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  • Articles  (56)
  • nitrogen  (36)
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  • 1988  (56)
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  • Springer  (56)
  • American Meteorological Society
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  • 1995-1999
  • 1985-1989  (56)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of wheat (Triticum aestivum) roots on mineralization rates of soil organic matter (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1988), S. 67-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Root activity ; Soil C mineralization ; 14C-labelled plant material ; Decomposition stages ; Wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two different soils were amended with 14C-labelled plant material and incubated under controlled laboratory conditions for 2 years. Half the samples were cropped with wheat (Triticum aestivum) 10 times in succession. At flowering, the wheat was harvested and the roots removed from the soil, and a new crop was started. Thus, the soil was continuously occupied by predominantly active root systems. The remaining samples were maintained without plants under the same conditions. The aim of the experiment was to study the effects of active roots on C-mineralization rates during different stages of decomposition and during long-term incubation. During the first 200 days, corresponding to the active decomposition stages, the roots weakly reduced 14C mineralization. With a lower level of decomposition, when more than 60% of the initial 14C was mineralized and when the available nutrients were markedly exhausted by plant uptake, the roots stimulated 14C mineralization.[/ p]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260735
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Root activity and carbon metabolism in soils (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1988), S. 71-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Root activity ; Rhizosphere ; C metabolism ; Microbial biomass ; Microbial activity ; Wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two different soils were amended with 14C-labelled plant material and incubated under controlled laboratory conditions for 2 years. Half the samples were cropped with wheat (Triticum aestivum) 10 times in succession. At flowering, the wheat was harvested and the old roots removed from the soil, so that the soil was continuously occupied by predominantly active root systems. The remaining samples were maintained without plants under the same conditions. During the initial stages of high microbial activity, due to decomposition of the labile compounds, the size of the total microbial biomass was comparable for both treatments, and the metabolic quotient (qCO2-C = mg CO2-C·mg−1 Biomass C·h−1) was increased by the plants. During the subsequent low-activity decomposition stages, after the labile compounds had been progressively mineralized, the biomass was multiplied by a factor of 2–4 in the presence of plants compared to the bare soils. Nevertheless, qCO2-C tended to reach similar low values with both treatments. The 14C-labelled biomass was reduced by the presence of roots and qCO2-14C was increased. The significance of these results obtained from a model experiment is discussed in terms of (1) the variation in the substrate originating from the roots and controlled by the plant physiology, (2) nutrient availability for plants and microorganisms, (3) soil biotic capacities and (4) increased microbial turnover rates induced by the roots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260736
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen requirements in young Douglas-fir of the Pacific North-west (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 15 (1988), S. 173-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Douglas-fir ; urea ; basal area increment ; growth response ; nitrogen ; critical level
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A series of fourteen Pacific North-west Douglas-fir installations, ranging in age from 6 to 26 years were analysed with respect to site factors, foliage nutrients, and growth response to applied fertilizer. Unfertilized basal area increment ranged from 1.2 to 3.1 m2 ha−1 yr−1 with no apparent relationship with soil, stand age or site index. Basal area increment was correlated with foliage N and a critical level for N was calculated as 1.7%. Applications of 220 kg N ha−1 as urea increased growth between 0 and 95% of the unfertilized basal area growth, with an average of 24.9%. Response could be predicted from foliage N and unfertilized basal area increment. When the same relationships were applied to previously older stand data, results were more variable as elements such as B and S showed evidence of being limiting.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01050679
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen and potassium requirement of pineapple in relation to irrigation in Nigeria (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 15 (1988), S. 203-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: irrigation ; pineapples ; nitrogen ; potassium ; yield ; Nigeria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The investigation studied the effect of fertilization with four nitrogen levels (0, 100, 150 and 200 kg/ha), four potassium levels (0, 100, 150 and 200 kg/ha) and four irrigation treatments (0, 3, 7 and 14-day interval) on the growth and yield of smooth Cayenne pineapples. Increasing irrigation frequency increased growth parameters of number of leaves, D-leaf length and days to 50% flowering. Fruit weight was highest at N = 150 kg/ha, K = 200 kg/ ha and irrigation once a week. Higher N levels (beyond 150 kg/ha) applied after the plant crop has been harvested did not further enhance yields of the ratoon crop. For K = 200 kg/ha potential and harvested yields were reduced in all irrigation treatments when N 〉 150 kg/ha.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01051342
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fertilizer requirement of rice-wheat and maize-wheat rotations on coarse-textured soils amended with farmyard manure (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 17 (1988), S. 153-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: farmyard manure ; maize ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; rice ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments with rice-wheat rotation were conducted during five consecutive years on a coarse-textured low organic matter soil. By amending the soil with 12t FYM ha−1, the yield of wetland rice in the absence of fertilizers was increased by 32 per cent. Application of 80 kg N ha−1 as urea could increase the grain yield of rice equivalent to 120 kg N ha−1 on the unamended soil. Although the soil under test was low in Olsen's P, rice did not respond to the application of phosphorus on both amended and unamended soils. For producing equivalent grain yield, fertilizer requirement of maize grown on soils amended with 6 and 12 t FYM ha−1 could be reduced, respectively to 50 and 25 per cent of the dose recommended for unamended soil (120 kg N + 26.2 kg P + 25 kg K ha−1). Grain yield of wheat grown after rice on soils amended with FYM was significantly higher than that obtained on unamended soil. In contrast, grain yield of wheat which followed maize did not differ significantly on amended or unamended soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01050276
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An assessment of soil tests for phosphate for the prediction of cereal yields on a sandy soil in Western Australia (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 16 (1988), S. 137-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Superphosphate ; rock phosphate ; wheat ; oats ; barley ; field experiment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nine soil tests for phosphate were evaluated for predicting the yield and P content of wheat, barley and oats grown on a sandy soil in Western Australia: Olsen, modified Olsen 1 (soil:solution ratio 1:5), modified Olsen 2 (soil:solution ratio 1:50), Colwell, Bray 1, Bray 2, modified Bray 2T (shaking time 10 minutes), modified Bray 2C (pH 3.7) and lactate. The soil had been fertilized 5 years previously with 20 levels each of superphosphate (OSP, range 0 to 400 kg P ha−1) and Queensland rock phosphate (QRP, range 0 to 20 000 kg P ha−1). For each species and fertilizer taken separately, all the tests, except for lactate, gave a good prediction of yield. When data for OSP and QRP were pooled, Bray 2 and modified Bray 2T tests were unsatisfactory predictors of both yield and P content. A linear relationship (P 〈 0.05) between mean soil tests value (χ) and the standard deviation (σ χ ) of the test value was observed for each soil test. For QRP, the results for lactate were the most variable (i.e.σχ/χ was greatest) followed by modified Olsen 2 〉 Bray 1 〉 Bray 2 〉 Olsen 〉 modified Bray 2C 〉 modified Olsen 1 〉 modified Bray 2T 〉 Colwell. The order for OSP fertilized soil was Bray 1 〉 modified Bray 2T 〉 Bray 2 〉 Olsen 〉 Colwell 〉 modified Bray 2C 〉 modified Olsen 1 〉 lactate 〉 modified Olsen 2. For combined OSP and QRP data, the results of the Olsen 1 and Colwell extractions were the least variable. Errors in the prediction of yield (σ Y ) for all crops resulting from an error in soil test values (σχ) were calculated. For OSP-fertilized soil variability in values for the Bray-1 test provided the highest error (about 16%) in the prediction of the yield, followed by Bray 2 (12%) 〉 Bray 2T (10%) 〉 Olsen (8%) 〉 Colwell (7%) 〉 modified Bray 2C (6%) 〉 lactate (4%). Maximum error was at yields of about 65% of maximum yield. For soil fertilized with QRP, lactate provided the highest error (about 10%) in the prediction of yield, followed by the other tests (〈 6%). Maximum error was at yields of about 35% of maximum yield. The Colwell soil test gave the most accurate overall prediction of yield for both fertilizers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049770
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Productivity of nitrogen fertilized plantain in intercropping systems (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 18 (1988), S. 245-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: plantain ; intercropping systems ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The investigation evaluated the productivity of plantain intercropped with cassava, cocoyam and yam, fertilized annually with 0, 320 and 480 kg N ha−1 respectively. Yields from nitrogen fertilized intercrops were higher than those of unfertilized treatments. In plantain + cassava intercrop receiving 480 kg N ha−1 plantain growth was suppressed. Plantain intercropped with yam and fertilized with 320 kg N ha−1 matured early and produced better bunches than other treatments. Plantain + yam or cocoyam intercropping systems fertilized with 320 kg N ha−1 were recommended because of improved plantain establishment and increased combined crop yields.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049574
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of vibrationally excited nitrogen in the ionosphere (1988)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 127 (1988), S. 529-544 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Ionosphere ; nitrogen ; vibrational temperatures ; N2 and CO2 and populations of N2 and CO2 in the D, E and F regions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Theoretical and experimental aspects of the production, transformation, diffusion and loss of N2 in the upper atmosphere are considered. The N2-CO2 near-resonant system in theD andE regions is taken into account. We describe our understanding of the methods necessary to find the vibrational populations of N2 and CO2 (asymmetric mode of CO2). The calculations of the vibrational temperatures in theD, E, andF regions for the mid-latitude ionosphere and an aurora are presented. The connection between the excited species and the 4.26-μm radiation intensities is considered. The models for the rate coefficient of the reaction of O+ with N2 and the electron density decrease resulting from N2 in the F region are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00879824
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variation of the amino acid scores and of the nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors in barley grain as a function of nitrogen content as compared with wheat and rye (1988)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 38 (1988), S. 175-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: barley ; Triticeae ; grain ; amino acid composition ; nitrogen ; chemical score
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Barley grains (9 samples from 7 cultivars) with nitrogen contents (N) ranging from 1.45 to 4.01% of dry matter were analysed for their amino acid (AA) composition with high accuracy from six different hydrolysates per sample. AA levels in grain increased as linear functions ofN with correlation coefficients close to unity. A comparison with literature data confirmed that the AA composition of any grain sample of normal barley can be predicted from itsN for all phenotypes and genotypes. AAs in grain protein changed as hyperbolic functions ofN which increased for Phe, Pro and Glx but more or less strongly decreased for the other AAs. By plotting AA scores againstN, barley proteins were shown to be always richer than wheat and rye in Val and Phe + Tyr; sometimes richer than both other species forN〈2 (Lys); 2.2 (Leu and Ile); 3.4 (Thr); sometimes intermediate to wheat and rye above the latterN values. They were also intermediate in sulphur AAs forN〈1.9 and drastically poorer forN〉1.9. However, they were richer than both other species in Trp forN〉1.6. The hyperbolic variations of non-protein nitrogen and nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors were determined as a function ofN and also compared with those of wheat and rye.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01091722
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen mineralization ofSesbania sesban used as green manure for lowland rice in Sri Lanka (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 108 (1988), S. 201-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: decomposition ; green manure ; litterbag ; nitrogen ; paddy rice ; Sesbania sesban ; Sri Lanka
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Sesbania sesban was evaluated as green manure crop for lowland rice in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka. The legume was grown during a fallow period before lowland rice (Oryza sativa) and ploughed under just before transplanting. Weight loss and nitrogen content in litterbags containing leaves, stems and roots of the legume were monitored. Comparisons were made between rice yields from 20 m2 plots after green manuring in combination with different nitrogen fertilizer levels (0, 2.4, 4.8 and 7.2 gm−2) and nitrogen fertilizer (9.6 gm−2) alone. Above-ground biomass ofS. sesban was 440 gm−2 (dry wt) when ploughed under after 84 days growth. N-content in leaves, stems and roots was 3.76%, 0.41% and 0.73%, respectively. This gave a N-input fromS. sesban of 9.2 gm−2 (8.3 g from above-ground parts and 0.9 g from roots). The corresponding K and P inputs were 7.3 and 0.6 gm−2 respectively. The nitrogen rich leaves, which contained 88% of the nitrogen in the above-ground parts, decomposed and released its nitrogen much more rapidly than the stems and roots. After only four days the leaves had released 5.3 g Nm−2 and after 14 days they had released 6.4 g Nm−2. The highest rice yield (505 gm−2) was obtained usingS. sesban and 4.8 gm−2 of N-fertilizer. The yields with only N-fertilizer or onlyS. sesban were 442 gm−2 and 396 gm−2, respectively. Due to the rapid decomposition of the nitrogen rich leaves,S. sesban did not behave as a slow release fertilizer. Thus, it is not necessary to apply nitrogen fertilizers as a basal dose.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02375650
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Shoot/root ratio during the early heterotrophic growth of barley as influenced by mineral nutrition (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 111 (1988), S. 237-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; growth efficiency ; mineral nutrients ; respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02139945
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    C, N, and S mineralization of crop residues as influenced by crop species and nutrient regime (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 106 (1988), S. 35-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon ; crop residue ; mineralization ; nitrogen ; organic matter ; sulfur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The mineralization of C, N, and S from residues of three different crop species (wheat, lentil, and rape) grown under diverse nutritional regimes was measured over a 12-week incubation period under controlled conditions. The rate of decomposition, as measured by CO2 evolution, varied considerably among treatments and appeared to be controlled almost entirely by N content of the residue (R2=0.98). Similarly, N mineralization was strongly tied to N concentration. The critical N concentration, below which significant immobilization of N occurred, declined over time, ranging from 1.9% at day 14 to 1.1% at day 84. Mineralization of S was positively correlated with initial S concentration (R2=0.95) and negatively related to N concentration, apparently because of a dilution effect. The results demonstrate that decomposition and N and S mineralization of crop residues, under conditions prevalent in the experiment, are primarily a function of their nutrient concentrations rather than biochemial composition related to crop species. As a result, it should be possible to enhance rate of residue decomposition, increase quantities of N and S mineralized, and avert detrimental immobilization losses in the following year by governing the nutritional regime under which the crop is grown.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02371192
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lignin and nitrogen in the decomposition of leaf litter in a sub-tropical forest ecosystem at Shiroy hills in north-eastern India (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 106 (1988), S. 59-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: decomposition ; lignin ; litter ; nitrogen ; sub-tropical-forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of the initial lignin and nitrogen contents of the leaves of five tree species, on their decomposition dynamics, was studied in the sub-tropical forest ecosystem existing at Shiroy hills. The decomposition dynamics of litter materials are described by inverse linear relationships between the percentage of the original biomass remaining and the nitrogen concentration in the residual material. Initial lignin and nitrogen were highly correlated with remaining biomass (r=0.94 and 0.77). The rate constants (K), for the annual leaf mass loss, ranged from −0.18 to −0.56. The values for initial lignin (%), initial nitrogen (%), the ratio between initial lignin, initial nitrogen and the annual decomposition rate constants were compared with similar results from other studies in various climatic zones of the world.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02371195
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of ion-exchange resin bags for measuring nutrient availability in an arid ecosystem (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 105 (1988), S. 105-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: chronosequence ; desert ; ion-exchange resins ; mineralization ; nitrogen ; nutrient availability ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Anin situ resin bag technique was used to measure the relative availabilities of N and P along a chronosequence of soils in southern New Mexico, and was compared to two more common indices of nutrient availability. Accumulations of N and P during 10-week intervals over an 18 month period were separable into wet season (September–January) and dry season (February–August) groups, with wet season values significantly greater than dry season values. Only accumulations during the wet season showed significant differences among sites, thus stressing the role of field water regime in interpreting resin accumulation results. Total mineral N (NO3+NH4) sorbed by resins was significantly correlated to laboratory N mineralization rates. Although accumulation patterns of N and P were similar to patterns of %N and %P in shrub species growing along the chronosequence, these similarities were not statistically significant. A laboratory experiment demonstrated that bicarbonate-form anion resins are preferable to hydroxyl-form resins, as long as standards are made from solutions extracted by resins to account for variable ion recovery efficiencies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02371147
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transformations of carbon and nitrogen in a Calciorthid soil amended with a range of organic residues (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 105 (1988), S. 205-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: extractable carbon ; fulvic acids ; humic acids ; humification ; mineralization ; nitrogen ; oxidizable carbon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A calcareous soil was treated with an organic fertilizer mixture of grape debris and peat, or with pig manure, chicken manure, city refuse or with aerobic or anaerobic sewage sludges. Changes in different fractions of carbon and nitrogen were followed by analysis of the soil, immediately after these additions, after they had decomposed for six months in the soil, after a maize harvest, and after a subsequent barley harvest. The various forms of carbon had decreased after six months. The rate of decrease varied with the nature of the organic materials. In all samples, the fulvic acids fraction decreased most. The main transformations happened during the first six months whether there was a crop growing or not, but the crops had no influence on the breakdown of the organic materials. The ratio of humic acids/fulvic acids had increased after six months of humification and, in general terms, the final values of the ratio oxidizable carbon/extractable carbon were lower than the initial ones, indicating a higher degree of humification in the organic matter by the end of the experiment. The total nitrogen level remained practically constant after the first six months of humification even after the second crop. Part of the organic nitrogen of the soil samples amended with chicken manure, city refuse or the two sludges was transformed into mineral nitrogen during the humification process. The extractable nitrogen values increased because of the fertilizer applied during the pot trials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02376784
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Responses of wheat and barley genotypes to toxic concentrations of soil boron (1988)
    Springer
    Euphytica 39 (1988), S. 137-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Hordeum vulgare ; barley ; boron toxicity ; variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The growth and yield of seven wheat and two barley cultivars or lines, previously found to show different degrees of boron tolerance under field conditions, were compared in a pot experiment at a range of soil boron treatments. Soil treatments ranged up to 150 mg/kg applied B. Extractable B in soils ranged up to 103 mg/kg. At the highest B treatment seedling emergence was delayed, but the percentage emergence was not reduced. The degree of boron toxicity symptom expression varied between the wheat cultivars and lines, with the two most tolerant, Halberd and (Wq*KP)*WmH)/6/12, displaying the least symptoms. The concentration of boron applied to the soil which produced a significant depression of growth and yield varied between cultivars. For example, the yield of (Wq*KP)*WmH)/6/12 was not affected at the 100 mg/kg applied boron treatment, while the grain yield for (Wl*MMC)/W1/10 was significantly reduced at the 25 mg/kg treatment. There was a linear increase in boron concentration in tillers at the boot-stage with increasing concentration of boron in the soil. The most boron tolerant genotypes had the lowest tissue boron concentrations in each of the treatments. Halberd and (Wq*KP)*WmH)/6/12 had approximately half the boron concentrations of the more sensitive genotypes at the 25 and 50 mg/kg treatments. Differential tolerance of boron within the tissue was also observed. Both Stirling and (Wl*MMC)/W1/10 had significantly reduced total dry matter and grain yields at the 25 mg/kg treatment, while the concentrations of boron in boot stage tillers at this treatment were 118 and 100 mg/kg, respectively. On the other hand, Halberd and (Wq*KP)*WmH)/6/12 had tissue boron concentrations of 144 and 131 mg/kg, respectively, at the 50 mg/kg treatment but yield was unaffected. The relative responses in the pot experiment, for wheat, were in close agreement with field results. Halberd and (Wq*KP)*WmH)/6/12 had the highest grain yields, with the lowest concentrations of boron in the grain when grown under high boron conditions in the field. In pots these two genotypes proved to be the most tolerant of boron. For barley the advantage in grain yield in the field, expressed by WI-2584 compared with Stirling, was not repeated in pots. WI-2584 was, however, more tolerant than Stirling on the basis of total dry matter production. The results show that useful variation in boron tolerance exists among wheat, and that breeding should be able to provide cultivars tolerant to high levels of boron.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039866
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effectiveness of some Indonesian strains of Rhizobium on four tropical legumes (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 108 (1988), S. 171-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Legume growth ; nitrogen ; nodulation ; Rhizobium strains
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nodules were collected from 14 legume species from the Indonesian Islands of South Sulawesi, Java and Sumatra. Their rhizobia were isolated and growth characteristics, nodulation ability and nitrogen fixing effectiveness were assessed against recommended commercially available Australian strains. The test legumes wereMacroptilium atropurpureum Urb. cv. Siratro,Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. cv Eureka,Centrosema pubescens Benth cv. Belalto andDesmodium heterocarpon (L) DC. A significant portion of the native rhizobial isolates were of the fast growing type. Dry matter and total nitrogen production forM. atropurpureum andV. unguiculata was highest when inoculated with native strains while the commerical strains produced superior dry matter production forC. pubescens andD. heterocarpon. However the total nitrogen production of native and commercial strains was not significantly different for the latter two legumes. The study indicated that a potential exists for developing inocula from local Rhizobium strains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370112
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    Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infection of lucerne roots in a cellulose-amended soil (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 112 (1988), S. 99-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biological control ; cellulose ; nitrogen ; VAM fungi ; VAM symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Lucerne plants inoculated with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were grown in pots in a sandy soil amended or not amended with cellulose. Whatever the endophyte or cellulose sources used, the rate of VAM colonization was lower in amended soil. The inhibition of VAM infection increased with the cellulose concentration in the soil. Sequential harvest experiments showed a clear reduction of root colonization from the early stages of plant growth. The effectiveness of cellulose in reducing VAM colonization was influenced by the addition of N fertilizer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181758
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    Factors affecting the distribution and dynamics of14C in two soils cropped to barley (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 110 (1988), S. 111-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; Black Chernozem ; 14C ; Gray Luvisol ; microbial C ; soil organic matter ; soluble C
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of12C and14C and dynamics of14C in barley plots were studied after pulse labelling with14CO2. Barley was grown in microplots on a Black soil at Ellerslie and a Gray Luvisol at Breton, Alberta and was sampled on four dates between July 31 and October 20. The quantity of12C in shoots, microbial biomass, and soil was greater at Ellerslie than Breton. Root12C did not differ between sites. There were no significant differences over time in the quantity of12C in any of the pools. On the first sampling date 18.59% of the14C was recovered in the soil-plant system at Ellerslie and 60.82% was recovered at Breton. At Ellerslie 20.35 MBq were recovered in shoots, 0.50 in roots, 0.08 in microbial C and 0.77 in soil while at Breton 27.92 MBq were recovered in shoots, 2.70 in roots, 0.22 in microbial C and 39.3 in soil. The difference between sites in soil14C was due to higher water filled porosity at Breton than at Ellerslie at the time of labelling. Soluble C (gg−1 root C), used as a measure of root exuded C, increased above 70% water filled porosity. There were no significant differences over time in the quantity of14C in any of the pools or in the specific activity of14CO2 released from soil during 10-day laboratory incubation. This indicated that the belowground system was in steady state with a continuous input of14C from labelled root matrial. Differences in specific activity of the various belowground pools revealed that an average of 17% of the microbial C was active at Ellerslie while 43% was active at Breton. Active microbial C (gm−2) was the same at both sites because total microbial C was lower at Breton than at Ellerslie. At Breton some of the14C released under conditions of high water filled porosity at the time of labelling appeared to be stabilized against microbial turnover.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02143546
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    The fate of clover-derived nitrogen (15N) during decomposition under field conditions: Effects of soil type (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 105 (1988), S. 141-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; decomposition ; green manure ; N-budget ; N-release ; N-15 ; soil type ; subterranean clover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seven soils were collected from different field sites in Southern Finland and placed into microplots confined in PVC-cylinders (30 cm i.d. × 50 cm). Subterranean clover material labelled with15N, contained in mesh bags, was buried into the microplots in October, and the plots were sown with barley the following May. The mesh bags were removed and soil samples taken immediately after the barley harvest. The crop, mesh bags and soil were then analysed for15N content. The soil type affected release of clover N from the mesh bags and its retention in soil only slightly; at the end of the experiment the mesh bags contained 30–38% and the soil (0–45 cm) 28–37% of the clover N input. The uptake of clover N by the barley crop varied from 11 to 20% and correlated best with the soil electrical conductivity (r=0.820*). The total recovery of clover-derived N varied from 72 to 92%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02371152
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  • 21
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    Effects of root pruning of wheat at different nitrogen levels (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 109 (1988), S. 128-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: nitrogen ; root pruning ; shoot ; root ratio ; Thornley's model ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In two experiments, wheat plants growing in solutions of different nitrogen concentration were subjected to root pruning. In higher concentrations of nitrogen the growth rate was higher, and the proportional allocation of growth to shoot higher, but pruning did not affect the allocation of growth at either level of nitrogen. This result gives no support to Thornley's source-sink model of the control of shoot: root ratio.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197591
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    Characterization ofAzotobacter spp. and effect of Azotobacter and Azospirillum as inoculant on the yield and N-uptake of wheat crop (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 109 (1988), S. 131-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azospirillum ; Azotobacter ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Out of ten isolates ofAzospirillum spp. isolated from the root and rhizosphere of wheat plant, seven belonged toA. brasilense and three belonged toA. lipoferum. All eight isolates ofAzotobacter spp. belonged toAzotobacter chroococcum. Two strains, one fromA. lipoferum and another fromA. chroococcum having high nitrogen fixing capacity with negative test for denitrification were used as inoculant to supplement the nitrogen need of wheat crop. Significant increases in the yield of wheat grain and uptake of nitrogen by the crop over the control were found in pot tests when the seeds were inoculated either withAzospirillum spp. orAzotobacter spp. or the combination of both the inoculants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197592
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    Rice straw decomposition in rice-field soil (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 109 (1988), S. 145-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biomass ; carbon ; decomposition ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; rice straw
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rice straw, buried in a rice-field during the dry season decomposed at a rate of 0.0075 day-1. Seventy five percent of the biomass, 70 percent carbon, 50 percent nitrogen and 30 percent phosphorus remained after 139 days of decomposition. Rice straw decomposition furnished 33% N and 8% P of the total nitrogen and phosphorus provided by man.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197596
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    Derivation of critical nutrient concentrations for growth rate from data from field experiments (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 109 (1988), S. 159-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Brassica oleracea vargemmifera ; Brussels sprout ; model ; nitrate ; nitrogen ; sap ; simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Present methods for determining critical nutrient concentrations in plants and soils are unsatisfactory if concentrations change with time while the crop is growing. In such cases the critical concentration can only be applied in relation to growth rate at any given moment. For interpreting field experiments this introduces considerable difficulties: two possible approaches to these problems are suggested, one of which uses a simple simulation model. Results from a Brussels sprout nitrogen experiment are used to show how, using this approach, a single critical sap nitrate concentration (380 mg NO3 N.l−1 for 95% of potential growth rate) may serve to explain the results at all growth stages in three seasons.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02202080
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    Effect of interactions of different levels of soil moisture and potassium on the dry matter production and potassium uptake byHordeum vulgare (barley) in different soils (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 109 (1988), S. 294-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; dry matter production ; inceptisol ; interaction ; micaceous minerals ; potassium uptake ; potassium use efficiency ; soil moisture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The highest shoot dry matter production by barley crop was recorded in the highest soil moisture level when no potassium was applied. But in lower soil moisture levels the potassium application showed response. In these soils the potassium use efficiency of the crop was found to increase with increasing soil moisture levels, but to decrease with the application of potassium. As these soils contain a lot of micaceous minearals a considerable amount of potassium is released during crop growth if sufficient soil moisture is provided. In addition to the released potassium, potassium applied through fertilizers reduces yield.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02202100
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    The fate of clover-derived nitrogen (15N) during decomposition under field conditions: Effects of liming and fertilization (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 111 (1988), S. 121-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; decomposition ; fertilization ; green manure ; liming ; N-budget ; N-release ; 15N ; red clover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Red clover material labelled with15N was confined in mesh bags and buried into microplots in October at two field sites in Sourthern Finland. The soils (Kettula silt loam and Långvik loam) contained in the microplots were previously limed and fertilized with PK (N was given in next May) in different combinations. The following May the microplots were sown with barley and after the barley had been harvested (that August) soil samples and the mesh bags were removed. The crop, mesh bags and soil were then analysed for15N content. The soil treatments did not affect the release of clover N from the mesh bags and only slightly its retention in Kettula silt loam. The dry mass of barley obtained responded strongly to the different soil treatments. In comparison, the uptake of clover N by the barley varied much less; in Kettula silt loam a 1.6 fold increase in barley dry mass did not affect its content of clover N (12–13% of input) and in Långvik loam a ten fold increase in barley dry mass yield corresponded to a three fold increase of the content of clover N (5–16%). The total recovery of clover N (clover N in soil+mesh bags+barley harvest) was almost independent of the soil treatment; in Kettula silt loam and Långvik loam being respectively 52–56% and 71–85% of the input.
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    Resistance to boron toxicity amongst several barley and wheat cultivars: A preliminary examination of the resistance mechanism (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 112 (1988), S. 45-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; boron toxicity ; genotypic variation ; mineral nutrition ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The mechanism of resistance toB toxicity in barley and wheat was studied in a solution culture experiment using several cultivars displaying a large range of sensitivity to excessB supply. Plants were cultured for 35 d atB concentrations ranging from normal to excessive (15 to 5000 μM, respectively) then examined for dry matter production and theB distribution between roots and shoots. In both species, increasedB supply was accompanied by increased tissueB concentrations, development ofB toxicity symptoms and depressed growth. At each level ofB supply, however, resistant cultivars accumulated considerably lessB than did sensitive cultivars, in both roots and shoots. Even at the lowestB supply, at which noB toxicity symptoms developed and growth was not affected, resistant cultivars maintained relatively low tissueB concentrations. No cultivar displayed an ability to tolerate high tissueB concentrations. These results indicate that sensitivity toB toxicity in barley and wheat is governed by the ability of cultivars to excludeB. If theB concentrations of tissues is used to indicate resistance toB toxicity, then cultivars have the same ranking whether cultured at a normal or excessB supply.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181751
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    The toxicity of cadmium to barley plants as affected by complex formation with humic acid (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 105 (1988), S. 195-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; cadmium ; chelation ; complexation ; humic acid ; plant uptake ; solution culture ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An ‘alternating solution’ culture method was used to study the effects of chloride ions and humic acid (HA) on the uptake of cadmium by barley plants. The plants were transferred periodically between a nutrient solution and a test solution containing one of four levels of HA (0, 190, 569 or 1710 μg cm−3) and one of five levels of Cd (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5 or 5.0 μg cm−3) in either a 0.006M NaNO3 or 0.006M NaCl medium. Harvest and analysis of shoots and roots was after nineteen days. The distribution of Cd in the test solutions between Cd2+, CdCl+ and HA-Cd was determined in a separate experiment by dialysis equilibrium. In the nitrate test solutions Cd uptake was clearly controlled by Cd2+ concentration and was therefore reduced by HA complex formation. In the absence of HA, chloride suppressed Cd uptake indicating that Cd2+ was the preferred species. However complex formation with Cl− enhanced uptake when HA was present because of an increase in the concentration of inorganic Cd species relative to the nitrate system. The ratio root-Cd/shoot-Cd remained at about 10 across a wide range of shoot-Cd concentrations, from about 3 μg g−1 (sub-toxic) up to 85 μg g−1 (80% yield reduction). The ability of the barley plants to accumulate ‘non-toxic’ Cd in their roots was thus very limited. Humic acid also had no effect on Cd translocation within the plant and the root/shoot weight ratio did not vary with any treatment. At shoot-Cd concentrations in excess of 50 μg g−1, K, Ca, Cu and Zn uptake was reduced, probably the result of root damage rather than a specific ion antagonism. The highest concentration of HA also lowered Fe and Zn uptake and there was a toxic effect with increasing HA concentration at Cd=0. However the lowest HA level, comparable with concentrations found in mineral soil solutions, only reduced yield (in the absence of Cd) by 〈5% while lowering Cd uptake across the range of Cd concentrations by 66%–25%.
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    Recurrent selection for grain yield in early generations of two barley populations (1988)
    Springer
    Euphytica 38 (1988), S. 175-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Hordeum vulgare ; barley ; early generation selection ; grain yield ; head weight ; mixture effect ; recurrent selection ; response to selection ; thousand grain weight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two spring barley composites, one based on eight West-European two-rowed cultivars (A) and one, the predominantly six-rowed composite XXI, based on several thousands of barley cultivars (B), formed the starting point of a recurrent selection procedure. The aim was to study whether recurrent selection in early generations is an effective procedure to improve barley populations for agronomic characteristics, especially grain yield. After two cycles of recurrent selection in the two populations A and B separately, and consisting of single plant selection followed by line selection, one cycle of recurrent selection was applied to the population produced by intercrossing the selected A and selected B lines. The selection for grain yield in the F2 single plant stages and the F3 line stages was carried out by selecting the plants or lines with the largest mean head weight provided that they did not tiller too poorly. Also some selection was applied against extremes in heading date and against tall plants. After two cycles of recurrent selection the grain yield, tested over two years and two locations, had increased with 16.5% in population A and with 27.0% in population B. Both the single plant selection and the line selection had contributed significantly to this response. The population created by crossing the selected A with the selected B lines showed a significant reduction in yield compared to the mean yield of the A and B lines constituting this population. Single plant selection, followed by line selection did raise the yield level 5.7% above that of the mean of these A and B lines. Several lines produced from this intercross combined an excellent grain yield with outstanding resistance to barley leaf rust and powdery mildew. However, these lines like the entire intercross population suffered from susceptibility to lodging, a characteristic derived from population B. In five experimental situations mixtures of genotypes were compared with the mean of the monocultures of the constituting genotypes. The mixture yielded always more, the average mixture effect being 4.5%.
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    The effects of selection for earliness and ear density on grain yield improvement in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) (1988)
    Springer
    Euphytica 39 (1988), S. 125-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Hordeum vulgare ; barley ; yield ; yield components ; growth stage ; earliness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Lines derived from three cross populations of spring barley were used to investigate whether grain yield can be improved by selection for earliness and number of ears/m2. Time of booting was considered to be indicative for earliness. Selection for early versus late booting was successful in all three populations. Selection for high and low numbers of ears/m2 was successful in only two populations. However, the effects of selection for these traits on grain yield were insignificant.
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    Growth regulation of Scots pine seedlings with different fertilizer compositions and regimes (1988)
    Springer
    New forests 2 (1988), S. 119-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: Pinus sylvestris ; fertilization ; nitrogen ; potassium ; phosphorus ; outplanting performance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings were grown in containers filled with peat, using two different fertilizers and three different fertilizer regimes. Seedling shoot and root growth and shoot content of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus were followed in the nursery and after outplanting in the field. Attempts to regulate growth rate by an exponential nutrient supply were not successful, but the root/shoot ratio was influenced by the fertilization regime. Internal nitrogen concentration was stable only for seedlings with low relative growth rate, while seedlings with high nutrient supply in the nursery showed strong nutrient dilution in the shoot after planting.
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    Response of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) to some different fertilizers applied at planting (1988)
    Springer
    New forests 2 (1988), S. 89-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: slow release fertilizers ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; nutrient uptake ; planting stock ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Four fertilization at planting experiments were conducted with Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) on eastern Vancouver Island. In experiment 1 Agriform (20-10-5, AGR) and Osmocote (17-7-12, OSM) supplied N at 0, 4.2, 8.4, 16.8 or 33.6 g/tree either broadcast, within 15 cm of the tree, or in a hole 15 cm from the tree (adjacent). In experiment 2 AGR, diammonium phosphate (21-55-0, DAP), ammonium sulphate (21-0-0, AMS), sulphur coated urea (35-0-0, SCU) supplied N at 0, 8.4, 16.8 and 25.2 g/tree. Triple superphosphate (0-45-0, TSP) supplied P at the same levels as DAP: 0, 9.6, 19.2 and 28.8 g/tree. In experiment 3 AGR and SCU (32-0-0) supplied N at 0, 8.4 and 16.8 g/tree. In experiment 4 DAP was used to fertilize trees on five different dates, between March and October, and each treatment supplied 16 g N/tree. Two-year old, bare root, planting stock was used except in experiment 3, where container stock was compared with bare root stock. Little growth response was obtained after one year, but height growth responses of 12 to 31% were measured after 3 to 6 years with fertilizers supply 8.4 to 16.8 g N per tree. Growth responses were little affected by the type of fertilizer and were primarily due to N, with release rate having no marked effect. The exception to this was TSP which did not increase growth but did increase survival. Survival was reduced by AMS and to a lesser extent by AGR. Container seedlings responded more to fertilization at planting than bare root seedlings. Seedling N, P and K concentrations and contents declined following planting for 6 months and only started to recover after July. Application of fertilizer caused a small increase in seedling nutrient concentration regardless of date, but this had no detectable effect on dry weight measured six weeks later.
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    Nutrient uptake by barley roots under field conditions (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 109 (1988), S. 171-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Black Solod ; inflow ; magnesium ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; root efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field study with barley was conducted in 1984 and 1985 to provide data on uptake rates of N, P, K and Mg and their variation as the growing season progressed. Two varieties were grown: Galt in 1984 and Otal in 1985. Soil fertility was maintained at or near optimum conditions. Samples were obtained approximately every 10 days for shoot dry weight, nutrient content and root length measurements. The approximate method (Williams, 1948) traditionally used for calculating uptake rates was found to be invalid for most of the nutrients studied. The method used for measuring uptake rates was the functional approach proposed by Hunt (1973). Inflow,i.e. uptake rate per unit root length, of plant nutrients, decreased with time. However, maximum uptake rates measured in kg ha−1d−1 occurred at about 50 days from sowing because of increasing root length density with time. Inflow or uptake rates were low in 1985 because of moisture deficiency, and grain yield (0.89 t ha−1) was severely depressed. This study demonstrated that Hunt's method is superior and more advantageous than the traditional, approximate method.
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    Nitrogen fixation, transfer and turnover in upland and lowland grass-clover swards, using15N isotope dilution (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 112 (1988), S. 247-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: isotope dilution ; 15N ; nitrogen ; nitrogen fixation ; nitrogen transfer ; ryegrass ; white clover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The stable isotope15N is particularly valuable in the field for measuring N fixation by isotope dilution. At the same time other soil-plant processes can be studied, including15N recovery, and nitrogen transfer between clover and grass. Three contrasting sites and soils were used in the present work: a lowland soil, an upland soil, and an upland peat. Nitrogen fixation varied from 12 gm−2 on lowland soil to 2.7 gm−2 on upland peat. Most N transfer occurred on upland soil (4.2 gm−2) which, added to nitrogen fixed, made a total of 8.7 gm2 input during summer 1985.15N recovery for the whole experiment was small, around 25%. Measurement of dead and dying leaves, stubble and roots, suggests that plant organ death is the first stage in N transfer from white clover to ryegrass, through the decomposer cycle. Decomposition was fastest on lowland soils, slowest on peat. On lowland soil this decomposer nitrogen is apparently subverted before transfer, probably by soil microbes. Variations in natural abundance of15N in plants were found in the two species on the different soils. These might be used to measure nitrogen fixation without adding isotope, but the need for many replicates and repeat samples would limit throughput.
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    The response ofPlantago lanceolata L. andP. major L. spp.major to nitrate depletion (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 107 (1988), S. 197-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: nitrate ; nitrate reductase activity ; nitrogen ; nitrogen use efficiency ; osmotic solutes ; Plantago lanceolata ; Plantago major ; redistribution ; sugars
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To study aspects of the ecology of grassland species, in a comparative experiment, plants ofP. lanceolata andP. major were grown in pots in a greenhouse, and subjected to a gradual nitrate depletion for several weeks. Control plants were weekly supplied with nitrate. Growth, leaf appearance and disappearance, concentrations of cations and inorganic anions, soluble and insoluble reduced nitrogen concentrations,in vivo nitrate reductase activity (NRA) and the concentration of non-structural carbohydrates in several parts of the plants were followed. Depletion of nitrate caused a reduction of shoot growth, both in biomass and number of leaves. Withering of leaves increased. Accumulation of root dry matter was little (P. lanceolata), or not (P. major) affected. The concentration of reduced nitrogen in all tissues also decreased, both that of the soluble and that of the insoluble fraction. As a result, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE, g dry matter produced per mmol N incorporated) increased by nitrate depletion. NRA was higher in the roots than in the leaves, and decreased with increasing nitrate depletion. In control plants, nitrate became also limiting. This resulted in decreasing nitrate concentrations in leaves and roots. In the leaves, the decrease in nitrate concentration was preceded by a decrease in NRA. The decrease of the nitrate concentration was parallelled by an increase in the concentration of soluble sugar. No major differences in the response towards nitrate depletion were observed between the two species.
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    Plant and soil nitrogen dynamics in California annual grassland (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 110 (1988), S. 9-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: grassland ; Mediterranean ; microbial biomass ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seasonal changes in soil water and nitrogen availability were related to the phenology and growth of plants in California annual grassland. Plant accumulation of nitrogen was mainly confined to two short periods of the year: fall and early spring. At these times, plants were in the vegetative growth phase, roots were growing rapidly and soil moisture was high. During these periods, soil nitrate was low or depleted. High flux of nitrogen in this ecosystem, however, is indicated by the rapid disappearance of the previous year's detrital material, high microbial biomass, and high mineralizable nitrogen and nitrification potential. At the end of the summer drought, significant amounts of the previous year's detrital material had disappeared, chloroform-labile N (expressed as microbial biomass N) was at its seasonal maximum, and soil inorganic nitrogen pools were high. This suggests inorganic nitrogen flux during the drought period. The ‘drought escaper’ life history characteristics of annual grasses in California annual grassland, however, may prevent plants from utilizing available nitrogen during a large part of the year.
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    Nutrient release from decomposing foliar litter of three tree species with spicial reference to calcium, magnesium and potassium dynamics (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 110 (1988), S. 49-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acer rubrum ; calcium ; cations ; Cornus florida ; decomposition ; litter ; magnesium ; nitrogen ; nutrient release ; phosphorous ; potassium ; Quercus prinus ; sulfur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Calcium, magnesium and potassium dynamics in decomposing litter of three tree species were measured over a two-year period. The speices studied were flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), red maple (Acer rubrum) and chestnut oak (Quercus prinus). The order of decomposition was:C. florida〉A. rubrum〉Q. prinus. Calcium concentrations increased following any initial leaching losses. However, there were net releases of Ca from all three litter types since mass loss exceeded the increases in concentration. Net release of Ca by the end of two years from all three species combined was 42% of initial inputs in litterfall. Magnesium concentrations increased in the second year, following decreases due to leaching during the first year inC. florida andA. rubrum litter. Net release of Mg by the end of two years was 58% of initial inputs. Potassium concentrations decreased rapidly and continued to decline throughout the study. Net release of K by the end of two years was 91% of initial inputs. These data on cation dynamics, and similar data on N, S and P dynamics from a previous study, were combined with annual litterfall data to estimate the release of selected nutrients from foliar litter of these tree species at the end of one and two years of decomposition. The relative mobility of all six elements examined in relation to mass loss after two years was; K〉Mg〉mass〉Ca〉S〉P〉N.
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    Estimation of residual N effect of faba bean and pea on two succeeding cereals using15N methodology (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 110 (1988), S. 81-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: isotope dilution method ; 15N ; N2 fixation ; nitrogen ; Pisum sativum ; residue ; rhizobium ; Vicia faba L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment was conducted using15N methodology to study the effect of cultivation of faba bean (Vicia faba L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) on the N status of soil and their residual N effect on two succeeding cereals (sorghum (Sorghum vulgare) followed by barley). Faba bean, pea and barley took up 29.6, 34.5 and 53.0 kg N ha−1 from the soil, but returned to soil through roots only 11.3, 10.8 and 5.7 kg N ha−1, respectively. Hence, removal of faba bean, pea and barley straw resulted in a N-balance of about −18, −24, and −47 kg ha−1 respectively. A soil nitrogen conserving effect was observed following the cultivation of faba bean and pea compared to barley which was of the order of 23 and 18 kg N ha−1, respectively. Cultivation of legumes resulted in a significantly higher AN value of the soil compared to barley. However, the AN of the soil following fallow was significantly higher than following legumes, implying that the cultivation of the legumes had depleted the soil less than barley but had not added to the soil N compared to the fallow. The beneficial effect of legume cropping also was reflected in the N yield and dry matter production of the succeeding crops. Cultivation of legumes led to a greater exploitation of soil N by the succeeding crops. Hence, appreciable yield increases observed in the succeeding crops following legumes compared to cereal were due to a N-conserving effect, carry-over of N from the legume residue and to greater uptake of soil N by the succeeding crops when previously cropped to legumes.
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    Characteristics of NO 3 − uptake in lemna and pisum (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 111 (1988), S. 203-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: efflux ; influx ; kinetics ; net uptake ; nitrate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02139939
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  • 40
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    Influence of hydrological fluctuations on the growth and nutrient dynamics ofPhalaris arundinacea L. in a riparian environment (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 112 (1988), S. 53-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon ; flood plain ; macrophytes ; nitrogen ; nutrient cycling ; Phalaris arundinacea ; phosphorus ; potassium ; wate table
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seasonal changes in aboveground and belowground tissues ofPhalaris arundinacea L. were studied in a population colonizing an ancient meander of the Garonne river (France) submitted to important fluctuations of the permanent water table. Waterlogged conditions in spring stopped the growth of rhizomes and promoted the translocation of nutrient to the shoots. The early senescence of plants after flowering could be related to the withdrawal of the water table. It was characterized by a distribution of nutrients in belowground tissues and a release in litter and soil. Aerated conditions in late summer permitted the growth of belowground tissues. At this time a partition of resources between aboveground and belowground biomass of a new generation of plants was observed. Rising water and decreasing temperatures in winter induced the death of aboveground parts. Reconstitution of nutrient stocks in rhizomes and losses by leaching then occured. Beside a very high primary production this strategy confers toPhalaris arundinacea a great interest in different uses, especially in the removal of nutrients from water in riparian zones as in artificial sites.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181752
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    Response surface analysis of the effects of seeding rates, N-rates and irrigation frequencies on durum wheat I. Grain yield and yield components (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 17 (1988), S. 197-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Durum ; grain yield ; irrigation ; modoc ; nitrogen ; response surface model ; seeding rate ; Triticum turgidum ; yield components
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Interactive effects of nitrogen (N) rates, seeding (S) rates and irrigation frequencies on grain yield and yield components of durum wheat were studied for four years under field conditions at Tulelake, California. Each year the experiment was conducted using a split-plot design with 4 irrigation frequencies as main plots and combinations of 5 N-rates (0 to 360 kg/ha) and 5 S-rates (50 to 250 kg/ha) as subplot treatments replicated 4 times. A quadratic response surface model (RSM) was used to study the effects of these treatments on grain yield and yield components (tillers/area, kernel number/spike, kernel weight/spike and 100-seed weight). The RSM was very effective for analysis and data reduction for estimating the optimum combinations of N and S for maximizing the grain yield and yield components. The N utilization and uptake efficiency increased with each irrigation treatment and peaked at irrigation treatment C. Both N and uptake utilization efficiency decreased with each increment of N-rate. In most cases, the effect of irrigation was independent of N and S. One irrigation at tillering increased grain yield and yield components significantly over only a preplant irrigation. The response of additional irrigations were comparatively small and significant only in some cases. Both N and S had significant effects on grain yield and yield components, however, the response of N was larger than that of S. With increasing N-rate, grain yield and tiller number increased with the expected peak beyond 360kg N ha−1 but the increments beyond 180 kg N ha−1 were of progressively smaller magnitude. The kernel number and kernel weight per spike also increased with N-rate giving a peak between 270 and 360 kg N ha−1. With increasing S grain yield and tiller number/area increased while kernel number and kernel weight per spike decreased progressively. It was impossible to maximize yield and yield components at a given combination of N, S, and irrigation. According to the model, grain yield and tiller number were maximized at the highest level of N and S, while kernel number and kernel weight/spike were maximized at the lowest S (50 kg ha−1) and about 314 kg N ha−1 under adequate water supply. On the basis of the findings of this study and output of the model, 180–360 kg N ha−1, 150–250 kg S ha−1 and two post-sowing irrigations (at tillering and at boot stage) in addition to a preplant irrigation was recommended for optimum yield. An additional irrigation might be required depending on the weather conditions during the grain filling period.
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    Modelling agroforestry systems of cacao (Theobroma cacao) with laurel (Cordia alliodora) and poro (Erythrina poeppigiana) in Costa Rica II. Cacao and wood production, litter production and decomposition (1988)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 6 (1988), S. 37-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Theobroma cacao ; shade trees ; Erythrina poeppigiana ; Cordia alliodora ; modelling ; organic matter ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; calcium ; magnesium ; litter production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract During 7 years (1979–1985) cacao harvests (beans and husks) have been recorded for the agroforestry systems ofTheobroma cacao underCordia alliodora andErythrina poeppigiana shade trees. The mean oven dry cacao yields were 626 and 712 kg.ha−1.a−1 cocoa beans underC. alliodora andE. poeppigiana respectively. Harvests have gradually increased over the years and the plantation has now reached maturity. Annual extraction of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in fruits, which is relatively small, was calculated on the basis of chemical analyses. The following average values were found (kg.ha−1.a−1): At the age of 8 years, theC. alliodora trees have reached 26.7 cm diameter (DBH) and 14.0 m in height. Mean annual growth (from age 5 to 7) is 14.6 m3.ha−1.a−1. Natural plant residue production has been measured for 4 years (Nov. 1981–Oct. 1985). UnderE. poeppigiana it has reached a value of 8.91 t.ha−1.a−1 and underC. alliodora 7.07 t.ha−1.a−1. The shade trees have contributed 57 and 47% respectively. Transference and decomposition rates are high and important in the nutrient cycles. The nutrient content of the litter was analysed and corresponding average yearly transfers were (kg.ha−1.a−1):
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    The thermal conductivity of pure nitrogen and of mixtures of nitrogen and carbon dioxide at elevated temperatures and pressures (1988)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 9 (1988), S. 3-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: carbon dioxide ; high pressures ; mixtures ; nitrogen ; thermal conductivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The thermal conductivities of nitrogen at 470 K and six mixtures of nitrogen and carbon dioxide at various temperatures have been measured as a function of pressure up to 25 MPa. The mixtures were measured at the following temperatures: one at 302 K, three at 380 K, one at 430 K, and one at 470 K. The data were used to test three prediction methods for the thermal conductivity of gas mixtures under pressure. Surprisingly good agreement was found with predictions using the corresponding-states method of Ely and Hanley. The predictions of the more theoretically based method of Mason et al. were low throughout, due partly to its use of the Hirschfelder-Eucken equation as the low-density limit, but also because the predicted density dependence rises too slowly. The simplified version of this method proposed by Svojskij gave slightly worse predictions, particularly at higher densities. The zero- density results for nitrogen are examined by comparing the zero-and first-density coefficients with the trends shown at lower temperatures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00503996
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    Compressibility and sound velocity measurements on N2 up to 1 GPa (1988)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 9 (1988), S. 103-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: adiabatic compressibility ; equation of state ; density ; high pressure ; isothermal compressibility ; nitrogen ; pVT ; sound velocity ; ultrasonics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A gas expansion technique has been used to determine the pVT properties of N2 up to 1 GPa at 298.15 K, with an accuracy of 0.08% in density, 1 mK in temperature, and 0.05%+0.2 MPa in pressure. The sound velocity has been measured by a phase-comparison pulse-echo technique between 123 and 298 K at intervals of 25 K and at pressures up to 1 GPa, with an accuracy of better than 0.02% in sound velocity, 10 mK in temperature, and 0.05%+0.2 MPa in pressure. An equation of state is presented that correlates the density data over the wide pressure range of 36–1000 MPa with maximum deviations between the calculated and the experimental densities of less than 0.05%.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00504003
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    New equations for enthalpy of vaporization from the triple point to the critical point (1988)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 9 (1988), S. 567-575 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: alcohols ; alkanes ; carbon dioxide ; nitrogen ; propylene ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Two new equations are proposed for the enthalpy of vaporization from the triple point to the critical point. One of these equations containing four parameters is exceptionally good for fitting the data. The other equation containing three parameters is quite adequate for fitting the data but it is exceptionally suited for interpolation when the data do not cover the entire range. These equations have been tested using the enthalpy of vaporization of water from the triple point to the critical point and are compared with other equations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00503155
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    Modelling agroforestry systems of cacao (Theobroma cacao) with laurel (Cordia alliodora) and poro (Erythrina poeppigiana) in Costa Rica II. Cacao and wood production, litter production and decomposition (1988)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 6 (1988), S. 37-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Theobroma cacao ; shade trees ; Erythrina poeppigiana ; Cordia alliodora ; modelling ; organic matter ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; calcium ; magnesium ; litter production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract During 7 years (1979–1985) cacao harvests (beans and husks) have been recorded for the agroforestry systems ofTheobroma cacao underCordia alliodora andErythrina poeppigiana shade trees. The mean oven dry cacao yields were 626 and 712 kg.ha−1.a−1 cocoa beans underC. alliodora andE. poeppigiana respectively. Harvests have gradually increased over the years and the plantation has now reached maturity. Annual extraction of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in fruits, which is relatively small, was calculated on the basis of chemical analyses. The following average values were found (kg.ha−1.a−1): At the age of 8 years, theC. alliodora trees have reached 26.7 cm diameter (DBH) and 14.0 m in height. Mean annual growth (from age 5 to 7) is 14.6 m3.ha−1.a−1. Natural plant residue production has been measured for 4 years (Nov. 1981–Oct. 1985). UnderE. poeppigiana it has reached a value of 8.91 t.ha−1.a−1 and underC. alliodora 7.07 t.ha−1.a−1. The shade trees have contributed 57 and 47% respectively. Transference and decomposition rates are high and important in the nutrient cycles. The nutrient content of the litter was analysed and corresponding average yearly transfers were (kg.ha−1.a−1):
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02220107
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    Modelling agroforestry systems of cacao (Theobroma cacao) with laurel (Cordia alliodora) and poro (Erythrina poeppigiana) in Costa Rica III. Cycles of organic matter and nutrients (1988)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 6 (1988), S. 49-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Theobroma cacao ; shade trees ; Erythrina poeppigiana ; Cordia alliodora ; modelling ; organic matter ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; calcium ; magnesium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Models for cycles for organic matter and nutrients element (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) are presented for the agroforestry systems of cacao (Theobroma cacao) withCordia alliodora orErythrina poeppigiana in Turrialba, Costa Rica. For the models, system reserves (soil, humus, vegetation divided into leaves, branches, stems, fine roots, fruits) and transference between compartments (production and decomposition of litter residues) inputs (fertilizer, rainfall) and outputs (harvests) of the system are considered. The implications of the models are discussed in detail. Aspects of net primary production in the systems studied are considered. N fixation is calculated on the basis of balances. Analysis of soil water showed high variations that coincided with rainfall patterns and pruning of theE. poeppigiana.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02220108
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    Modelling agroforestry systems of cacao (Theobroma cacao) with laurel (Cordia alliodora) and poro (Erythrina poeppigiana) in Costa Rica III. Cycles of organic matter and nutrients (1988)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 6 (1988), S. 49-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Theobroma cacao ; shade trees ; Erythrina poeppigiana ; Cordia alliodora ; modelling ; organic matter ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; calcium ; magnesium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Models for cycles for organic matter and nutrients element (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) are presented for the agroforestry systems of cacao (Theobroma cacao) withCordia alliodora orErythrina poeppigiana in Turrialba, Costa Rica. For the models, system reserves (soil, humus, vegetation divided into leaves, branches, stems, fine roots, fruits) and transference between compartments (production and decomposition of litter residues) inputs (fertilizer, rainfall) and outputs (harvests) of the system are considered. The implications of the models are discussed in detail. Aspects of net primary production in the systems studied are considered. N fixation is calculated on the basis of balances. Analysis of soil water showed high variations that coincided with rainfall patterns and pruning of theE. poeppigiana.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02344745
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    Abscisic acid in developing grains of wheat and barley genotypes differing in grain weight (1988)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 7 (1988), S. 3-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: Abscisic acid (ABA) content ; barley ; genetic variation ; grain weight ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two genetically related wheat lines growing in cabinets were given different temperatures during grain filling, and abscisic acid (ABA) was measured in whole grains by gas chromatography with an electron-capture detector. Three genetically related barley lines grown in the field were assayed for ABA content in endosperm and embryo fractions separately by radiommunoassay. Maximum grain growth rate and final weight per grain of the two wheat lines differed by 50–60% at low temperature and 30–40% at high temperature. During grain development two peaks in ABA level were observed at low temperature but only one at high temperature. At times when differences in grain growth rate between genotypes and between temperature treatments were large, the corresponding differences in ABA concentration were small. In barley, one line (Iabo 14) had 30% heavier grains than the other two (Onice and Opale). Endosperm ABA concentrations showed no clear differences between genotypes until grain filling was nearly complete. Embryo ABA levels were up to 10-times greater than those in the endosperm, with Opale having significantly less ABA in the embryo than the other two cultivars. Our experiments did not provide evidence for a causal relationship between ABA levels during grain filling and grain growth rate or final weight.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00121685
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    Accumulation of partial resistance in barley to barley leaf rust and powdery mildew through recurrent selection against susceptibility (1988)
    Springer
    Euphytica 37 (1988), S. 261-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Hordeum vulgare ; barley ; Puccinia hordei ; barley leaf rust ; Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei ; powdery mildew ; major gene resistance ; partial resistance ; polygenic resistance ; race-specific resistance ; response to selection ; recurrent selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two spring barley composites, one based on eight West-European two-rowed cultivars (A) and the other, the predominantly six-rowed composite XXI, based on several thousands of barley cultivars (B), formed the starting point of a recurrent selection procedure. The aim was to study how effective a repeated process of mild selection against susceptibility followed by recombination of the remaining material was in accumulating partial resistance in four host-pathogen situations. i) Only partial resistance is present and the pathogen population is defined (a given race). ii) Partial and major gene resistance both occur and the pathogen population is defined. iii) Only partial resistance is present and the pathogen population is not defined; a mixture of races that varies over the years. iv) Partial and major gene resistance are both present and the pathogen population is not defined. The variation in partial resistance to barley leaf rust was large in both populations. Population A carried no effective major resistance genes, population B possibly a few at low frequency. The variation in partial resistance to powdery mildew was moderate in A and possibly large in B. As far as effective major resistance genes is concerned A did not carry any, although some recombinations of defeated genes might have been partially effective, while B seemed to carry many. During the selection procedure the populations were always exposed to race 1-2-1 of barley leaf rust and to the mixture of powdery mildew races that was naturally present. The selection procedure consisted of three cycles of recurrent selection. In the initial heterogeneous populations (S0) single plant selection was applied followed by line selection the next year. In both populations 12 lines were selected that were intercrossed in all directions within the two populations. Again single plant (S3) and line selection were exercised and 12 lines selected. The 12 A-lines were intercrossed in all directions with the 12 B-lines and the recombined population again exposed to single plant (S6) and line selection (S7). The selection in this population was done within two-rowed entries (A*) and within six-rowed entries (B*). The selection pressure was mild. In each selection stage about 30% plants or lines most affected by barley leaf rust and some 30% plants or lines most affected by powdery mildew were removed. Among the remaining plants or lines (ca. 45%) a selection for other useful agronomic characteristics was applied. The response to selection was measured in four evaluation trials. Both single plant and line selection contributed to the progress in resistance in both populations to both pathogens. The gain in partial resistance to barley leaf rust was the same in the two populations. The average amount of sporulating leaf tissue in the S7 was about twenty times less than that in the S0. The best S7 lines showed a sixty fold decrease compared with the S0. Corrected for the levelling effect of interplot interference, very strong with barley leaf rust, these gains become 300-and 900-fold respectively. This is comparable with a gain from a very susceptible cultivar to one which is resistant enough to prevent any significant damage in Western-Europe, even in barley leaf rust conducive years. The gain in resistance to powdery mildew from S0 to S7 was far less, being only fourfold and, after correcting for the interplot interference effects in the order of ten- to thirtyfold. The A population contributed more to this gain than the B population, despite its smaller genetic variation. This was caused by the very small response to selection in the B-population in the first two cycles of recurrent selection. The data clearly indicate that recurrent mild selection against susceptibility is a powerful method to accumulate partial resistance. This occurred most efficiently when no confounding major, race-specific resistance genes were present and when a defined pathogen population was used. Little progress was obtained when the host population contained major race-specific resistance genes and was exposed to a racial mixture.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015122
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    Variation in vegetative parameters related to the nitrogen economy of wild barley, Hordeum spontaneum, in Israel (1988)
    Springer
    Euphytica 39 (1988), S. 227-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Hordeum spontaneum ; wild barley ; Hordeum vulgare ; barley ; vegetative nitrogen content ; grain protein ; nitrogen economy ; germplasm resources ; variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Hordeum spontaneum, the wild progenitor of cultivated barley, has previously been examined in various studies as a germplasm resource in breeding for grain protein content and related nutritional traits. The nitrogen content and dry weight of leaf and ‘stem’ (stem plus sheath) at anthesis, and the final grain size and grain protein content were measured in 33 H. spontaneum and two H. vulgare genotypes. H. spontaneum was generally higher in nitrogen content of leaves and stems, but lower in dry weight at anthesis. Consistent with previous reports, the H. spontaneum genotypes were considerably higher in grain protein than the cultivars. There was wide variation between and within populations of H. spontaneum suggesting that for breeding purposes lines combining high vegetative nitrogen content, dry weight and grain protein content can be selected.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037100
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    Cereal cytogenetics in retrospect. What came true of some cereal cytogeneticists' pipe dreams? (1988)
    Springer
    Euphytica 39 (1988), S. 7-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Hordeum vulgare ; barley ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; cytogenetics ; chromosome identification ; gene localisation ; interspecific gene transfer ; chromosome elimination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Achievements and limitations regarding three aspects of cytogenetic research in barley and common wheat are illustrated and discussed. Unambiguous chromosome identification has become possible through the application of chromosome banding techniques, mainly C-banding, N-banding and Ag-banding. Gene localisation studies have yielded a vast amount of information regarding the genetic architecture of barley and wheat. Many genes have been allocated to specific chromosomes, and linkage studies have been carried out with some of these genes. There is growing evidence for a considerable discrepancy between distances on the genetic linkage maps and the physical maps of barley and wheat chromosomes. Although barley can be hybridised with most species of the genus Hordeum and with several species of related genera, interspecific gene transfer is very rare and barley breeding can presently make use of the gene pool of only one wild species, viz. H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum. For wheat breeding, the gene pools of species of the genus Triticum and species of related genera are accessible. Several methods have been developed to achieve gene transfer. Genome interactions in interspecific hybrids result in spatial separation of the parental genomes, in nucleolar competition, and sometimes in chromosome elimination and the formation of haploids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00043363
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  • 53
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    Electronic Resource
    Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on spikelet sterility induced by low temperature at the reproductive stage of rice (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 109 (1988), S. 31-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; rice ; low temperature ; reproductive stage ; flag leaf ; auricle distance ; spikelet sterility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Spikelet sterility induced by low temperature at the reproductive stage of rice increased further with the increase of nitrogen supply. Spikelet sterility in Fujisaka-5 did not increase due to low temperature when nitrogen supply was increased from 10 to 40 ppm and at 80 ppm nitrogen supply it was less affected than IR36. Total nitrogen content in the leaves increased with the increase of nitrogen supply and was forced to be associated with the spikelet sterility induced by low temperature. Based on auricle distance between the last two leaves, the most sensitive stage to low temperature damage differed in Fujisaka-5 and IR36. Spikelet sterility induced by low temperature for 10 days was very high in both the varieties and the effect of nitrogen was not clear. The effect of phosphorus on the spikelet sterility induced by low temperature at reproductive stage was not clear except that at the highest phosphorus (P) level (10 ppm) the spikelet sterility increased both in Fujisaka-5 and IR36. Spikelet sterility induced by low temperature at the reproductive stage of rice decreased with the increase of Potassium (K) supply in both Fujisaka-5 and IR36. With an increase of potassium supply, nitrogen (N) content decreased in the leaves and panicles and spikelet sterility induced by low temperature decreased with an increase of the K to N ratio in the leaves and panicles. The results suggest that potassium might play a major role to counteract the low temperature damage at the reproductive stage of rice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197577
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  • 54
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    Electronic Resource
    Comparisons of primary production and nutrients absorption by aMiscanthus sinensis community in different soils (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 112 (1988), S. 143-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: absorption ; clay ; Miscanthus sinensis ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; primary production ; serpentine gangue ; standing biomass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Soil properties, primary production, nitrogen and phosphorus uptake in aMiscanthus sinensis community on serpentine gangue area were compared with that on nonserpentine area. Soil water content, soil pH and nitrogen content were quite different between the serpentine gangue area and nonserpentine area; but phosphorus content of the soil was similar between the two sites. The maximum above-ground net production in the serpentine gangue and nonserpentine areas was 4.5±0.2 kg m−2 yr−1 and 7.8±0.2 kg m−2 yr−1, respectively. The total maximum standing biomass in the serpentine gangue and nonserpentine areas was 8.5±0.8 kg m−2 and 11.9±0.4 kg m−2, respectively. Nitrogen uptake by plants in the nonserpentine area was 2.4 times greater than that in the serpentine gangue area. Phosphorus uptake by plants were similar for the two sites. The most probable reasons for the small biomass produced by theMiscanthus sinensis community in this serpentine gangue area are the low levels of nitrogen and water availability in the soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181764
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  • 55
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seedling emergence at four temperatures from drying-out seed-zones underlain by wet soil (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 112 (1988), S. 267-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; coefficient of rate of emergence ; constant temperature ; sandy loam soil ; seed water absorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Water absorption by and seedling emergence of barley (Hordeum vulgare) seeds was studied in a two layer drying out system. Seeds were placed 3 cm below surface in sandy loam (Typic Ustochrept) soil having 4 or 7g.100g−1 water underlain by wet (10g.100g−1) layer 2, 4 or 6cm below seed. The study was carried out at 18°, 23°, 28° and 33°C with and without a thin liquid-flow barrier placed on top of the wet layer. Water absorption by seed and coefficient of rate of emergence showed parabalic relation with temperature and strong soil-water × temperature interactions. Liquid-flow barrier considerably reduced the seed water absorption, percent emergence and coefficient of rate of emergence showing thereby that liquid flow was the principal mode of upward water transport from the wet soil to the seed. Influence of both the wet soil and the liquid-flow barrier was detectable up to about 8 cm; shorter the distance greater the effect. It is concluded that in a drying out seed-zone, in addition to wetness of the soil surrounding the seed the wetness of the soil several cm below the seed is also crucial for seedling emergence. Also indicated that the optimum temperatures in drying out seed-zones are different from those in the absence of evaporation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02140005
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  • 56
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and weed control on nutritive quality of carrots (Daucus carota L.) (1988)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 38 (1988), S. 67-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: carrots ; carotene ; T.S.S. ; herbicides ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The nutritive quality of carrots, obtained from different herbicide-treated plots and under different levels of nitrogen application ranging from zero to 80kg nitrogen/ha, was compared. There were significant differences in carotene content, T.S.S. (total soluble solids) and organolptic characteristics under the influence of different treatments. The maximum carotene content, T.S.S. and organoleptic characteristics were observed with the application of 80 kg. nitrogen/ha and fluchloralin herbicide at 0.90 and 1.20 kg/ha.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01092312
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