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  • temperature  (33)
  • Springer  (33)
  • 2015-2019
  • 1985-1989  (33)
  • 1988  (33)
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  • Springer  (33)
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  • 2015-2019
  • 1985-1989  (33)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 48 (1988), S. 73-84 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Liriomyza trifolii ; Agromyzidae ; Diptera ; temperature ; thresholds ; life history ; feeding ; intrinsic rate of increase ; tomato ; host-plant suitability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La vitesse de développement, la mortalité, l'alimentation, la fécondité et la longévité de L. trifolii (Burgess) élevés sur plants de tomates du cultivar ‘Moneydor’ ont été examinées au laboratoire sous 3 températures constantes (15°C, 20°C et 25°C) et une thermopériode (16/22°C, moyenne 19,5°C). Les taux de développement et les seuils de chaque stade ont été déterminés à partir des droites de régressions. Aucune corrélation n'a été mise en évidence entre ces variables biologiques et la taille des pupes. De plus, certaines données sur la biologie de L. trifolii sont fournies et discutées. Le taux intrinsèque d'accroissement, rm a varié de-0,0023 oeuf viable/femelle/jour à 15°C à 0,1254 oeuf viable/femelle/jour à 25°C et la reproduction nette de 1 oeuf femelle viable/femelle à 15°C à 26 oeufs femelles viables/femelle à 25°C. La durée d'une génération a varié de 48 jours à 15°C à 24 j à 25°C. 90% de la ponte a eu lieu dans les 115 premiers degrés jours de la vie imaginale à 20 et 25°C. La fécondité et la longévité étaient fortement liées au nombre de piqûres nutritionnelles. Ces résultats montrent que la tomate est un hôte convenable permettant aux populations de L. trifolii de se développer lorsque la température est supérieure à 16°C.
    Notes: Abstract The effects of three constant (15°C, 20°C and 25°C) and one alternating (16–22°C, mean 19.5°C) temperatures on development, mortality, feeding, fecundity and longevity of Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) on tomato plants cv. ‘Moneydor’ were examined in the laboratory. Development rates and thresholds for each instar were estimated by means of linear regression. No correlation was found between life history variables and pupal length. Further, data on the biology of L. trifolii are given and discussed. The intrinsic rate of increase, rm, varied from-0.0023 viable female eggs/⧫/day at 15°C to 0.1254 eggs/⧫/day at 25°C and net reproduction from one viable female egg/⧫ at 15°C to 26 eggs/⧫ at 20°C. Generation time varied from 48 days at 15°C to 24 days at 25°C. Ninety % oviposition occurred within the first 115 degree-days of adult life at both 20°C and 25°C. Fecundity and longevity were highly correlated with the number of feeding punctures. The data indicate that tomato is a suitable host plant allowing populations of L. trifolii to increase if temperatures are above 16°C.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Encyrtidae ; parasitoids ; Pseudococcidae ; mealybugs ; Anagyrus pseudococci ; Leptomastix dactylopii ; Leptomastidea abnormis ; temperature ; predicting development ; thresholds ; temperate glasshouses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les vitesses de développement de 3 parasitoïdes de cochenilles ont été étudiées dans les conditions de température de serre, avec thermopériode ou en température constante. En conditions constantes, la vitesse augmente jusqu'à 35°C, mais est létale à 40°C. Avec thermopériode, une thermophase de 40°C peut être tolérée pendant 12 heures. Les vitesses de développement sous thermopériodes pourraient être calculées à partir des données obtenues en conditions constantes, modifiées en fonction des durées respectives des cryophases et thermophases. Une méthode originale est présentée pour obtenir les seuils inférieurs de développement, en utilisant des thermopériodes, et pour calculer les vitesses de développement à températures élevées. Une méthode de régression polynomiale, non vérifiée préalablement, a été utilisée pour prévoir les durées moyennes des développements sous serre. Ces estimations sont beaucoup plus sûres que les prédictions basées sur le concept de degré-jour (Do), lorsque les températures extrêmes durent longtemps, mais en serre chaude elles ne présentent aucune différence significative. De plus, une méthode d'évaluation des 95% d'émergences, a donné de bonnes estimations des premières et dermières émergences en conditions périodiques.
    Notes: Abstract Developmental rates of three encyrtid mealybug parasitoids were examined under constant, cycling and glasshouse temperatures. Under constant conditions the rate of development increased with rising temperature up to 35°C, but a constant 40°C was lethal. Under cycling conditions, 12 h periods at 40°C could be tolerated. Developmental rates under cycling conditions could be calculated from constant temperature data, by incrementing development on an h/h basis. A new technique was developed to determine the lower thresholds for development, using cycling regimes and to calculate the rates of development over short periods at high temperature. A previously untested polynomial regression technique was used to predict mean developmental periods under glasshouse conditions. These predictions were considerably more accurate than day-degree (Do) predictions when substantial periods at extreme temperatures were involved, but not significantly different from day-degree predictions under ‘hot-house’ conditions. In addition a method was developed to calculate a 95% range for emergence, which gave consistently good estimates of first and last eclosion observed under fluctuating conditions.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 47 (1988), S. 173-182 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Bembidion lampros ; Pterostichus cupreus ; Carabidae ; Coleoptera ; behaviour ; temperature ; searching ; consumption ; cereal aphid ; Rhopalosiphum padi ; prey ; density ; barley
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les taux maximum de consommation de R. padi L. à différentes températures ont été déterminés au laboratoire chez deux carabes, B. lampros Herbstet P. cupreus L. La consommation moyenne a augmenté avec la température chez les deux espèces, B. lampros consommant un maximum de 15,9 larves des stades 1 à 3 et 9,1 pucerons adultes aptères, à 25°C. P. cupreus a été particulièrement vorace et a consommé 125,3 adultes aptères par jour à 20°C. Le comportement des deux espèces a été observé en filmant en vidéo des carabes à jeun, maintenus à différentes températures constantes, dans des enceintes semées en orge de printemps. Des éléments du comportement, communs aux deux espèces, ont été définis: 1) immabilité, 2) marche et course, 3) recherche, 4) affrontement. P. cupreus a été plus actif à toutes les températures, B. lamprosa été inactif au-dessous de 10°C. La part de temps consacrée à la recherche, le nombre de plantes prospectées, et la vitesse ont augmenté avec la température chez les deux espèces. Dans des enceintes similaires colonisées par R. padi, P. cupreus a significativement augmenté le temps consacré à la recherche dans les enceintes, parallèlement à l'augmentation de la densité des pucerons. Après la découverte d'une colonie de pucerons, P. cupreus escalade et prospecte la plante et ses voisines immédiates; tandis que les plantes des enceintes sans pucerons sont rarement escaladées. B. lampros n'a pas été observé escaladant des plantes d'enceintes avec ou sans pucerons, et il n'a pas accru son temps de prospection en fonction de la densité de pucerons. Les quelques B. lampros qui ont capturé des pucerons l'ont fait lorsque ceux-ci marchaient sur la surface du sol. La discussion a porté sur l'efficacité relative des deux carabes comme prédateurs de R. padi, et les résultats ont été comparés à ceux d'études du même type, menées ailleurs, avec des prédateurs de Sitobion avenae sur blé d'hiver.
    Notes: Abstract Maximum consumption rates were determined for two carabids, Bembidion lampros Herbst. and Pterostichus cupreus L., feeding on the cereal aphid Rhopalosiphum padi L. at different temperatures in the laboratory. Mean daily consumption increased with increasing temperature for both species, B. lampros consuming a maximum of 16 1–3 instar nymphs and 9 apterous adult aphids at 25°C. P. cupreus was particularly voracious and consumed 125 apterous adult R. padi per day at 20°C. The behaviour of both species was analysed by video filming starved beetles, maintained at different constant temperatures, in arenas sown with spring barley. The behavioural components (1) still; (2) run/walk; (3) search and (4) confrontation were identified and were common to both species. P. cupreus was more active over the temperature range tested; B. lampros was inactive under 10°C. The proportion of time spent searching, number of plants searched, and velocity increased with increasing temperature for both species. When observed in similar arenas seeded with R. padi colonies, individuals of P. cupreus significantly increased their time spent searching in arenas with increasing aphid density. Following discovery of an aphid colony, individuals climbed and searched the host plant and its nearest neighbours. Plants in aphid free arenas were rarely climbed. B. lampros was not observed climbing in either aphid free arenas or in arenas with increasing aphid densities, and did not significantly increase its time spent searching in response to increased prey density. The few B. lampros that found aphids caught them walking on the soil surface. The relative efficiences of these two carabids as predators of R. padi are discussed, and the results are compared with similar studies elsewhere with predators of Sitobion avenae on winter wheat.
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  • 4
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 17 (1988), S. 251-266 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Zinc ; controlled-release ; diffusion ; pH ; temperature ; phosphate ; clay ; sand ; moisture content
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The emission and movement of zinc from planar arrangements of controlled-release (C.R.) thermoplastic matrix zinc fertilizer formulations was studied in cylindrical diffusion cells packed with a clay or a sand. The influences of a number of soil characteristics known to affect zinc diffusion were also investigated. Zinc emission was initially (over 2 days) very rapid. The rate declined markedly thereafter. Morphologically distinct C.R. zinc formulations released zinc at different rates. Zinc moved appreciably and consistently further in the sand than in the clay. Of the soil characteristics studied, increasing phosphate levels had no effect upon zinc emission or mobility in either soil. Increasing pH in the sand did not affect zinc emission, but decreased zinc mobility. Conversely, in the two soils, increasing temperature stimulated zinc emission, but had little influence on zinc mobility. At higher water contents, zinc release was increased in both soils. However, zinc movement was only increased in the sand.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Middle atmosphere ; temperature ; neutral and ion composition ; turbulent transfer ; model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Using a numerical model for temperature and neutral and ion composition behaviour at middle atmospheric heights, an analysis has been made of the dependence of atmospheric structural parameters on temperature, solar activity, and on turbulent transfer intensity. For mesospheric heights, an inverse dependence of the nitric oxide density on the temperature has been found. It is thus possible to explain experimentally obtained temperature variations over a cyclc of solar activity at mesospheric and lower thermospheric heights. Numerical simulation results indicate that the temperature in the height range ∼75–120 km depends considerably on both the absolute values of turbulent transfer coefficients and their vertical gradients.
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  • 6
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    The journal of membrane biology 103 (1988), S. 149-158 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: H+ pump ; K+ channel ; light ; Nitella ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary At membrane potentials different fromE K, the temperature effect on membrane potential ofNitella consists of two components. One of them changes its sign atE K, the other one does not. This leads to the assignment of these components to changes in the K+ channel and in the H+ pump, respectively. It is shown that the fast time constant (3 to 30 sec) of the temperature effect on the H+ pump measured as a change in membrane potential and that of the temperature effect on the K+ channel measured as a change in resistance (having about twice the value of that of the pump) are sensitive to light intensity. Both time constants measured inNitella become smaller if light intensity increases from 0 to 15 Wm−2. This supports the suggestion of Fisahn and Hansen (J. Exp. Bot. 37:440–460, 1986) that temperature acts on plasmalemma transport via photosynthesis via the same mechanism as light does.
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  • 7
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    The journal of membrane biology 101 (1988), S. 67-72 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: hemolysis ; membrane ; erythrocyte ; pyrexia ; phospholipid ; phase transition ; unilamellar ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Rates of human red blood cell hemolysis were measured as a function of temperature. Three distinct temperature intervals for hemolysis were noted: a) At temperatures equal to or less than 37°C no hemolysis was observed for the duration of the incubation (30 hr). b) For temperatures exceeding 45°C hemolysis rates are rapid and are accompanied by gross changes in cellular morphology. The activation energy for hemolysis is 80 kcal/mole; this value is characteristic of protein denaturation and enzyme inactivation suggesting that these processes contribute to hemolysis at these high temperatures. c) Between 38 and 45°C the energy of activation is 29 kcal/mole, indicating that a fundamentally different process than protein inactivation is responsible for hemolysis at these relatively low temperatures. A mechanism based on the concept of the critical bilayer assembly temperature of cell membranes (N.L. Gershfeld,Biophys. J. 50:457–461, 1986) accounts for hemolysis at these relatively mild temperatures: The unilamellar state of the membrane is stable at 37°C, but is transformed to a multibilayer when the temperature is raised; hemolysis results because formation of the multibilayer requires exposing lipid-free areas of the erythrocyte surface. An analysis of the activation energy for hemolysis is presented that is consistent with the proposed unilamellar-multibilayer transformation.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: rooting ; temperature ; daylength ; transplanting ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A series of experiments were conducted in Vietnam to develop a system whereby detached sprouts from physiologically old green sprouted seed tubers could be used to grow potatoes. Three node segments from the mid or basal portion of the detached sprout produced the greatest percentage of shoots and roots. Growth was best in a medium of equal parts of sub-soil, pig manure and brick kiln ash. Sprout cuttings produced plantlets ready for transplanting in 14–20 days with mean daily temperatures of 22 to 24°C. When transplanted in mid-November, yields from sprout cuttings in field experiments were 10 to 18 t/ha which were 33% lower than from healthy seed tubers but more than the national average yield using degenerated seed tubers. Tubers produced by plants grown from sprout stored well and gave good yields when replanted the following year.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Circular dichroism ; gelatin ; sodium alkyl sulphates ; aqueousgelatinsolutions ; secondary structure ; pH ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The modification of the triple helical structure in aqueous gelatin solutions by changing pH and adding alkyl sulphates at 298 K and after rechilling the solution to 283 K was investigated by CD-measurement. At 298 K the triple helical content at the IEP of the gelatin has its maximum value. It is only weakly affected by adding sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDDS) at concentrations 〈10−4 M/dm3. The unfolding of the triple helix affected by pH and SDDS is reversible by rechilling the solution. The triple helical content of gelatin solutions decreases at SDDS concentrations higher than 10−4 M/dm3. In all cases the decrease of the amount of triple helical structure is connected with an increase of the cis-configuration in single chains and leads to chain reversals. At sufficiently high SDDS concentrationsβ-sheets are formed. These changes are thermally irreversible. Sodium decyl sulphate (SDS) has a more minor influence than SDDS except in the range of the c.m.c. of SDS. At sufficiently high SDS concentrations,β-turns appear.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: arctic ; Eriophorum ; pH ; phosphatases ; phosphorus ; PNPPase ; root enzymes ; temperature ; tundra
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Eriophorum vaginatum L. subsp.spissum (Fern.) Hult., a dominant plant in arctic tundra ecosystems, has acid phosphatase activity evenly distributed along its root surface from the root tip to a distance at least 16 cm from the tip. These root surface phosphatases have optimal activity from pH 3.5 to 4.0; mean soil pH for soil samples collected with roots was 3.69. Apparent energy of activation and Q10 values (14.0 kcal mol−1 and 2.2, respectively) do not provide evidence for temperature acclimation, but substantial phosphatase activity was measured at 1°C. Kinetic parameters determined for this root surface phosphatase were as follows: Km=9.23 mM, Vmax=1.61×10−3 μmoles mm−2h−1. The presence of inorganic phosphorus in the assay medium did not inhibit root surface phosphatase activity except at very high concentrations (100 mM); even then, only slight inhibition was detected (7 to 19%). A comparison of hydrolysis rates with inorganic phosphate assimilation rates measured forE. vaginatum indicates that organic phosphate hydrolysis may occur at approximately one third the rate of inorganic phosphate absorption. Calculations show that inorganic phosphate produced by root surface phosphatase activity may satisfy 65% of the annual phosphate demand ofE. vaginatum. Since arctic tundra soils are typically higher in dissolved organic phosphorus compounds than in inorganic phosphate, root surface phosphatase activity may make a considerable contribution to the phosphate nutrition of this widespread and abundant arctic plant.
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  • 11
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    Plant and soil 109 (1988), S. 139-140 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: emergence ; germination ; Glycine max ; soybean ; seed ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract ‘Bragg’ and ‘Cobb’ soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seeds were germinated in sand at temperatures ranging from 25 to 40°C. Emergence decreased with increasing temperature above 37°C, with virtually no emergence at 40°C. Emergence of 12 other cultivars at 38°C ranged from 25 to 95%. ‘Foster and ‘Coker 338’ were more sensitive to high temperature than the other cultivars.
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  • 12
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    Plant and soil 109 (1988), S. 227-234 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acetylene reduction ; diurnal cycles ; nitrogen fixation ; oxygen permeability ; photosynthesis ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract While diurnal cycles in nitrogen fixation rates are sometimes assumed to result from diurnal variation in photosynthetically active radiation, contradicting evidence exists that indicate soil temperature is the primary environmental influence. These studies assessed the significance of temperature on soybean nitrogen fixation under field conditions. Two groups of intact field-grown soybean plants, one at ambient and the other exposed to a 10°C diurnal variation in soil temperature, were nondestructively assayed for acetylene reduction rates. Activity was closely associated with soil temperature (R2=0.85), even when temperature was 12 h out of phase with ambient. Data were also obtained to determine if the effects of rhizosphere temperature on nitrogen fixation are mediated through an effect on the nodule oxygen permeability. Nodule oxygen permeability of intact, aeroponically grown soybean was closely correlated with the diurnal changes in temperature (R2=0.90).
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: microbial activity ; nalidixic acid ; reservoir ; temperature ; primary production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The number of metabolically active bacteria was measured with nalidixic acid over two annual cycles at three depths in the epilimnion of hypertrophic Hartbeespoort Dam, South Africa. Concurrent measurements were made of water temperature, DOC, phytoplankton production of dissolved (EDOC) and particulate organic carbon, chlorophyll a and the uptake of glucose (Vmax). The objective was to determine the dominant factors correlated to the number of metabolically active bacteria and the relationship between active bacterial numbers and heterotrophic activity. The number of active bacteria was usually highest at the surface and ranged between 0.70 and 6.82 x 106 cells ml−1. The dominant factors correlated to the number of bacteria at the surface were water temperature (r = 0.65, n = 54, p〈0.001), primary production (r = 0.53, n = 51, p〈0.001) and EDOC (r = 0.37, n = 45, p = 0.005). Surface Vmax for glucose ranged between 0.11 and 4.0 µgC 1−1 h−1 and was positively correlated to the number of active bacteria (r = 0.61, n = 53, p〈0.001). The specific activity index (10−12 µgC cell−1 h−1) varied between 80 and 2290 at the surface and was most strongly correlated to EDOC (r = 0.70, n = 48, p〈0.001). Relationships between active bacterial numbers, water temperature, phytoplankton activity and glucose uptake were also found at two additional depths within the epilimnion. These data suggest that bacterial populations in nutrient enriched lakes contain a large number of metabolically active cells with high individual activity as a result of enhanced phytoplankton growth.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: rotifers ; Synchaeta ; temperature ; salinity ; culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new species of marine rotifer is described from the S.E. Atlantic off Cape Town. Synchaeta hutchingsi n. sp. is unique among the approximately 36 recognized Synchaeta species in exhibiting the following combination of characters: single sharply pointed toe; slender bristle along ventral midline of foot: single lateral antenna on left side near foot base; spur on dorsal side of foot used to carry egg; total length 165–200 µm. Salinity tolerance experiments showed the new species to be obligate brackwater/marine; a temperature of 35 °C could be tolerated for a short period of time. The new species has been mass-cultured for use as an experimental live food for rearing marine fish larvae.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Ephemeroptera ; upstream orientation ; pH ; DOM ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Experiments using a plexiglass Y -maze fluviarium showed that nymphs of Parameletus chelifer and Parameletus minor each used different environmental cues to orient. P. chelifer nymphs reacted to pH while nymphs of P. minor were very sensitive to concentration of dissolved organic matter. The capacity to detect these water quality differences was lost as soon as the nymphs reached seasonally submerged areas suitable for growth at the margin of the river. When nymphs of both species had reached their growing areas, water temperature became the crucial cue for orientation.
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  • 16
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    Hydrobiologia 163 (1988), S. 21-34 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: physical ; limnology ; temperature ; currents ; wind ; exchange
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Georgian Bay comprises the easternmost part of the Michigan-Huron water system and extensive data were collected here in 1974 by the Canada Centre For Inland Waters. Fifty-one stations were monitored between April and December of 1974; the time series recordings of currents and temperature at 10 locations, meteorological recordings at two buoys, and water level recordings from temporary gauges were carried out. Minimum surface temperature of 0 °C persists for one month commencing in late February and maximum surface temperatures occurred in early August (19 °C). The annual heat income for Georgian Bay was estimated to be 43 700 cal · cm−2. The exchange at Main Channel has a significant influence on water residence and flushing times in Georgian Bay which determines its trophic status.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: freshwater snail ; growth ; reproduction ; survival ; temperature ; vector
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Studies were carried out to investigate the effects of 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, 25°, 30°, 35°, 40° and 45°C on growth, sexual maturity, reproduction and survival of the freshwater planorbid snail, Gyraulus convexiusculus, vector of echinostomiasis, under laboratory conditions. The growth rate of juvenile and sexually mature snails was at minimum at 15°C and was maximum at 35°C. Sexual maturation time was minimum at 35°C and maximum at 20°C. Fecundity was minimum at 15°C and maximum at 35°C. The minimum average and maximum number of eggs per egg capsule was reached at 35°C and lowest at 15°C. 30°C was the optimum temperature for survival of juvenile snails, while sexually mature snails reached maximum survival time at 20°C.
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  • 18
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    Plant growth regulation 7 (1988), S. 65-73 
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: Chemical hybridizing agent ; temperature ; relative humidity ; irradiance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Fenridazon [potassium 1-(p-chlorophenyl)-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-oxopyridazine-3-carboxylate] is a registered chemical hybridizing agent causing male floral sterility and is used for the production of hybrid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Foliar absorption and translocation of fenridazon to the floral primordia was decreased at 4°C compared to 24°C. At 24°C, an increase in relative humidity from 40% to 85% increased fenridazon absorption 2.5 and 1.7 times when surfactants A and B, respectively, were used. Because of the increased absorption of fenridazon with increased relative humidity, the amount of fenridazon in the floral primordia was similarly increased 2.2 and 1.5 times for surfactant A and B, respectively. Although the amount of fenridazon in the floral primordia was increased with increased relative humidity, fenridazon translocation rate was not altered by relative humidity. The effects of irradiance on fenridazon absorption were minimal, but its translocation was decreased with low irradiances.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Ilione albiseta ; Diptera ; Sciomyzidae ; larvae ; predation ; temperature ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of temperature on predation by Ilione albiseta (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) on Lymnaea peregra was investigated at 14°, 17°, 20°, 23° and 26°C. The mean dry weight of snail tissue (Lymnaea peregra) attacked and consumed per day by first and second instar I. albiseta larvae was highest at 20°C while for third instar and total larval duration period it was greatest at 23°C. The mean number of snails killed per day during the third instar was also highest at 23°C. The total amount of snail tissue consumed by I. albiseta larvae increased significantly from first to second instar and from second to third instar at each constant temperature. Mean survival period of unfed first instar larvae decreased from 28.4 days at 14°C to 11 days at 26°C and the mean length of the second instar cephalopharyngeal skeleton decreased with increasing temperatures. As temperature increased the rate of consumption of oxygen (dissolved in water) by first and third instar larvae rose.
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  • 20
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    New forests 2 (1988), S. 281-287 
    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: light quality ; Norway spruce ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seedling of Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) were grown under three different light qualities in “fluid-roof” growth chambers. Blue light with a high red/far-red ratio decreased shoot length as well as total plant dry weight compared to natural light. Yellow light with a low blue/red ratio did not significantly affect the plants. The effects of light quality were generally the same at 18, 24 and 28 °C day temperature. Plant growth was reduced at temperatures above 24 °C.
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  • 21
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    Hydrobiologia 166 (1988), S. 199-203 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: dissolved organic carbon ; concentration ; variation ; correlation ; temperature ; pH ; fluctuation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) fluctuations were studied in the surface water of Dal Lake from May 1984 to April 1985, at monthly intervals. Concentration of DOC varied from 0.140 mg l−1 to 0.725 mg l−1. A minimum was recorded in May and September, while an increase was observed during December and January. The fluctuations during the observation period showed a relationship with temperature and pH.
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    Hydrobiologia 157 (1988), S. 105-118 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Cladocera ; Rotifera ; Copepoda ; cyanobacteria ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines seasonal changes in the density and taxonomic composition of the zooplankton of a small tropical impoundment, in relation to factors of water temperature, food supply and reservoir flushing. The response of the zooplankton to management techniques designed to regulate the density of cyanobacteria in the dam are also considered. Cyclopoid copepods were the dominant zooplankters, although Cladocera became much more significant following the introduction of measures to control cyanobacteria. Planktonic Rotifera were a diverse but generally unimportant fraction of the total biomass, except following seasonal or management induced environmental perturbations, when the Rotifera often recovered most rapidly.
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  • 23
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    Plant and soil 107 (1988), S. 25-30 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: alfalfa ; day length ; light intensity ; nitrogen fixation ; nitrogen transfer ; temperature ; timothy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen fixation (NF) by alfalfa and nitrogen transfer (NT) from alfalfa to associated timothy was studied under different environmental conditions in controlled growth chambers, using the15N dilution technique. Evidence was obtained of NT from alfalfa to the associated timothy. Conditions that favored NF by alfalfa resulted in an increase in its NT. Of 3 different temperature regimes (25/20, 16/14, and 12/9°C day/night), 16–25/14–20°C was the best range for NF by alfalfa and resulted in the greatest NT. High light intensity (550 uE.m−2.sec−1) and long days (16–20 h) also caused increased NF by alfalfa and benefitting timothy more than in a regime of low light intensity (by shading 50% or 75%) or short days (12/12 or 16/8 h day/night). When the inoculated (Rhizobium meliloti) root systems of plants were kept free from other microorganisms (axenic condition) to minimize possible decomposition of dead tissues, lower NT from alfalfa was observed, especially at later cuts, compared to non-axenic plants. This suggests that both direct excretion and decomposition of dead alfalfa tissues are sources of N benefit from alfalfa to associated timothy.
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  • 24
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    Fish physiology and biochemistry 5 (1988), S. 257-262 
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: fish ; skinned muscle fibres ; contractile properties ; pH ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three species of fish were studied: Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), sculpin (Myoxocephalus scorpius) (from the North Sea, temperature 2 to 12°C) andNotothenia neglecta (from Antarctica, temperature −2 to +2°C). Single fast muscle fibres were isolated from anterior myotomes and skinned with detergent in order to directly determine the effects of pH and temperature on force production and shortening velocity. In all species maximum force production (Po) was independent of pH over the range 7.3–8.0. Decreasing the pH from 7.3 to 6.6 reduced maximum force by 28% in fibres fromG. morhua andN. neglecta but had no effect on fibres fromM. scorpius. The depression in maximum force with acidosis was accompanied by a proportional decrease in stiffness and an increase in the rate of force recovery after stretch. Unloaded contraction velocity of cod fibres (Vmax) showed a pH optimum at around pH 7.6 decreasing by 31% at pH 6.6. Vmax of fibres from the other species was independent of pH over the range 6.6–8.0. The effects of pH on Po and Vmax were similar at 0 and 10°C. Thus for maximally activated fibres both force and contraction velocity are independent of temperature induced changes in pH. In some species acidosis depresses contractility and is likely to be a contributory factor to muscle fatigue.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: ide ; adaptation ; nutrition ; temperature ; growth ; liver ; nucleic acids ; storage products
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract One year old golden ide (Leuciscus idus melanotus) were starved for 2 weeks at 20°C (time zero) and then they were fed either freeze-dried mosquito larvae (natural diet) or a commercial fish chow (artificial diet) at an ambient temperature of 14°C and 20°C, respectively. Growth parameters and biochemical data in the liver were measured at time zero and after 3 and 7 weeks of specific regimen. If compared to natural food, the artificial diet caused transient increase in anabolic activity of the liver, but prevented long-lasting hepatocyte proliferation (increase of total liver DNA). After 3 weeks on artificial diet, the body weight was significantly higher and the liver mass doubled compared to ide kept on the natural regimen; tissue DNA content indicated that the hepatocyte volume increased mainly by increased protein content and corresponding uptake of water; lipid and glycogen contents were increased by a factor of 3–6, and the RNA∶DNA ratio was increased accordingly. The growth of the ide, as reflected by the condition factor and hepatosomatic index (HSI), was virtually stopped when the artificial regimen was maintained for 7 weeks, whereas on natural food the condition factor was increased and liver weight and DNA were doubled. Growth of the fish maintained at 14°C was significantly lower than that of fish maintained at 20°C, though the total liver DNA was still increased on the natural regimen during the experiment. Less lipid was stored by fish maintained at 14°C, whereas protein and glycogen deposits were enlarged, if compared to fish maintained at 20°C. The specific activity of cytochrome oxidase in liver mitochondria and of NADPH cytochrome c reductase in the microsomal fraction were found independent of diet and ambient temperature. Oxidative capacity of hepatocytes (mitochondrial protein/mg DNA) remained unchanged, and microsomal protein/cell appeared reduced in response to the artificial food. However, reduction of cell number on this diet resulted in less total mitochondrial and microsomal protein in the organ. Golden ide liver is found to be a sensitive experimental model to characterize the mutual influence of diet and temperature on fish; the results are discussed with regard to the usage of golden ide as test fish for water pollution.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: melatonin ; photoperiod ; temperature ; diurnal variation ; dopamine ; noradrenaline ; 5-hydroxytryptamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hypothalamic dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) levels exhibited marked day-night variations under ambient photoperiod and temperature (12L∶12D; 17±1°C) with peak values at mid-light phase. The 16L∶8D; 22±1°C treatment reversed the diurnal rhythm of 5-HT, but not that of DA and NA. However, there was an overall increase in the levels of the catecholamines on exposure to the long photoperiod and high temperature. The administration of melatonin in the fish held on 16L∶8D; 22±1°C regime restored the 5-HT rhythm to that of the 12L∶12D; 17±1°C control group, but with elevated mid-photophase value. However, there was no effect of the indole treatment on the 5-HT rhythm under the 12L∶12D; 17±1°C regime. Melatonin causes a significant reduction of NA level in both the groups, while DA level did not change in either group.
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    International journal of thermophysics 9 (1988), S. 279-282 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: bromine ; exfoliation ; graphite ; intercalation ; phase transition ; stress ; temperature ; thermal stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The thermal stress of graphite intercalated with bromine was found to increase from zero at about 100°C to about 1.3 MPa at 200°C. The effect was reversible with hysteresis. The thermal stress increase had a sharp temperature dependence due to its association with the exfoliation phase transition.
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    Hydrobiologia 167-168 (1988), S. 197-200 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: adaptation ; temperature ; stress proteins ; membrane lipids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract E. affinis can adjust to temperature stress in a matter of hours. Adaptation is greater in a varying temperature than in a constant temperature, consistent with the estuarine habitat of this calanoid. The species has the capacity to adjust both in the short-term as individuals and also genetically over a number of generations. The adjustments have been examined at several levels of organization. In whole copepods the time an individual becomes comatose when exposed to a 32 °C temperature and increasing by 1/2 °C at 5 min. intervals, has been used as a repeatable assay and gives a good prediction of survival at 30 °C, the ecological limit of the species in Chesapeake bay, USA. At the molecular and cellular levels, two adaptive mechanisms which have been observed in temperature stressed copepods are the synthesis of novel proteins and phase changes in plasma membrane lipids. Both of these mechanisms have potential for further understanding the adaptation of Eurytemora to variable temperatures. They may also have application as indicators of sublethal stress.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: copepods ; temperature ; food ; size ; weight ; lipid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two species of Copepoda Temora longicornis (Müller) and Pseudocalanus elongatus (Boeck) were cultured continuously in the laboratory. Four and three generations, respectively, were raised at 16 different combinations of temperature and food concentration. Prosome length and ash-free dry weight were measured in the adult stage and in Pseudocalanus also in copepodite stage I, and the relation between length and weight was established. In Pseudocalanus also the relative amount of lipid was estimated. Prosome length and length-specific body weight (condition factor) were positively correlated with food concentration. Lipid content in Pseudocalanus was also strongly affected by the concentration of food. Prosome length was negatively correlated with temperature. However, length-specific body weight in Temora was positively correlated with temperature. Therefore, at higher temperature Temora was smaller, but heavier per unit body length. In Pseudocalanus a similar but less significant influence of temperature on length-specific weight was found; lipid content was not significantly influenced by the temperature. Females of Temora had larger length-specific weights than males. In Pseudocalanus the opposite was found, coinciding with a higher lipid content in males than in females. It is discussed that at natural concentrations of phytoplankton body size and weight of copepods are reduced in the North Sea during the major part of the growing-season.
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    Photosynthesis research 16 (1988), S. 233-242 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: light activation ; PEPCase ; photosynthetic inhibitors ; Setaria verticillata (L.) Beauv. ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from leaves of the C4 plant Setaria verticillata (L.) Beauv. is activated by light; day levels of activity are reached after 30 minutes of illumination. Photoactivation is prevented by inhibitors of photosynthetic electron flow or of photophosphorylation and by D,L-glyceraldehyde, which inhibits the reductive pentose phosphate pathway. Although the extractable activity in the dark is not affected by temperature the photoactivation is prevented when both illumination and extraction are done under low temperature (5 C). High temperature (30 C) during either illumination or extraction is needed for activation. Once the enzyme is photoactivated at 30 C, a transfer of the leaves to 5 C does not abolish the extra activity. The results suggest that both unimpaired electron flow and photophosphorylation are prerequisites for the activation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. Low temperature apparently suppresses either the transport to the cytoplasm of a photosynthetic intermediate or the activating reaction itself. The inclusion of phosphoenolpyruvate in the extraction medium increases the night activity. On the basis of the available information, it is suggested that phosphoenolpyruvate could be the activator in vivo. In that case, the activation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase would depend on internal CO2 level and prior photoactivation of both pyruvate, orthophosphate, dikinase and NADP malate dehydrogenase.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Developmental rate ; adult size ; mature oocytes ; temperature ; Encarsia tricolor ; Aphelinidae ; fr|Mots Clés ; duree de développment ; taille ; oocytes ; température ; Encarsia tricolor ; Aphelinidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Encarsia tricolor Foërster est un parasitoïd deTrialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) qui se trouve spontanément en cultures maraîchères tout au long du littoral méditerranéen. Les objectifs du présent travail furent la détermination de l'effet des températures constantes et variables sur la durée du développement, la tailles des adultes ♂ ♂ et ♀ ♀ d'E. tricolor et sur le nombre d'oocytes et d'ovarioles des ♀ ♀ juste après l'émergence. Les ♀ ♀ se développèrent avec succès aux températures comprises entre 14 et 32°C, mais à 34°C une mortalité totale au stade nymphe est observée. Les ♂ ♂ développèrent aussi avec succès aux températures comprises entre 16 et 28°C et leur développment fut plus rapide que celui des ♀ ♀ quelles que soient les températures utilisées. A température constante, la durée du développment de l'œuf à l'adulte des ♀ ♀ et des ♂ ♂ varie de 51,1 (14°C) à 14,3 (28°C) jours et de 32,6 (16°C) à 11,8 (28°C) jours, respectivement. Les prévisions de la durée du développment à températures variables furent plus exactes en utilisant les polynômes de 2e et 3e degré plutôt que les régressions linéaires. Le nombre d'oocytes mûrs à l'émergence varie de 0,1 (30°C) à 2,2 (20°C). Les ♀ ♀ d'E. tricolor atteignent leurs tailles maximales à 20–24°C. Compte-tenu des données de la littérature, on s'aperçoit queE. tricolor se développe plus vite queT. vaporariorum, quand les températures sont supérieures à 15°C.
    Notes: Abstract The duration of the development of the aphelinidEncarsia tricolor Föerster (a parasitoid of the aleyrodidTrialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), adult size and number of mature oocytes at emergence were determined under constant and variable temperature regimes. Females developed successfully from 14 to 32°C, but a 100% of pupal mortality was observed at 34°C. Males developed successfully from 16 to 28°C and they developed faster than females. Female and male, egg to adult development at constant temperatures ranged from 51.1 (14°C) to 14.3 (28°C) days and from 32.6 (16°C) to 11.8 (28°C) days, respectively. Predictions of the rate of development at variable temperatures were more accurate when made from 2nd and 3rd degree polynomials than from linear regressions. The number of mature oocytes at emergence ranged from 0.1 (30°C) to 2.2 (20°C). FemaleE. tricolor attained the greatest size at 20–24°C. The comparison with literature data shows thatE. tricolor develops faster thanT. vaporariorum at temperatures above 15°C.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Ilione albiseta ; Diptera ; Sciomyzidae ; temperature ; Lymnaea truncatula ; biological control ; Ilione albiseta ; Diptera ; Sciomyzidae ; température ; Lymnaea truncatula ; lutte biologique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Rémumé L'effet de 5 températures constantes (10, 14, 17, 20 et 23 °C) a été étudié sur l'oviposition et la longévité d'Ilione albiseta. La plupart des œufs furent ponndus entre 14 et 17 °C et la période d'oviposition moyenne décroissait progressivement au-dessus et au-dessous de 14 °C. Il n'y avait pas de différence significative entre les taux d'oviposition et les périodes de préoviposition à chaque température constante, mais le nombre moyen de jours entre la ponte pour chaque femelle était significativement plus grand à 10 °C qu'à 17, 20 et 23 °C et plus grand à 14 °C. qu' à 23 °C. Les adultes infertiles allait de 9,2 % à 23 °C jusqu'à 17,9% à 20 °C et ces œufs avaient tendance à être pondus au commencement comme à la fin de chaque période d'oviposition. Une corrélation possible entre le sex-ratio de l'adulte éclos et la température est discutée également.
    Notes: Abstract The effect of 5 constant temperatures (10, 14, 17, 20 and 23°C) on the oviposition and longevity ofIlione albiseta was investigated. Most eggs were laid at 14–17°C and mean oviposition period declined progressively above and below 14°C. There was no significant difference between oviposition rates or preoviposition periods at each constant temperature, but the mean number of days between egg laying for each female was significantly greater at 10 °C than at 17, 20 and 23 °C than at 20 °C. The percentage of infertile eggs laid ranged from 9.2% at 23 °C to 17.9 % at 20 °C and these eggs tended to be laid at the beginning and end of each oviposition period. A possible association between sex ratio of the emergent adult and temperature is also discussed.
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 106 (1988), S. 1337-1340 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: temperature ; natural conditions ; continuois light ; circadian rhythm ; segregation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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