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  • Articles  (5,162)
  • Springer  (5,162)
  • 1990-1994
  • 1985-1989  (5,162)
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  • 1950-1954
  • 1989  (5,162)
  • Geosciences  (4,143)
  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (1,019)
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  • Articles  (5,162)
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  • 1990-1994
  • 1985-1989  (5,162)
  • 1960-1964
  • 1950-1954
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Design of FIR filters with reduced computations (1989)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 17-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The performance of a symmetric nonrecursive filter can be improved by multiple use of the same filter. The method is based on an Amplitude Change Function (ACF). An approach to the design of nonrecursive filters using an ACF is discussed in this paper. The prototype filter chosen is a Recursive Running Sum (RRS) filter which does not require any multipliers for its implementation. The required filter specifications are met by multiple use of the RRS filters. The overall filter requires a much smaller number of multiplications and adders than the one designed using the conventional method. It is shown that this method provides reduced noise due to coefficient quantization and product quantization compared with the conventional design technique.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598743
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Statistical analysis of two nonlinear least-squares estimators of sine-wave parameters in the colored-noise case (1989)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 3-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper establishes the large-sample accuracy properties of two nonlinear least-squares estimators (NLSE) of sine-wave parameters: the basic NLSE, which ignores the possible correlation of the noise, and the optimal NLSE, which, besides the sine-wave parameters, also estimates the noise correlation (appropriately parametrized). It is shown that these two NLS estimators have thesame accuracy in large samples. This result provides complete justification for preferring the computationally less expensive basic NLSE over the “optimal” NLSE. Both estimators are shown to achieve the Cramér-Rao Bound (CRB) as the sample size increases. A simple explicit expression for the CRB matrix is provided, which should be useful in studying the performance of sine-wave parameter estimators designed to work in the colored-noise case.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598742
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of two-dimensional losslessm-Ports with prescribed scattering matrix (1989)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 97-119 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Multidimensional lossless networks are of special interest for use as reference structures for multidimensional wave digital filters [l]–[3]. The starting point of the presented synthesis procedure for two-dimensional representatives of the networks mentioned is a scattering matrix description of the desired multiport. This given matrix is assumed to have those properties which have turned out to be necessary [9], [10] for any scattering matrix of a multidimensional lossless network. The method presented for the synthesis of 2-D reactancem-ports is based mainly on known properties of block-companion matrices and the factorization of a univariable rational matrix which is discrete para-Hermitian and nonnegative definite on the unit circle. The resulting network always contains only a minimal number of frequency-dependent building elements. No restrictions are made concerning the coefficients of the rational entries of the scattering matrix; they may be either real or complex, so as to include even complex networks which are of special interest for multi-dimensional wave digital filters [3].
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598747
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
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    Systems which possessg- andh- Representations (1989)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 145-162 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Examples are given concerning the range of applicability of recent representation results that provide a means of studying the input-output properties of nonlinear systems in terms of the familiar impulse-response concept, and which extend the concept of integral transformation to nonlinear maps. We show that such representations, which we call “g-” and “h-representations,” exist for important classes of systems governed by nonlinear integral equations. In particular, it is proved that a large class of maps that have Volterra series representations also have these representations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599935
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  • 5
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    The pseudorandom sequence of arrays (1989)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 133-144 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Pseudorandom (or maximal length) sequences and arrays have been known for a long time, and have been reported by several authors. Pseudorandom volumes have also been mentioned. This paper presents a different type of sequence of arrays in which the arrays share many properties with the pseudorandom arrays of the literature, and the sequence (or group) of arrays has many properties in common with the pseudorandom sequences. It is proposed that this set of arrays be called a “pseudorandom sequence of arrays,” or PRSAs. Some interesting properties of the PRSA as well as its practical (hardware) implementation have been mentioned. It has also been shown that our result is a special case of the generalN(3)/D(3) case.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599934
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    A recursive parameter estimator yielding exponential convergence under sufficient excitation (1989)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 207-228 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract For linear time-invariant discrete-time systems, an exponentially convergent recursive parameter identification scheme is derived requiring only that the regression vector be sufficiently exciting, that is the sum of the outer products of the regression vector is eventually positive definite. The algorithm produces a parameter estimate that converges to the batch-form (nonrecursive) least-squares estimate without requiring a persistent excitation. The rate of convergence can be selected as a design parameter. If the regression vector is persistently exciting, it is shown that a forgetting factor can be added to the formulation in such a way that the magnitude of the forgetting factor and the rate of exponential convergence can be set separately.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599938
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  • 7
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    Image modeling and restoration: A new approach (1989)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 229-229 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599939
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  • 8
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    Some circuits and systems applications of semistate theory (1989)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 235-260 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The semistate theory of circuits and systems is reviewed with regard to its applications. Among these latter discussed are electronic circuit design and analysis, hysteresis, knot generation, neural networks, and constrained robot characterizations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598413
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  • 9
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    On Hautus-type conditions for controllability of implicit linear discrete-time systems (1989)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 289-298 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Four notions of controllability for general (i.e., possibly nonregular) implicit linear discrete-time systems are considered. Relationships between them are studied. A Hautus-type characterization of all of these notions is also given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598416
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  • 10
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    Strategies for finite-time control in singular systems in open- and closed-loop configurations (1989)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 299-312 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A new concept of system equivalence which allows the establishment of a formal relation between singular and regular systems has been introduced. By applying this concept, an open-loop strategy for finite-time control of a given solvable singular system, which is simple for both computation and implementation, is developed. A strategy for finite-time output feedback control is considered for a continuous singular system. It is shown that provided the system is observable, a desired polynomial command for finite-time control can be determined from a finite sequence of output measurements sampled at discrete instants of time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598417
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  • 11
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    Reachability, observability, and minimality for shift-invariant two-point boundary-value descriptor systems (1989)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 313-340 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we study the system-theoretic properties of two related classes of shift-invariant two-point boundary-value descriptor systems (TPBVDSs), namelydisplacement systems for which Green's function is shift-invariant, andstationary systems for which the input-output map is stationary. For such systems it is possible to obtain detailed characterizations of the properties of weak reachability and observability introduced in [16] and of minimality as well. An important difference, that has also been noted before in a different context [9], is that there is a certain level of nonuniqueness in minimal realizations. Another property that is studied in this paper is that of extendibility, i.e., the concept of considering a TPBVDS as being defined on a sequence of intervals of increasing length. Necessary and sufficient conditions for extendibility are given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598418
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  • 12
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    Call for papers (1989)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. I 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598422
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  • 13
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    Signal scaling in cascade digital filters (1989)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 421-426 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Scaling of filter variables is central to fixed-point implementation of digital filters. A simple method of scaling based on scaling constants of individual sections of a cascade digital filter is presented. The proposed method saves much computational labor in the implementation of higher-order digital filters. Maximal amplitude expressions of second-order filter transfer functions are also presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599763
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  • 14
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    Zero-input limit cycles and stability in second-order fixed-point digital filters with two magnitude truncation quantizers (1989)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 427-433 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper is concerned with the stability analysis of second-order direct-form digital filters with two magnitude truncation quantizers. Zero-input stability is proved for the parameter regions where no conclusion can be drawn using the methods previously suggested in the literature. The areas of the parameter plane in which only limit cycles of period 1 or 2 exist, are determined and related to the cycle amplitudes. Finally, a transition graph is suggested to study the convergence patterns of the filter output.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599764
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  • 15
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    Analysis of a digital PLL Markov model (1989)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 467-486 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The work of digital PLL is analysed. For this analysis a Markov model is used.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599768
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  • 16
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    One-multiplier adaptive lattice algorithm for recursive filters (1989)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 455-466 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The formulation of one-multiplier lattice structures of the Gray-Markel type forinfinite impulse response filters is reviewed. Several special cases of this formulation — including the well-known Gray-Markel normalized lattice—are presented as scaled polynomial versions of the two-multiplier lattice. A new adaptive algorithm is presented for updating the parameters of one-multiplier lattice structured recursive filters. The LMS-based algorithm requires fewer computations than earlier reported algorithms [1]–[4].
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599767
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  • 17
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    Computation of minimal-order realizations of generalized state-space systems (1989)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 49-70 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we consider the problem of obtaining minimal-order representations of generalized state-space systems described by equations of the formE x(t)=A x(t)+B u(t),y(t)=C x(t)+D u(t) withE singular and det(sE−A)≠0. The underlying principle is that of removal of impulsive and exponential uncontrollable and unobservable modes. When this is followed by the removal of the remaining impulsive modes, we get a minimal-order generalized or standard state-space representation. Simple reduction procedures and numerical algorithms based on these principles are developed and illustrated by means of two numerical examples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598745
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  • 18
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    Estimation for boundary-value descriptor systems (1989)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 25-48 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we consider models for noncausal processes consisting of discrete-time descriptor dynamics and boundary conditions on the values of the process at the two ends of the interval on which the process is defined. We discuss the general solution and well-posedness of systems of this type and then apply the method of complementary processes to obtain a specification of the optimal smoother in terms of a boundary-value descriptor Hamiltonian system. We then study the implementation of the optimal smoother. Motivated by the Hamiltonian diagonalization results for nondescriptor systems, we show how the descriptor Hamiltonian dynamics can be transformed to two lower-order systems by the use of transformation matrices involving the solution of two generalized Riccati equations. We present several examples illustrating our results and the nature of the smoothing solution and also present equations for covariance analysis of boundary-value descriptor processes including the smoothing error.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598744
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  • 19
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    Call for papers (1989)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. I 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598748
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  • 20
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    On the reducibility of centrosymmetric matrices — Applications in engineering problems (1989)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 71-96 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The structure inherent to the centrosymmetric matrices is exploited to obtain factorization results leading to significant computational savings in many engineering applications. Several interesting properties of the matrices are discussed with a view toward algorithm computational complexity. It is shown that the multiplicative complexity involved in the process of principal component (eigen-value/eigenvector) extraction, and in the evaluation of the determinant and inverse of such matrices, can be reduced by nearly 75% by employing the results presented here. The theory presented hereunifies andgeneralizes previous computationally efficient results onseveral specialized generalized centrosymmetric matrices; for example, the class of symmetric centrosymmetric (or doubly symmetric) matrices is shown to be a special case of the class of centrosymmetric matrices, and since the results obtained here are applicable over the field of complex numbers, the factorization results available for centrosymmetric matrices are readilyextended to the complex field. The centrosymmetric matrices play an important role in a number of areas such as pattern recognition, antenna theory, mechanical and electrical systems, and quantum physics. Specific examples of pattern recognition feature selection, a uniform linear antenna array, vibration in structures, and the quantummechanical oscillator are discussed to demonstrate that the theory developed here has a wide range of applications. In addition, certain specialized cases of the centrosymmetric matrices have, in the past, proved their indisputable usefulness in the areas of communication theory, digital filters, linear systems, linear prediction, and speech analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598746
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  • 21
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    Stability tests for singular cases of discrete systems (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 123-132 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The well-known Jury and Blanchard's stability test for discrete systems is with an array of (2n−3) rows of elements. Raible simplified Jury and Blanchard's array to (n+1) rows by introducing an additional element at the end of each row. Chen and Chan recently derived a Liapunov function through Schwarz' transform to prove the criterion directly and to produce a very compact form. The purpose of this paper is to explore the various singular cases by using the newly established Chen-Chan criterion. Some existing methods for studying singular cases are re-examined under the light shed by Chen and Chan. A by-product is to define and to determine the relative stability of discrete systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599933
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  • 22
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    Investigation of the mathematical properties of a new negative resistance oscillator model (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 187-205 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A new negative resistance oscillator model was proposed by Walker and Connelly. We investigate the mathematical properties of the associated nonlinear differential equation for a single-mode LCR network oscillator. In particular, we prove that under suitable conditions, small-amplitude stable limit-cycle oscillations can occur. The method of harmonic balance is used to calculate an analytic approximation to the limit-cycle parameters. Also, the general properties of trajectories in phase-space are presented. These predictions are compared with the results obtained by numerical integration of the differential equation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599937
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  • 23
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    Block decomposition structures for the fast modular implementation of two-dimensional digital filters (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 163-185 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A general structure is presented for the block realization of two-dimensional infinite impulse response digital filters, which is based on the two-dimensional matrix convolution equations and the decomposition of their associated transfer function matrices. The proposed decomposition may be considered as an extension of the scalar decomposition technique, which has already been used for the realization of two-dimensional digital filters associated with two-variable polynomials. The decomposition structure is considered in two different forms, which correspond to the direct forms I and II. It is shown that if a given two-dimensional single-input, single-output filter is realizable, then realizable block decomposition structures may be always selected. The proposed approach is general and applies without any restriction for the block implementation of any two-dimensional filter. The resulting structures are characterized by high inherent parallelism, modularity, regularity, reconfigurability, local interconnections, and very high sampling and throughput rates. Thus they are well suited for VLSI implementation and implementation via multiprocessor systems and array processors, such as systolic and wavefront arrays.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599936
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  • 24
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    Call for papers (1989)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. I 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599940
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  • 25
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    Editorial (1989)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 231-231 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598411
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  • 26
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    Editorial: A new vocabulary for system theory? (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 233-234 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598412
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  • 27
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    Distributional convergence of BDF approximations to solutions of descriptor systems (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 261-265 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract It has been observed that the backward differentiation approximation to the solutions ofEx′+Fx =f can fail to converge even pointwise in an initial boundary layer. This paper shows that the approximations converge in a distributional sense even if the exact solution is also distributional.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598414
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  • 28
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    Stability analysis of singular systems (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 267-287 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with a refined qualitative analysis of motions of a broad class of continuous time-varying nonlinear singular differential systems. These systems consist of a finite number of first-order differential equations that cannot be set into the normal form. Some novel qualitative concepts, convenient for the description of solutions of singular systems, are introduced and analyzed. These concepts involve some inherent properties of singular systems. General sufficient conditions for these concepts are derived in terms of the existence of a suitable Lyapunov function. Also, for the subclass of singular systems considered, the construction of a Lyapunov function candidate that can be effectively applied in the analysis is proposed. The results obtained generalize some known results in stability theory.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598415
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  • 29
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    Fundamental matrix of discrete singular systems (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 341-355 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this paper is to make clear the fundamental importance of thefundamental matrix ϕ k in the analysis of linear discrete-time singular systems. We relateϕ k to the coefficientsR k of the adjoint matrix (zE-A)−1, find an autoregressive recursion for theϕ k , and give the solution of the singular semistate equation in terms ofϕ k . Also discussed are thesemistatetransition matrix and the singular systemTschirnhausen polynomials. We close by giving a stable numerical technique for the computation of the sequenceϕ k that is based on first taking the pencilzE-A to triangular form.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598419
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  • 30
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    Infinite elementary divisors of polynomial matrices and impulsive solutions of linear homogeneous matrix differential equations (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 357-373 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Impulsive solutions of linear homogeneous matrix differential equations are re-examined in the light of the theory of Jordan chains that correspond to infinite elementary divisors of the associated polynomial matrix. Infinite elementary divisors of general polynomial matrices are defined and their relation to the pole-zero structure of polynomial matrices at infinity is examined. It is shown that impulsive solutions are due to Jordan chains of a “dual” polynomial matrix that correspond to infinite elementary divisors that are associated with the orders of “zeros at infinity” of the original matrix.
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    Geometric theory and feedback invariants of generalized linear systems: A matrix pencil approach (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 375-397 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Generalized linear systems are classified according to their algebraic structure and their regularizability and normalizability properties under generalized state feedback are investigated. New feedback invariants are introduced in terms of the input-space restriction pencil and the Plücker matrix of the system. It is shown that the classification of subspaces of the state space of generalized linear systems is reduced to an equivalent problem of classifying the subspacesV of the domain of an ordered pair (F, G), F, Gεℝm×n. The set of strict equivalence invariants of the restriction pencil (F, G)/V provides a complete, basis-free algebraic characterization and leads to the definition of notions of geometric invariance. The key geometric notions that emerge are those of (F, G)-, (G, F)-, complete-(F, G)-, partitioned(F, G)-, cyclic-, and semicyclic-invariant subspaces. A complete set of geometric algorithms leading to the computation of the above families is also given. The above families of invariant subspaces are characterized in terms of the invariants of (F, G)/V, and this provides the links with their dynamic characterization. These results provide an “open-loop” or “feedback-free” unifying treatment of spaces of generalized systems, which for the case of proper systems is reduced to the standard geometric theory results.
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    Fast prime factor decomposition algorithms for a family of discrete trigonometric transforms (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 401-419 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper develops a set of fast prime factor decomposition algorithms (PFDAs) for a family of discrete trigonometric transforms of sizeN, whereN is a product of two relatively prime integers. Relevant equations for the PFDAs are derived. Computational procedures are presented followed by a specific example forN= 12. The input and output index mappings necessary for the algorithm are obtained and the computational complexity is briefly outlined.
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    The difference between regularity and irregularity in singular systems (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 435-444 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In the studies of singular systems regularity is often presumed although it may not be satisfied in some real cases. Therefore, natural questions are: What is the difference between regularity and irregularity? How far can we go from regularity to irregularity in the studies of singular systems? This paper partially answers these questions. The results show that the concepts of reachability, controllability, and observability for regular systems can be easily extended to irregular cases. There is minor difference between regular and irregular singular systems. Thus the assumption of regularity is reasonable.
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    Modified design of high-order 1-D all-pass recursive digital filters (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 445-453 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract An optimization method is proposed for the design of high-order all-pass delay equalizers for a prescribed group-delay characteristic by using the cascade form realization of digital filters. Unlike other methods, in the proposed method stability is guaranteed by imposing certain mild constraints on the filter coefficients so that the unconstrained optimization technique of Fletcher and Powell is used. To reduce the function minimization time, design values of the parameters of the delay equalizers, obtained by Bernhardt's simplified method, are used as the initial vector in the optimization technique of the proposed method. It is shown that the proposed method for the design of optimal delay equalizers results in all classes of equalizers with real and complex poles and approximates the prescribed group delay more accurately.
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    Call for papers (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. I 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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    Realizations of nonlinear systems (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 487-506 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Given the Volterra series representation of a single input, single output nonlinear system, we examine conditions on the Volterra kernels that determine if the system is in some sense equivalent to a linear system. The systems considered herein are known as “feedback linearizable” systems. Feedback linearizable systems are usually discussed in terms of their state-space representations. A key result relates the Volterra series description of a feedback linearizable system to its state-space description.
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    Predictors of the peak width for networks with exponential links (1989)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 1-16 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Width function ; instantaneous unit hydrograph ; peak ; regression ; birth-death process
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract We investigate optimal predictors of the peak (S) and distance to peak (T) of the width function of drainage networks under the assumption that the networks are topologically random with independent and exponentially distributed link lengths. Analytical results are derived using the fact that, under these assumptions, the width function is a homogeneous Markov birth-death process. In particular, exact expressions are derived for the asymptotic conditional expectations ofS andT given network magnitudeN and given mainstream lengthH. In addition, a simulation study is performed to examine various predictors ofS andT, includingN, H, and basin morphometric properties; non-asymptotic conditional expectations and variances are estimated. The best single predictor ofS isN, ofT isH, and of the scaled peak (S divided by the area under the width function) isH. Finally, expressions tested on a set of drainage basins from the state of Wyoming perform reasonably well in predictingS andT despite probable violations of the original assumptions.
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    Technical comments (1989)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 68-69 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
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    Single station and regional analysis of daily rainfall extremes (1989)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 281-292 
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    Keywords: Generalised Pareto distribution ; Peaks over threshold ; Probability weighted moments ; Regionalisation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A peaks over threshold (POT) method of analysing daily rainfall values is developed using a Poisson process of occurrences and a generalised Pareto distribution (GPD) for the exceedances. The parameters of the GPD are estimated by the method of probability weighted moments (PWM) and a method of combining the individual estimates to define a regional curve is proposed.
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    Basinwide flood control system by combining prediction and reservoir operation (1989)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 31-49 
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    Keywords: Reservoir operation ; prediction ; Kalman filtering ; flood prevention ; fuzzy control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Japan has traditionally performed flood prevention through the construction and use of dikes, storage reservoirs, and basins which are costly and time consuming options. Another non-structural option is to operate the flood control system appropriately with a view to reducing flood damage. In this paper, a flood control system combining the runoff prediction model in the whole river basin with the reservoir operation is discussed. Different models of the runoff process are introduced in order to compare their accuracies and the computational time for the flood forecasting system. The reservoir operational rule is formulated in terms of fuzzy inference theory. Historical data are applied in a case study for verification of the proposed theories.
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    Reply (1989)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 69-69 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
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    Announcements (1989)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 154-154 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
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    A survey of numerical methods for stochastic differential equations (1989)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 155-178 
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    Keywords: Stochastic differential equations ; Stochastic Taylor formula ; Numerical methods ; Simulations ; Strong convergence ; Weak convergence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The development of numerical methods for stochastic differential equations has intensified over the past decade. The earliest methods were usually heuristic adaptations of deterministic methods, but were found to have limited accuracy regardless of the order of the original scheme. A stochastic counterpart of the Taylor formula now provides a framework for the systematic investigation of numerical methods for stochastic differential equations. It suggests numerical schemes, which involve multiple stochastic integrals, of higher order of convergence. We shall survey the literature on these and on the earlier schemes in this paper. Our discussion will focus on diffusion processes, but we shall also indicate the extensions needed to handle processes with jump components. In particular, we shall classify the schemes according to strong or weak convergence criteria, depending on whether the approximation of the sample paths or of the probability distribution is of main interest.
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    Evaluation of rainfall-runoff performance using the stochastic integral equation method (1989)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 217-226 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Stochastic integral equation method ; rainfall-runoff models ; confidence interval
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The stochastic integral equation method (S.I.E.M.) is used to evaluate the relative performance of a set of both calibrated and uncalibrated rainfall-runoff models with respect to prediction errors. The S.I.E.M. is also used to estimate confidence (prediction) interval values of a runoff criterion variable, given a prescribed rainfall-runoff model, and a similarity measure used to condition the storms that are utilized for model calibration purposes. Because of the increasing attention given to the issue of uncertainty in rainfall-runoff modeling estimates, the S.I.E.M. provides a promising tool for the hydrologist to consider in both research and design.
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    A practical method for outlier detection in autoregressive time series modelling (1989)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 241-260 
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    Keywords: Hat matrix ; Mahalanobis distance ; Additive outliers ; Innovation outliers ; Influential data ; Autoregressive models ; Threshold autoregression ; Lake Huron
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A practical method is developed for outlier detection in autoregressive modelling. It has the interpretation of a Mahalanobis distance function and requires minimal additional computation once a model is fitted. It can be of use to detect both innovation outliers and additive outliers. Both simulated data and real data re used for illustration, including one data set from water resources.
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    A stability analysis of the geostatistical approach to aquifer transmissivity identification (1989)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 293-316 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Confined aquifer ; Transmissivity identification ; Geostatistics ; Inverse problem ; Ill-posedness ; Ill-conditioning ; Stability analysis ; Regularization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In recent years, geostatistical concepts have been applied to the inverse problem of transmissivity estimation from piezometric head data. It has been claimed that such methods overcome various difficulties encountered in other approaches. However, the reconstruction of transmissivity from head measurements is ill-posed as it depends on derivatives of the head field. Consequently, any accurate method for its solution is likely to encounter numerically ill-conditioned systems. This paper reviews the geostatistical approach, and uses the stability analyses of linear algebra to show that, as the amount of available data increases and the discretization of the system is refined, both a numerically ill-conditioned parameter estimation problem and ill-conditioned cokriging equations may appear. Therefore, while the geostatistical approach does have conceptual appeal, it does not avoid the fundamental difficulties arising out of the ill-posed nature of transmissivity identification. Instead, the method is likely to be quite sensitive to these difficulties, so care must be taken in its formulation to minimize their effects. A means to stabilize the geostatistical method is suggested and numerical experiments that highlight key points of our analysis are given.
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    Fitting a stochastic partial differential equation to aquifer data (1989)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 85-96 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Stochastic equations ; irregularly spaced observations ; prediction, interpolation ; random fields
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The steady state two dimensional groundwater flow equation with constant transmissivities was studied by Whittle in 1954 as a stochastic Laplace equation. He showed that the correlation function consisted of a modified Bessel function of the second kind, order 1, multiplied by its argument. This paper uses this pioneering work of Whittle to fit an aquifer head field to unequally spaced observations by maximum likelihood. Observational error is also included in the model. Both the isotropic and anisotropic cases are considered. The fitted field is then calculated on a two dimensional grid together with its standard deviation. The method is closely related to the use of two-dimensional splines for fitting surfaces to irregularly spaced observations.
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    Stochastic analysis of estuarine hydraulics (1989)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 71-84 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Hydraulics ; quasilinearization ; simulation ; stochastic ; estuarine system ; Monte Carlo methods ; random differential equations ; parameter uncertainty
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A new methodology is presented for the solution of the stochastic hydraulic equations characterizing steady, one-dimensional estuarine flow. The methodology is predicated on quasi-linearization, perturbation methods, and the finite difference approximation of the stochastic differential operators. Assuming Manning's roughness coefficient is the principal source of uncertainty in the model, stochastic equations are presented for the water depths and flow rates in the estuarine system. Moment equations are developed for the mean and variance of the water depths. The moment equations are compared with the results of Monte Carlo simulation experiments. The results confirm that for any spatial location in the estuary that (1) as the uncertainty in the channel roughness increases, the uncertainty in mean depth increases, and (2) the predicted mean depth will decrease with increasing uncertainty in Manning'sn. The quasi-analytical approach requires significantly less computer time than Monte Carlo simulations and provides explicit
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    Stochastic partial differential equations in groundwater hydrology (1989)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 135-153 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Stochastic partial differential equations ; maximum likelihood estimation ; parameter estimation ; moment equations ; stodhastic contaminant transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Many problems in hydraulics and hydrology are described by linear, time dependent partial differential equations, linearity being, of course, an assumption based on necessity. Solutions to such equations have been obtained in the past based purely on deterministic consideration. The derivation of such a solution requires that the initial conditions, the boundary conditions, and the parameters contained within the equations be stipulated in exact terms. It is obvious that the solution so derived is a function of these specified, values. There are at least four ways in which randomness enters the problem. i) the random initial value problem; ii) the random boundary value problem; iii) the random forcing problem when the non-homogeneous part becomes random and iv) the random parameter problem. Such randomness is inherent in the environment surrounding the system, the environment being endowed with a large number of degrees of freedom. This paper considers the problem of groundwater flow in a phreatic aquifer fed by rainfall. The goveming equations are linear second order partial differential equations. Explicit form solutions to this randomly forced equation have been derived in well defined regular boundaries. The paper also provides a derivation of low order moment equations. It contains a discussion on the parameter estimation problem for stochastic partial differential equations.
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    Some results comparing Monte Carlo simulation and first order Taylor series approximation for steady groundwater flow (1989)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 179-190 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Groundwater ; Stochastic ; Monte Carlo simulation ; First order Taylor series approximation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The expected head and standard deviation of the head from the first order Taylor series approximation is compared to Monte Carlo simulation, for steady flow in a confined aquifer with transmissivity as a random variable. Emphasis is on the effect of changes in the covariance structure of the transmissivity, and pumping rates, on the errors in the first order Taylor series approximation. The accuracy of the first order Taylor series approximation is found to be particularly sensitive to pumping rates. With significant pumping the approximation is found to under estimate both the expected drawdown and head variance, and the error increases as the pumping rate increases. This can lead to large errors in probability constraints based on moments from the first order Taylor series approximation.
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    Kalman filter estimation for periodic autoregressive-moving average models (1989)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 227-240 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Kalman filter ; Maximum likelihood estimation ; Periodic models ; Stochastic hydrology ; Time series analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract An exact maximum likelihood procedure is presented for estimating the parameters of a periodic autogressive-moving average (PARMA) model. To develop an estimator which is both statistically and computationally efficient, the PARMA class of models is written using a state-space representation and a Kalman filtering algorithm is used to estimate the parameters. In order to demonstrate how to fit PARMA models in practice, the most appropriate types of PARMA models are identified for fitting to two average monthly riverflow time series and the new estimator is employed for estimating the model parameters.
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    An application of Karmarkar's interior-point linear programming algorithm for multi-reservoir operations optimization (1989)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 17-29 
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    Keywords: Stochastic optimization ; linear programming ; simplex method ; Karmarkar's method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Optimization of multi-reservoir systems operations is typically a very large scale optimization problem. The following are the three types of optimization problems solved using linear programming (LP): (i) deterministic optimization for multiple periods involving fine stage intervals, for example, from an hour to a week (ii) implicit stochastic optimization using multiple years of inflow data, and (iii) explicit stochastic optimization using probability distributions of inflow data. Until recently, the revised simplex method has been the most efficient solution method available for solving large scale LP problems. In this paper, we show that an implementation of the Karmarkar's interior-point LP algorithm with a newly developed stopping criterion solves optimization problems of large multi-reservoir operations more efficiently than the simplex method. For example, using a Micro VAX II minicomputer, a 40 year, monthly stage, two-reservoir system optimization problem is solved 7.8 times faster than the advanced simplex code in MINOS 5.0. The advantage of this method is expected to be greater as the size of the problem grows from two reservoirs to multiples of reservoirs. This paper presents the details of the implementation and testing and in addition, some other features of the Karmarkar's algorithm which makes it a valuable optimization tool are illuminated.
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    Spatial rainfall estimation by linear and non-linear co-kriging of radar-rainfall and raingage data (1989)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 51-67 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Spatial rainfall estimation ; kriging ; ordinary co-kriging ; disjunctive co-kriging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The feasibility of linear and nonlinear geostatistical estimation techniques for optimal merging of rainfall data from raingage and radar observations is investigated in this study by use of controlled numerical experiments. Synthetic radar and raingage data are generated with their hypothetical error structures that explicitly account for sampling characteristics of the two sensors. Numerically simulated rainfall fields considered to be ground-truth fields on 4×4 km grids are used in the generation of radar and raingage observations. Ground-truth rainfall fields consist of generated rainfall fields with various climatic characteristics that preserve the space-time covariance function of rainfall events in extratropical cyclonic storms. Optimal mean areal precipitation estimates are obtained based on the minimum variance, unbiased property of kriging techniques under the second order homogeneity assumption of rainfall fields. The evaluation of estimated rainfall fields is done based on the refinement of spatial predictability over what would be provided from each sensor individually. Attention is mainly given to removal of measurement error and bias that are synthetically introduced to radar measurements. The influence of raingage network density on estimated rainfall fields is also examined.
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    Parameter estimation in low order fractionally differenced ARMA processes (1989)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 97-110 
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    Keywords: ARMA processes ; fractionally differencedARMA processes ; long memory ; spectral density ; maximum likelihood estimates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A class of regression type estimators of the parameterd in a fractionally differencedARMA (p, q) process is introduced. This class is an extension of the estimator considered by Geweke and Porter-Hudak. In a simulation study, we compared three estimators from this class together with two approximate maximum likelihood estimators which are based on two separate approximations to the likelihood. One approximation ignores the determinant term in the likelihood and the other includes a compensating factor for the determinant. When the determinant term is included, the estimate tends to be much less biased and is in general superior to the other estimate. The approximate maximum likelihood estimator out performed, by a large margin, the regression type estimators for pureARIMA (0,d,0) processes. However, forARIMA (1,d,1) processes, a regression type estimator turned out to be the best for realizations of length 400 in 3 out of the 5 cases we tried.
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    Basin-scale relations via conditioning (1989)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 111-133 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Rainfall-runoff models ; random channel network ; regionalization ; flood frequency ; instanteous unit hydrograph
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A rainfall-runoff model is used in conjunction with a probabilistic description of the input to this model to obtain simple regression-like relations for basin runoff in terms of basin and storm characteristics. These relations, similar to those sought in regionalization studies, are computed by evaluating the conditional distribution of model output given basin and storm characteristics. This method of conditioning provides a general way of examining model sensitivity to various components of model input. The resulting relations may be expected to resemble corresponding relations obtained by regionalization using actual runoff to the extent that the rainfall-runoff model and the model input specification are physically realistic. The probabilistic description of model input is an extension of so-called “random-model” of channel networks and involves postulating an ensemble of basins and associated probability distributions that mimic the variability of basin characteristics seen in nature. Application is made to small basins in the State of Wyoming. Parameters of the input variable distribution are estimated using data from Wyoming, and basin-scale relations are estimated both, parametrically and nonparametrically using model-generated runoff from simulated basins. Resulting basin-scale relations involving annual flood quantiles are in reasonable agreement with those presented in a previous regionalization study, but error estimates are smaller than those in the previous study, an artifact of the simplicity of the rainfall-runoff model used in this paper. We also obtain relations for peak of the instantaneous unit hydrograph which agree fairly well with theoretical relations given in the literature. Finally, we explore the issues of sensitivity of basin-scale, relations and error estimates to parameterization of the model input probability distribution and of how this sensitivity is related to making inferences about a particular ungaged basin.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01544076
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    A cross entropy method for flood frequency analysis (1989)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 191-202 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Random variable ; Distribution ; Estimation ; Probability analysis ; Cross-entropy ; Fractile constraints ; Flood
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The cross-entropy method with fractile constraints has been developed to estimate a random variable when the data are a set of independent observations of the variable. The method can claim several advantages over existing methods. It uses a reference distribution like the prior distribution in Bayesian analysis and likewise generates a posterior distribution. The method is of interest, in particular, because it satisfies two fundamental requirements for selfconsistency in the analysis of a probabilistic system based on data: a principle of invariance and a principle of data monotonicity. The method is applied to flood analysis. Robustness of the minimum cross-entropy method is compared with other methods: the methods of moments and the maximum likehood.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01543859
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    Estimation of flow enhancement in the Kinneret watershed due to cloud seeding (1989)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 203-216 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Cloud seeding ; Rainfall enhancement ; Regression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A comparison is carried out between historical records of the flow measured in Kinneret watershed during and prior to the time of cloud seeding for rainfall enhancement. Precipitation series for the control area of the meteorological experimentation serve as a reference for the comparison. The fluctuations of the flow, which would have occurred unless the effect of the seeding, are estimated by a linear regression on the precipitation as the control. The regression parameters are calibrated separately for the unseeded and for the seeded time series. The model with the parameters calibrated for the unseeded series is applied on the rainfall recorded during the seeded time, and vice versa. The difference between the measured and the computed data is attributed to the effect of cloud seeding. Similar comparisons are carried out with respect to rainfall series recorded at the target area and at the edge of the enhanced area. The results indicate that the flow from the affected sector of the watershed has been enhanced, with respect to the control, by 31×106 m 3/year, at a significance level of 31. This enhancement is 5% of the volume which is generated in that area. The rates found with respect to the rainfall at the edge are higher than those found with respect to the control, while those with respect to the rainfall at the center of the target area are lower.
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    A radar-based stochastic model for the time-space arrivals of the rain fields onto a geographical region (1989)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 261-280 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Rain fields ; time-space arrivals ; stochastic model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Rainfall in time at any ground location can be described by the rain intensity distribution over the subtrajectories which are drawn by the ground location point on the radar-detected incremental rain fields (IRFs) that pass over this location. Based on this conceptualization, this study develops a stochastic description of the arrivals of IRF subtrajectories (SIRFs) onto any given set of ground locations over a geographical region. The arrivals of SIRFs is described by a multivariate doubly stochastic Poisson process, excited by the time-space arrival process of IRFs onto the designated geographical region. The arrival process of IRFs is described by a 3-level time-space nonhomogeneous Poisson cluster model. At the primary level of this model are the arrivals of synoptic cyclonic systems; at the secondary level are the arrivals of large mesoscale rain areas (LMSAs) and at the tertiary level are the arrivals of IRFs onto the designated geographical region, all detected by the weather radar. The models are substantiated both by the graphical analysis of rain fields, as detected on a radar scope, and by the statistical analysis of the arrivals data at all of the four levels at three different ground locations over a rectangular geographical region in Northern Kentucky. It is pointed out that a doubly stochastic Poisson process is basically a Poisson cluster process. Hence, the final process of SIRF arrivals onto any ground location may be interpreted as a 4-level Poisson cluster process. Finally, heavy tails in the sample covariance density functions of the IRF and SIRF arrivals are detected. This study shows that the appropriate incorporation of clustering at all observable distinct scales of the rain fields models the heavy tail behavior of the covariance density adequately.
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    Structural design for polarization-insensitive travelling-wave semiconductor laser amplifiers (1989)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 21 (1989), S. S47 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Optimum structures of travelling-wave semiconductor laser amplifiers (TWAs) are analysed theoretically from the viewpoints of low-polarization-sensitive signal gain, high-saturation output and low-noise characteristics. The signal gain differences between TE and TM modes, saturation output powers, noise figures and operating currents are investigated as functions of the active-layer thickness and device length. These characteristics are compared among the conventional double-heterostructure (DH), asymmetric separate-confinement-heterostructure (SCH) and symmetric SCH structures. The symmetric SCH is shown to be the optimum structure for a polarization-insensitive TWA maintaining high-saturation output power and low-noise characteristics at low injection current density. The conventional DH TWA with a thick, short active layer is preferable for achieving the most isotropic signal gain while maintaining a high-saturation output power and a small noise figure, even though it suffers from higher operating current density than the symmetric SCH TWA.
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    Three-dimensional flow visualization system by holographic interferometry (1989)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 21 (1989), S. 409-414 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A holographic system has been developed to visualize a three-dimensional fluid flow. The system consists principally of a thermoplastic film, a monochrome video camera, a microcomputer with image-processing capability and a printer. The system makes it possible to measure a slow flow. Two examples of such, the bimodal and mixed-mode convection flows within a Bénard cell, are presented.
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    Theory of two-section laser amplifiers (1989)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 21 (1989), S. S15 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new theory of two-section amplifiers has been developed in order to account explicitly for dispersive effects arising from the carrier dependence of the refractive index. It has been found that non-linear and bistable effects in two-section devices, which are conventionally attributed to saturable absorption, contain a stong component of dispersive non-linearity. The implication is that the advantages claimed for two-section amplifiers over single-section devices may not be as great as had hitherto been thought.
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    Performance of a dual-stage semiconductor laser amplifier for optical transmission repeater system (1989)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 21 (1989), S. S75 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The performance of a dual-stage semiconductor laser amplifier consisting of a preamplifier and a power amplifier is evaluated theoretically and experimentally. The dual-stage optical amplifier can offer high-gain amplification with low noise figure by using a low-noise amplifier as a preamplifier. Using the dual-stage amplifier, 2.4 Gbits−1 193 km optical fibre transmission was demonstrated. In addition, by applying an automatic power control system to the dual-stage amplifier, output power stabilization with wide dynamic range was obtained.
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    Fibre raman amplifier properties for applications to long-distance optical communications (1989)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 21 (1989), S. S89 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper reviews recent theoretical and experimental studies on optical amplification by stimulated Raman scattering (Raman amplification) in single-mode optical fibres, and discusses its possible applications to long-distance optical communications. The fibre Raman amplifier can be used as an in-line optical amplifier in both repeaterless and non-regenerative all-optical repeater configurations. In the former application, signal transmission of over 400 km has been predicted theoretically, although high-power pump sources are considered to be required. In the latter configuration, in which optical fibre losses are compensated for by Raman gains, it has been shown that extremely long-distance transmission over more than 1000 km is feasible in terms of signal-to-noise ratio, where the distance achievable is mainly limited by the accumulation of Raman noise. Recent experimental demonstrations including bit-error rate measurements on the Raman amplified signal, and laser-diode pumped amplification, etc., are also reviewed. The results confirm the effectiveness of fibre Raman amplifiers in future long-haul systems.
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    Centroid shift of power flow in gently bent circular hollow or dielectric waveguide (1989)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 21 (1989), S. 73-75 
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    Notes: Abstract We show that the centroid of power flow in gently bentcircular waveguides does not necessarily shift towards the outward direction of bending.
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    Research on laser theory (1989)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 21 (1989), S. 77-77 
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    Announcement (1989)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 21 (1989), S. 86-86 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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    The analysis of volume reflection gratings using optical thin-film techniques (1989)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 21 (1989), S. 93-107 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper the use of thin-film techniques to model volume reflection grating structures is described and analysed. The results obtained using this technique for the uniform refractive index modulation case are compared with those obtained using the more familiar coupled-wave theory. The shape of the resultant spectral profile may be modified by the introduction of swelling or shrinkage, absorption or non-uniform index modulation within the volume of the grating structure. Results showing the effect of each are presented. Finally, the performance of experimental thick (〉100 μm) volume gratings in dichromated gelatin is discussed and the most recent improvements in the resultant spectral profiles are described. These results show that the thin-film modelling technique is useful for the modelling of volume reflection grating structures.
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    Theoretical investigation of wavelength-flattened fused coupler (1989)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 21 (1989), S. 123-129 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract A fused coupler made of dissimilar fibres is studied theoretically. Two different types of such couplers are analysed. The first type is featured by a strongly fused uniform waist of long length, whereas the second type has a fused uniform waist with tapers at its ends. Theoretical analysis reveals that the former is much less wavelength-dependent. For the latter, our results agree with the available experimental data. A fabrication process to make the first type of coupler is suggested.
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    Laser optical fibre heterodyne interferometer with frequency indicating of the phase shift of a light signal in an optical waveguide (1989)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 21 (1989), S. 423-427 
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    Notes: Abstract Self-sustained oscillations in a laser optical fibre heterodyne interferometer are discussed; oscillations were produced by closing into a loop the single-mode optical fibres of the interferometer. Such oscillatory systems are shown to feature high-frequency stability. It is proposed to use this oscillating interferometer as a high-sensitivity sensor of external factors affecting the optical waveguide.
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    Book reviews (1989)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 21 (1989), S. 435-440 
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    Exciton enhancement of optical non-linearity in low-dimensional crystals (1989)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 21 (1989), S. 441-450 
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    Notes: Abstract Excitons are shown to enhance third-order optical susceptibilityx (3) and shorten its response timeT 1 in suitable low-dimensional crystals; for example, a system of semiconductor microcrystallites and a natural and artificial quantum-well system. Some experimental evidence of enhancedx (3) and shortenedT 1 is also introduced.
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    Two-photon optical bistability of polar molecules inserted in a solid matrix: Phonon effects (1989)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 21 (1989), S. 471-479 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Single-beam two-photon optical bistability in a Fabry-Perot cavity filled with molecules which change permanent dipole moment upon electronic excitation is analysed under the mean-field and plane-wave approximations. One-photon resonances are discarded. These molecules are assumed to be in a solid matrix. Phonon effects are then taken into account. The Bloch equations of the system are further coupled by a term that is dependent on the electron-phonon interaction, leading to shifts in the switching thresholds which modify the optical bistability character. Such a term becomes irrelevant when the difference between the dipole moments is much greater than the transition dipole moment.
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    Optically induced index change in GaAs by laser diode: Measurement method and analysis to realize an all-optical switch (1989)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 21 (1989), S. 499-505 
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper the possibility to realize an all-optical switch on GaAs, using a semiconductor laser as a pump beam, is investigated. An estimate for the mean value of the refractive index change (Δn) of the material is calculated as a function of the pump power. A method for the measurement of Δn is proposed, based on the mathematical relationships between the propagation characteristics of the guided mode and the refractive index change.
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    Editorial (1989)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 21 (1989), S. iii 
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    Fundamentals of optical amplifiers (1989)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 21 (1989), S. S1 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The minimum noise figure of linear phase-insensitive amplifiers is 3 dB, according to the constraint of the uncertainty principle. Laser amplifiers, parametric amplifiers and Raman amplifiers obey the general quantum limit in an ideal case. A degenerate parametric amplifier is a phase-sensitive linear amplifier, and thus is a noiseless amplifier with a noise figure of 0 dB. The noise figure degradation in a practical amplifier and the signal-to-noise ratio design of an optical amplifier system are presented. Several other amplifier characteristics, such as signal gain, frequency bandwidth and saturation output power, are also discussed.
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    Some focusing properties of chirped gratings (1989)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 21 (1989), S. 17-33 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In the past the focusing properties of chirped grating structures have been investigated in various disciplines including optics, acousto-optics and acoustics. In this paper we present the results of a detailed theoretical and experimental study of one such amplitude grating structure, namely the chirped optical diffraction grating, although many of the conclusions are of more general validity. We derive some useful fundamental properties of such focusing gratings, and show that to first order their behaviour is similar to that of various other classical components such as focusing lenses, grating spectrometers and matched filters for chirped waveforms. However, we also describe a range of second-order differences in behaviour, for example concerning the physical location of the multiple foci, and the sidelobe structures within and perpendicular to the focal plane. For devices of large numerical aperture we demonstrate the advantages of using a non-linear grating structure — for example, for sidelobe suppression in the focal plane - and point out that surface acoustic wave (SAW) techniques can be used to generate the non-linear chirp waveforms necessary to implement such gratings in acousto-optic devices.
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    Circularly birefringent optical fibres: new proposals (1989)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 21 (1989), S. 35-46 
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    Notes: Abstract A new family of azimuthally inhomogeneous fibres is proposed and analysed theoretically. In contrast with previous similar structures, in these fibres one can find exact analytical expressions for the guided fields. Such modes could also be used as zeroorder approximations in analysisng other waveguides. This paper presents the basic theory and several examples illustrating how the main parameters (radii, number and width of the sectors, and refractive indices) affect the field profiles. We also present introductory, qualitative arguments on how this improved control over the field could be exploited in order to get either high circular birefringence or good matching of the guided modes to TEM00 or LP01 exciting fields.
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    Saturating refractive non-linearities and optical bistability: implications for excitonic switching (1989)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 21 (1989), S. 81-85 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We examine the operation of a refractive Fabry-Perot bistable device and consider the importance of saturation of the non-linear refraction using a simple model. A condition is formally derived which determines whether a particular material with a limited refractive index change may be used to make an all-optical bistable switch. This is evaluated for the GaAs/AlGaAs quantum-well system by comparison with four-wave mixing measurements of the non-linear refraction associated with the exciton feature.
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    Mode equation and its solution for dielectric waveguide with parabolic cross-section (1989)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 21 (1989), S. 117-122 
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    Notes: Abstract The mode equation for the dielectric waveguide with parabolic cross-section is derived using both the effective index method and WKB theory, and the expression of the mode propagation constant or effective index is solved directly from this mode equation, so that the mode-propagation properties of this kind of waveguide can be analysed conveniently with comparative accuracy.
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    Application of back-action evading amplifier to optical network communications (1989)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 21 (1989), S. 131-136 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper shows applications of the back-action evading amplifier, which amplifies a signal without degradation of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), to optical decoupling systems and clarifies the effects of the number of branches and the amplitude gain to SNR. As a result, it is shown that this concept provides an ideal optical system for networks with optical branches.
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    Optical beam deflection using dynamic volume reflection gratings (1989)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 21 (1989), S. 151-154 
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    Notes: Abstract We propose a scheme for optical beam deflection using dynamic volume reflection gratings. Since the direction change of the diffracted beam with the recording wavelength is much larger for a reflection grating a passive beam-tilting element may not be required.
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    Double-beam two-photon optical bistability in a Fabry-Perot cavity with polar molecules (1989)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 21 (1989), S. 415-422 
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    Notes: Abstract Optical bistability in a micrometre-sized Fabry-Perot cavity, filled with appropriate polar molecules, is analysed after two incident beams (with frequenciesgw 1 andgw 2) produce in the system a two-photon resonance at frequencygw 1 +gw 2. One-photon resonances at the frequenciesgw 1 andgw 2 are discarded. It was not necessary to assume a particular relationship betweengw 1 andgw 2, and the single-beam two-photon optical bistability whengw 1 andgw 2 are of the same order or equal is emphasized.
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    Theoretical and experimental study of the colliding-pulse method for solid-state lasers (1989)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 21 (1989), S. 481-490 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The interaction of ultrashort pulses with a two-level saturable absorber is considered in the colliding-pulse regime. The shortening of the Gaussian pulse duration is investigated for a wide range of absorber and pulse parameters and compared with typical contacting-absorber and non-contacting-absorber methods. The analysis of the maximum pulse dynamics taking into account the noise radiation in the context of the fluctuation model shows that in addition to the well-known advantages realized in dye lasers, the colliding-pulse method results in the achievement of shorter durations of the peak pulses in the train near the second threshold. This advantage is shown, both theoretically and experimentally, to be greater for faster the relaxation of the absorber.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02189128
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    Simple computer solution of coupled power equations (1989)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 21 (1989), S. 511-515 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A numerical method for solution of the coupled power equations in multimode optical fibres is presented. The method is based on the assumption that the contribution of weak mode coupling can be concentrated into discrete points along the fibre. The matrix form of the solution is derived, the accuracy of the method is briefly discussed and an example of practical results is also shown.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02189132
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    Approximate analysis of mode dispersion in diffused-channel waveguides (1989)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 21 (1989), S. 521-524 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We propose an approximate mode analysis using the effective index method for calculating mode dispersion in diffused channel waveguides. The method uses the minimum computing time and gives good agreement with other published results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02189134
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    Float-glass: An industrial substrate for integrated optics (1989)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 21 (1989), S. 307-319 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Low-loss single-mode waveguides form at the surface of glass in contact with liquid tin during the float process. Theoretical and experimental studies have demonstrated that float-glass can serve as an industrial substrate for integrated optics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02027301
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    Analysis of non-linear multilayer waveguides with Kerr-like permittivities (1989)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 21 (1989), S. 109-116 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a semi-analytical method for calculating the dispersion relationships for stationary non-linear TE waves guided by general multilayer waveguides with Kerr-like permittivities. The non-linear wave equations are solved rigorously for each layer, and the mode index and field distribution are systematically determined so as to satisfy the boundary conditions at all interfaces. To verify the validity of the present method, a non-linear graded-index waveguide is approximated by a number of step layers and the resultant multilayer waveguide is analysed numerically. The convergence properties of mode index and total power flow are presented, and these are compared with direct solutions of the non-linear wave equation by the numerical integration method. The dispersion relationships for a non-linear multiple-quantum-well waveguide have also been investigated under two simple permittivity models. The present method is useful for the analysis of non-linear graded-index waveguides in addition to non-linear multilayer waveguides such as the multiple-quantum-well structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02190075
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    Non-linear waves in a multilayer waveguide: application to SiO x N y with organic overlayer (1989)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 21 (1989), S. 137-146 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The field distribution and propagation constant are solved for a multilayer waveguide structure including a non-linear layer. Jacobian elliptic functions are found suitable as the non-linear solutions, because they lead to a numerical solution for a large variety of parameters, covering the range of non-linearity from zero to about the largest values found in any material. SiO x N y was chosen for the waveguide material and the organic conjugated polymers and liquid crystal MBBA for the overlayer. The effect of various waveguide parameters is studied and the potential applications are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02190079
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    On determination of refractive index profile in optical waveguides formed by ion implantation (1989)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 21 (1989), S. 155-158 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We report a refinement of the Fermi function approximation to compute the Refractive Index Profile of optical waveguides formed by ion implantation. The computation is carried out at an exact value of the phase step at the upper boundary of a planar optical waveguide with allowances for the perturbative influence of the prism coupling element. It is shown that under real experimental conditions the method can be simplified and is applicable to the low-mode waveguides.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02190082
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  • 90
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    Instability analysis of semiconductor injection lasers with saturable absorption and self-sustained pulsations on the centre manifold (1989)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 21 (1989), S. 167-181 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The small-signal analysis of a simple model of three rate equations is performed rigorously by means of both the Routh-Hurwitz theorem and Descartes' sign rule, and the relationship between bistable behaviour and self-sustained pulsations (SSPs) is investigated. Because one eigenvalue of the Jacobian of the model system is always negative, small-amplitude, sinusoidal SSPs can be described in terms of Haken's dressed-mode variables on a two-dimensional centre manifold. Possible simplifications for the switching modelling are also mentioned.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02191998
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  • 91
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    Elastic backscattering lidar system for atmospheric measurements in Antarctica (1989)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 21 (1989), S. 215-226 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An elastic backscattering lidar and initial results are described. The lidar system has been designed to operate in Antarctica for the Italian National Programme for Antarctic Research. The first field trials were held during the period from 31 December 1987 to 10 February 1988. Data were collected for both tropospheric and stratospheric atmospheric parameters. Tropospheric measurements included the cloud base, optical depth, extinction and backscattering coefficients for clouds, whereas aerosols and the molecular atmosphere were monitored in the stratosphere. The lidar system was also tested for the determination of temperature and density in ranges up to 40 km. Preliminary results of the lidar measurements carried out at Terra Nova Bay are presented. The lidar system is composed of a Nd−YAG laser, a Newtonian telescope and two receiving channels with computer-controlled data acquisition and display equipment. The system is operated in a mobile container specifically designed for the Antarctic environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02192002
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    A travelling-wave beam deflector cleave-coupled to a diode laser (1989)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 21 (1989), S. 227-231 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new technique for scanning a diode laser beam is introduced where the beam is deflected in a current-injection-type travelling-wave beam deflector integrated with a diode laser. The deflector, which is formed outside the laser cavity, is cleave-coupled to the cavity. An anti-reflection coating on the deflector output facet suppresses the light returning to the laser. As a result, very smooth deflection of the radiation peak with low background intensity is realized in this device, while retaining high efficiency and low threshold current.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02192003
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    Announcement (1989)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 21 (1989), S. 251-251 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02192007
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    Optical methods for precision measurements (1989)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 21 (1989), S. 253-282 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Contactless measuring techniques are becoming increasingly important for industrial applications. The use of a laser, solid-state detector arrays and powerful small computers leads to a very efficient fringe analysis in holography as well as in Moiré and speckle techniques. Due to the computer analysis, much more information can be extracted from interferograms, leading to higher sensitivities and accuracies. The application of different fringe analysis procedures is discussed, together with some potentials of the application of interferometry, holography, and speckle and Moiré techniques.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02027299
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    Modal redistribution and power loss in on-fibre devices (1989)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 21 (1989), S. 321-329 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The mode coupling and optical power loss taking place in on-fibre devices are investigated. These devices are fabricated by removing the cladding of a multimode fibre and replacing it with a new material such as electro-optic or magneto-optic. Under an application of an external field the index of this modified cladding increases, leading to coupling among guided modes and coupling to radiation modes, resulting in optical power loss. The coupling among guided modes and the power loss are calculated as a function of the change in the index under the field and the length of the active region for the case when HE1m modes are excited individually or in a group. Results indicate that on-fibre devices may be used as low-loss devices for applications involving sensors and delay lines.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02027302
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    New phase and polarization-insensitive receivers for coherent optical fibre communication systems (1989)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 21 (1989), S. 343-346 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We propose new phase- and polarisation-insensitive receivers for coherent optical fibre communication systems which have the following characteristic features: (a) insensitivity to LO excess noise in addition to phase- and polarization-insensitivity; (b) absence of optical PLL and polarization control devices; (c) a smaller detector bandwidth requirement than for heterodyne systems; (d) the same source linewidth requirement as for heterodyne systems with non-coherent demodulation; (e) the possibility of a complete optoelectronic integrated circuit (OEIC) version in the future.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02027305
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    Book reviews (1989)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 21 (1989), S. 241-250 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02192006
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    Three-dimensional time-dependent thermal model of catastrophic mirror damage in stripe-geometry double-heterostructure GaAs/(AlGa)As diode lasers (1989)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 21 (1989), S. 331-334 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Three-dimensional thermal analysis of catastrophic mirror damage in stripe-geometry diode lasers was carried out in the present work. The spatial extent of the heat source at and near to the mirror surface as well as the temperature dependences of both the thermal conductivity and the thermal diffusivity are taken into account in the model. The heat conduction equation is solved by means of the Green function method.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02027303
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    Single longitudinal mode, symmetrical three-cavity GaInAsP/InP lasers (1989)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 21 (1989), S. 347-352 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Two ways of improving the mode-selection characteristics of diode lasers are analysed. The mode-selection mechanism and technological processes are presented for symmetrical three-cavity lasers, and the experimental results are in good agreement with theoretical results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02028178
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  • 100
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    Transient and steady-state characteristics of a Brillouin amplifier based on an all-fibre single-mode ring resonator (1989)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 21 (1989), S. S113 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract There has been a lot of interest in the applications of the gain in the non-linear stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) process for all-optical amplification at low pump powers. The power levels at which SBS thresholds are observed can be greatly reduced in high-finesse, single-mode, all-fibre ring resonators. In this work a simple model which describes the transient generation of the SBS in such a resonator is developed. The model accounts for pump depletion, describes the build-up of the amplified spontaneous emission, and can be used to predict the Brillouin threshold in terms of the practical resonator and fibre parameters. Good agreement is reported between experimentally measured data and the theoretical results from this model. By operating this device below threshold, a signal at the Stokes frequency can be amplified. A detailed evaluation of the performance characteristics of such Brillouin amplifiers in terms of the signal gain, signal-to-noise ratio, time response of the device and gain saturation is presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02117687
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