’ can be understood as an attempt to buttress the public service ethos against the increased moral strains of a quasi–market.
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  • 79
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: This article uses Benson’s ‘political economy’ model of inter-organizational relations to interpret inter-authority relationships during the course of the local government review process in England (1992-95) and in particular to explain the preparedness of large numbers of district councils to support proposals which implied their own destruction. Six more specific influences are identified which led to this outcome:(i) The changing pattern of expectations and perceived possibilities as the Review progressed.(ii) The conflictual context of relations within the network linking individual counties and districts, and their respective associations.(iii) The influence of the districts’ national representative body - the ADC - which was arguing strongly for a ‘super-district’ solution.(iv) The plausibility of the view of some mergers as de facto takeovers of one authority by another.(v) The special nature of local authorities as (party) political institutions as well as public sector bureaucracies.(vi) The rationing of information through central-local networks, in the context of ‘unclear rules’.It is concluded that with certain modifications Benson’s framework provides a helpful explanatory mechanism.
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  • 80
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: This article examines the impact of the idea of community identity upon the Local Government Review in England. It considers the extent to which the notion of community identity was built into the Local Government Review nationally and, moreover, locally in Hampshire, and the extent to which it shaped the outcomes of the Local Government Review. Three conceptions of community identity are examined - affective, effective and deliberative community identity - and their interplay assessed in shaping the process of restructuring local government. The article argues that the issue of community identity figured prominently in the early stages of the Local Government Review, but faded away as it got caught up with the political machinations of central government, local authorities and political parties.
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  • 81
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 83
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The purpose of this article is to describe and evaluate the public consultation exercises mounted by the Local Government Commission for England under its successive Chairmen, Sir John Banham and Sir David Cooksey. The Commission was evidently proud of this aspect of its work, emphasizing repeatedly its unprecedented nature: in itself an unremarkable claim in the context of British local government structural reviews. This article suggests that, in terms of quality and value for money, as opposed to sheer scale, the consultation programme - and particularly the three principal tranches of MORI residential surveys - was less laudable. The article examines each of these surveys: the stage one community identity polls, which might have contributed to the government’s intended ‘community index’, had the latter not previously been rejected by the Commission; the stage three option consultation surveys, the Banham Commission’s instrument for the hybridization of English local government, which prompted accusations of policymaking by opinion poll; and the stage three ‘re-review’ surveys for the Cooksey Commission, which had already indicated its disinclination to accord local public opinion any special weighting in its deliberations. The article attempts to summarize, in two key tables, both the results and the impact of the Commission’s public consultations, and in doing so to trace the progress of the review from an initially proposed 99 new unitary authorities, down to 50, then 38, and back up to the final total of 46.
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  • 84
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 85
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Leach, Steve Davis, Howard and Associates Enabling or Disabling Local GovernmentMidwinter, Arthur Local government in Scotland
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  • 86
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 17-31 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Schlagwort(e): Bivariate density ; meta-Gaussian density ; normal quantile transform ; likelihood ratio dependence ; correlation coefficient
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Energietechnik , Geographie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract Convenient bivariate densities found in the literature are often unsuitable for modeling hydrologic variates. They either constrain the range of association between variates, or fix the form of the marginal distributions. The bivariate meta-Gaussian density is constructed by embedding the normal quantile transform of each variate into the Gaussian law. The density can represent a full range of association between variates and admits arbitrarily specified marginal distributions. Modeling and estimation can be decomposed into i) independent analyses of the marginal distributions, and ii) investigation of the dependence structure. Both statistical and judgmental estimation procedures are possible. Some comparisons to recent applications of bivariate densities in the hydrologic literature motivate and illustrate the model.
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  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 33-50 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Schlagwort(e): Unit hydrograph ; uncertainty analysis ; linearly constrained Monte-Carlo simulation ; reliability analysis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Energietechnik , Geographie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract Unit hydrographs (UHs), along with design rainfalls, are frequently used to determine the discharge hydrograph for design and evaluation of hydraulic structures. Due to the presence of various uncertainties in its derivation, the resulting UH is inevitably subject to uncertainty. Consequently, the performance of hydraulic structures under the design storm condition is uncertain. This paper integrates the linearly constrained Monte-Carlo simulation with the UH theory and routing techniques to evaluate the reliability of hydraulic structures. The linear constraint is considered because the water volume of each generated design direct runoff hydrograph should be equal to that of the design effective rainfall hyetograph or the water volume of each generated UH must be equal to one inch (or cm) over the watershed. For illustration, the proposed methodology is applied to evaluate the overtopping risk of a hypothetical flood detention reservoir downstream of Tong-Tou watershed in Taiwan.
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  • 88
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Schlagwort(e): Nash cascade reservoir model ; rainfall-runoff ; EM algorithm ; filtering ; maximum likelihood estimation ; martingale estimating function
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Energietechnik , Geographie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract Abstract: Linear continuous time stochastic Nash cascade conceptual models for runoff are developed. The runoff is modeled as a simple system of linear stochastic differential equations driven by white Gaussian and marked point process noises. In the case of d reservoirs, the outputs of these reservoirs form a d dimensional vector Markov process, of which only the dth coordinate process is observed, usually at a discrete sample of time points. The dth coordinate process is not Markovian. Thus runoff is a partially observed Markov process if it is modeled using the stochastic Nash cascade model. We consider how to estimate the parameters in such models. In principle, maximum likelihood estimation for the complete process parameters can be carried out directly or through some form of the EM (estimation and maximization) algorithm or variation thereof, applied to the observed process data. In this research we consider a direct approximate likelihood approach and a filtering approach to an algorithm of EM type, as developed in Thompson and Kaseke (1994). These two methods are applied to some real life runoff data from a catchment in Wales, England. We also consider a special case of the martingale estimating function approach on the runoff model in the presence of rainfall. Finally, some simulations of the runoff process are given based on the estimated parameters.
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  • 89
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 173-192 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Schlagwort(e): Uncertainty analysis ; unit hydrograph ; regression analysis ; probabilistic point estimation methods
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Energietechnik , Geographie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract Hydrologic model parameters obtained from regional regression equations are subject to uncertainty. Consequently, hydrologic model outputs based on the stochastic parameters are random. This paper presents a systematic analysis of uncertainty associated with the two parameters, N and K, in Nash's IUH model from different regional regression equations. The uncertainty features associated with N and K are further incorporated to assess the uncertainty of the resulting IUH. Numerical results indicate that uncertainty of N and K from the regional regression equations are too significant to be ignored.
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  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 145-171 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Schlagwort(e): Hydrologic regionalization ; unit hydrograph ; regression analysis ; multivariate regression ; seemingly unrelated regression ; validation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Energietechnik , Geographie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract Hydrologic regionalization is a useful tool that allows for the transfer of hydrological information from gaged sites to ungaged sites. This study developed regional regression equations that relate the two parameters in Nash's IUH model to the basin characteristics for 42 major watersheds in Taiwan. In the process of developing the regional equations, different regression procedures including the conventional univariate regression, multivariate regression, and seemingly unrelated regression were used. Multivariate regression and seeming unrelated regression were applied because there exists a rather strong correlation between the Nash's IUH parameters. Furthermore, a validation study was conducted to examine the predictability of regional equations derived by different regression procedures. The study indicates that hydrologic regionalization involving several dependent variables should consider their correlations in the process of establishing the regional equations. The consideration of such correlation will enhance the predictability of resulting regional equations as compared with the ones from the conventional univariate regression procedure.
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  • 91
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 193-210 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Schlagwort(e): Turbulence ; sediment ; fluvial ; river ; bursting process ; statistics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Energietechnik , Geographie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract Entrainment of sediment particles from channel beds into the channel flow is influenced by the characteristics of the flow turbulence which produces stochastic shear stress fluctuations at the bed. Recent studies of the structure of turbulent flow has recognized the importance of bursting processes as important mechanisms for the transfer of momentum into the laminar boundary layer. Of these processes, the sweep event has been recognized as the most important bursting event for entrainment of sediment particles as it imposes forces in the direction of the flow resulting in movement of particles by rolling, sliding and occasionally saltating. Similarly, the ejection event has been recognized as important for sediment transport since these events maintain the sediment particles in suspension. In this study, the characteristics of bursting processes and, in particular, the sweep event were investigated in a flume with a rough bed. The instantaneous velocity fluctuations of the flow were measured in two-dimensions using a small electromagnetic velocity meter and the turbulent shear stresses were determined from these velocity fluctuations. It was found that the shear stress applied to the sediment particles on the bed resulting from sweep events depends on the magnitude of the turbulent shear stress and its probability distribution. A statistical analysis of the experimental data was undertaken and it was found necessary to apply a Box-Cox transformation to transform the data into a normally distributed sample. This enabled determination of the mean shear stress, angle of action and standard error of estimate for sweep and ejection events. These instantaneous shear stresses were found to be greater than the mean flow shear stress and for the sweep event to be approximately 40 percent greater near the channel bed. Results from this analysis suggest that the critical shear stress determined from Shield's diagram is not sufficient to predict the initiation of motion due to its use of the temporal mean shear stress. It is suggested that initiation of particle motion, but not continuous motion, can occur earlier than suggested by Shield's diagram due to the higher shear stresses imposed on the particles by the stochastic shear stresses resulting from turbulence within the flow.
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  • 92
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 211-227 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Energietechnik , Geographie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract The principle of maximum entropy (POME) was employed to derive a new method of parameter estimation for the 2-parameter generalized Pareto (GP2) distribution. Monte Carlo simulated data were used to evaluate this method and compare it with the methods of moments (MOM), probability weighted moments (PWM), and maximum likelihood estimation (MLE). The parameter estimates yielded by POME were comparable or better within certain ranges of sample size and coefficient of variation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 93
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 523-547 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Energietechnik , Geographie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract Kernel density estimators are useful building blocks for empirical statistical modeling of precipitation and other hydroclimatic variables. Data driven estimates of the marginal probability density function of these variables (which may have discrete or continuous arguments) provide a useful basis for Monte Carlo resampling and are also useful for posing and testing hypotheses (e.g bimodality) as to the frequency distributions of the variable. In this paper, some issues related to the selection and design of univariate kernel density estimators are reviewed. Some strategies for bandwidth and kernel selection are discussed in an applied context and recommendations for parameter selection are offered. This paper complements the nonparametric wet/dry spell resampling methodology presented in Lall et al. (1996).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 94
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 459-482 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Schlagwort(e): Karhunen-Loéve expansion ; Empirical Orthogonal Functions ; stochastic simulation ; gaussian fields ; analytical covariance functions ; eigenfunctions ; kriging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Energietechnik , Geographie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract Simulation of multigaussian stochastic fields can be made after a Karhunen-Loéve expansion of a given covariance function. This method is also called simulation by Empirical Orthogonal Functions. The simulations are made by drawing stochastic coefficients from a random generator. These numbers are multiplied with eigenfunctions and eigenvalues derived from the predefined covariance model. The number of eigenfunctions necessary to reproduce the stochastic process within a predefined variance error, turns out to be a cardinal question. Some ordinary analytical covariance functions are used to evaluate how quickly the series of eigenfunctions can be truncated. This analysis demonstrates extremely quick convergence to 99.5% of total variance for the 2nd order exponential (‘gaussian’) covariance function, while the opposite is true for the 1st order exponential covariance function. Due to these convergence characteristics, the Karhunen-Loéve method is most suitable for simulating smooth fields with ‘gaussian’ shaped covariance functions. Practical applications of Karhunen-Loéve simulations can be improved by spatial interpolation of the eigenfunctions. In this paper, we suggest interpolation by kriging and limits for reproduction of the predefined covariance functions are evaluated.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 96
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 28-29 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 97
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 30-30 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 23-27 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Schlagwort(e): Vitamin E ; Fleisch ; Fettgewebe ; Leber ; Eigelb ; Vitamin E ; meat ; adipose tissue ; liver ; egg yolk
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary The α-tocopherol content of different meat cuts was examined. Chicken thigh had the highest vitamin E content, followed by chicken breast and pork shoulder (p〈0.05). The lowest concentrations were found in longissimus dorsi muscle from pork, beef, veal and in beef shoulder. Considering the average daily lean meat consumption (105 g) in Switzerland, recommendation for daily vitamin E intake was met to 3 %. Supplementation of 200 mg α-tocopherol acetate/kg feed to pigs and laying hens significantly increased the α-tocopherol content in all examined products. The α-tocopherol accumulation differed according to the following ranking: egg yolk 〉 liver 〉 adipose tissue 〉 musculus longissimus dorsi. The α-tocopherol:energy ratios were 28.8, 7.3, 0.9 and 1.2 mg/MJ for egg yolk, liver, adipose tissue and longissimus dorsi muscle of the vitamin E supplemented groups, respectively. The results showed that meat, with the exception of chicken thigh, is not an important supplier of vitamin E, not even from animals fed a vitamin E enriched diet. Egg yolk became a good source of vitamin E for human nutrition by dietary modification.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Studie wurde der α-Tocopherolgehalt verschiedener Fleischstücke untersucht. Hähnchenschenkel hatte den höchsten α-Tocopherolgehalt, gefolgt von Hähnchenbrust und Schweineschulter (p〈0.05). Die niedrigsten Konzentrationen wurden im Musculus longissimus dorsi vom Schwein, Rind, Kalb und in der Rindsschulter nachgewiesen. Mit dem durchschnittlichen, täglichen Verzehr an magerem Fleisch (105 g) in der Schweiz wurden die Empfehlungen für die tägliche Vitamin E-Zufuhr zu 3 % gedeckt. Die Supplementierung des Schweine- und Legehennenfutters mit 200 mg α-Tocopherolacetat/kg führte zu einem signifikanten Anstieg des α-Tocopherolgehaltes in allen untersuchten Produkten. Die α-Tocopherolakkumulierung unterschied sich gemäß folgender Rangordnung: Eigelb 〉 Leber 〉 Fettgewebe 〉Musculus longissimus dorsi. Die Nährstoffdichten betrugen 28.8, 7.3, 0.9 und 1.2 mg α-Tocopherol/MJ für Eigelb, Leber, Fettgewebe und Musculus longissimus dorsi der jeweiligen mit Vitamin E supplementierten Gruppe. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Fleisch, mit Ausnahme des Hähnchenschenkels, von Tieren mit supplementierten Diäten kein bedeutender Vitamin E-Lieferant ist. Hingegen wurde Eigelb durch fütterungsbedingte Modifikation zu einer guten Vitamin E-Quelle.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Schlagwort(e): Thermogenesis ; α2-adrenergic activity ; ATP-sensitive K+ channels ; Thermogenese ; α2-adrenerge Aktivität ; ATP-sensitive K+ Kanäle
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Um den α2-adrenergen Einfluß auf die Wärmeproduktion (WP) zu untersuchen, wurden Jungbullen Umgebungstemperaturen von 4°C und 18° sowie Ernährungsintensitäten des 1,0 und 1,6-fachen des energetischen Erhaltungsbedarfs (MEm) ausgesetzt und präprandial der α2-adrenerge Agonist Clonidin verabreicht. Die präprandiale WP fiel nach Clonidingabe stark ab, am stärksten bei Tieren, die 4°C (1,6-fache des MEm) ausgesetzt waren. Die postprandiale WP stieg 5 h nach der Clonidininfusion bei diesen Tieren um das 1,3-fache der WP bei Verabreichung von physiologischer Salzlösung, während Tiere bei 18°C und 1,6-fachem an MEm nicht signifikant reagierten. Die WP-Stufen in den Umweltvarianten korrelierten nur schwach mit den Spiegeln an Glukose, freien Fettsäuren, Schilddrüsenhormonen und Kortisol, jedoch direkt und eng mit der Expression von Sulfonylharnstoffrezeptoren bei Monozyten. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die WP maßgeblich von der α2-adrenergen Aktivität abhängt und deren regulatorische Funktion auch auf die Expression von Sulfonylharnstoff-rezeptoren gerichtet zu sein scheint.
    Notizen: Summary To investigate the α2-adrenergic effect on the metabolic rate, young bulls were exposed to environmental variants (feeding levels of 1.0 and 1.6 times the MEm and ambient temperatures of 18°C and 4°C) and treated preprandially with a α2-adrenergic agonist (clonidine) in each case. The heat production (HP) was continuously measured by indirect calorimetry using climatized respiratory chambers. Post-clonidine, the preprandial HP fell in all variants but the strongest decrease occurred at 4°C, 1.6 times the MEm. The postprandial HP rose 1.3-fold the HP of animals received the carrier (saline) at 4°C, 1.6 times the MEm. Animals exposed to 18°C, 1.6-fold the MEm did not significantly increase the postprandial HP after clonidine administration, suggesting different sympathetic outflow corresponded to differing resting metabolic rate, occurring in the environmental variants. Circulating fuels (glucose, non-esterified fatty acids) responded to α2-adrenergic reduction of the sympathetic outflow but did not parallel the HP changes. Studies on monocytes revealed a linear correlation (r2〉0.9) between resting metabolic rate and expression of sulfonylurea receptors, the constitutive component of ATP-sensitive K+ channels (KATP) suggesting a function of KATP in coupling the systemic HP with cellular metabolism.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 299-302 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Schlagwort(e): Energy retention ; protein retention ; fat retention ; growth ; body composition ; broilers ; Energieansatz ; Proteinansatz ; Fettansatz ; Wachstum ; Körperzusammensetzung ; Broiler
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Mit steigender Aufnahme erhöht sich der Körperfettgehalt und der Körperproteingehalt nimmt ab. Es wird oft angenommen, daß jede Zunahme im Ansatz mit mehr Fett und weniger Protein verbunden ist. Experimentelle Ergebnisse widerlegen jedoch diese Annahme. In zwei Experimenten mit männlichen Broilerhühnern wurden die Tiere auf einem Niveau von 60 % und 100 % der empfohlenen Energieaufnahme gefüttert. Die Körperzusammensetzung bei 1500 g zeigte, wie erwartet, daß sich bei steigenden Aufnahmen der Körperfettgchalt vergrößert und der Körperproteingehalt abnimmt. Fettund Proteinansatz waren linear mit der totalen Energieretention (ER) korreliert. Das bedeutet, daß jede Zunahme im Ansatz den gleichen Protein- und Fettgehalt besitzt. Wenn der Fettansatz gleich Null ist wird nur Protein, etwa 50 % des maximalen Ansatzes, retiniert. Wenn ER=O ist, wird Protein angesetzt und Fett mobilisiert. Energie-und N-Bilanzuntersuchungen bestätigen die konstante Zusammensetzung jeder Vergrößerung des Ansatzes. Die Ergebnisse beider Experimente zeigen, daß die ER aus zwei Komponenten besteht: einem basalen konstanten täglichen Proteinansatz und einer variablen zusätzlichen ER, die hauptsächlich aus Fett besteht. Der basale Proteinansatz beträgt etwa 50 % des maximalen Ansatzes. Mit steigenden Energieaufnahmen wird der basale Proteinansatz mit einer zusätzlichen Menge von Protein und Fett im konstanten Verhältnis ergänzt.
    Notizen: Summary With increasing intakes the body fat content increases and that of protein decreases. It is most often assumed that this is brought about because each increment in retention contains more fat and less protein. Experimental results, however, showed that this explanation is not true. In two experiments male broiler chickens were fed at levels between 60 and 100 % of recommended energy intake. Body composition at 1500 g showed, as expected, that with increasing intakes body fat content increased and protein content decreased. Both fat and protein retention per day were linearly related to total energy retention (ER). This means that each increment in retention has the same protein and fat content. At zero fat retention only protein was retained, about 50 % of maximal retention. At zero ER protein was retained and fat mobilized. Energy and N balance experiments confirmed the constant composition of each increment in retention. The results of both experiments show that total ER consisted of two components: a basic constant daily protein retention and a variable additional ER, mainly consisting of fat. The basic protein retention is about half of maximal retention. With increasing energy intakes the basic protein retention is combined with an additional amount of protein and fat in a constant ratio.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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