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  • Lepidoptera  (65)
  • Immunohistochemistry  (40)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • Magnetism
  • Springer  (106)
  • 2015-2019
  • 2010-2014
  • 1985-1989  (106)
  • 1988  (106)
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  • 2015-2019
  • 2010-2014
  • 1985-1989  (106)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Male mate-locating behavior inEuphydryas chalcedona (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) related to pupation site preferences (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 1 (1988), S. 277-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: mate-locating behavior ; butterfly ; Euphydryas chalcedona ; Lepidoptera ; pupation sites ; sexual discrimination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Males of the checkerspot butterfly (Euphydryas chalcedona)patrol and perch near but not on the larval foodplant in search of females. Experiments with tethered butterflies show that searching males chase virgin females for longer times than they do mated females or males. The larvae leave the larval food-plant to pupate. The correspondence between the distance from the larval foodplant to pupation sites and where males search for females suggests that male mate-locating behavior has evolved to maximize the rate of encounters with newly emerged, virgin females. These conclusions are compared to a recent analysis of butterfly mating systems by Odendaal et al. (Am. Nat. 125: 673–678, 1985).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01054526
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of varying sex pheromone component ratios on the zigzagging flight movements of the oriental fruit moth,Grapholita molesta (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 1 (1988), S. 357-371 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Grapholita molesta ; Lepidoptera ; optomotor anemotaxis ; pheromone ; counterturn ; zigzag ; flight ; orientation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract As the ratio of (E)-8-dodecenyl acetate (E8–12∶Ac) to (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate (Z8–12∶Ac) increased past optimal low levels in the pheromone blend, fewer males were able to fly 2.5 m upwind to the source. The tracks of males that flew in plumes of such high-(E)off-blends were slower and narrower than those of males flying to lower-(E)blends. The tracks were narrower, first of all, because as the proportion of E8–12∶Ac increased, the males steered more into the wind. More of their thrust was directed upwind and therefore their groundspeed to either side of the windline was reduced. In addition, males also reduced their airspeeds to high-(E)blends, which contributed to the decreased groundspeeds and narrower tracks. No significant changes in the frequency of counterturning were found in response to increasing proportions of E8–12∶Ac. The inability to continue upwind flight in a plume of an off ratio was indicated by in-flight arrestment in the plume. Arrestment resulted from changes in the course angles steered by the males and the airspeeds flown.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01054498
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hybridization and sex-pheromone responses among members of the Yponomeuta padellus-complex (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 48 (1988), S. 213-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae ; interspecific crosses ; hybrids ; sex-pheromone communication ; host-plant preference
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé 1. Des individus d'espèces très proches à l'intérieur du complexe Yponomeuta padellus ont été croisés; les hybrides ont été croisés entre eux et leurs fécondité et viabilité examinées. 2. Le taux d'accouplements a été généralement plus faible que celui des témoins. Les croisements Y. malinellus x Y. rorellus, Y. padellus x Y. rorellus, et Y. rorellus x Y. malinellus n'ont donné aucune descendance, tandis que les chenilles de Y. malinellus x Y. cagnagellus, Y. padellus x Y. cagnagellus et Y. padellus x Y. malinellus sont mortes avant le stade imaginal. Bien que des descendants féconds des deux sexes pouvaient être obtenus à partir de la plupart des croisements, leurs effectifs étaient faibles. Seuls les croisements où intervenaient des femelles de Y. cagnagellus, ont fourni assez de filles pour permettre des expériences avec des phéromones. 3. La viabilité, le rythme circadian de l'activité sexuelle, les réponses aux phéromones et le choix de la plante pour la ponte ont été examinés chez les hybrides des 3 croisements réussis avec Y. cagnagellus comme mère. 4. Le poids des chrysalides et la durée du développement de cette progéniture a montré une dominance de Y. cagnagellus, tandis que les caractères morphologiques étaient intermédiaires. Des indices d'un développement difficile ont été une modification du rythme d'éclosions et un biais dans la fréquence des sexes. On a aussi, observé une certaine stérilité, c'està-dire que 10% environ des F1 cagnagellus x malinellus étaient intersexués, et que la plupart des femelles F1 cagnagellus x rorellus n'ont pas présenté de comportement d'appel. Les femelles ont manifesté une légère préférence pour appeler à partir de la plante hôte maternelle. L'âge du premier appel a révélé une dominance partielle de Y. malinellus et de Y. padellus. 5. Les mâles hybrides ont répondu fortement aux phéromones des femelles hybrides correspondantes. Les réponses des hybrides mâles F1 et F2 aux phéromones parentales ont montré que la réponse était orientée spécifiquement par la dominance de Y. cagnagellus sur Y. malinellus et une codominance de Y. cagnagellus et Y. padellus. 6. Ces résultats ont indiqué les possibilités d'échanges géniques en l'absence de barrière avant la copulation. Ainsi, l'isolement reproductif des 4 espèces est maintenu par la spécificité des phéromones sexuelles femelles et renforcé par les signaux du comportement de pariade.
    Notes: Abstract Interspecific crosses were made among four closely related members of the Yponomeuta padellus-complex. The results show the potential for gene exchange in the absence of pre-mating barriers. However, mating success was generally lower in the interspecific crosses than in the control crosses. No progeny were obtained from crosses between Y. malinellus Zeller x Y. rorellus (Hübner), Y. padellus (L.) x Y. rorellus and Y. rorellus x Y. malinellus, whereas larvae from Y. malinellus x Y. cagnagellus (Hübner), Y. padellus x Y. cagnagellus and Y. padellus x Y. malinellus did not reach the adult stage. Hybrids of three successful crosses with Y. cagnagellus as maternal species were examined for viability, circadian rhythm of sexual activity, sex-pheromone responses and female host-plant preferences. Developmental problems were found for the crosses cagnagellus x malinellus and cagnagellus x rorellus. Pupal weights and developmental time indicated dominance of Y. cagnagellus, while morphological characters were intermediate to the parents. The age of first calling indicates incomplete dominance of Y. malinellus and Y. padellus, while female moths showed a slight preference for the maternal host plant for calling activities. Hybrid males showed high responsiveness to the corresponding hybrid females. Responses to the parental species indicate that the inheritance of the pheromone-response specificity is governed by a dominance of Y. cagnagellus over Y. malinellus and co-dominance between Y. cagnagellus and Y. padellus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376400
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photoperiodic diapause induction suppressed at low temperatures in a long-day insect (1988)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 44 (1988), S. 788-789 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Yponomeuta vigintipunctatus ; Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae ; diapause ; photoperiodic induction curves ; low temperature influence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The long-day insectYponomeuta vigintipunctatus was subjected to various combinations of temperature and photoperiod. The photoperiodic induction curve at 10°C resembled the one at 20°C, but with a shift of the critical photoperiod towards the shorter day-length. Such unusual averting of diapause at lower temperatures in combination with intermediate long-day photoperiods has still been described in only few insect species of the temperate zone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01959167
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sex pheromones of three small ermine moths found on the European spindle tree (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 46 (1988), S. 29-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Yponomeuta cagnagellus ; Yponomeuta irrorellus ; Yponomeuta plumbellus ; Yponomeuta padellus ; sex pheromone ; reproductive isolation ; gas chromatography ; tetradecyl acetate ; (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; hexadecyl acetate ; tetradecanol ; (E)-11-tetradecanol ; (Z)-11-tetradecenol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'analyse a porté sur les phéromones sexuelles de 3 Yponomeutidae, trouvés en sympatrie sur le fusain. Des expériences sur le comportement de Y. cagnagellus ont montré que la fraction acétate de tétradécyl de la phéromone synergise les fractions connues antérieurement: (E)-11- et (Z)-11-acétates de tétradécényl, lorsque les proportions sont 37/2/100. L'analyse en chromatographie gazeuse d'extraits de glandes à phéromone de Y. irrorellus a mis en évidence, dans les proportions approximatives suivantes 68/56/100/9/6/8/7, de l'acétate de tétradécyl, des (E)-11 et (Z)-11 acétates de tétradécényl, du tétradécanol, des (E)-11 et (Z)-11-tétradécénols, et de l'acétate d'hexadécyl. Un mélange de ces composés a provoqué un vol intégral contre le vent des mâles dans un tunnel à vent et a attiré les mâles dans la nature. L'analyse des extrait de glandes à phéromone de Y. plumbellus a donné de l'acétate de tétradécyl, du (E)-11-acétate de tétradécényl et du (Z)-11-acétate de tétradécényl, dans les proportions: 50/150/100. Une étude par élimination dans la nature a montré que les acétates non saturés étaient les composés fondamentaux de la phéromone. La teneur en (Z)-11-acétate de tétradécényl de la glande à phéromone de Y. plumbellus était d'environ 0.5 ng par femelle, soit approximativement le dixième de celle observée chez les deux autres espèces. Une très faible attraction croisée a été trouvée avec des phéromones totalement synthétisées. Lorsque l'acétate de (E)-11-tétradécényl a été enlevé des phéromones de Y. irrorellus et Y. plumbellus, le reliquat a attiré des nombres significatifs de Y. cagnagellus. Nous en concluons que des mélanges de trois composés ou plus, avec des proportions spécifiques des isomères (E) et (Z), sont indispensables pour une activité complète et pour maintenir un isolement reproductif précopulatoire entre les espèces.
    Notes: Abstract The sex pheromones produced by virgin females of three species of small ermine moths occurring sympatrically on the European spindle tree were analysed by gas chromatography and the synthetic compounds tested against male moths in the laboratory and field. Pheromone gland extracts of Yponomeuta cagnagellus were shown to contain tetradecyl acetate, (E)-11- and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate, tetradecanol, (E)-11- and (Z-11-tetradecenol and hexadecyl acetate in 30/3/100/6/0/7/42) ratio. Wind tunnel bioassays and field tests showed that (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate primary pheromone components, and that tetradecyl acetate synergised their attractiveness. The alcohols were unimportant in these tests. Analysis of the pheromone gland extracts from Y. irrorellus showed the above components in 68/56/100/9/6/8/17 ratio, and a mixture of these attracted male moths in laboratory and field. Omission of either unsaturated acetate gave unattractive mixtures, and the alcohols were also found to be important for attraction. Pheromone gland extracts from Y. plumbellus were shown to contain the seven components in 46/148/100/20/20/13/25 ratio. Field tests showed that the two monounsaturated acetates are primary pheromone components, and removal of the alcohols had no significant effect. The titre of (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate in Y. plumbellus pheromone gland extracts was approximately 0.5 ng per female, one tenth the titre in the other two species. It is concluded that mixtures of three or more pheromone components with specific E/Z ratio are essential for full attraction and contribute towards premating reproductive isolation of the three species. Other factors such as rate of pheromone emission, time of flight and height of flight may also contribute to reproductive isolation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00186997
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  • 6
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    Photoperiod, temperature and ecdysteroid influences on physiological interactions between diapausing Ostrinia nubilalis larvae and the tachinid parasitoid Pseudoperichaeta nigrolineata (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 48 (1988), S. 275-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Ostrinia nubilalis ; Pyralidae ; Lepidoptera ; Pseudoperichaeta nigrolineata ; Tachinidae ; Diptera ; larval development ; host-parasitoid relationship ; diapause ; development synchronization ; ecdysteroids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les interrelations entre O. nubilalis et le tachinidae P. nigrolineata ont été étudiées dans des conditions abiotiques telles que l'hôte présente un développement avec diapause. La rupture de la diapause a été obtenue par modifications des conditions abiotiques et/ou injection d'ecdystérone. Si le passage au froid a lieu 25 jours après la mue 4/5 et s'il dure 10 semaines, plus de 90% des larves non parasitées lèvent leur diapause. Le temps nécessaire pour obtenir la chrysalidation est corrélé avec l'âge à la mise au froid et surtout avec la durée du froid. Les injections d'ecdystérone, 25 jours après la mue 4/5, chez les larves non parasitées et n'ayant pas séjourné au froid, provoquent la levée de diapause dans un fort pourcentage de cas, mais seulement si les larves ont été transférées en photopériode longue; le temps de chrysalidation est fortement réduit chez les larves injectées par rapport aux témoins placés sous la même photopériode. Chez les larves d'O. nubilalis parasitées au début du 5ème stade larvaire, les larves de P. nigrolineata se développent de la même façon que chez les non diapausantes jusqu'au début du 2ème stade, puis la croissance s'arrête aux environs de 1 mg. Par modification des conditions abiotiques, la larve du parasitoïde ne reprend sa croissance qu'à la levée de diapause de l'hôte et continue ensuite son développement jusqu'à la pupaison qui intervient 25–30 jours après les modifications. Cette synchronisation étroite des développements du parasitoïde et de l'hôte peut être rompue par l'injection d'ecdystérone dans l'hôte; en effet, une faible dose induit la reprise de la croissance du parasitoïde, sans provoquer l'apolyse de l'hôte. Des doses plus élevées provoquent à la fois la reprise immédiate du développement de P. nigrolineata (la formation des pupes intervient alors 6–10 jours après) et l'apolyse de l'hôte. Le parasitoïde augmente la sensibilité de l'hôte: avec la même dose, le pourcentage d'apolyse est plus élevé chez les hôtes parasités que chez les non parasités.
    Notes: Abstract The developmental relationships between Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) and the tachinid parasitoid Pseudoperichaeta nigrolineata Walker (Diptera, Tachinidae) are described under abiotic conditions which induce development of the host with diapause. Diapause termination was accomplished by modifications of abiotic conditions and/or by ecdysterone injection. Pupation time was correlated with the age at chilling and with the chilling period. Ecdysterone injection in non-parasitized larvae, 25 days after the 4/5 moult, gave a high percentage of diapause termination only under a long day photoperiod and strongly reduced the pupation time. In diapausing larvae parasitized at the beginning of the fifth instar, P. nigrolineata larva develops in the same way as in non-diapausing ones during the first instar, but stops growth in the second, near a weight of 1 mg. When diapause was broken by modifications of obiotic conditions, the parasitoid larva resumes its growth only at host diapause termination (pupariae are obtained 25–30 days after the modifications). The close synchronization between parasitoid and host development is broken by injection of low dose of ecdysterone. Higher doses induce at once parasitoid growth (pupariae are obtained 6–10 days thereafter) and also host apolysis. The parasitoid larvae increase the host sensitivity to exogenous ecdysteroids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376408
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A generalized model for quantifying behavioral de-sensitization to antifeedants (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 46 (1988), S. 93-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: antifeedants ; aristolochic acid ; armyworm ; feeding ; desensitization ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Spodoptera frugiperda
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'avenir des phagodissuadants en protection des cultures dépend, en particulier, de l'aptitude des insectes à devenir insensibles à ces substances. Les phagodissuadants sont classés en relatifs ou absolus, suivant que les insectes consomment les tissus traités ou se laissent mourir de faim. Cette propriété dépend beaucoup de la structure chimique, mais les paramètres biologiques n'ont pas été étudiés à fond. Des expériences ont donc été entreprises pour apprécier les effets combinés de jeûne et d'autres facteurs physiologiques dans l'apparition et l'évolution de la désensibilisation chez une espèce polyphage: Spodoptera frugiperda (Lep. Noctuidae). Des expériences préliminaires ont montré qu'un alcaloïde, l'acide aristolochique, est un puissant phagodissuadant pour S. frugiperda. Les chenilles, réparties en deux groupes expérimentaux, ont toutes été isolées et ont reçu chacune deux feuilles de Phaseolus lunatus: une témoin et une traitée avec 1000 ppm. Dans le groupe 1), les feuilles étaient remplacées dès consommation; dans le groupe 2), elles ne l'étaient pas. Un puissant effet dissuadant a été observé tout au long de l'expérience pour le groupe 1); dans le groupe 2), les chenilles ont finalement consommé les feuilles traitées. L'apparition de la désensibilisation était liée au jeûne. Quelques individus ont commencé à s'alimenter sur la rondelle traitée 3,5 heures aprés avoir totalement consommé la rondelle témoin; le temps médian du début de cette consommation a été de 5,7 h. Une fois la répulsion surmontée, les chenilles ont consommé le feuillage traité de la même façon que le feuillage témoin. Les expériences ont été recommencées avec les mêmes insectes, mais sans que les feuilles témoins aient alors été remplacées dans aucun des 2 groupes. Dans cette seconde expérience, les chenilles, qui avaient précédemment consommé des feuilles traitées, sont à nouveau dissuadées lors de choix binaires; cependant elles ont mangé plus rapidement les feuilles traitées, que ne l'ont fait les chenilles qui avaient disposé d'une source inépuisable de feuilles témoins. Elles se sont alimentées aussi plus facilement et plus généralement au cours de cette seconde expérience qu'au cours de la première. Quoi qu'il en soit, les deux groupes ont présenté finalement une désensibilisation. Un modèle mathématique général est proposé pour évaluer l'apparition et l'évolution de la désensibilisation. Les possibilités d'utilisation des phagodissuadants dans la protection des cultures sont discutées à la lumière de ces résultats.
    Notes: Abstract Fall armyworm larvae, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. G. Smith), were exposed to leaf disks treated with the feeding deterrent aristolochic acid under two types of regimes: In group 1, untreated leaf tissue was replenished as soon as it was consumed; in group 2, the control tissue was not replenished. A strong feeding deterrence was evident during the early stages of the assay in both groups, but eventually declined in group 2. When the experiment was continued through a second 24 h period, the control tissue was not replenished for either group. During this second trial, group 2 larvae, which had previously fed on treated tissue, fed more rapidly on treated tissue than did group 1 larvae. Moreover, group 2 larvae fed more readily and extensively on treated tissue than they had in the first trial. The time for the onset of behavioral desensitization was determined by subtracting the median onset of feeding on untreated tissue from the median interval between when a larva finished all of the control tissue and when it started feeding on treated tissue under no-choice conditions. Once larvae began to feed on treated tissue, their rate of consumption was equal to that of larvae feeding on control tissue. A general model for determining the onset and degree of desensitization was developed. The implications of these results for future experiments aimed at determining the underlying physiological mechanisms and the use of antifeedants in plant protection are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00187005
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  • 8
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    Experiments on the responses of the larval stages of the geometrid moth Ectropis excursaria to light and gravity (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 46 (1988), S. 133-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; larvae ; geotaxis ; orientation ; Geometridae ; Ectropis excursaria ; gravity ; wandering stage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Un comportement d'escalade du premier stade d'E. excursaria correspondant à l'addition des réponses à la gravité et à la lumière, est suggéré par la courbe d'intensité de la réponse à la lumière, dans un plan vertical (où la gravité constitue un stimulus en opposition avec la lumière) et un plan horizontal (où la gravité n'est pas en opposition). La réponse à la gravité a été modifiée par la courbure de la surface à escalader et du degré de privation d'aliment des chenilles. Sur une surface d'escalade de 2 cm de diamètre, l'orientation par rapport à la gravité se produit entre 20 et 30° par rapport à l'horizontale. Das run champ de centrifugation, un comportement analogue à une géotaxis négative se produit pour une accélération de 3,5 m s−2. L'analyse des tendances géotactiques des chenilles à tourner sur des plans inclinés suggère qu'elles présentent un comportement métagéotactique pour les inclinaisons de 40 à 90°. Des expériences d'immobilisation laissent penser que les antennes jouent un rôle dans la perception de la gravité. Les chenilles de stades ultérieurs ont présenté une géotaxie négative bien que la réponse à la gravité disparaisse chez les chenilles vagabondes en prénymphe. La prénymphose est aussi caractérisée par une inversion des réponses à la lumière.
    Notes: Abstract The intensity-response curve to light in a vertical plane (where gravity was a conflicting stimulus to light) and a horizontal plane (where gravity was not a conflicting stimulus) suggests that the climbing behaviour of the first instar Ectropis excursaria (Guénée) is consistent with a summation of response to gravity and a response to light. Response to gravity was affected by the curvature of the crawling surface and the level of food deprivation of the caterpillars. On a 2 cm diameter crawling surface orientation to gravity occurred at an inclination between 20° and 30° from the horizontal. In a centrifugal field, a behaviour analogous to negative geotaxis occurred at accelerations of 3.5 ms−2. Analysis of the geotactic turning tendencies of the caterpillar on flat inclined planes suggests that they exhibit meta-geotactic behaviour from inclinations of 40 to 90°. Negative geotaxis was exhibited by the caterpillars of later stadia although a response to gravity was lacking in the prepupal wandering caterpillars. The pre-pupal stage was also characterized by a reversal of the response to light.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00190843
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  • 9
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    Effect of stalk damage on growth and yield of certain maize cultivars by the maize stalk borer Chilo partellus (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 46 (1988), S. 149-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Chilo partellus maize ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude a porté sur la croissance et la production avec différents niveaux de minage des tiges de 4 cultivars de maïs, lors de divers degrés de contamination artificielle par des chenilles de C. partellus. Le cultivar sensible ‘Inbred A’ souffre plus des mines de C. partellus que ICZ1-CM, ICZ2-CM et Katumani composite B. Les mines influent significativement sur la croissance des 4 cultivars. Il y a une corrélation négative significative entre le minage des tiges et la production pour les cultivars ‘Inbred A’ et Katumani composite B, mais la relation n'est pas significative pour ICZ1-CM et ICZ2-CM. Les différences entre le minage des tiges et la récolte des 4 cultivars sont dues aux différents degrés de minage des tiges de ces cultivars par C. partellus.
    Notes: Abstract The effects of different degrees of stem tunneling caused by different levels of artificial infestation by the larvae of Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) on growth and yield of 4 maize cultivars were studied. The susceptible ‘Inbred A’ suffered much more tunneling than ICZ1-CM, ICZ2-CM and Katumani Composite B. This tunneling influenced significantly the plant growth of all the four cultivars. There was a significant negative correlation between tunneling and yield for the cultivars ‘Inbred A’ and Katumani Composite B, but such a relationship was not significant for ICZ1-CM and ICZ2-CM. Such differences in the relationships between tunneling and yield among the 4 cultivars are due to different degrees of tunneling caused by C. partellus larvae to the plants of these cultivars.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00190845
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  • 10
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    Response of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum to the sex pheromone of its host Heliothis zea (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 48 (1988), S. 293-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Heliothis zea ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae ; Trichogramma pretiosum ; egg parasitoid ; sex pheromone ; kairomone ; host-community location ; olfactometer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des expériences menées en olfactométrie avec le parasite oophage Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) et son hôte, Heliothis zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) donnent les résultats suivants. La présence de la phéromone sexuelle de l'hôte réduit de façon significative le nombre de passages entre les champs odorisés. De mème, les parasites visitent plus fréquemment le champ qui dispense l'odeur de la femelle en appel que le champ témoin placé à l'opposé. Par ailleurs, le temps passé dans le champ qui contient la phéromone sexuelle émise par les femelles vierges en appel est significativement supérieur à la durée de visite des champs témoins. Si l'on utilise comme source d'odeur des femelles vierges qui ne sont pas en appel, la réponse est inversée, les parasites sont alors repoussés par l'odeur de ces papillons et le nombre de visites est distribué de façon aléatoire entre les quatre champs. Ces résultats sont discutés dans le contexte de l'écologie du comportement de recherche chez les parasites oophages.
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents results of olfactometer experiments with the egg parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and its host the corn earworm moth, Heliothis zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The sex pheromone of the host significantly reduced the total number of border crossings between odour fields in the olfactometer. Also, female parasitoids made significantly more visits to the calling moth odour field than to the opposite control field in the olfactometer. Further, the wasps spent significantly more time in the olfactometer field containing the sex pheromone released by calling virgin moths, than in control fields. If non-calling virgin moths were used as odour source, the response was reversed and wasps were repelled by the odour of the moths, and the numbers of visits were evenly distributed over the four flow fields. These results are discussed in the context of foraging ecology of egg parasitoids.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376410
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    Disruption of pheromone communication in moths: is the natural blend really most efficacious? (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 49 (1988), S. 25-36 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: behavioural thresholds ; Lepidoptera ; mating disruption ; pheromone blends ; pheromonal communication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract It is widely assumed that a blend of pheromone components, that is qualitatively and quantitatively similar to the natural sex attractant, is the most effective mating disruptant for moths. However, the literature contains only limited evidence supporting this assumption. The authors discuss the importance of comparing the relative effectiveness of complete and incomplete pheromone blends when evaluating the potential of mating disruption for controlling pest moths.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00188235
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    Close-range behaviour of male pea moths, Cydia nigricana, responding to sex pheromone re-released via the substrate (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 49 (1988), S. 37-42 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Cydia nigricana ; pea moth ; pheromone ; sex-attractant ; orientation ; anemotaxis ; substrate ; contamination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The close-range orientation behaviour of male pea moths, Cydia nigricana (F.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), to a substrate contaminated with synthetic sex pheromone was studied in the field. The substrate was a sheet of polypropylene ‘grass’ on a 1 m diam arena, on the upwind edge of which a pheromone trap had been placed previously for 1 h. After removal of the trap, moths continued to be attracted to the arena and to the vacated trap position. Video-recorded tracks showed that the moths behaved anemotactically whilst on the arena. When the arena was revolved so that the vacated trap position was on the downwind edge, moths continued to fly upwind on the arena, even though they were flying away from the original trap position and down a concentration gradient.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00188236
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    Influence of dietary nicotine on the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda and its parasitoid, the ichneumonid wasp Hyposoter annulipes (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 46 (1988), S. 227-232 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: tri-trophic level interactions ; nicotine ; alkaloid ; Hyposoter annulipes ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; fall armyworm ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des quantités croissantes de nicotine dans l'alimentation ont prolongé la durée du développement des chenilles saines, bien que l'effet ait chuté aux concentrations les plus élevées. Le sexe de la noctuelle n'a pas eu d'effet sur la durée du développement ou l'action de la nicotine. L'influence de la nicotine sur le poids des chrysalides est inhabituel, en ce sens que les chrysalides les plus lourdes ont été obtenues aux concentrations moyennes. Des hypothèses sont proposés sur l'origine de ce phénomène. La mortalité et la durée de développement de H. annulipes ont augmenté et le poids des adultes a diminué quand la concentration de l'aliment de l'hôte en nicotine s'est élevée. L'effet différente de la nicotine sur des générations successives a pu provenir de modifications de la toxicité de la nicotine en fonction de changements dans la qualité de l'aliment. Quoi qu'il en soit, l'augmentation de la concentration de la nicotine dans l'alimentation de l'hôte a eu un effet négatif cohérent sur la valeur adaptative de H. annulipes.
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were conducted to determine the influence of nicotine (at a range of concentrations) in the food of an herbivorous host on the development, size and survival of its parasitoid. Fall armyworms, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were reared on diets of 0, 0.025, 0.050 and 0.075% nicotine and exposed to parasitism by Hyposoter annulipes (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). As nicotine concentration increased parasitoid mortality and development time increased and adult weight decreased. Development time, pupal weight and survival were recorded for unparasitized armyworms. Unparasitized fall armyworms showed lengthened development and higher mortality but pupal weights were greatest at intermediate nicotine concentrations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00364193
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    Isolement et identification de composés à activité phéromonale chez les femelles de l'arctiide Tyria jacobaeae: Détermination biologique de la configuration absolue du composé majoritaire (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 46 (1988), S. 281-289 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Arctiidae ; Sex Pheronome ; Behaviour ; Electroantennography ; Physico-chemistry ; (Z,Z)-3,6-Cis-9S,10R-epoxyheneicosadiene ; (Z,Z)-3,6-Cis-9,10-epoxyeicosadiene ; (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-heneicosatriene ; Lépidoptère ; Arctiidae ; Phéromone sexuelle ; Comportement ; Electroantennographie ; Physicochimie ; Epoxy-9S,10R-(Cis) hénéicosadiène-3Z,6Z ; Epoxy-9,10-(Cis) éicosadiène-3Z,6Z ; Hénéicosatriène-3Z,6Z,9Z
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The hexanic extracts from pheronomal glands of T. jacobaeae virgin females have been studied. Gas-chromatographic and mass-spectrometric analyses of the main component (no 1) (98%) in combination with behavioral and electrophysiological bioassays allowed us to determine its structure and absolue configuration: (Z,Z)-3,6-Cis-(S,R)9,10-epoxyheneicosadiene previously described in other Arctiid moths. A minor constituent (no 2) (1.5%) was identified as (Z,Z)-3,6-Cis-(S,R)9,10-epoxyeicosadiene by comparison with synthetic compound. This structure is a new one for a lepidoptera sex pheromone. The third component (no 3) of the same extracts has the same physico-chemical data as those of a previously reported constituent of another Arctiid moth: (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9 heneicosatriene.
    Notes: Abstract Les analyses physico-chimiques d'extraits hexaniques de glandes à phéromone de femelles vierges de T. jacobaeae, associées à des études du comportement sexuel et à l'électroantennographie, ont permis d'identifier le composé majoritaire (98%) comme étant l'époxy-9S,10R-(Cis)-hénéicosadiène-3Z,6Z (no 1) et de déterminer sa configuration absolue. Les analogies entre les spectres du composé no 2 (1,5%) et ceux de l'époxy-9S,10R éicosadiène-3Z,6Z de synthèse nous conduisent à proposer cette structure pour ce constituant minoritaire. Le troisième produit (0,5%) possède les caractéristiques physico-chimiques de l'hénéicosatriène-3Z,6Z,9Z (no 3). Les produits 1 et 3 ont déjà été identifiés comme constituants de phéromones d'Arctiidae tandis que le produit 2 est décrit ici pour la première fois dans une sécrétion phéromonale de Lépidoptère.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00364200
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    Competition between Trieces tricarinatus and Triclistus yponomeutae in multiparasitized hosts (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 47 (1988), S. 289-295 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: competition ; multiparasitization ; parasitoid ; physical attack ; Trieces tricarinatus ; Triclistus yponomeutae ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; Yponomeuta vigintipunctatus ; Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La compétition entre les deux ichneumonides endoparasitoïdes solitaires Trieces tricarinatus Grav. et Triclistus yponomeutae Aeschl. a été examinée en élevant et disséquant des Yponomeuta vigintipunctatus Retz. attaqués le même jour par les deux parasitoïdes. Les résultats des dissections des hôtes multiattaqués ont été comparés à ceux des hôtes attaqués par un seul parasite, pour séparer la mortalité ou l'absence de parasitoïde provoquées par la compétition à celles dues à d'autres facteurs. On a constaté qu'un seul parasite était capable d'achever son développement. Dès que l'hôte était nymphosé et que les deux parasitoïdes étaient au premier stade larvaire, une des larves tuait sa compétitrice. Pour une fraction importante des larves éliminées, il a été possible de montrer qu'elles avaient été tuées par une aggression physique, pour les autres ce mode d'élimination était vraisemblable. L'espèce de parasitoïde qui survit dépend du nombre de jours entre la ponte des ichneumonides et la nymphose de l'hôte. Ce délai détermine le degré de développment des parasitoïdes et le moment réel de la compétition. Probablement, T. tricarinatus est le seul à survivre lorsque la nymphose de l'hôte a lieu avant l'éclosion des oeufs de T. yponomeutae.
    Notes: Abstract Competition between the solitary endoparasitoids Trieces tricarinatus (Gravenhorst) and Triclistus yponomeutae Aeschlimann (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) results in the survival of one or the other of them. Once the host, Yponomeuta vigintipunctatus (Retzius) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) has pupated and both parasitoids have completed their development to first instar larvae, one of the parasitoid larvae kills the other. Which of the parasitoids survives depends on the number of days between parasitization and pupation. As a result of their type of development, this period determines the extent of development of the parasitoids at the moment of actual competition. Apparently, T. tricarinatus survives only if pupation of the host occurs before egg hatching of T. yponomeutae.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00352216
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    Survival and development of Pieris brassicae larvae upon application of sublethal doses of chlordimeform (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 48 (1988), S. 149-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Formamidines ; chlordimeform ; Lepidoptera ; behaviour ; starvation ; survival ; development ; sublethal control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les chenilles de troisième et cinquième stades de P. brassicae L. ont reçu une application superficielle de chlordiméforme, insecticide à la formamidine. Les doses inférieures à 335 μg/g ont été sublétales, provoquant plusieurs formes d'excitation. Bien que leur comportement soit redevenu normal en 24 heures, les troisièmes stades traités ont eu leur développement retardé et une mortalité accrue. Le traitement des chenilles plus âgées a eu moins d'effets. Une relation est suggérée entre ces observations et le régime alimentaire de cet insecte; une réduction de l'alimentation, plus importante chez les chenilles de troisième que de cinquième stade de P. brassicae, accompagne le début des altérations du comportement provoquées par le chlordiméforme. La discussion porte sur le mécanisme de contrôle sublétal du chlordiméforme, impliquant des effects immédiats et retardés.
    Notes: Abstract Larvae of the large cabbage white butterfly, Pieris brassicae L. are important pests of cruciferous crops. Third and fifth instars were treated topically with sublethal doses of the formamidine pesticide chlordimeform. A number of excitable actions were induced but they did not persist beyond 24 hours. Following the initial period, however, subsequent development was delayed and mortality increased, particularly when third instars were treated. Dosing fifth-instar larvae caused few further deaths. A link is suggested between these results and the nutritional status of the insects, and they are discussed in terms of how they might contribute towards control.
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    The disruption of aggregation behaviour in Pieris brassicae larvae by chlordimeform (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 48 (1988), S. 141-147 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; aggregation behaviour ; feeding ; chlordimeform ; crop protection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Un des effets sublétaux du chlordiméforme, insecticide formamidine, est une réduction de la prise de nourriture, par suite de l'altération du comportement. Celle-ci implique une action stimulant l'activité locomotrice du quatrième stade de P. brassicae L., moins sensible aux effets sur l'alimentation. Le but de ce travail est d'examiner comment le chlordiméforme agit sur le comportement des chenilles du second stade. Des chenilles sur des feuilles trempées dans le chlordiméforme (10-6 à 10-2) sont vite excitées, leur déplacements s'accélèrent et les groupements formés sont tous instables, l'alimentation y étant généralement éphémère. L'excitation se réduit au bout de 24 heures, le groupements se reforment, et l'alimentation reprend, bien que pour les concentrations ≥10-4 M, les chenilles aient été encore dispersées entre 24 et 30 heures, au moment où elles commençaient à s'alimenter sur les résidus de chlordiméforme. La perturbation de la concentration des chenilles sur des disques témoins a montré une relation directe entre la taille du groupe et le taux de croissance larvaire. Nous en avons conclu que chez les espèces de lépidoptères qui consomment groupées, une interaction avec l'agrégation larvaire contribue significativement à l'effet du chlordiméforme sur l'alimentation. La discussion porte sur les conséquences pour la croissance et la survie larvaire, particulièrement en ce qui concerne l'installation des chenilles néonates.
    Notes: Abstract The behavioural basis for the reduction in feeding caused by the formamidine pesticide chlordimeform was investigated in second-instar larvae of the large cabbage white butterfly, Pieris brassicae L. Normally, these caterpillars feed communally. On chlordimeform-dipped leaves (10-6 M–10-2 M) they rapidly became excited, locomotion increased and only unstable aggregations formed in which any feeding was usually transient. Over 24 h excitation declined, aggregations re-formed and feeding was resumed. However, between 24 and 30 h, on leaves treated with chlordimeform solutions of 10-4 M or greater, larvae dispersed again. By altering the density of larvae on control discs a direct link was revealed between clump size and larval growth rates. It is concluded that, in species which feed gregariously, interference with larval aggregation contributes significantly to chlordimeform's effects on feeding and its involvement in a sublethal control mechanism in the field is discussed.
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    Specificity of male response to multicomponent pheromones in noctuid mothsTrichoplusia ni andPseudoplusia includens (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 47-57 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Pseudoplusia includens ; Trichoplusia ni ; multicomponent pheromone blends ; sustained-flight tunnel ; behavioral thresholds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The response of male cabbage looper (CL) and soybean iooper (SBL) moths was observed in the flight tunnel and measured in field tests to the six-component CL pheromone, the five-component SBL pheromone, and toZ7–12: OAc, the major component common to each pheromone. In both the flight tunnel and the field, male CL exhibited significantly greater levels of response to their six-component blend than toZ7–12: OAc alone. A low level of cross-attraction of male CL to the SBL pheromone was observed in both the flight tunnel and the field, but it was quantitatively and qualitatively similar to their response toZ7–12: OAc alone. Thus the minor components of the SBL blend did not appear to disrupt the flight behavior of male CL. With respect to SBL, in the flight tunnel males also exhibited a greater level of response to the five-component blend compared toZ7–12: OAc, but in the field their response was not significantly different to either treatment. There was also a low level of cross-attraction of male SBL to the CL blend, but this appeared to involve a significant arrestment effect on the upwind flight of males, as well as a difference in male sensitivity to the blend of components compared withZ7–12: OAc alone. The observed arrestment effect may have been due to male perception of one or more minor components of the CL pheromone. The results show that the multicomponent pheromones of these species function effectively as specific mating signals and that discrimination of odor quality by male moths can occur as the result of minor components affecting male sensitivity or their upwind flight response to the pheromone.
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    Response of generalist and specialist insects to qualitative allelochemical variation (1988)
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    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 319-334 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Iridoid glycoside ; Junonia coenia ; Lymantria dispar ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; Lymantriidae ; induction ; insect-plant interaction ; generalist herbivore ; specialist herbivore
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We examined the effects of a set of four biosynthetically related iridoid glycosides, aucubin, catalpol, loganin, and asperuloside, on larvae of a generalist,Lymantria dispar (Lymantriidae), the gypsy moth, and an adapted specialist, the buckeye,Junonia coenia (Nymphalidae). In general,L. dispar grew and survived significantly less well on artificial diets containing iridoid glycoside, compared to a control diet without iridoid glycosides. In choice tests, previous exposure to a diet containing iridoid glycosides caused larvae subsequently to prefer iridoid glycoside-containing diets even though they were detrimental to growth and survival. In contrast,J coenia larvae grew and survived better on diets with aucubin and catalpol, the two iridoid glycosides found in the host plantPlantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae), than on diets with no iridoid glycoside or with loganin and asperuloside. The results of choice tests of diets with and without iridoid glycosides and between diets with different iridoid glycosides reflected these differences as well. These results are discussed in terms of (1) differences between generalists and specialists in their response to qualitative variation in plant allelochemical content, (2) the induction of feeding preferences, and (3) the evolution of qualitative allelochemical variation as a plant defense.
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    Pheromone biosynthesis in lepidoptera (1988)
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    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 2019-2031 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; desaturases ; pheromone ; enzymes ; detergents ; fatty acids ; biosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Pheromone components for many lepidopteran species are produced by the use of unique chain-shortening and Δ9, Δ10, and Δ11 desaturase systems. Correlations in the Tortricidae indicate that the pheromone components derived from Δ9 and Δ01 desaturases are found in the more primitive species (those possessing morphological plesiomorphies). The precise blend ofZ andE acetates in a number of species is regulated in the final reduction sequence from acyl intermediates. Preliminary research has been conducted on the characterization of the various desaturase enzymes used and on the important blend regulating sequence. Initial purification work on the Δ11 desaturase enzyme found in the cabbage looper moth is reported.
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    Selected factors influencing neurohormonal regulation of sex pheromone production inHeliothis species (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 2063-2069 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Heliothis zea ; Heliothis phloxiphaga ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; neuropeptide hormone ; mating ; host plant factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Sex pheromone production and release in females ofHeliothis species exhibit a diel periodicity. Phermone production is controlled by a hormone, the pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN). Release of PBAN to activate pheromone production follows a circadian rhythm. InH. zea females, mating terminates pheromone production. An unidentified hemolymph-borne factor is transferred from the male to the female during mating. It is speculated that this factor interacts with the release mechanism of PBAN to prevent further production of the pheromone following mating. Wild females ofH. phloxiphaga (reared from larvae collected in the field) did not produce or release the sex pheromone unless kept in association with the host plant. Pheromone production could be induced in these females by the injection of PBAN. It is suggested that a signal from the host plant is essential to trigger the release of PBAN to induce pheromone production.
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    Properties of cuticular oxidases used for sex pheromone biosynthesis byHeliothis zea (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 2131-2145 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone biosynthesis ; cuticle ; alcohol oxidase ; alcohol ; aldehyde ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; enzyme
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Biosynthesis of the aldehydic sex pheromone components released by females ofHeliothis zea was found to be catalyzed by primary alcohol oxidases residing in the cuticle that covers the glands. Activity, as indicated by conversion of primary alcohol to aldehyde, was as high in cell-free cuticle as it was in intact pheromone glands. Studies indicated that some activity was associated with the surface of the epicuticle and could be removed, into buffer, by sonication. However, the majority of activity lies within the inner epicuticle and exo- and endocuticular layers. The oxidase was not functional in pharate pupae that did not have mature adult cuticle but became functional just prior to adult emergence. The enzyme in individual glands was saturated at alcohol concentrations above 100 n. moles. Nonionic detergents did not affect the activity of the oxidase in the cuticle but treatment with either 7 M urea or 1% SDS resulted in total loss of activity. Studies on the effect of pH indicated an optimum at 6.4; however, activity was high throughout the range of 5–9. The oxidase was functional in both dichloromethane and hexane, suggesting that this enzyme system may have applications for organic synthesis of aldehydes.
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    The influence of dietaryβ-carboline alkaloids on growth rate, food consumption, and food utilization of larvae ofSpodoptera exigua (Hubner) (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 475-484 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: β-Carboline alkaloids ; harman ; harmins ; Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) ; beet armyworm ; antifeedant ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract β-Carboline alkaloids are found worldwide in many plant families. Harman, harmine, and other simple β-carboline alkaloids were tested for activity against a generalist phytophagous insect, the beet army worm [Spodoptera exigua (Hubner)]. Chronic dietary exposure tests (neonate to pupa) reveal potent antifeedant and possible toxic effects. Acute dietary exposure tests on fifth-instar larvae also demonstrate antifeedant activity.
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    Male confusion of the nun moth with disparlure at high and low population densities (1988)
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    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 537-547 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lymantria monacha ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; pheromone communication ; mating disruption ; disparlure ; slow-release formulations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The feasibility of using the synthetic sex pheromone, disparlure, as a mating confusant of the nun moth (Lymantria monacha L.) was investigated on wild populations occurring in outbreak proportions in Poland and in low density in Czechoslovakia. The size of experimental plots ranged from 1 to 12 hectares. The amounts of pheromone applied were 10 or 20 g/hectare. Three types of slow-release formulations of a racemic mixture of disparlure were tested: (1) a spray formulation with latex as a carrier, (2) a tubing of natural rubber, and (3) sawdust of a porous material used for making tips of fiber-tip pens. All three pheromone formulations prevented significant numbers (98.6–100% in the low density situation, 90–96.2% during the outbreak) of the males from locating a discrete source of pheromone (a trap containing synthetic pheromone or a female) during the whole flight period, indicating long-lasting efficiency of the formulations.
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    Responses of male codling moths (Laspeyresia pomonella) to codlemone and other alcohols in a wind tunnel (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 797-813 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Codling moth ; Laspeyresia pomonella ; Lepidoptera ; Tortrici-dae ; codlemone ; sex pheromone ; parapheromones ; inhibitors ; olefinic alcohols ; wind tunnel ; orientation flight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The primary pheromone (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (I, codle-mone), 11 further alcohols, and binary blends of both were evaluated for attractiveness as defined by the percentage ofL. pomonella males showing oriented upwind flight terminated by landing at the source within 10 min after release. Sources of I were attractive from 10−5 μg to 101 μg, with approx. 70% males responding at 10−3−10−1 μg. Most other alcohols also showed attractiveness, but the dose-response curves differed greatly with respect to the range of effective lure doses as well as the maximum response level reached at any dose. (E,E)-7,9-Undecadien-1-ol (III) revealed a dose-response curve similar in shape to I but shifted towards higher concentrations. (E,E)-8,10-Tridecadien-1-ol (II) and (E)-8,10-undecadien-1-ol (IV) exhibited threshold values of 10−5 μg (same as for I) and were effective over, respectively, seven and nine decades of source load, but they did not reach a response level of 40% at any test amount. (E)-9,11-Dodecadien-1-ol (VI) and the monoenes (E)-8-, (E)-10-, and (Z)-10-dodecen-1-ol (VIII-X) showed weak attractivity restricted to one to three test doses. Upwind approaches that broke off a few centimeters from the source were rarely seen in tests with I but frequently occurred with some of the analogs. When combined with 10−3 μg of I, all alcohol analogs showed “inhibitory” properties, although the amounts required to obtain a significant lowering of response differed by up to 105-fold. This amount was the lowest (10−4 μg) for the positional isomer VI, and the highest (101 μg) for undecan-1-ol (XI) and dodecan-1-ol (XII). With some mixtures, the presence of the inhibitor appeared to cause an alteration in landing behavior. No synergistic effects were seen in these tests. The results are briefly considered with respect to the sensory perception of the test stimuli and the involvement of minor components in the female pheromone blend.
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    Chemical trail marking and following by caterpillars ofMalacosoma neustria (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 815-824 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trail pheromones ; trail marking ; 5β-cholestane-3,24-dione ; tent caterpillars ; Malacosoma nuestria L. ; Lepidoptera ; Lasiocampidae ; recruitment ; leader-follower behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Chemical trail marking and following by gregarious caterpillars,Malacosoma neustria L. (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae), was studied in the laboratory. As in other species ofMalacosoma, larvae deposit a trail pheromone from a sternal secretory site when searching the host for food. Larvae in the vanguard of foraging columns establish chemical trails as they explore new territory. Marking behavior diminishes as successive unfed foragers utilize the trail. These exploratory trails are subsequently overmarked by fed larvae returning to the tent. Other foragers follow the trails of fed larvae in preference to trails of unfed larvae. Thus, like the eastern tent caterpillar,M. americanum, successful foragers ofM. neustria recruit colony-mates to feeding sites. The chemical activity of both recruitment and exploratory trails degrades slowly, suggesting that the trail pheromone ofM. neustria is a nonvolatile substance. Caterpillars ofM. neustria readily follow the nonvolatile trail pheromone which has been identified fromM. americanum, 5β-cholestane-3,24-dione.
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    Sex pheromone biosynthesis of (E,E)-8,10-dodecadienol in codling mothCydia pomonella involvesE9 desaturation (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 903-915 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Cydia pomonella ; biosynthesis ; palmitic acid ; (E)-9-dodecenoic acid ; (E,E)-8,10-dodecadienol ; E9 desaturation ; capillary gas chromatography ; deuterium ; labeled precursors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Sex pheromone biosynthesis in the codling mothCydia pomonella (Lepidoptera; Tortricidae) was studied by topical application of deuterated fatty acids in DMSO to pheromone glands. The incorporation of deuterium label into fatty acids and alcohols in the pheromone gland was monitored by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection and mass spectrometry in the selected ion monitoring mode. Dodecanol, (E)-9-dodecenol, (E,E)-8,10-dodecadienol, tetradecanol, and hexadecanol were found in gland extracts. The application of [12,12,12-2H3]dodecanoic acid resulted in labeled dodecanol, (E)-9-dodecenol, and (E,E)-8,10-dodecadienol, as well as the corresponding labeled acids. No label was incorporated into tetradecanol or hexadecanol or any acid with more than 12 carbon atoms. The application of labeled tetradecanoic or hexadecanoic acid introduced label not only into the 12-carbon alcohols, but also into tetradecanol, or tetradecanol and hexadecanol, respectively. The application of (E)-[11, 11,12,12,12,-2H5]9-dodecen-oic acid, whose facile synthesis is described, resulted in labeled (E)-9-do-decenol and (E,E)-8,10-dodecadienol. The (E,E)-8,10-dodecadienol so produced was characterized by an ion atm/z 186, equivalent to [M]+ of a dienol labeled with four deuterons. Thus, one deuterium label is lost when the labeled (E)-9-monoene is converted to the (E,E)-8,10-diene. We conclude that (E,E)-8,10-dodecadienol is synthesized by chain shortening (β-oxidation) of palmitic acid to dodecanoic acid, followed by an unusualE9 desaturation and subsequent conversion of this intermediate into the conjugated precursor, which is finally reduced to the pheromone alcohol. The evolutionary significance ofE9 desaturation being responsible for pheromone production in an Olethreutinae species is discussed.
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    Identification of a male-produced pheromone ofAnticarsia gemmatalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae) attractive to conspecific males (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 1121-1130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Anticarsia gemmatalis ; velvetbean caterpillar ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; attractant ; pheromone ; hairpencils ; (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-heneicosatriene ; male-produced pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Observations in the laboratory and in the field indicated that maleAnticarsia gemmatalis (Hübner), the velvetbean caterpillar (VBC), are attracted to conspecific courting males. Male VBC subsequently were found to be attracted to extracts of male abdominal tips including the extrudable hairpencils. The active chemical in these extracts was identified as (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-heneicosatriene, which is also one of the major components of the female VBC sex pheromone. Male VBC in a wind tunnel and in the field exhibited a bimodal response distribution to a range of ratios of the (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-heneicosatriene and (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-eicosatriene, with one maximum at the pure heneicosatriene alone and the other at the 60∶40 female blend. This demonstrates that the male response to the male hairpencil component is distinct from that to the female sex pheromone.
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    Multivariate analysis of the correlation between noctuidae subfamilies and the chemical structure of their sex pheromones or male attractants (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 1187-1215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex attractants ; sex pheromones ; correspondence analysis ; chemotaxonomy ; multidimensional analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Female-emitted pheromones and sex attractants of Noctuidae were investigated using a specific computer procedure to analyze data collected from the literature. Correspondence analysis was used to survey the structure-activity relationships of sex pheromones in seven subfamilies. Structural, stereochemical, and functional features of active molecules were related to taxonomy. This multidimensional analysis revealed that the prevalent chemical frame of noctuid moth pheromones was a monounsaturated acetate withZ stereochemistry and a double bond on the fifth carbon closest to the nonfunctional branch of the molecule. Possible phylogenetic relationships within Noctuidae and between Noctuidae and other families are discussed in light of the sex pheromone biochemistry. Female sex pheromones appeared to be an additional character to be considered in the classification of noctuid moths.
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    Beneficial arthropod behavior mediated by airborne semiochemicals (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 1583-1596 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Microplitis demolitor ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Biological control ; artificial diet ; preflight behavior ; wind tunnels ; oviposition ; age ; chemosensory receptors ; chilling pupae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Heliothis zea (Boddie) larvae fed cowpea seedlings produced volatile semiochemicals to whichMicroplitis demolitor Wilkinson responded in a wind tunnel. However, mostM. demolitor females reared fromH. zea larvae fed an artificial diet were not responsive at emergence to the same volatile semiochemicals. A preflight contact with frass fromH. zea fed cowpea was needed to stimulate a response of sustained flight in a wind tunnel. The most consistent flight response was 7–10 days postemergence. Response resulting from both antennal and ovipositor contact with host frass during preflight stimulation was no better than from antennal contact alone. Chilling the parasitoid pupae rendered most of the emerging females unresponsive to volatile semiochemicals.
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    Influence ofHeliothis virescens sex pheromone dispensers on captures ofH. zea males in pheromone traps relative to distance and wind direction (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 265-276 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Tobacco budworm ; cotton bollworm ; Heliothis virescens ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; virelure ; trapping ; pheromone interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Evaluations conducted by placingHeliothis virescens (F.) sex pheromone (virelure) dispensers at different distances in the predominant downwind and upwind directions fromHeliothis zea (Boddie) pheromone traps indicated that reductions inH. zea male captures were greatest relative to distance when theH. zea traps were located downwind from the virelure dispensers than when the traps were located upwind. When operating traps for both species at the same site, the influence of virelure dispensers on captures inH. zea pheromone traps would be minimized by placing theH. zea traps upwind of theH. virescens traps and, if wind direction is variable, the traps should be spaced at least 75 m apart.
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    Cardenolide content and thin-layer chromatography profiles of monarch butterflies,Danaus plexippus L., and their larval host-plant milkweed,Asclepias asperula subsp.Capricornu (woods.) woods., in north central Texas (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 295-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Asclepias asperula ; milkweed ; Asclepiadaceae ; Danaus plexippus ; monarch butterfly ; Lepidoptera ; Danaidae ; Oncopeltus ; Hemiptera ; Lygaeidae ; cardenolide ; cardiac glycoside ; digitoxin ; chemical ecology ; chemotaxonomy ; chemical defense ; ecological chemistry ; thin-layer chromatography ; plant-insect interactions ; coevolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This paper is the second in a series on cardenolide fingerprinting of monarch butterflies and their host-plant milkweeds in the eastern United States. Spectrophotometric determinations of the gross cardenolide content ofAsclepias asperula plants in north central Texas indicated wide variation ranging from 341 to 1616 μg/0.1 g dry weight. The mean plant cardenolide concentration (886 μg/0.1 g) is the highest for any milkweed species on which monarch cardenolide profiles have been produced. Forty-one butterflies reared individually on these plants contained a skewed distribution of cardenolide concentrations ranging from 231 to 515 μg/0. 1 g dry weight with a mean of 363μg/0.1 g. The uptake of cardenolide by the butterflies was independent of plant concentration, suggesting that saturation occurs in cardenolide sequestration by monarchs when feeding on cardenolide-rich host-plants. Female monarchs contained significantly greater mean cardenolide concentrations (339 μg/0.1 g) than did males (320 μg/0.1 g). The mean dry weight of the male butterflies (0.211 g) was significantly greater than the female mean (0.191) so that the mean total cardenolide contents of males (675 fig) and females (754 μg) were not significantly different. Butterfly size was not significantly correlated to butterfly cardenolide concentration when differences due to sex and individual host-plant concentration were removed. Thin-layer chrornatograms of 24 individual plant-butterfly pairs developed in two solvent systems resolved 22 individual spots in the plants and 15 in the butterflies.A. asperula plants appear to contain several relatively nonpolar cardenolides of the calotropagenin series which are metabolized to more polar derivatives in the butterflies. Quantitative evaluation of theR f values, spot intensities, and probabilities of occurrence in the chloroform-methanol-formamide TLC system produced a cardenolide fingerprint clearly distinct from those previously established for monarchs reared on otherAsclepias species. Our data support the use of fingerprints to make ecological predictions concerning larval host-plant utilization.A. asperula subsp.capricornu andA. viridis Walt, are the predominant early spring milkweeds throughout most of the south central United States. Cardenolide-rich monarchs reared on these two species may be instrumental in establishing and reinforcing visual avoidance of adults by naive predators throughout their spring and summer breeding cycle in eastern North America.
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    Chemical studies of proteins that degrade pheromones (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 2033-2046 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cyclopropanation ; cyclopropanol ; enzyme inhibitor ; pheromone analog ; vinyl ketone ; Heliothis virescens ; Plutella xylostella ; α-fluoroaldehyde ; (Z)-11-hexadecenal ; (Z)-9-tetradecenal ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Plutellidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Aldehyde components of lepidopterous pheromones are converted to carboxylic acids by aldehyde oxidizing enzymes (AOEs) that are present at high levels in antennal tissues of adult moths. The AOEs may include O2-requiring aldehyde oxidases as well as nucleotide-cofactor-requiring aldehyde dehydrogenases. Three classes of inhibitors were synthesized and examined in vitro for AOE inhibition usingHeliothis virescens antennae: (1) cyclopropanols, (2) α-fluorinated aldehydes, and (3) α,β-unsaturated carbonyls. First, cyclopropanated analogs of (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11–16∶A1), a common unsaturated aldehyde component of many species' pheromone blends, were synthesized as isosteric pheromone analogs and as potential inhibitors of the moth AOEs. NMR assignments are reported for thecis- andtrans-cyclopropanols. Cyclopropanols appear to act as oxidase-activated AOE inhibitors, perhaps via the unstable cyclopropanones. Second, α-fluoro and α,α-difluoro substituted analogs ofZ9–14∶A1 were synthesized and shown to be modest inhibitors of both the alcohol oxidase and AOE activities. Finally, the most potent inhibitors were α,β-unsaturated carbonyl mimics of theZ11–16∶A1. The α-methylene aldehyde was 1000-fold less effective than the vinyl ketoneZ1,11–16∶3-oxo. This inhibition appears irreversible and is postulated to involve electrophilic modification of an active site sulfur nucleophile.
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    Components of female sex pheromone of spotted bollworm,Earias vittella F. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Identification and field evaluation in Pakistan (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 929-945 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Spotted bollworm ; Earias vittella ; spiny bollworm ; Earias insulana ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; gas chromatography ; electroantennography ; pheromone traps ; hexadecanal ; (Z)-11-hexadecenal ; (E,E)-10,12-hexadecadienal ; (Z,E)-10,12-hexadecadienal ; (E,Z)-10,12-hexadecadienal ; octadecanal ; (Z)-11-octadecenal ; (E,E)-10,12-hexadecadien-1-ol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ovipositor washings from virgin femaleEarias vittella (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) moths were examined by gas chromatography (GC) linked to electroantennography (EAG). Six components were detected by the male moth. These were identified by comparison of their retention times with those of a range of synthetic standards on fused silica capillary GC columns as hexadecanal, (Z)-11-hexadecenal, (E,E)-10,12-hexadecadienal, octadecanal, (Z)-11-octadecenal, and (E,E)-10,12-hexadecadien-1-ol in 1∶2∶10∶2∶4∶1 ratio. Field testing in Pakistan showed that a 2∶10∶2 mixture of (Z)-11-hexadecenal, (E,E)-10,12-hexadecadienal, and (Z)-11-octadecenal was as attractive to maleE. vittella moths as the six-component mixture and equal in attractiveness to a virgin female moth. Omitting (Z)-11-hexadecenal or (Z)-11-octadecenal greatly reduced this attractiveness. It was found that synthetic lures must be protected from sunlight to prevent loss of attractiveness caused by isomerization of the conjugated diene aldehyde, and addition of (E,Z)-10,12-hexadecadienal, one of the products of isomerization, was shown to reduce attractiveness significantly. During this work, a 10∶1 mixture of (E,E)-10, 12-hexadecadienal and (Z)-11-hexadecenal was shown to be as attractive toE. insulana (Boisd.) male moths as a virgin female moth, and the attractiveness of this mixture was further increased by addition of (E,Z)-10,12-hexadecadienal.
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    Haloacetate analogs of pheromones: Effects on catabolism and electrophysiology inPlutella xylostella (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 1003-1021 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Haloacetate ; pheromone analog ; catabolic protein ; EAG ; Plutella xylostella ; Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae ; inhibition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A series of mono-, di-, and trihalogenated acetate analogs of Zl 1–16: Ac were prepared and examined for electrophysiological activity in antennae of males of the diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella. In addition, two potential affinity labels, a diazoacetate (Dza) and a trifluoromethyl ketone (Tfp), were evaluated for EAG activity. The Z11–16∶Ac showed the highest activity in EAG assays, followed by the fluorinated acetates, but other halo-acetates were essentially inactive. The polar diazoacetate and the trifluoromethyl ketone were also very weak EAG stimulants. The effects of these analogs on the hydrolysis of [3H]Z11–16∶Ac to [3H]Z11–16∶OH by antennal esterases was also examined. The three fluorinated acetates showed the greatest activity as inhibitors in competition assays, with rank order F2Ac 〉 F3Ac 〉 FAc 〉 Ac 〉 Cl2Ac 〉 ClAc 〉 Dza 〉 Br2Ac 〉 BrAc 〉 Tfp 〉 I 〉 Cl3Ac 〉 Br3Ac 〉 OH. The relative polarities of the haloacetates, as determined by TLC mobility, are in the order mono- 〉 di- 〉 trihalo, but F, Cl, Br, and I all confer similar polarities within a substitution group. Thus, the steric size appears to be the predominant parameter affecting the interactions of the haloacetate analogs with both receptor and catabolic proteins inP. xylostella males.
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    Butenolides in small ermine moths,Yponomeuta spp. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae), and spindle-tree,Euonymus europaeus (Celastraceae) (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 1099-1111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Yponomeuta spp. ; Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae ; host plants ; Euonymus europaeus ; Celastraceae ; butenolides ; siphonodin ; isosiphonodin ; plant-insect relationship ; chemical defense ; small ermine moth ; spindle-tree
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A new butenolide, isosiphonodin [3-hydroxymethyl-2(5H)-furanone], along with a trace of siphonodin [4-hydroxymethyl-2(5H)-furanone], was isolated from fifth-instar larvae of the small ermine mothYponomeuta cagnagellus. Leaves of its host plant spindle-tree,Euonymus europaeus, were found to contain the same two butenolides with siphonodin being present as the major compound. TLC showed that isosiphonodin was also present in larvae or pupae of six other small ermine moths which did not feed on spindle-tree. InY. cagnagellus butenolides might be plant derived, while isosiphonodin in the other investigated small ermine moths is probably synthesized by the insect. The possible role of butenolides in the chemical defense of small ermine moths is discussed.
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    Analogs of sex pheromone of processionary moth,Thaumetopoea pityocampa: Synthesis and biological activity (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 1331-1346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; inhibition ; synergism ; processionary moth ; Thaumetopoea pityocampa ; Lepidoptera ; Thaumetopoeidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The synthesis and biological activity of some analogs of (Z)-13-hexadecen-11-ynyl acetate1, the major component of the sex pheromone of the processionary mothThaumetopoea pityocampa is described. The analogs have been formally derived by structural modification of the enyne and acetate functions of the parent compound1. In field tests, trifluoroacetate ester16 and the analog,11, with fluorine substitution at the olefin site, decreased the pheromone action, whereas epoxy derivative,10, from epoxidation of the olefin moiety in1, and propionate ester15 gave synergistic activity. The formate14 had a variable effect according to the composition of the lure. Formal reduction of the enyne to give the acetylene2 was found to retain activity. Alcohols12 and13, resulting from hydrolysis of the enyne1 and acetylene2, respectively, inhibited the action of their parent compounds.
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    MINDO/SR calculations of nickel surface properties as a function of hydrogen coverage (1988)
    Springer
    Theoretical chemistry accounts 74 (1988), S. 137-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2234
    Keywords: MINDO/SR ; Nickel ; Hydrogen ; Surface ; Coverage ; Work function ; Magnetism ; Heat of adsorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The MINDO/SR method is used to study surface properties such as the work function, heat of adsorption and magnetic moment as a function of hydrogen coverage. A good correlation between theory and experiment is found. Furthermore, a qualitative analysis of surface geometry changes due to hydrogen chemisorption is presented.
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    Distributional pattern of oxytocin- and vasopressin-immunoreactivity in the neurohypophysis of the Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus) (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 677-681 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurohypophysis ; Hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system ; Vasopressin ; Oxytocin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Phodopus sungorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The topography of oxytocin (OT)- and vasopressin (VP)-containing axons of the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system was studied in the neurohypophysis of the Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus) by means of immunohistochemistry. Compared with other mammalian species, the neurohypophysis of Phodopus shows some peculiarities. Accumulations of OT-immunoreactivity around the distal vessels of the primary portal plexus can be observed in the distal median eminence and neural stem. This staining pattern indicates that OT is secreted into portal blood. In the neural lobe, OT- and VP-immunopositive fibers terminate in different areas. The vast majority of the OT-containing axons is distributed in the dorsal part of the neural lobe. In contrast, VP-containing axons are mainly found in the centre of the neural lobe up to the pars intermedia.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219760
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    Immunoreactivity to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and thyreotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in hypothalamic neurons of the domesticated pigeon (Columba livia). Alterations following lactation and exposure to cold (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 485-494 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunohistochemistry ; Light microscopy ; Neuroendocrine regulation ; Neuropeptides ; Columba livia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of VIP- and TRH-immunoreactivity in neurons and processes within the hypothalamus of the pigeon was investigated with light-microscopic immunocytochemical techniques. Most of the VIP-containing neurons are concentrated in the middle and caudal parts of the hypothalamus, with the greatest concentration of perikarya occurring in the medial and lateral part of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus and the infundibular nucleus. These cells give rise to axons that seem to extend into the median eminence. An extensive network of VIP-immunoreactive fibers and varicosities occupy the external layer of the median eminence. The majority of TRH-containing neurons is found in the anterior hypothalamus with the greatest concentration of cells in the magnocellular preoptic, medial preoptic, suprachiasmatic and paraventricular nuclei. TRH-immunoreactive fibers and varicosities form a dense arborization in the external layer of the median eminence. Lactation seems to induce substantial changes in VIP as well as in TRH-immunostaining in the median eminence and other hypothalamic regions as compared to control, sexually active animals. Furthermore, TRH-immunoreactivity decreased in the median eminence following 60-min exposure to cold. These results suggest that VIP- and TRH-containing pathways in the pigeon hypothalamus are involved in the mediation of neuroendocrine responses.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215858
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    Distribution of GABAergic perikarya and terminals in the centers of the higher auditory pathway of the chicken (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 252 (1988), S. 99-106 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) ; Glutamic acid decarboxylase ; Immunohistochemistry ; Auditory system ; Chicken (White Leghorn)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of presumed GABAergic neurons and axon terminals in nuclei of the higher auditory pathway of the chicken was investigated by immunocytochemical methods employing antisera to the rate-limiting enzyme of GABA synthesis, glutamic acid decarboxylase, and to GABA. In the mesencephalic auditory center (MLD) about 20% of the cells reveal immunoreactivity. In contrast, the thalamic relay station nucleus ovoidalis is devoid of immunostained somata. This nucleus contains a high density of punctate immunoreactive structures presumed to be GABAergic axon terminals. In the auditory forebrain center field L and the auditory portions of the hyperstriatum ventrale, up to 8% of the cells were immunopositive. These neurons were significantly smaller than estimated from measurements of the overall cell population in these nuclei. From the two-dimensional arrangement of immunopositive neurons it is suggested that the GABAergic system in the avian auditory telencephalon consists of two separate groups of neurons: one subgroup mediating local inhibitory interactions, the other responsible for lateral inhibition between different frequency representations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213830
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    Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural localisation of peptide-containing nerves and myocardial cells in the human atrial appendage (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 155-166 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuronal markers ; Neuropeptides ; Immunohistochemistry ; Heart innervation ; Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The innervation and myocardial cells of the human atrial appendage were investigated by means of immunocytochemical and ultrastructural techniques using both tissue sections and whole mount preparations. A dense innervation of the myocardium, blood vessels and endocardium was revealed with antisera to general neuronal (protein gene product 9.5 and synaptophysin) and Schwann cell markers (S-100). The majority of nerve fibres possessed neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity and were found associated with myocardial cells, around small arteries and arterioles at the adventitial-medial border and forming a plexus in the endocardium. Subpopulations of nerve fibres displayed immunoreactivity for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, somatostatin, substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide. In whole-mount preparations of endocardium, substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivities were found to coexist in the same varicose nerve terminals. Ultrastructural studies revealed the presence of numerous varicose terminals associated with myocardial, vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells. Neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity was localised to large electron-dense secretory vesicles in nerve terminals which also contained numerous small vesicles. Atrial natriuretic peptide immunoreactivity occurred exclusively in myocardial cells where it was localised to large secretory vesicles. The human atrial appendage comprises a neuroendocrine complex of peptidecontaining nerves and myocardial cells producing ANP.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220029
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    GABA-like immunoreactivity of identified interneurons in the flight system of the locust, Locusta migratoria (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 331-340 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: GABA ; Interneurons ; Flight ; Immunohistochemistry ; Locusta migratoria (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The transmitter content of identified inhibitory interneurons in the flight system of the locust, Locusta migratoria, has been characterized using antibodies raised against protein-conjugated gamma aminobutyric acid. Identified flight neurons were filled with the fluorescent dye, Lucifer Yellow. Serial sections of dye-filled neurons were incubated with an antibody to gamma aminobutyric acid which was subsequently tagged with a fluorescent marker. Excitatory motoneurons to wing muscles and 13 flight interneurons (3 excitatory, 7 inhibitory, and 3 with unknown synaptic effect) were examined. Neither the moto-neurons nor any of the 3 excitatory interneurons contained immunoreactive material. Six of the 7 inhibitory interneurons did contain immunoreactive material. All the neurons which contained immunoreactive material and whose synaptic effect is known were inhibitory. We conclude that most of the inhibitory flight interneurons which have been described use gamma aminobutyric acid as their transmitter. Interestingly, at least 1 set of interneurons known to be inhibitory does not use gamma aminobutyric acid. We predict that the 2 interneurons which do contain immunoreactive material and whose synaptic effect is not yet known will be found to have inhibitory roles in the operation of the flight circuitry.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225805
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    Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in non-pyramidal neurons of the human entorhinal region (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 361-367 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Entorhinal cortex ; Non-pyramidal neurons ; Interstitial neurons ; Somatostatin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of somatostatin-immunoreactive cells and processes throughout the human entorhinal region and subjacent white matter was examined either by the unlabelled antibody-enzyme method or by the avidin-biotin method. The brain slices were obtained at autopsy with a short post-mortem delay. The majority of somatostatin immunoreactive nerve cells was found in the inner principal layer and subjacent white matter. In addition, individually scattered immunoreactive neurons were observed in both the outer principal layer and lamina dissecans. The immunoreactive perikarya varied in shape and ranged in size from 10 to 30 μm. Without exception the neurons could be classified as belonging to the group of non-pyramidal neurons. Each neuron gave rise to a few thick dendrites and a thin axon with a beaded appearance. In the adult human brain, the pattern formed by lipofuscin granules deposited in the nerve cells can be considered characteristic for the type of the neuron. Therefore, immunoreactive perikarya were documented, destained of chromogen and restained to demonstrate lipofuscin pigment and basophilic substance. It became evident from these studies that the previously immunoreactive cells were characterized by a large rounded and eccentrically located nucleus, sparse basophilic substance and, in most cases, a lack of lipofuscin granules. A few of the immunoreactive cells were laden with coarse pigment granules. The findings permit classification of entorhinal somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons as either non-pigmented or pigment-laden non-pyramidal neurons.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225808
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    Localization of 28 kDa calbindin in human odontoblasts (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 341-346 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Odontoblast ; Calbindin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Teeth ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The presence of 28 kDa calbindin in human odontoblasts was studied by use of specific antibodies raised against chick duodenal 28 kDa calbindin, in immunofluorescence, immuno-peroxidase, and electron-microscopic labelling experiments. The calbindin-like protein was detected mainly in the cytoplasm of odontoblast cell bodies, in their processes and occasionally in their nuclei. Correspondingly, at the ultrastructural level, immunoreactive material was associated with the cytosol, microfilaments and cilia. These findings suggest that human odontoblasts express a 28 kDa vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein, unlike those of rats and mice in which ameloblasts are the only cells immunoreactive for the protein.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225806
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    Photoperiod-dependent changes in TSH-like immunoreactivity of cells in the hypophysial pars tuberalis of the Djungarian hamster, Phodopus sungorus (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 183-187 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Photoperiod ; Pituitary gland, Pars tuberalis ; TSH ; Immunohistochemistry ; Phodopus sungorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Certain secretory cells in the hypophysial pars tuberalis of the Djungarian hamster display marked circannual structural alterations. The present investigation deals with the immunohistochemical properties of this cell group. A distinct TSH-like immunoreactivity was found in secretory cells of this type in the pars tuberalis of animals exposed to long photoperiods, whereas under short photoperiods the TSH-like immunoreactivity was nearly absent. In the pars distalis, the number and distribution of TSH-positive cells did not differ significantly between animals maintained under long and under short photoperiods. LH-and FSH-positive cells could not be detected in the pars tuberalis, but they are clearly present in the pars distalis of both groups of hamsters. Our immunocytochemical results suggest that photoperiodic stimuli influence the secretory activity of TSH-like immunoreactive cells in the pars tuberalis. A connection with the neuroendrocrine-thyroid axis is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215463
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    Development and retention of phenotypically specialized cells in pituitary allografts in the hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 215-220 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary allografts ; Immunohistochemistry ; Hamster ; Mesocricetus auratus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary We used immunohistochemistry to identify cells present in pituitary allografts in the hamster. Hypophyses removed from neonatal hamsters or adenohypophyses removed from adult females were placed beneath renal capsules of hypophysectomized adult females. Serum PRL, LH, and GH concentrations were measured at two, five, and eight weeks after placement of allografts. Allografts were removed after eight weeks and stained for cells containing PRL, LH, FSH, GH, or ACTH. Allografts did not release LH or GH. Those of adult adenohypophyseal tissue released significantly more PRL. The morphology of allografts of neonatal hypophyseal tissue resembled that of the adult adenohypophysis in situ. Lactotrophs, corticotrophs, somatotrophs and LH-cells were observed; very few FSH-cells were present. Allografts of adult adenohypophyseal tissue contained pituitary cells, numerous cavities, often enclosing lymphoid cells, and fibrous tissue. Atypical lactotrophs were the numerically dominant cells in these allografts; all other cells were present. The LH-cells outnumbered FSH-cells. These observations suggest that: (a) development of normal adenohypophyseal morphology can occur in an ectopic position; (b) intracellular hormones are present in cells in an ectopic site; (c) development and retention of intracellular FSH is more dependent on occupation of the normal position of the adenohypophysis than is retention of intracellular LH; and (d) release of PRL occurs from atypical cells in allografts of adult adenohypophyseal tissue.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215467
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    Fine-structural and immunohistochemical study of anterior pituitary cells of Snell dwarf mice (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 249-255 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fine structure ; Immunohistochemistry ; Anterior pituitary gland ; Snell dwarf mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Snell dwarf mice display remarkable retardation of growth after birth and are known to lack prolactin (PRL), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and growth hormone (GH). The aim of this study was to determine the reason for these hormonal deficiencies. We examined the fine structure of the gland and its immunohistochemical staining pattern with respect to antisera raised against PRL, TSH, GH, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The gland of control mice reacted immunohistochemically against all antisera used, whereas only ACTH-producing cells (ACTH cells) and LH-producing cells (LH cells) were distinguished in the dwarf mice. ACTH cells in dwarf mice varied in cell shape, although they were similar in size to those of controls. The distribution of secretory granules in the cytoplasm varied from cell to cell. LH cells in the dwarf mice showed immature features, having poorly developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. The cells were about half the size of controls, and secretory granules were smaller. In dwarf mice, non-granulated cells were encountered in addition to granulated ACTH and LH cells. Some of them formed small clusters, characteristic cell junctions being found between the cells; they thus appeared to be follicular cells. The above results suggest that hormone deficiency in Snell dwarf mice is a result of a defect in the hormoneproducing cells in the gland.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215832
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    Neurokinin A-like immunoreactivity in feline dental pulp: its distribution, origin and coexistence with substance P-like immunoreactivity (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 565-569 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurokinin A ; Substance P ; Dental pulp ; Immunohistochemistry ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution and origin of neurokinin A (NKA)-like immunoreactivity were investigated in feline dental pulp by an indirect immunofluorescence method. NKA-containing nerve fibres with varicosities, which entered the dental pulp via apical foramen, were distributed throughout this tissue. Many NKA-containing nerve fibres were localized around blood vessels, but some were observed apart therefrom. At the odontoblastic layer, thin NKA-containing nerve fibres were observed running straight toward the pulp-predentinal border between odontoblasts. After inferior alveolar nerve section, all NKA-containing nerve fibres disappeared in the dental pulp, while the removal of the superior cervial ganglion resulted in no change in the distribution of these fibres. The correlation of NKA-like immunoreactivity and substance P (SP)-like immunoreactivity was also investigated by double-immunofluorescence technique. The distribution of NKA-containing nerve fibres was very similar to that of SP-containing nerve fibres; it appeared that all NKA-containing nerve fibres contained SP.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214004
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    Innervation of periodontal ligament and dental pulp in the rat incisor: An immunohistochemical investigation of neurofilament protein and glia-specific S-100 protein (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 13-21 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Periodontal ligament ; Incisor ; Neurofilament protein ; S-100 protein ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nervous elements in the periodontal ligament and dental pulp of rat incisors were investigated by means of immunohistochemistry for neurofilament protein (NFP) and glia-specific S-100 protein. The periodontal ligament in the incisors was densely innervated by NFP-immunoreactive nerve fibers; the distribution of the nerve fibers and their terminations differed markedly from those in molars. NFP-positive, thick nerve bundles entered the lingual periodontal ligament through slits located in the mid-region of the alveolar socket, and immediately formed numerous Ruffini-like corpuscles. In the labial periodontal ligament, all of the NFP-immunoreactive nerve fibers terminated in free endings. The restricted location of the stretch receptor, Ruffini-like corpuscle, in the lingual periodontal ligament appears to be an essential element, because this region is regularly extended during mastication. The nervous elements were restricted to the alveolar half of the periodontal ligament in every region; they avoided the dental half of the periodontal ligament, which presumably moves continuously with the tooth. Pulpal nerve fibers in incisors also showed a characteristic distribution different from those in molars; individual nerve fibers with beaded structures ran in the center of the pulp toward the incisai edge, and did not form the subodontoblastic nerve plexus of Raschkow. Immunostaining for S-100 protein revealed a distribution pattern of nervous elements similar to that for NFP, suggesting that the nerves supplying the periodontal ligament and dental pulp were mostly covered by a Schwann sheath.
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    A combined histochemical and immunohistochemical study on the dynamics of fast-to-slow fiber transformation in chronically stimulated rabbit muscle (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 59-68 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Skeletal muscle ; Chronic stimulation ; Fiber transformation ; Myosin heavy chain isoforms ; Immunohistochemistry ; Histochemistry ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Chronically stimulated fast-twitch muscles of the rabbit were histochemically and immunohistochemically analyzed in serial cross sections (1) for percentages of fiber types, and (2) for the presence of myosin heavy chain isoforms during fast-to-slow transformation. By four weeks of stimulation the number of type-I fibers had increased more than fourfold, while only about 6% of the original IIB fibers remained. Type-IC and -IIC fibers transiently rose to 20% of the total fiber population. After 16 weeks, the number of type-I fibers had increased to 42%. With prolonged stimulation fewer fibers reacted with antibodies against embryonic and neonatal myosins and more with the antibody against slow myosin. The reaction for embryonic myosin was most often detected in the C fibers (IC, IIC). Immunohistochemical subtypes were observed for each fiber type in the stimulated muscles. The greatest number was seen in type-IIC fibers, which, in addition to their reaction for fast/neonatal and slow myosins, might also react with the antibodies against neonatal/embryonic and embryonic myosins. These findings indicated that the transforming fibers temporarily expressed myosin heavy chain isoforms normally not detectable in adult skeletal muscle. Myotubes reacted strongly with the antibodies against fast/neonatal and embryonic myosins, and some of them also with the antibody against slow myosin. Thus, it appears that under the influence of the low frequency stimulus pattern some of the newly formed myotubes developed into type-I fibers.
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    Changes in surviving nerve fibers associated with submucosal arteries following extrinsic denervation of the small intestine (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 647-656 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuropeptides ; Vascular innervation ; Immunohistochemistry ; Small intestine ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The neuropeptide content of nerve fibers associated with submucosal arteries in the small intestine of guinea pigs was studied in whole-mount preparations using immunohistochemical methods. Tissues were obtained from normal animals or animals in which the small intestine had been extrinsically denervated. In normal animals, submucosal arteries are innervated by extrinsic sensory nerve fibers which contain both substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide, and by sympathetic noradrenergic nerve fibers. In preparations obtained from animals 5–9 days after denervation, nerve fibers which contained substance P without detectable calcitonin gene-related peptide were associated with a few submucosal arteries. Nerve fibers which contained vasoactive intestinal peptide were also associated with some arteries. By 42–48 days after extrinsic denervation, substance P-containing fibers (without calcitonin gene-related peptide) and vasoactive intestinal peptide-containing fibers were associated with nearly every blood vessel. The extrinsic sympathetic nerve fibers did not regenerate during the course of this study. The nerve fibers associated with submucosal arteries in denervated tissues were not sensitive to capsaicin treatment. The alteration in the innervation of submucosal arterioles that follows extrinsic denervation of the gut may reflect either an increase in the neuropeptide content of the fibers, synthesis of a new peptide, or an increase in the number of fibers as a result of axonal sprouting.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219756
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    Immunohistochemical study of 5-HT-containing neurons in the teleost intestine: relationship to the presence of enterochromaffin cells (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 553-559 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enterochromaffin cells ; Immunohistochemistry ; Intestine ; Neurons ; Serotonin ; Anguilla australis, Platycephalus bassensis, Tetractenos glaber (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The formaldehyde-induced fluorescence technique had shown 5-hydroxytryptamine-containing enteric neurons in the intestine of the teleost Platycephalus bassensis, but did not reveal such neurons in the intestine of Tetractenos glaber or Anguilla australis. Re-examination of these animals with 5-hydroxytryptamine immunohistochemistry showed immunoreactive enteric neurons in the intestine of all three teleost species. The 5-hydroxytryptamine-containing enteric neurons showed essentially the same morphology in all species examined: the somata were situated in the myenteric plexus, extending down into the circular muscle layer, but none were found in the submucosa; processes were found in the myenteric plexus, the circular muscle layer and the lamina propria. It was concluded that the neurons may innervate the muscle layers or the mucosal epithelium, but were unlikely to be interneurons. In a range of teleosts, enterochromaffin cells were found in the intestine of only those species in which the formaldehyde technique did not visualize neuronal 5-hydroxytryptamine. Available evidence suggests that, in vertebrates, 5-HT-containing enterochromaffin cells are lacking only where there is an innervation of the gut mucosa by nerve fibres containing high concentrations of 5-HT.
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    Immunohistochemical demonstration of calbindin-D 28K (CABP28K) in the spinal cord motoneurons of teleost fish (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 629-634 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Calbindin-D 28K (CaBP28K) ; Immunohistochemistry ; Motoneurons ; Spinal cord ; Apteronotus leptorhynchus, Carrassius auratus, Pollimyrus isidori (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution and localization of the calciumbinding protein, calbindin-D 28K (CaBP28K), in the spinal cord motoneurons of larvae of the teleost fish, Apteronotus leptorhynchus (Gymnotidae) and Pollimyrus isidori (Mormyridae), and in the adult goldfish, Carassius auratus (Cyprinidae), were determined by means of immunohistochemistry. Sections of whole larvae and goldfish spinal cord were reacted with a polyclonal antibody to rat renal CaBP28K. CaBP28K was located by the PAP technique (Sternberger). It was found in the soma, dendrites, axons and axon terminals of spinal motoneurons but not in those of electromotoneurons of Apteronotus leptorhynchus, whereas it occurred in both motoneurons and electromotoneurons of the larval electric organ of Pollimyrus isidori. In these species CaBP28K was also present in the electromotoneuron axon terminals that make synaptic contacts with the pedicles of the electrocytes. In adult Carassius auratus, CaBP28K was found in the soma, dendrites and axons of certain spinal motoneurons. The results indicate that, in teleosts, the motoneurons containing CaBP28K may represent a well-defined population within the spinal cord; the role of this protein in these cells remains to be determined.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226513
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    Two populations of somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons in the guinea pig striatum (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 252 (1988), S. 219-222 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Somatostatin (SRIF) ; Striatum ; Neuropeptides ; Caudate-putamen ; Immunohistochemistry ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two populations of neurons displaying somatostatin-like immunoreactivity were detected immunohistochemically in the guinea pig striatum using a monoclonal antibody. Sparse, well-stained neurons similar to those described in other species were observed throughout the guinea pig caudate-putamen. These neurons contained both neuropeptide Y and NADPH-diaphorase in addition to somatostatin. A second large population of somatostatin immunoreactive neurons in which these other substances did not coexist was found within the putamen.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213846
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    Filiform papillae as a sensory apparatus in the tongue: An immunohistochemical study of nervous elements by use of neurofilamcnt protein (NFP) and S-100 protein antibodies (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 252 (1988), S. 231-238 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lingual filiform papilla ; Sensory apparatus ; Immunohistochemistry ; Neurofilament protein ; S-100 protein ; Cattle ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nervous elements supplying the filiform papillae of the tongue of cattle and rats were investigated using immunohistochemistry against neurofilament protein (NFP) and glia-specific S-100 protein. The rod-shaped bovine filiform papillae were heavily keratinized along their entire length and lacked the connective tissue core that occurs in other mammals. Instead, the core was located posterior to the filiform papilla. The base of the bovine filiform papillae was invaded vertically by laminar connective tissue papillae. The core contained a large number of NFP-positive nerve fibers, most of them terminating as free endings in its anterior margin. NFP-positive nerves gathered around the anterior ridge of the epithelium at the base of the core and occasionally penetrated into the epithelium. The laminar connective tissue papillae at the base of the filiform papilla also contained NFP-positive nerve fibers. The core contained S-100-immunoreactive lamellated corpuscles, which were identified as “simple corpuscles” in electron micrographs. The structure and innervation of the bovine filiform papilla suggest that they represent a specialized sensory apparatus. The pyramidal filiform papillae of the rat were smaller, each containing a simple connective tissue core. Few NFP-positive nerve fibers from the nerve plexus entered the core. Filiform papillae are thus less specialized in rats than in cattle.
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    Distribution of glutamate decarboxylase-like immunoreactivity in the sixth abdominal ganglion of the cockroach Periplaneta americana (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 129-135 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) ; Nervous system ; Immunohistochemistry ; Cereal-giant interneuron system ; Insects ; Cockroach, Periplaneta americana
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An antiserum against glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) of the rat brain was used to locate GAD activity in sections of the nervous system of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana. The sixth abdominal ganglion was chosen because electrophysiological evidence suggests the presence of GABAergic inhibitory synapses in the cereal-giant interneuron system. Groups of somata and numerous fibres and tracts were positively labelled by the GAD antiserum. A posterior group of labelled somata could be identified close to the entry of the cereal nerves. A line of somata clusters lay along a ventro-lateral furrow. Another discrete row of GAD-like cells was located dorso-laterally. Some small cells among the dorsal unpaired neurons were labelled. A small central group appeared under these cells. An abundance of GAD-like processes and transversal tracts were found within the neuropile. The different systems of GABAergic inhibitors in the ganglion are discussed; in particular we show that the fibres of cereal nerve X are not labelled. This demonstrates that the latter act on the giant fibres via interneurons. We suggest that the group that sends axons into the overlapping region between the cereal nerve and the giant fibre could be the inhibitory interneurons involved in this system.
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    Calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity in the biliary pathway and liver of the guinea-pig: distribution and colocalization with substance P (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 145-150 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Calcitonin gene-related peptide ; Biliary pathway ; Liver ; Immunohistochemistry ; Substance P ; Albino guinea-pigs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity was localized immunohistochemically in nerve fibers innervating the biliary pathway and liver of the guinea-pig. Immunoreactive fibers are present in all layers of the gallbladder and biliary tract and are particularly numerous around blood vessels. In the liver, immunoreactive processes are usually restricted to the interlobular space and porta hepatis, and only a few, very thin, beaded processes were observed in the hepatic parenchyma. A rich innervation is also associated with the vena portae. Positive ganglion cell bodies were not visualized within the ganglionated plexus of the biliary system, whereas they were found in the myenteric and submucosal plexus in the cranial portion of the duodenum corresponding to the sphincter of Oddi. The vast majority, if not all, of calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive fibers contain substance P immunoreactivity; however, there are some substance P-containing fibers lacking calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity. The lack of co-occurrence of calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P immunoreactivities in intrinsic ganglion cells suggests that these two peptides are coexpressed in the extrinsic component of the innervation of the hepatobiliary system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221749
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    Enterochromaffin (EC-) cells of the mammalian gastro-entero-pancreatic (GEP) endocrine system: cellular source of pro-dynorphin-derived peptides (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 173-179 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Opioid peptides ; Serotonin ; Enterochromaffin cells ; Immunohistochemistry ; Dog ; Guinea-pig ; Man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary It has long been disputed whether mammalian enterochromaffin (EC-) cells contain a peptide in addition to serotonin. Previous immunohistochemical studies have provided evidence for the presence of enkephalins in EC-cells. These findings, however, are equivocal. Therefore, the problem of opioid peptides in EC-cells has been re-examined in the gastro-intestinal mucosa of dog, guinea-pig and man. A battery of antisera against derivatives of pro-opiomelanocortin, pro-enkephalin and pro-dynorphin have been applied to semithin serial sections of the tissues, in combination with fluorescence histochemistry and serotonin immunocytochemistry. Our findings indicate that EC-cells of the investigated species contain pro-dynorphin-related peptides, i.e. dynorphin A and α-neo-endorphin, but no derivatives from pro-opiomelanocortin or pro-enkephalin. Since remarkable interspecies variations occur with respect to the number and staining characteristics of opioid immunoreactive EC-cells, it is concluded that pro-dynorphin shows specific routes of post-translational processing depending upon the species and the gastro-intestinal segment investigated. Future studies should focus on the mutual relationships between serotonin and dynorphins and on the physiological significance of these peptides in the gastrointestinal tract.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221752
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    Light- and electron-microscopic evidence of costoring of immunoreactive enkephalins and substance P in dorsal horn neurons of rat (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 297-303 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunohistochemistry ; Neurons ; Substance P ; Enkephalin ; Spinal dorsal horn ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The topographical localization of substance P (SP) and methionine-enkephalin-octapeptide (Enk-8) was examined immunohistochemically in the surface layer of the dorsal horn of rat cervical spinal cord. Although a few neurons were immunoreactive for Enk-8 in the intact animals, after an intracisternal administration of colchicine, immunoreactive Enk-8 neurons were numerous, and half of them indicated immunoreactivity also for SP. Some immunoreactive SP neurons appeared to show no immunoreactivity for Enk-8. Immuno-reactive nerve fibers, on the other hand, were numerous, and many of them contained both peptides. Electron-microscopic examination of the nerve fibers in tissue prepared by a freeze-drying procedure and stained by a postembedding procedure, revealed the costoring of both peptides in the same cored vesicles. The physiological significance of this costoring is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222285
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    Immunohistological localization of IgG1, IgA and secretory component in the bovine mammary gland during involution (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 81-86 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunohistochemistry ; Mammary gland ; Epithelial transport ; Milk secretion ; Lactation ; Bovine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunoperoxidase methods were used to localize secretory component, immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin G1 in mammary tissue from dairy cows. In lactating tissue, immunostaining for immunoglobulin A and secretory component was observed primarily in the luminal contents of alveoli. By day 2 of involution, alveolar epithelial cells stained for both immunoglobulin A and secretory component. Staining of alveolar epithelial cells for immunoglobulin A and secretory component continued throughout the period of mammary involution. No staining for secretory component was observed in the interalveolar stromal area. Immunoglobulin G1 immunostaining was localized primarily in the interalveolar areas in lactating tissue, but was localized at the apical and basolateral surface of alveolar cells on day 2 of involution. In contrast to immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin G1 staining of epithelial cells did not persist and was primarily in the interalveolar areas by day 4. These results suggest that an increased localization of immunoglobulin G1 in bovine mammary epithelial cells may occur transiently in early involution, while an increase in immunoglobulin A and secretory component localization in epithelial cells persists throughout involution.
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    Localization of CRF-immunoreactive neurons in the cat medulla oblongata: their presence in the inferior olive (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 137-143 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) ; Medulla oblongata ; Inferior olive ; Immunohistochemistry ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)-immunoreactive (IR) perikarya, visualized by the indirect immunoperoxidase method in colchicine-pretreated cats, were localized in many discrete regions of the medulla oblongata. They were found mainly in the dorsal aspect and midline of the medulla oblongata, and more rostrally in the ventrolateral portion. Our results also demonstrated CRF-IR neurons in the rostrocaudal extent of the inferior olive, probably projecting to the cerebellar cortex via thick axons visualized along the lateral edge of the medulla. CRF-IR olivary cells were also found in the pontine cat from which the forebrain was removed, but neither in hypophysectomized nor adrenalectomized cats.
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    The innervation of the renal cortex in the dog (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 539-546 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kidney ; Renal innervation ; Catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes ; Dopamine ; Immunohistochemistry ; Dog
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two cytochemical techniques were used at the ultrastructural level to study the distribution of specific axon types to different intrarenal structures in the dog. Using the chromaffin reaction to distinguish catecholaminergic fibres from other axon populations, it was found that the renal cortex of the dog is supplied only by catecholaminergic nerves. Immunostaining for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) labelled all of the intracortical nerves, and 20% to 25% of these profiles also contained dopa decarboxylase (DDC)-immunoreactivity, indicating they were dopaminergic rather than noradrenergic. Both DDC-positive and DDC-negative axons were seen in close association (∼80 nm) with blood vessels and juxtaglomerular cells as well as tubular epithelial cells. The distribution of TH- and DDC-immunoreactive nerves in the renal cortex is compatible with existing functional evidence indicating that both dopaminergic and noradrenergic nerves are involved in the regulation of renal blood flow, tubular reabsorption and renin release.
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    Immunohistochemical identification of Purkinje fibers and transitional cells in a terminal portion of the impulse-conducting system of porcine heart (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 47-53 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Heart ; Atrial-specific granules ; Atrial natriuretic polypeptide (ANP) ; Purkinje fiber ; Immunohistochemistry ; Impulse-conducting system ; Swine (Sus scrofa domestica)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of porcine ventricular tissue was studied by electron microscopy and immunocytochemical techniques. Electron-dense specific granules were found in both Purkinje fibers and transitional cells in the ventricular walls, and were positively stained by the immunogold staining method using an antiserum against atrial natriuretic polypeptide (ANP). This suggests that both the Purkinje fibers and transitional cells display the same specific granules as atrial cardiocytes containing ANP. These results demonstrate that Purkinje fibers and two types of transitional cells, in addition to the ordinary ventricular cardiocytes, can be identified in porcine ventricular wall tissue.
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    Sauvagine-like and corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in the brain of the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 29-37 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sauvagine ; Corticotropin-releasing factor ; Hypothalamus ; Immunohistochemistry ; Anterior preoptic area ; Median eminence ; Pars nervosa ; Pars intermedia, of pituitary ; (Anura) Rana catesbeiana
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunocytochemical methods were used to investigate the occurrence and distribution of sauvagine, corticotropin-releasing factor-, or urotensin I-like immunoreactivities (SVG-ir, CRF-ir, UI-ir, respectively) in the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) brain, using specific antisera raised against non-conjugated SVG, ovine CRF, rat/human CRF, and UI. In the hypothalamus, SVG-ir was found in the magnocellular perikarya, in the dorsal and ventral regions of the preoptic nucleus, and in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal projections to the external zone as well as the internal zone of the median eminence, to pars nervosa, and in fibres running from the pars nervosa to the pars intermedia of the pituitary. In contrast, CRF-ir was found only in parvocellular perikarya, mainly localized in the rostro-ventral part of the preoptic nucleus, with fine processes protruding through the ependyma of the third ventricle, fibre projections terminating in the anterior preoptic area and in the neuropil of the periventricular gray, and a caudal projection to the external zone of the median eminence. No CRF-ir staining was seen in the pars nervosa and pars intermedia. The use of UI-specific antisera failed to give a positive response in the frog brain. It is concluded that, in the frog brain, two anatomically different CRF-like (or SVG-like) systems co-exist, comparable to the reported co-existence of UI-ir and CRF-ir neuronal systems in fish brain.
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    Distribution of FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity in the nervous system of the slug Limax maximus (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 69-76 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunohistochemistry ; FMRFamide ; Nervous system ; Neurotransmitter ; Neurohormone ; Limax maximus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of FMRFamide-like immunoreactive neurons in the nervous system of the slug Limax maximus was studied using immunohistochemical methods. Approximately one thousand FMRFamide-like immunoreactive cell bodies were found in the central nervous system. Ranging between 15 μm and 200 μm in diameter, they were found in all 11 ganglia of the central nervous system. FMRFamide-like immunoreactive cell bodies were also found at peripheral locations on buccal nerve roots. FMRFamide-like immunoreactive nerve fibres were present in peripheral nerve roots and were distributed extensively throughout the neuropil and cell body regions of the central ganglia. They were also present in the connective tissue of the perineurium, forming an extensive network of varicose fibres. The large number, extensive distribution and great range in size of FMRFamide-like immunoreactive cell bodies and the wide distribution of immunoreactive fibres suggest that FMRFamide-like peptides might serve several different functions in the nervous system of the slug.
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    Distribution of atrial natriuretic polypeptide (ANP)-containing cells in the rat heart and pulmonary vein Immunohistochemical study and radioimmunoassay (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 541-546 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Atrial natriuretic polypeptide ; Lung ; Pulmonary vein ; Immunohistochemistry ; Radioimmunoassay ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of atrial natriuretic polypeptide (ANP) was immunohistochemically surveyed in the rat heart and lung using an antiserum raised against α-human ANP. The ANP-immunoreactive cells were seen to be distributed in the atrial walls and proximal portions of the pulmonary vein and venae cavae, but were absent from the aorta, pulmonary arteries, trachea, bronchus, and alveolar cells. The immunoreactive cells were present in a narrow region just beneath the endothelium of the pulmonary vein and vena cavae, and, ultrastructurally and immunocytochemically, were seen to be striated muscle cells with ANP-containing specific granules similar to those seen in atrial cardiocytes. A radioimmunoassay for ANP revealed a content of 604±51 pg/mg wet weight in the pulmonary vein, and 3343±1620 pg/mg wet weight in the venae cavae. In addition to the atrial wall, the proximal portion of both the pulmonary vein and venae cavae are suggested to be constituents of an ANP-producing organ.
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    Indications for the presence of two populations of serotonin-containing pinealocytes in the pineal complex of the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 252 (1988), S. 115-122 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal gland ; Serotonin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Third ventricle ; Golden hamster, Mesocricetus auratus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Serotonin-like immunoreactivity was investigated in the pineal complex of the golden hamster by use of the indirect immunohistochemical technique. The superficial and deep portions of the pineal gland, and also the pineal stalk exhibited an intense cellular immunoreaction for serotonin. In addition, perivascular serotonin-immunoreactive nerve fibers were observed. Some serotonin-immunoreactive processes of the pinealocytes terminated on the surface of the ventricular lumen in the pineal and suprapineal recesses, indicating a receptive or secretory function of these cells. Several serotonin-immunoreactive processes connected the deep pineal with the habenular area. One week after bilateral removal of both superior cervical ganglia the serotonin immunoreaction of the entire pineal complex was greatly decreased. However, some cells in the pineal complex, of which several exhibited a neuron-like morphology, remained intensively stained after ganglionectomy. This indicates that the indoleamine content of some cells in the pineal complex of the golden hamster is independent of the sympathetic innervation.
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    The distribution of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the gastrointestinal tract of reptiles, birds and a prototherian mammal (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 633-639 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) ; Intestine, small ; Enteric neurns ; Adrenergic neurons ; Immunohistochemistry ; Chelodina longicollis (Chelonia) ; Leiolopisma guichenoti (Lacertilia) ; Pseudonaja textilis (Serpentes) ; Acridotheres tristis (Aves) ; Domestic fowl (Aves) ; Melopsittacus undulatus (Aves) ; Ornithorhynchus anatinus (Monotremata)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the gut of several species of birds and reptiles, and of a prototherian mammal, the platypus, was studied using a monoclonal antibody. 5-Hydroxytryptamine-like immunoreactivity was found in enterochromaffin cells and, in birds, in thrombocytes. Immunoreactivity was not found in enteric neurons fixed immediately after dissection. A detailed study was made on one avian species, the budgerigar. Following incubation of intestine in physiological solution, immunore-activity was found in nerve fibres in the gut wall that was more marked after incubation with the monoamine oxidase inhibitor pargyline. These fibres took up exogenous 5-hydroxytryptamine. Similar fibres were found in the intestinal nerves and in perivascular plexuses on mesenteric arteries. Both the uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine and the appearance of neuronal immunoreactivity after incubation were inhibited by the amine uptake inhibitors desmethylimipramine or fluoxetine. Fibres taking up 5-hydroxytryptamine were damaged by pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine. It was concluded that the fibres showing immunoreactivity after incubation were adrenergic fibres that had taken up 5-hydroxytryptamine released in vitro from enterochromaffin cells or thrombocytes. These, and more limited observations made on the other species, suggest that birds, reptiles and prototherian mammals lack enteric neurons that use 5-hydroxytryptamine as a transmitter substance.
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    Immunohistochemical evidence for ecdysteroid-like material in the putative molting glands of Lithobius forficatus (Chilopoda) (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 263-266 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ecdysial glands ; Ecdysteroids ; Immunohistochemistry ; Lithobius forficatus (Chilopoda, Antennata)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ecdysteroid-like material was demonstrated by means of immunhistochemistry in the anterior body region of Lithobius forficatus with the use of an antiserum against an ecdysone-methoxim-BSA-conjugate in conjunction with a modified PAP-method (Sternberger and Joseph 1979). This material is restricted to a tissue formed by podocytes loosely surrounding the salivary glands. Earlier ultrastructural, experimental and biochemical in vitro investigations indicated that this tissue represents the ecdysial glands; this interpretation is now strengthened by immunohistochemical evidence. Reactivity within the cells occurs predominantly in cytosomes.
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    Localization of cytochrome P-450 in the colonic mucosa of 3-methylcholanthrene-pretreated and untreated rats An immunohistochemical study (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 252 (1988), S. 397-401 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Colonie mucosal epithelium ; Cytochrome P-450 ; 3-Methylcholanthrene ; 7-Ethoxycoumarin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Western-blotting ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunohistochemical localization of cytochrome P-450 in the colonic mucosa of 3-methylcholanthrene-pretreated and untreated rats was studied by indirect fluorescent antibody staining technique. A polyclonal antibody for cytochrome P-450MC purified from hepatic microsomes of 3-methylcholanthrene-pretreated rats was used for this experiment. A strong immunofluorescence was found to be localized in the cytoplasm of the surface epithelium of the mucosa in the colon of 3-methylcholanthrene-pretreated rats. A faint immunofluorescence was also observed in the epithelium of untreated rats. 7-Ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase activity of colonic microsomes was significantly enhanced by 3-methylcholanthrene-pretreatment in parallel with an increase in the intensity of immunostaining for cytochrome P-450MC in Western blotting analysis. This is the first report on the localization of cytochrome P-450 in the colonic mucosa.
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    TRH-like immunoreactivity in endocrine cells and neurons in the gastro-intestinal tract of the rat and guinea pig (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 347-356 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreas, endocrine ; Stomach ; Intestine ; Immunohistochemistry ; Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) ; Somatostatin ; Avian pancreatic polypeptide ; Insulin ; Gastrin ; Rat ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By use of the indirect immunofluorescence technique, the cellular localization of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was studied in the gastrointestinal tract of rats and guinea pigs of different ages. TRH-like immunoreactivity (LI) was observed in many pancreatic islet cells of young rats and guinea pigs but only in single cells of 6-month-old rats. In aged guinea pigs, a reduction in the number of TRH-positive cells was evident; however, numerous strongly fluorescent cells were still present. In the guinea pig, TRH-LI was in addition observed in gastrin cells in the stomach. TRH-positive nerve fibers occurred in the myenteric plexus of the oesophagus, stomach and intestine of the rat, and in the muscle layers of the guinea pig. These results suggest a functional role of TRH both as hormone and neuroactive compound in various portions and sites of the gastro-intestinal tract of the rat and guinea pig
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    Coexpression of cytokeratin and vimentin in Rathke's cysts of the human pituitary gland (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 419-424 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary gland, pars intermedia ; Rathke's cysts ; Immunohistochemistry ; Cytokeratin ; Glial fibrillary acidic protein ; Vimentin ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunohistochemistry with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies revealed the presence of cytokeratins in epithelial cells of Rathke's cysts in the pars intermedia of the human pituitary gland. With monoclonal antibodies specific for individual cytokeratins, the expression of CK 18, CK 8, CK 7, and CK 19 could be shown in these cells. Within the hypophysis, CK 19 and CK 7 were restricted to Rathke's cysts and a few epithelial cell clusters in the pars tuberalis, whereas other cytokeratins were also present in endocrine cells of the pars distalis. Furthermore, vimentin and, focally, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were detected in the cystic epithelia. By double labelling, coexpression of cytokeratin and vimentin, GFAP and cytokeratin, and GFAP and vimentin could be demonstrated. Compiled data of all known cases of coexpression of cytokeratin and vimentin in normal cells reveal physiological correlations and suggest a functional significance of this rare type of coexpression of intermediate filament proteins.
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    Atrial-specific granules in the hearts of normal and water-deprived rats (1988)
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    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 547-552 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Atrial-specific granule ; Atrial natriuretic polypeptide ; Water deprivation ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphology of atrial-specific granules, which contain atrial natriuretic polypeptide (ANP), was studied in the cardiac tissue of untreated controls and water-deprived rats by means of conventional and immunoelectron microscopy. Immature secretory vesicles or granules appeared to become buded off from the Golgi cisternae and then fused to form specific A-granules. An electron-dense plate with a fuzzy coat was frequently found on the limiting membrane at the end of such fusion. Pale specific B-granules, which were less electron-dense, larger, and more granular than A-granules, were found in small numbers in the left atrial cardiocytes, but rarely in the right ones. Very pale granules with a less granular matrix, considered to be B-type granules which had lost their electron-density, and which had less immunoreactivity for ANP, were numerous in the cardiac tissue after water deprivation. This morphological change, which is interpreted as an indication of granule degradation, was in agreement with the noted increase of natriuretic activity in the atrial tissue of water-deprived specimens.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219745
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    Distribution of subgroups of neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive and noradrenergic nerves in the female rat uterine cervix (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 252 (1988), S. 533-541 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuropeptide Y ; Noradrenaline ; Uterus ; Immunohistochemistry ; 6-Hydroxydopamine ; Rat, Sprague-Dawley
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nerves in the uterine cervix of the rat were examined with regard to co-existence of markers for noradrenaline and neuropeptide Y, and differential tissue innervation by nerves containing different combinations of these markers. Immunohistochemical labeling of single and adjacent serial cryostat sections, and double labeling was employed. Some animals were treated with the noradrenergic neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine. In control animals neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive fibers were numerous in the myometrium and around arteries; noradrenergic fibers were few in the myometrium and moderate in number around arteries. Myometrial neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive fibers were not decreased, but apparently increased, in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats; in contrast, perivascular neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive fibers were markedly reduced, but not totally absent. Noradrenergic fibers were absent in the myometrium and around arteries following 6-hydroxydopamine treatment. Labeling of adjacent sections and double labeling revealed coincident labeling of markers for neuropeptide Y and noradrenaline in perivascular, but not myometrial, nerves. We concluded that most myometrial neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive nerves did not contain noradrenaline since they were not sensitive to 6-hydroxydopamine and did not stain doubly; however, perivascular neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive fibers which degenerated after 6-hydroxydopamine treatment and did label doubly must co-store noradrenaline. Some neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive perivascular fibers may contain neuropeptide Y but not noradrenaline. Thus, it appears there is a differential innervation of tissues in the cervix by neuropeptide Y/noradrenergic nerves; this could reflect a differential regulation of tissues innervated by these nerves.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216640
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    Distribution and ontogeny of VIP-like immunoreactivity in the gastro-entero-pancreatic system of a cartilaginous fish Scyliorhinus stellaris (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 23-28 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) ; Gastrointestinal tract ; Ontogenesis ; Immunohistochemistry ; Scyliorhinus stellaris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The presence, distribution and development of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-like immunoreactivity in the gastro-entero-pancreatic system of a cartilaginous fish Scyliorhinus stellaris (L.) was investigated by immunohistochemical methods utilizing mammalian VIP antisera. In the gut VIP-like immunoreactivity was observed in both nerves and endocrine cells. Endocrine cells with VIP-like material were only detected in the intestinal epithelium while nerve fibres containing VIP-like material were noted along the whole gastro-entero-pancreatic system, being more numerous in the pyloric sphincter and in the intestinal portion. Immunoreactive nerve cell bodies were encountered in the stomach and intestinal portions localized in the submucosa and in the myenteric plexus. Intestinal immunoreactive endocrine cells were already present in the first developmental stage considered (embryos aged 4 months). They grow in number and before birth reach a frequency higher than in adults. Nerves and cell bodies showing VIP-like immunoreactivity, appear later, before birth, as a few elements in the smooth muscular layer, but only after birth their distribution and frequency are similar to those found in adults. The faint immunofluorescence shown by the immunoreactive endocrine cells and their developmental pattern, which is always different from that observed in nervous elements, suggest the presence of at least two VIP-like substances in the gastro-entero-pancreatic system of S. stellaris.
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    Distribution of GABA-like immunoreactive neurons in the slug Limax maximus (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 77-81 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunohistochemistry ; GABA ; Nervous system ; Neurotransmitter ; Limax maximus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunohistochemical techniques were used to study the distribution of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA)-like immunoreactive neurons in the nervous system of the slug Limax maximus. Approximately 170 GABA-like immunoreactive cell bodies were found in the central nervous system. These were located in the cerebral, buccal and pedal ganglia. Most GABA-like immunoreactive neurons had small cell bodies, which were aggregated into discrete clusters within the cerebral and pedal ganglia. Three pairs of longer, uniquely identifiable, GABA-like immunoreactive cells were found in the cerebral ganglion. GABA-like immunoreactive nerve fibres were also found in all of the central ganglia but were absent from peripheral nerves. These results suggest that GABA acts as a central neurotransmitter in the slug. The possible roles of GABA-ergic neurotransmission in the slug are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221742
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    Developmental study of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in the neurohypophysis and intermediate lobe of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 499-509 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuropeptide Y ; Immunohistochemistry ; Pituitary ; Development ; Aging ; Neurohypophysis ; Intermediate lobe ; Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal vessels ; Neuroendocrine regulation ; Macaca mulatta (Primates)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this study was to examine the development and distribution of neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive fibers in the neurohypophysis of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) throughout life and the relationship of these fibers to the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal vasculature. In rhesus monkeys, which varied in age from fetal life to 34 years, neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive fibers were present at all ages examined. In adult monkeys, varicose neuropeptide Y-labeled fibers were concentrated in the upper infundibular stem in association with capillary loops of the portal vasculature and the long portal vessels. Other fibers travelled down the infundibular stem and were distributed at the junction of the lower infundibular stem and infundibular process in the vicinity of the short portal vessels. In the infundibular process, neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive fibers were concentrated along the border of the intermediate lobe. Other stained fibers were sparsely distributed in the infundibular process and were often associated with small vessels. Neuropeptide Y-immunoreactivity was also located in a few fibers and cells of the intermediate lobe. Very few labeled fibers were seen in the fetal neurohypophysis, but their number increased gradually during the first postnatal year. At two years of age, a high density of stained fibers was observed, especially in the infundibular process. The number of axons in the infundibular process was lower at 12 years and continued to decline until 34 years of age. Neuropeptide Y may modulate hormone release at these sites and may also be released directly into vessels in the infundibular process. The close association of neuropeptide Y-labeled fibers with capillaries of the portal vasculature strongly suggests that neuropeptide Y is released into the portal blood of monkeys throughout life and may influence hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary gland.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226499
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    Ovipositional behavior of lesser peachtree borer in presence of host-plant volatiles (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 237-252 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Attractants ; extracted volatile compounds ; Synanthedon pictipes ; Lepidoptera ; Sesiidae ; chemosensory ; insect behavior ; oviposition ; mechanosensory ; host-insect interactions ; olfactory receptors ; oviposition behavior ; apple ; peach ; pear ; plant odors ; Prunus spp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Reactions of lesser peachtree borer [Synanthedon pictipes (G&R)] to volatiles of peach wood, either natural or chemically fractionated, were observed. Mated females were stimulated by and responsive to such materials and deposited significantly more eggs on substrates, including unnatural hosts, that had been treated with aqueous mixtures of bark-canker materials. Stimulation to oviposit occurred even when the female was blinded, indicating the presence of chemical cues. Natural canker-bark extracts immediately stimulated ovipostion and for a few hours significantly increased the number of eggs laid. However, average fecundity was not increased. Antennectomy did not significantly decrease response to volatiles by gravid females, and alternate sites of such chemoreception were not located. Complex mixtures derived by solvent extraction, steam distillation, and volatiles trapping from bark, canker, and gum all had activity. Observations of insect behavior in outdoor cages and also in the laboratory indicated that visual, chemosensory, and mechanosensory receptors are involved in host finding and oviposition.
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    Effect of qualitative and quantitative variation in allelochemicals on a generalist insect: Iridoid glycosides and the southern armyworm (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 335-351 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Iridoid glycosides ; Spodoptera eridania ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; allelochemical variation ; toxicity/deterrence ; plant-insect interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The behavioral and physiological effects of plant allelochemicals have been difficult to demonstrate; it is not often clear whether the compounds are deterrent, toxic, or both. In this study, we compared the qualitative and quantitative effects of several iridoid glycosides on a generalist lepidopteran herbivore,Spodoptera eridania (Noctuidae). Larval growth and survivorship and larval preference or avoidance were measured on artificial diets containing different iridoid glycosides at different concentrations. We also tested the toxicity/deterrence of these compounds. We found that iridoid glycosides retarded larval growth significantly at relatively low concentrations and that they were usually avoided in preference tests. The toxicity/ deterrence test did not always reflect the results of these other tests. The merits of using a variety of methods for determining deterrence and/or toxicity of plant allelochemicals are discussed.
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    Components of female sex pheromone ofEoreuma loftini Dyar (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 391-399 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Mexican rice borer ; Eoreuma loftini ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; sugarcane ; (Z)-13-octadecenal ; (Z)-13-ocadecenyl acetate ; (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Three chemicals isolated from ovipositor rinses of virgin femaleEoreuma loftini Dyar (Mexican rice borer) moths were identified as (Z)-13-octadecenyl acetate (I), (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (II), and (Z)-13-octadecenal (III) in the approximate ratio 8∶1∶1.3, respectively. Preliminary tests indicate that in laboratory bioassays, these chemicals in the above ratio induce the same activity response as heptane extracts of rice borer ovipositors. Only one combination of two chemicals (I and III, 6.2∶1 ratio) elicited a similar response. Individual chemicals elicited no response. In field tests, the average number of male rice borer moths caught per night over a five-night period was the same in traps baited with 200–600-μg quantities of the 8∶1∶1.3 ratio of chemicals dispensed from strips of filter paper as with traps baited with virgin females. The two-component mixture (I and III, 6.2∶1 ratio) was not active in the field.
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    Genetic regulation of sex pheromone production and response (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 2047-2061 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: 11-Tetradecenyl acetate ; population genetics behavioral genetics ; Ostrinia nubilalis European corn borer ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sex pheromone communication system of the European corn borer moth varies intraspecifically. Analyses of pheromonal extracts of wild females, collected in a region where the types (each producing a different isomeric proportion ofZ- andE-11-tetradecenyl acetate) are sympatric, showed that theZ pheromone-production allele frequency was ca. 4 times greater than theE allele. The paucity ofE production and response alleles in the population indicates that moths inheriting those alleles concomitantly inherit some undefined disadvantage. The types interbreed, but the frequency of heterozygous pheromone-production types among wild females was less than predicted by Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and was evidence of positive assortative mating. Rates of male captures in field traps baited with females of the three pheromonal types also evidenced assortative mating in the population. Progeny tests with males captured in the traps provided circumstantial evidence that pheromone response and production functions in the species are regulated by separate genetic loci and that the loci are not always complementary; i.e., a male can carry an allele coding for production of one pheromonal isomer ratio but can be genetically predisposed to respond to another.
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    Sex pheromone of purplestriped shootworm,Zeiraphera unfortunana powell (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 1417-1425 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Zeiraphera unfortunana ; purplestriped shootworm ; Zeiraphera destitutana ; sex pheromone ; (E)-9-dodecenyl acetate ; electroantennograms ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The analyses of virgin female sex pheromone gland extracts and gland volatiles by GC, GC-EAD and GC-MS, followed by field trapping experiments, have identified (E)-9-dodecenyl acetate (E9–12∶Ac) as the primary sex pheromone component of the purplestriped shootworm,Zeiraphera unfortunana. Dosages of 1.0–10.0 μg ofE9–12∶Ac impregnated in rubber septa provide an effective trap bait and can be used for monitoring purposes.
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    The role of leaf lipids in food selection by larvae of the tobacco hornworm,Manduca sexta (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 669-682 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Manduca sexta ; Lepidoptera ; Sphingidae ; feeding preference ; leaf lipid extracts ; plant surface ; hosts ; nonhosts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The role of leaf lipids in food plant selection by larvae ofManduca sexta was investigated by measuring preference responses in a two-choice preference test using glass fiber filter paper disks laced with extract (test) or water (control). The larvae respond to the petroleum ether extract of whole leaves of the host-plantLycopersicon esculentum (tomato) extract in a concentration-dependent manner. At “natural concentration” it is the most strongly stimulating extract or compound yet tested using the disk test. This response is affected by food plant experience of the larvae, suggesting stimulation by plant-specific compounds in the extract. The extract contains volatile compounds that attract the larvae. In contrast, it does not promote continued feeding on an agar-cellulose diet that incorporates the extract. Also stimulating are the extracts of leaf surfaces of two hosts,L. esculentum andSolanum pseudocapsicum, and two acceptable nonhosts,Brassicae napus andVigna sinensis, indicating the presence of nonpolar feeding stimulants at the leaf surface. However, similar leaf-surface extracts of the unacceptable plantCanna generalis were inactive, although the surface extraction process renders this plant acceptable. Leaf-surface extracts ofL. esculentum, S. pseudocapsicum, andB. napus evoke feeding responses that are qualitatively comparable to those of their corresponding leaves. However, no such parallel is found for surface extracts ofV. sinensis andC. generalis. Thus, nonpolar compounds at the leaf surface of host and some acceptable non-host-plant species strongly stimulate feeding and hence must play an important role in food selection by the tobacco hornworm.
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    Toxicity and toxicokinetics of 6-methoxybenzoxazolinone (MBOA) in the european corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 989-1002 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: MBOA ; tritiated MBOA ; 6-methoxybenzoxazolinone ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; European corn borer ; toxicokinetics ; life-cycle parameters ; body burden values ; topical application ; corn ; maize ; feeding resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The maize-derived secondary chemical 6-methyoxybenzoxazoii-none (MBOA) and a tritiated derivative were prepared synthetically for a detailed examination of their toxicity and toxicokinetics in the European corn borer (ECB),Ostrinia nubilalis. During feeding trials with MBOA incorporated into meridic diets (at 0, 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, and 4.0 mg/g diet), the mean time to pupation and adult emergence was significantly lengthened at concentrations of 1.5 mg MBOA/g diet and above. Increased mortality occurred at concentrations at 1.5 mg/g and above. A decrease in the sex ratio (female/ total) and fecundity was observed at concentrations of 0.5 mg/g and above. The latter observations represent new biological effects related to MBOA. In tracer studies, both uptake and excretion of MBOA administered in diets to larvae increased linearly with concentration. Body burden values indicated that the ECB larvae were capable of excreting enough compound to maintain total tissue levels at approximately 50% of the dietary concentration. Total amount of label increased with larval stage, but decreased in adults due to a large amount of label eliminated in the pupal case. In topical application studies, elimination of the label in the frass was rapid, reaching 60% by 6 hr and 82% of applied dose by 24 hr. Accumulation of label in tissues other than hemolymph was small. The results show that MBOA is toxic to ECB, but the insect has efficient methods for minimizing these effects.
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    Effects of dietary protein and lupine alkaloids on growth and survivorship ofSpodoptera eridania (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 1391-1403 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lupinus ; Fabaceae ; lupines ; Spodoptera eridania ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; southern army worm ; sparteine ; lupanine ; alkaloids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Toxic chemicals and nutrients are often positively correlated within and among plants. We studied how such correlations affect the suitability of plants as food for herbivores by assessing the growth and survivorship ofSpodoptera eridania (army worm) on artificial diets containing lupine alkaloids and casein. We found that (1) the effects of casein were determined by other dietary components: increased dietary casein led to increased larval growth only when the diet was also high in wheat germ. (2) Dietary alkaloids were effective at very low concentrations, reducing both growth and survivorship. The alkaloids lupanine and sparteine were not synergistic in their effects, and the interaction between alkaloids and casein was significant only in the low-wheat-germ diets. (3) The effects of casein and alkaloids were generally apparent only in the first instar, and the growth of fifth-instar larvae was unaffected by diet. (4) Using these artificial diet experiments, we can make simple predictions about the food quality of plants grown under various nutrient regimes. These predictions are consistant with recent ideas about optimal plant defenses.
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    Olfactory coding in the perception of semiochemicals (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 2005-2018 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Colorado potato beetle ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Pieris brassicae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; olfactory coding ; information processing ; olfactory receptors ; antennal lobe ; response profiles ; stimulus mixtures ; pheromones ; host plant odor ; semiochemicals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Information processing in the olfactory pathway underlying the perception of semiochemicals by insects is discussed. Both the chemical message for mates and the message for food consist of blends of chemicals. Olfactory receptors in an insect species are tuned to the detection of those compounds which comprise such chemical messages for that species. The classification of receptors as specialists or generalists coincides with two concepts of information processing, i.e., labeled lines and across-fiber patterns, respectively. The olfactory code coming from antennal receptors inPieris brassicae larvae is a combination of labeled lines and across-fiber patterning. When antennae of adult Colorado potato beetles,Leptinotarsa decemlineata, are stimulated by binary mixtures of leaf odor components, the pattern of neural activities in the olfactory receptors shows some separation into two channels, quantitative versus qualitative detection. The separation is complete in the antennal lobe of this beetle.
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    Host plant utilization and iridoid glycoside sequestration byEuphydryas anicia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 2147-2168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Euphydryas anicia ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; Castilleja integra ; Besseya plantaginea ; Besseya alpina ; Scrophulariaceae ; iridoid glycosides ; sequestration ; metabolism ; plant-insect interactions ; herbivory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The iridoid glycoside content of individual adultEuphydryas anicia butterflies from two Colorado populations was quantitatively determined. At one site (Red Hill), larval host plants wereCastilleja integra andBesseya plantaginea, while at the other site (Cumberland Pass) a single host plant,B. alpina, was used. At Red Hill, macfadienoside and catalpol were sequestered, while at Cumberland Pass, catalpol and aucubin were sequestered. Artificial diet studies showed that larvae hydrolyzed a major iridoid ofB. plantaginea, 6-isovanilIylcatalpol, to catalpol (which was sequestered) and isovanillic acid (which was excreted). Large year-to-year and individual variation in butterfly iridoid content was established as was a female-male difference in macfadienoside vs. catalpol content. Larval host plant distributions and numbers were determined at Red Hill for two years and compared with changes in butterfly populations and sequestered iridoids.
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    Sex pheromone components of the oblique-banded leafroller,Choristoneura rosaceana in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 605-621 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Oblique-banded leafroller ; Choristoneura rosaceana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; sex pheromone ; (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-yl acetate ; (E)-11-tetradecen-1-yl acetate ; (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-ol ; (E)-11-tetradecen-1-ol ; (Z)-11-tetradecenal ; (E)-11-tetradecenal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (Z)-11-Tetradecen-1-yl acetate, (E)-11-tetradecen-1-yl acetate, and (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-ol were previously reported as the sex pheromone in New York strains of the oblique-banded leafroller,Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), and (E)-11-tetradecen-1-ol was tentatively identified in female tip extracts. For Okanagan Valley strains ofC. rosaceana, an additional component, (Z)-11-tetradecenal, was identified from female tip extracts by split-less capillary gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy and was strongly stimulatory in electroantennogram studies. In field tests, 3 mg of 96.5∶2∶1.5 (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-yl acetate, (E)-11-tetradecen-1-yl acetate, and (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-ol (containing approx. 1%E isomer) was not as attractive as female-baited traps, and significant numbers of European leafrollerArchips rosanus L. were attracted. The above blend with 1% (Z)-11-tetradecenal added was significantly more attractive than traps baited with femaleC. rosaceana, butA. rosanus males were still attracted. Increased percentages of (Z)-11-tetradecenal up to 4% caused increased catches ofC. rosaceana and decreased catches ofA. rosanus. Low amounts of (E)-11-tetradecen-1-ol and (E)-11-tetradecenal male also contribute to increased specificity of the synthetic pheromone blend toC. rosaceana.
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    Identification of sex pheromone components ofSpodoptera sunia Guenée (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 683-690 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone analysis ; Spodoptera sunia ; solid sample injection ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Moths belonging to the speciesSpodoptera sunia have been recognized as a new pest of cotton in Central America. By means of electro-physiologic investigations, solid sample injection gas chromatography, and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, (9Z,12E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate, (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol, and (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate, in a ratio of 100∶5∶31∶20, were identified in the pheromone gland of female insects. These substances should serve as a base for the development of a pheromone-monitoring system for this lepidopteran pest.
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    Responses of braconid parasitoidsMicroplitis croceipes (Cresson) andM. demolitor Wilkinson to stereoisomers of kairomone 13-methylhentriacontane (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 883-888 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Microplitis croceipes ; Microplitis demolitor ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; parasitoids ; semiochemicals ; kairomones ; 13-methylhentriacontane ; stereoisomers ; enantiomers ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The responses ofMicroplitis croceipes (Cresson) andMicroplitis demolitor Wilkinson to theR andS stereoisomers of the kairomone 13-meth-ylhentriacontane were evaluated. Singly and in combination at 5, 50-, and 500-ng dosage levels each were tested. There was a linear dosage response by both species to the three dosages. Furthermore, there was no difference between responses to the two stereoisomers or their combination by either species at any dosage level. The effects of the two stereoisomers were fully interchangeable and additive. This is the first report of parasitoid responses to stereoisomers of a kairomone.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01018780
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    Host egg kairomones essential for egg-larval parasitoid,Ascogaster reticulatus watanabe (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 1475-1484 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Kairomone ; oviposition ; parasitoid ; Ascogaster reticulatus ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; smaller tea tortrix ; Adoxophyes sp. ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract An artificial egg with a Parafilm membrane was devised for the oviposition ofAscogaster reticulatus Watanabe (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), an egg-larval parasitoid of the smaller tea tortrix,Adoxophyes sp. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Both external and internal kairomones were essential. The external kairomone, needed for host location and acceptance, was extracted with 70% ethanol, and the internal kairomone, needed for oviposition, was extracted with water. Female parasitoids responded to the external kairomone and oviposited through the membrane into the artificial egg when the supernatant of host egg-mass homogenate was inside, whereas they did not when water or saline solutions were inside. Thus an internal kairomone is responsible for the oviposition in the host egg. The internal kairomone apparently was not specific for the host egg mass because oviposition activity was found not only in egg, larval, and pupal stages of the host, but also in larvae of other species of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012419
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    Potential for evolution of resistance to pheromones (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 1547-1560 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Resistance ; mating disruption ; sex pheromone ; (Z,Z)-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate (Z,E)-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate ; Lepidoptera ; Gelechiidae ; pink bollworm ; Pectinophora gossypiella
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract FemalePectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) from most of the desert cotton-growing areas of southern California emitted significantly more pheromone in 1984 and 1985 than in preceding years (1982 and 1983). This increase amounted to almost 20% by 1985. It is unlikely that this small change would represent effective resistance to disruptant pheromones, but this increase could reflect the result of selection pressure imposed by the use of mating disruption for population control. A worldwide survey of emitted pheromone from this species found that there was much more variation in the emission rate than the blend ratio of the two pheromone components. The emitted blend ratio was remarkably consistent over time (in southern California) and throughout the worldwide range of the insect. Small differences in the blend ratio that were detected probably have no major biological significance because of the relatively broad response spectrum of males to changes in the blend of pheromonal components. Populations of males did not consist of several phenotypes, each with a different preference for specific blend ratios. Rather, the broad response spectrum to blend ratios in a population can be attributed to variation in the response of any individual. Therefore, selection for a response phenotype that is narrowly tuned to the blend emitted by females may be difficult.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012521
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    Gypsy moth mating disruption: Dosage effects (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 581-588 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Gypsy moth ; Lymantria dispar ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; disparlure ; mating disruption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Small (1-hectare) plots in a dense gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) infestation were treated with 5, 50, or 500 g racemic disparlure, and effects on male trap catch and mating behavior were studied. Capture of males in traps baited with 1, 10, 100, or 1000 μg (+)-disparlure declined as disruptant dosages increased. Traps with high levels of attractant caught moths when capture in those with lower baitings was dramatically reduced. While all disruptant dosages reduced trap catch, it was reducd at least 95% at all attractant levels at the 500-g disruptant application rate. Visual estimates indicated that male moth density was similar in treated and control plots; female mating success was reduced 6.5, 34.5, and 84% in plots with 5, 50, and 500 g/ hectare disruptant, respectively. The duration of precopulatory and copulatory periods was similar for all females that were observed mating, regardless of disruptant treatment. It is proposed that reduced trap catch and female mating success are due to effects of atmospheric synthetic disparlure (disruptant) camouflaging natural attractant point sources.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01013908
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    Iridoid glycoside sequestration by two aposematicPenstemon-feeding geometrid larvae (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 435-441 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Meris alticola ; Neoterpes graefiaria ; Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; Penstemon virgatus ; Penstemon barbatus ; Scrophulariaceae ; iridoid glycosides ; catalpol ; Müllerian mimicry ; sequestration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The iridoid glycoside catalpol was found to be sequestered by larvae ofMeris alticola feeding onPenstemon virgatus and by larvae ofNeoterpes graefiaria which utilizeP. barbatus. The strikingly similar larval patterns of these two ennomine geometrids were previously considered to be disruptive, but predator-based Mullerian mimicry is equally likely to be involved. The cryptic adult moths generally contain only small amounts of catalpol, having left most of the bitter iridoid in the pupal case and in the meconium excreted after eclosion. OneNeoterpes female did contain considerable catalpol in the abdomen, presumably in the eggs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01013895
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    Application of sex attractants for monitoring the pea moth,Cydia nigricana (F.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 1857-1866 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pea moth ; Cydia nigricana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; sex attractant ; pheromone ; monitoring ; peas ; Pisum sativum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The use of sex attractants to monitor the pea moth,Cydia nigricana (F.) in the United Kingdom is decribed. Two systems are currently available: one for use in combining (dry-harvested) peas for human consumption or seed, and one for use in vining peas for freezing or canning. The development and details of both systems are reviewed and their commercial application discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01013482
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    Enniatins fromFusarium avenaceum isolated from balsam fir foliage and their toxicity to spruce budworm larvae,Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 753-764 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Enniatins ; cyclodepsipeptides ; Fusarium avenaceum ; Abies balsamea ; balsam fir ; Choristoneura fumiferana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; spruce budworm ; insecticide ; toxin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Material extracted from hyphae ofFusarium avenaceum, isolated from foliage of balsam fir,Abies balsamea, was toxic to spruce budworm larvae when incorporated into insect diet. The major insecticidal component of the toxic fraction was identified by chemical and spectroscopic methods as enniatin complex, rich in enniatin A/A1. Possible ecological implications of these observations are considered.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01018770
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    Effects of cotton leaf surface alkalinity on feeding ofSpodoptera littoralis larvae (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 839-844 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Leaf surface pH ; Gossypium hirsutum ; cotton ; Spodoptera littoralis ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; larval weight ; leaf consumption ; alkaline glands exudation ; ion microanalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The high leaf surface pH in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) var. Acala SJ2 was bioassayed againstSpodoptera littoralis larvae. Weight gain and leaf consumption of the larvae feeding on leaves devoid of alkalinity, due to daily washing, were recorded. Untreated cotton, with a leaf surface pH of 9.5–10.0 was used as control. The gland exudates contained potassium and magnesium cations, and the gland surface and intergland leaf areas were rich in calcium and phosphorus and low in K or Mg. The role of this plant antibiosis in the insect-host-plant relationship is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01018777
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    Pheromone gland components of some australian tortricids in relation to their taxonomy (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 1163-1175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; sex pheromone ; pheromone biosynthesis ; pheromone evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A survey has been carried out to identify the major sex pheromone gland components in 30 species of Australian tortricid moths. While more than half the species examined have (Z)-11-, (E)-11-, and/or (Z)-9-tetrade-cenyl acetates as the principal components, these compounds were not detected in some plesiomorphic taxa where combinations of (Z)-5 and (Z)-7 or (Z)-8 and (Z)-10 isomers are present. The results are discussed in relation to tortricid classification and current theories on pheromone evolution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01019344
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  • 100
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    Identification of tobacco hornworm antibiosis factor from cuticulae of repandae section ofNicotiana species (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 1485-1494 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Nicotiana repanda ; Nicotiana stocktonii ; Nicotiana nesophila ; nicotine alkaloids ; hydroxyacylnornicotines ; Manduca sexta ; tobacco hornworm ; Lepidoptera ; Sphingidae ; antibiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Cuticular components of the green leaves of the Repandae section of theNicotiana species contain compounds that have been shown to be toxic to larvae of the tobacco hornworm larvae,Manduca sexta. The surface constituents of leaves of greenhouse-grownN. repanda, N. stocktonii, andN. nesophila were extracted with methylene chloride in order to isolate the active compounds. Solvent partitioning and gel chromatography was used to isolate a series of hydroxyacylnornicotines (HOAcylNN). The major component was identified asN′-(3-hydroxy-12-methyltridecanoyl)nornicotine. A number of minor 3-hydroxyacylnornicotines, with the acyl group containing C13-C15, were also identified. The HOAcylNN mixture in ethanol was topically applied to first-instar tobacco hornworm larvae at rates of 10, 50, 100, and 200 μg. Mortalities after 48 hr were 33, 44, 78, and 100% respectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012420
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