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  • 1
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: composantes phéromonales ; diffusion ; température ; vent ; Z9-12:Ac ; 12:Ac ; Z9-14:Ac ; pheromonal components ; diffusion ; temperature ; wind ; Z9-12:Ac ; 12:Ac ; Z9-14:Ac
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary To determine the effect of various factors influencing the emission rate of pheromones from slow release dispensers, laboratory tests were undertaken with two types of rubber (Michelin) and one type of plastic trilaminate (Hercon®) dispenser. The effects of chain length, and the presence of double bonds were tested with three pheromonal compounds, Z9-12: Ac, 12: Ac and Z9-14: Ac impregnated on both types of rubber dispenser. The influences of temperature, wind velocity, humidity and percent loading were also tested. Data obtained indicated that chain length has a greater effect than the presence of a double bond. Amongst the climatic factors tested, wind speed has a greater effect than temperature while humidity has a minimal effect.
    Notes: Abstract Deux types de diffuseurs en caoutchouc (Michelin) et en plastique polystratifié (Hercon®) sont testés en laboratoire pour étudier quelques aspects des phénomènes de diffusion. Trois composantes phéromonales, le Z9-12: Ac, le 12: Ac et le Z9-14: Ac imprégnées dans ces différents supports servent à détermineer le rôle joué par la longueur de la chaîne de la molécule et la présence de doubles liaisons sur la vitesse de diffusion. L'influence de la température, de la vitesse du vent et de l'humidité est déterminée en cellules climatisées. Parmi les facteurs relatifs à la structure chimique, l'influence de la longueur de la chaîne est prédominante par rapport à la présence d'une double liaison. Parmi les facteurs climatiques, le vent agit plus que la température sur la diffusion, alors que l'humidité paraît secondaire.
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  • 2
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 44 (1987), S. 257-262 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Heteroptera ; Pyrrhocoris apterus ; adult size ; egg weight ; starvation ; temperature ; pollution ; crowding ; duration of development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Körpergrösse bei den Imagines eines Wildstammes der Feuerwanze Pyrrhocoris apterus wurde teilweise durch die Veränderlichkeit der Eigrösse determiniert, teilweise auch durch Hungern der Larven, niedrige Temperatur und metabolischen Produkten beeinflusst. Der Effekt letzterer Faktoren stieg mit deren Dauer und war je grösser desto näher sich die Wirkungsperiode zur Imaginalhäutung befand. Unterschiedliche Photoperioden wirkten auf die Körperlänge nicht. Wurden die Larven zwischen der ungünstigen Periode und der Imaginalhäutung noch den optimalen Bedingungen ausgesetzt, kompensierten sich die negativen Einflüsse weitgehend. Zu einer drastischen Verkleinerung der Imagines kam es nur, wenn das letzte Larven-stadium mit Hunger beeinflusst wurde und bis zur Imaginalhäutung keinen Zutritt zum Futter hatte. Minimales Gewicht, wo die Metamorphose der Larven noch möglich war, wurde zu 18 mg festgestellt.
    Notes: Abstract The determination of body size (length or weight) of teneral adults of Pyrrhocoris apterus L. was investigated. About 50% of size variation was determined already in the egg stage (average egg weight adult length correlations were 0.67 in males and 0.71 in females). During the larval development, starvation, low temperature, and pollution by excreta combined with crowding reduced adult size and usually increased the development length. The effects were directly proportionate to the length of the stress period, and increased with larval age. Photoperiod or intrinsic variation of development time did not affect adult size. The effects of stress were largely compensated when it was followed by a period of compensation growth at optimum conditions. A dramatic reduction of size appeared when last inster larvae starved and moulted to adults without access to food. Average adult weight was then reduced by up to 48%. Threshold weight for adult moulting was 18 mg, being attained after 1–2 day feeding of the last instar.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Dacus tryoni ; fruit fly ; frosts ; cold ; survival ; winter ; step ; ramp ; cooling ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'aptitude à survivre à une ou plusieurs expositions à des températures inférieures à zéro dépend à la fois de leur sévérité et du laps de temps entre les expositions. L'effet d'une température minimale déterminée dépend de sa valeur, de sa durée et du type de refroidissement: brutal (step) ou progressif (ramp). Les effets de toute température minimale peuvent être exprimés en termes de LE50 (temps nécessaire pour obtenir une mortalité de 50% avec une exposition unique). Lorsque le temps d'application de la température minimale correspond à 35% du LE50, il n'y a pas de mortalité, de même dans le cas de répétitions quotidiennes. Lorsque le minimum est subi pendant 44% du LE50, il provoque environ 14% de mortalité après la première exposition, avec 3% supplémentaire après chaque exposition quotidienne, mais l'augmentation est nulle si l'exposition au froid n'a lieu que tous les 3 jours. Lorsque le minimum est subi pendant 88% de LE50, la mortalité après la première exposition est d'environ 40% et de même importance à chaque nouvelle exposition, même si elles sont espacées de 7 j. Lorsque la durée d'exposition au minimum correspond à 125% et à 150% de LE50, les mortalités sont respectivement d'environ 80% et 100% à la première exposition. La température maximale quotidienne, entre 15 et 25°C, semble avoir peu d'influence sur la mortalité provoquée par des expositions répétées à-5°C. Les mouches d'âges différents résistent de la même façon jusqu'à 6 expositions répétées à-6°C, mais au-delà les mouches âgées sont plus sensibles que les jeunes. Dans la mesure où, dans la nature, la durée d'exposition à la température minimale est connue et où la température dans le sol peut être calculée ou mesurée, ces résultats peuvent permettre d'interpréter la mortalité provoquée par le gel.
    Notes: Abstract Ability to survive exposure to single or repeated periods at a subzero temperature is related to the temperature experienced, whether it is approached quickly or slowly, the time for which it prevails and the interval between exposures. The severity of any low temperature can be expressed in terms of LE50 (time required to kill 50% of individuals with one exposure). Minima enduring for 35% LE50 do not cause any mortality, even when repeated daily. Minima enduring for 44% LE50 cause ca 14% mortality on the first occurrence but no more if repeated at 3 day intervals, but 3% more per occasion if repeated daily. Minima enduring for 88% LE50 cause ca 40% mortality on first occurrence and an equal amount at each recurrence even if each is 7 days apart. Minima enduring for 125% LE50 and over 150% LE50 cause respectively ca 80% and 100% mortality respectively on first occurrence. The daily maximum temperature (in the range 15°C to 25°C) appears to have little relevance to the mortality caused by a repeated minimum of -5°C. Flies of different ages have a similar ability to survive a repeated minimum of -6°C for up to six exposures, but thereafter old flies are more susceptible than young ones. These results can be related to mortality caused by frosty conditions in the field so long as the time spent at the minimum is known and the temperature on the ground can be measured or calculated.
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  • 4
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 43 (1987), S. 95-100 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Ilione albiseta ; Pherbellia cinerella ; Diptera ; Sciomyzidae ; larva ; pupa ; temperature ; Lymnaea truncatula ; snails ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'action de la température a été examinée à 14, 17, 20, 23 et 26°C. Les 2 espèces sont prédatrices de L. truncatula, vecteur de la douve du foie en Irlande, où elle provoque à l'àgriculture une perte évaluée à 10 millions de livres par an. Les données recuellies en conditions contrôlées du laboratoire doivent permettre de définir les conditions optimales pour l'élevage continu de ces espèces. Ceci est indispensable pour évaluer, dans la nature leurs potentialités pour la lutte biologique. Ilione albiseta: C'est à 23°C que le développement des larves de premier et second stades sont les plus brefs; la survie du premier stade est totale à toutes les températures constantes examinées. La durée moyenne du 3ème stade décroît de 104 jours à 17°C jusqu'à 27,5 jours à 26°C. Le taux de survie total est plus élevé à 17°C qu'à 26°C. La durée moyenne de la nymphose diminue quand la température croît, et ceci se produit aussi à la température ambiante extérieure. On réduit de moitié la durée du développement de l'éclosion de l'oeuf à l'apparition de l'adulte, entre la nature et le laboratoire, en utilisant respectivement: 23°, 17° et 26°C pour les premier et second stades, le troisième stade, la nymphé. Cela devrait aider à multiplier la souche pour la lutte biologique. Pherbellia cinerella: Avec élévation de la température la durée du développement larvaire diminue, mais aussi le nombre de larves parvenant à la pupaison (100% à 14° et 33,3% à 26°C). La nymphose tendait à être plus brève aux températures les plus élevées.
    Notes: Abstract The duration of larval and pupal stages of two species of predatory flies was investigated at five constant temperatures. Ilione albiseta (Scopoli): Mean duration of first and second instars was shortest at 23°C and there was 100% survival of first instar larvae at all temperatures. Mean third instar larval duration decreased from 104 days at 17°C to 27.5 days at 26°C. Total percentage larval survival was greatest at 17°C and least at 26°C. Mean pupal duration decreased as temperature increased and this occurred also under outdoor conditions. Pherbellia cinerella (Fallén): As temperature increased mean larval duration decreased but the percentage of larvae pupating also decreased (100% at 14°C, 33.3% at 26°C). There was a trend for shorter mean pupal durations at higher temperatures.
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  • 5
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 12 (1987), S. 255-261 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrification ; nitrification inhibitor ; fertilizer N ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The transformations of urea, ammonium sulfate and dicyandiamide (DCD) were studied in an Inceptisol and three Andisols from Costa Rica, considering the influence of temperature and DCD as a nitrification inhibitor. Nitrification was very slow with or without DCD in the strongly acid Inceptisol. A higher urea dose resulting in higher pH was well nitrified without DCD and appreciably retarded by DCD. In Andisols nitrification was retarded as long as a higher DCD level existed. Higher temperatures accelerated the DCD-breakdown and were followed by a quicker nitrification. The decomposition of DCD was slower compared with the Inceptisol. According to these experiments DCD is suitable as a nitrification inhibitor in tropical soils.
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  • 6
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 13 (1987), S. 255-267 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: urea ; ammonium nitrate ; model ; temperature ; rainfall ; grassland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Direct and residual effects of urea and calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) on dry matter (DM) response were measured at a total of 12 application times in early spring over three years. The variation in the direct effect was described by models that included temperature and long-term rainfall for CAN and, additionally, short-term rainfall for urea. The operative temperature was the accumulated mean daily air temperature for combined intervals pre-application and postapplication of N. The effect of rainfall was apparent only when the data were adjusted for temperature. Simulation studies with the models indicated that, although the influence of temperature was dominant, rainfall modified it strongly in terms of the relative efficiencies of the two N sources and the magnitude of response. For instance, the temperature-induced increase in DM response to urea between cold and normal years was 402 kg ha−1 for a specified period, whereas differences between dry and wet years were decreases of 166 and 259 kg ha−1 in the case of urea and CAN, respectively. Short-term rainfall had a positive effect on response to urea. The experimental values varied widely both between and within years. The direct effect of the application of urea at 50 kg N ha−1 varied from 0 to 750 kg DM ha−1, and the residual effect varied from 0 to 1620 kg DM ha−1. The corresponding values for apparent N recovery varied from 0.1 to 45% and from 7 to 68%, respectively. The efficiency of urea was comparable to, and in instances better than, CAN.
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  • 7
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    Biochemical genetics 25 (1987), S. 287-307 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: macromolecular interactions ; temperature ; electrophoresis ; esterase-5 ; Drosophila pseudoobscura
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Esterase-5 is one of the most polymorphic loci in Drosophila pseudoobscura. Some variants reportedly produce a dimeric enzyme, while a few produce a monomeric form. This paper reports the finding that during electrophoresis ESTERASE-5 exists in a dynamic equilibrium between monomers and dimers, an equilibrium that is dependent on the running temperature of the gels. This is shown by a series of analytical electrophoresis experiments in which the apparent molecular weights of several variants are determined at four different temperatures. Increasing temperatures result in a linear decrease in the logarithm of apparent molecular weights. Macromolecular interactions thus are a significant determinant of EST-5 electrophoretic mobility.
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  • 8
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    Biochemical genetics 25 (1987), S. 717-728 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: male sterility ; mutant ; proteins ; temperature ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The soluble proteins of the normal and male-sterile stamenless-2 (sl-2/sl-2) mutant of tomato(Lycopersicon esculentum) grown in different temperatures were analyzed by one- and two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The normal and mutant stamens had some common proteins, but certain proteins were either present or more enriched in one genotype than in the other. The other floral organs of the normal and mutant showed no major differences in proteins, suggesting that the sl-2/sl-2 allele is active primarily in anther development. Normal and mutant stamens grown in high temperatures were enriched in some proteins in comparison to the intermediate temperatures. At low temperatures, the protein pattern of normal and mutant stamens was essentially similar.
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  • 9
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    The journal of membrane biology 100 (1987), S. 53-61 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: hepatocyte ; cell volume ; K+ conductance ; temperature ; quinine HCl ; intracellular K+ activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Mouse hepatocytes in primary monolayer culture (4 hr) were exposed for 10 min at 37°C to anisosmotic medium of altered NaCl concentration. Hepatocytes maintained constant relative cell volume (experimental volume/control volume) as a function of external medium relative osmolality (control mOsm/experimental mOsm), ranging from 0.8 to 1.5. In contrast, the relative cell volume fit a predicted Boyle-Van't Hoff plot when the experiment was done at 4°C. Mouse liver slices were used for electrophysiologic studies, in which hepatocyte transmembrane potential (V m ) and intracellular K+ activity (a K i ) were recorded continuously by open-tip and liquid ion-exchanger ion-sensitive glass microelectrodes, respectively. Liver slices were superfused with control and then with anisosmotic medium of altered NaCl concentration.V m increased (hyperpolarized) with hypoosmotic medium and decreased (depolarized) with hyperosmotic medium, and ln [10(experimentalV m /controlV m )] was a linear function of relative osmolality (control mOsm/experimental mOsm) in the range 0.8–1.5. Thea K i did not change when medium osmolality was decreased 40–70 mOsm from control of 280 mOsm. Similar hypoosmotic stress in the presence of either 60mm K+ or 1mm quinine HCl or at 27°C resulted in no change inV m compared with a 20-mV increase inV m without the added agents or at 37°C. We conclude that mouse hepatocytes maintain their volume anda K i in response to anisosmotic medium; however,V m behaves as an osmometer under these conditions. Also, increases inV m by hypoosmotic stress were abolished by conditions or agents that inhibit K+ conductance.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: cryptand ; Na+ selectivity ; temperature ; ionizable mobile carrier ; nonactin ; cation transport kinetics ; lipid membrane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The kinetics of Na+ and K+ transport across the membrane of large unilamellar vesicles (LUV) were determined at two pH's when transport was induced by (221)C10-cryptand (diaza-1,10-decyl-5-pentaoxa-4,7,13,16,21-bicyclo [8.8.5.] tricosane) at various temperatures, and by nonactin at 25°C and (222)C10-cryptand at 20 and 25°C. The rate of Na+ and K+ transport by (221)C10 saturated with the cation and carrier concentrations. Transport was noncooperative and exhibited selectivity for Na+ with respect to K+. The apparent affinity of (221)C10 for Na+ was higher and less pH-dependent than that for K+, and seven times higher than that of (222)C10 for K+ ions (20.5vs. 1.7 kcal·mole−). The efficiency of (221)C10 transport of Na+ was pH-and carrier concentration-dependent, and was similar to that of nonactin; its activation energy was similar to that for (222)C10 transport of K+ (35.5 and 29.7 kcal · mole−1, respectively). The reaction orders in cationn(S) and in carrierm(M), respectively, increased and decreased as the temperature rose, and were both independent of carrier or cation concentrations; in most cases they varied slightly with the pH.n(S) varied with the cation at pH 8.7 and with the carrier for Na+ transport only, whilem(M) always depended on the type of cation and carrier. Results are discussed in terms of the structural, physico-chemical and electrical characteristics of carriers and complexes.
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  • 11
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    The journal of membrane biology 98 (1987), S. 1-13 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: control ; curve fitting ; I/V curves ; K+ transporter ; Nitella ; lazy state ; reaction-kinetic model ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary InNitella, current-voltage relationships were measured at different temperatures ranging from 5 to 25°C. Sets of theseI/V curves were subject to curve fitting on the basis of a cyclic reaction scheme (Class I model). Different hypotheses of the mode of action of temperature on theI/V curve were tested, including changes in reaction constants in the transport cycle and deactivation of transport molecules. It was found that models assuming an influence of temperature on pairs of rate constants of the transport cycle gave very bad fits. Good fits were obtained with models implying that temperature influences the number of active transporters. The lazy-state model (the exchange of an inactive state with a stateN 3 in the transport cycle is influenced by temperature) gave a slightly better fit than the assumption of an unspecific inactivation (independent of the state of the transport molecule). According to the lazy-state analysis, the inactive state is kinetically closer toN o , the state in which the transport molecule is open to the outside substrate than toN i , the state in which it is open to the inside substrate. The two inactivation models imply that temperature does not act directly on the properties of the plasmamembrane, but that temperature-sensitive metabolic processes in the cell send signals which control the activation and deactivation of the transporter.
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  • 12
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    Potato research 30 (1987), S. 9-22 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: sample size ; varietal differentiation ; temperature ; pathotype ; spore concentration ; year ; predisposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Seit dem Jahre 1967 wird der Scheibentest nach Lapwood (1965) in Gross-Lüsewitz zur Prüfung von Zuchtmaterial angewendet (Abb. 1). Methodische Untersuchungen führten zu Änderungen. Je Zuchtstamm werden zwei Proben à acht Knollen genommen, die in dreiwöchigem Abstand mit zwei verschiedenen Pathotypen geprüft werden. Je Knolle werden zwei Scheiben geschnitten, die zwei verschiedenen Konzentrationen der Suspension zugeordnet sind. Sie werden mittels in Zoosporensuspension getränkter Filterpapierscheiben inokuliert, nach 24 h umgedreht. Die Bewertung der Luftmyzelbildung erfolgt nach fünf (a) und sieben Tagen (b) mit Noten von 9 (keine Symptome) bis 1 (total bewachsen). Auch die Verbräunung wird nach sieben Tagen benotet (c). Nach der Formel 2a+b+c=Bs errechnet sich die Wertzahl Bs. Insgesamt gehen in das Ergebnis eines Prüfungsjahres also 96 Einzelwerte ein. 8 Sorten wurden bei Temperaturen von 13, 17, 19 und 21°C geprüft. Die fünf Pathotypen 0, 1.3, 1.3.4, 1.2.3.4 und 1.2.3.4.7.8.9.10 und deren Gemisch wurden an drei Sorten verglichen. An 96 Proben wurde die Standardabweichung s und Grenzdifferenz GD ermittelt. Siebenjährige Ergebnisse waren von 10 Klonen, zwölfjährige von sechs Sorten verfügbar. Bei 19°C erwiesen sich die Prüflinge am anfälligsten, gleichzeitig war die beste Unterscheidbarkeit gegeben (Abb. 2). Die Wechselwirkungen der Temperatur mit dem Pathotyp und der Sorte sind signifikant. Es sollte bei 18–19°C geprüft werden. Die Wechselwirkung Pathotyp/Sorte war nicht gross, jedoch statistisch gesichert (Abb. 3). Es trat eine Wechselwirkung Pathotyp/Konzentration zutage (Tab. 1). Abbildung 4 zeigt den Einfluss der Sporenkonzentration auf das Resistenzverhalten. Auch die Wechselwirkung Sorte/Konzentration war gesichert. Aus der Berechnung der Standardabweichung ergibt sich nach Bätz et al. (1972) eine Grenzdifferenz von 4,2 (Wertzahl) bzw. 1,7 (Noten) für den Mittelwertvergleich der Sorten (Tab. 2). Zwölfjährige Prüfungsergebnisse werden in Tabelle 3 mitgeteilt, siebenjährige in den Tabellen 4 und 5. Bei geringer Variationsbreite der Jahresmittelwerte schwankten die Sortenwerte von Jahr zu Jahr bis zu sechs Noten, obwohl an einem Beispiel eine gute Reproduzierbarkeit der Ergebnisse demonstriert wird. Es wird empfohlen ab E-Stamm je zweimal acht Knollen aus zwei Wiederholungen des Feldanbaus statt bisher nur aus einer zu entnehmen. Die Resistenzeischätzung sollte erst nach dreijähriger Prüfung erfolgen. Zur Selektion sollten möglichst zweijährige Ergebnisse vorliegen.
    Abstract: Résumé Le test sur tranche de pomme de terre de Lapwood (1965) a été utilisé à l'Institut pour la Recherche sur la Pomme de terre de Gross Lüsewitz depuis 1967 (fig. 1), pour apprécier la valeur du matériel génétique. Des études méthodologiques ont conduit à effectuer certaines modifications de ce test. Deux échantillons de huit tubercules chacun sont prélevés dans chaque clône, pour être ensuite testés à trois semaines d'intervalle à l'égard de deux pathotypes différents. Deux tranches prélevées à partir de chaque tubercule, sont testés à deux concentrations différentes de suspension de zoospores. Ces tranches sont inoculées au moyen de disques de papier filtre trempés dans la suspension de zoospores. Les tranches sont retournées 24 heures après inoculation. La formation du mycélium aérien est notée après cinq jours (a) et sept jours (b) d'incubation, selon une échelle allant de 9 (absence de symptômes) à 1 (tranche antièrement recouverte). Le brunissement des tissus fait aussi l'objet d'une notation après 7 jours (c). Le facteur Bs est calculé à l'aide de la formule 2a+b+c=Bs. Ainsi, 96 valeurs individuelles sont rassemblées dans le résultat du test pour une année. Huit variétés ont été testées aux températures de 13, 17, 19 et 21°C. Les cinq pathotypes: 0, 1.3, 1.3.4, 1.2.3.4. et 1.2.3.4.7.8.9.10, ainsi que leur mélange ont été étudiés sur trois variétés de pomme de terre. L'écart type a été établi pour 96 échantillons. Les résultats ont été obtenus pendant une période de sept ans pour 10 clônes et une période de 12 ans pour 6 variétés. Tous les critères étudiés sont très sensibles à 19°C; cette température semble fournir de meilleur pouvoir de discrimination (fig. 2). Les intéractions températures-pathotypes et températures-variétés sont significatives. Les tests devraient être réalisés de préférence à 18–19°C. L'intéraction pathotypes-variétés n'est pas très forte mais demeure significative statistiquement (fig. 3). Une intéraction pathotypes-concentrations est également mise en évidence. La figure 4 montre l'influence de la concentration de spores sur la résistance. L'intéraction variétésconcentration est également significative. A partir du calcul de l'écart type, une différence critique de 4,2 (facteur) ou 1,7 (note moyenne) pour la comparaison des valeurs moyennes des variétés (tableau 2) concorde avec les données de Bätz et al. (1972). Les résultats obtenus sur une période de douze ans sont présentés dans le tableau 3; Les tableaux 4 et 5 fournissent les résultats de 7 années de tests. L'échelle de variation des valeurs moyennes annuelles est petite, mais les valeurs des variétés varient énormément. Jusqu'à 6 points—entre les années—bien que l'on ait pu démontrer une bonne reproductibilité des résultats dans un exemple. Il est recommandé, d'après l'essai avec les clônes de prélever 2 échantillons de 8 tubercules cules chacun à partir de 2 répétitions au champ au lieu d'une seule comme c'était fait de façon pratique auparavant. La résistance pourrait être évaluée après seulement trois années de test. La sélection pourrait être basée sur les résultats de deux années de test.
    Notes: Summary Since 1967, Lapwood's (1965) tuber slice test has been used in a modified form by workers of the Institute of Potato Research Gross Lüsewitz for testing more than 2000 clones a year for resistance to late blight. At a sample size of eight slices per clone differences of ≥1.7 scores can thus be distinguished. The tests are best done at between 18 and 19°C. Both the pathotype and the spore suspension concentration influence the resistance response. Since 1972, two compatible pathotypes and two concentrations have always been used on each clone tested. Seven-and twelve-year test results have shown that variations of up to six scores in the 9-score scheme would occur in the resistance of one clone. It is suggested that clones in main trials (candidate cultivars) should be tested for three years using two randomised replications of 2×8 tubers each.
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  • 13
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    Chromatographia 23 (1987), S. 796-802 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Steroids ; Rat tissue ; Purification by extraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for analysis of steroids in the tissue of laboratory animals is described. A two-stage solid extraction procedure, utilizing Sep-pak C18 and graphitized carbon black, gives a purified product. Steroids in this extract were separated by multistep gradient elution with a reversedphase liquid chromatography system, using acetonitrilewater as solvent. Several columns with different geometry and phase loading were investigated. Optimum resolution was obtained with a medium covered and spherical particle. The applicability of this method was successfully demonstrated in the analysis of the testis and adrenal gland of rat.
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  • 14
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    Chromatographia 23 (1987), S. 814-817 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Thin layer chromatography ; Ammonium tungstophosphate ; Aminoacids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The chromatographic behaviour of aminoacids on columns of silica coated with different percentages of ammonium tungstophosphate at several buffer phosphate concentrations is reported. The stationary phase shows a high selectivity towards aminobutyric acids and methyl derivatives of tryptophan due to the distance between the carboxylic group and the −NH 3 + group involved in the cation-exchange process and/or to the steric hindrance by a methyl substituent. A relationship between HPLC and HPTLC data has been verified and applied to the prediction of the separation of six aminoacids.
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  • 15
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    Chromatographia 23 (1987), S. 934-938 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Calibration ; Confidence interval ; Limit of determination ; Limit of calibration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary In HPLC calibration the expressions lowest calibration limit and determination limit are defined in statistical terms. The lowest calibration limit is the minimum mass in the measured series of calibration points. It is calculated from the confidence interval of the inverse of the calibration function as the lowest mass limit that may be differentiated from zero mass with a preset probability of error. If the calculated lowest calibration limit is lower than the actual data, points at lower concentration may be measured. The determination limit is the smallest concentration of an analysis that is differentiated from the concentration zero or an apparent blind value in the calibration curve with a given probability of error. Using two different UV-detectors (variable wavelength and photodiode-array) the lowest calibration limit is experimentally evaluated and compared with specific data for the detectors.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Pre-column derivatization ; Ultraviolet detector sensitivity ; Dihydroartemisinin ; Diacetyldihydrofluorescein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The use of diacetyldihydrofluorescein (DADF) for derivatization of dihydroartemisinin (dihydroqinghaosu, DHQHS) is proposed. The reaction between DHQHS and this reagent in the presence of 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) and N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) was complete in 8 hours at room temperature giving about 80 per cent theoretical yield. The derivative showed intense UV absorption, thus providing a sensitivity of 0.1 nanogram by UV detection after column separation. The influences of the ratio of the reagents, reaction temperature, chromatographic conditions and the extent of detection linearity were investigated. The reaction gave consistent results and chromatographic separation was not affected by an excess of the reagent or side products.
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  • 17
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    Chromatographia 23 (1987), S. 395-400 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Photokinetic data ; Reaction mechanism ; (E)-1-phenylpropene
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A combined method of high-performance liquid chromatography and UV-absorption spectroscopy is described for use in dynamic systems. It provides a way of obtaining detailed mechanistic information as well as quantitative data (rate constants, quantum yields), even though neither mechanism nor photoproducts are known. The kinetic treatment of the photoreaction of (E)-1-phenylpropene was successful, showing a photo-isomerization and a parallel step. Information on this additional step is obtained by using HPLC to observe the changes in the concentrations of the reactants' selectivity. The necessity of process control is demonstrated.
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  • 18
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    Chromatographia 23 (1987), S. 419-422 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Fatty acid esters ; Particulate material in seawater
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A method for the determination of fatty acids of the molecular weight range of propionic to erucic acid is reported. The acids are converted to either p-bromophenacyl-or p-phenylphenacylesters and the esters are separated by HPLC and detected by UV-absorption. Twentytwo esters, including saturated, monoolefinic and polyunsaturated ones were separated within one HPLC-run. The detection limit is about 5 pmol per fatty acid. The application of the method to particulate material is described.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Anion-exchange stationary phases ; Polymer coating ; Cross-linking
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary PHEB=POLY(2-hydroxy, 3N-ethylenediamino)butadiene has been synthesized. This unsaturated pre-polymer can be immobilized on different, preferably inorganic supports of suitable porosity such as silica or alumina by cross-linking. Weak anion-exchange phase are obtained. Such phases do not have the disadvantages of organic polymeric phases, regarding pressure stability and swelling by solvent influence. The ion-exchange capacity and the retentivity of IE-separations can deliberately be varied via the thickness of the cross-linked polymer layer. Alumina can also be coated with PHEB applying the same cross-linking procedure. Such phases exhibit an exceptional chemical stability even when operated with mobile phases at very high pH-values. Separations of excellent selectivity are achieved for inorganic anions, as well as with mixtures of aliphatic and aromatic free acids also including hydroxy- (mono- or poly)carboxylic acids.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Reversed-phase systems ; Stationary phase-solute interactions ; Polycyclic aromatics
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Capacity factors of peropyrene-type polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were measured using 15 different liquid chromatographic reversed phase systems. On the basis of the retention data the electric interaction indices have been calculated. Application of these indices for structure-retention studies on peropyrene-type polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is demonstrated.
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  • 21
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    Chromatographia 23 (1987), S. 31-32 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Gonadal steroids ; Epimers
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Chromatographic separation of biologically active epimeric steroids was carried out using a combination of normal and reversed phases. Testosterone (17β-OH) was separated from its 17α-OH epimer epitestosterone using a normal phase silica column whereas their reduced 5α-metabolites were separated on a reversed phase system. The separation of other gonadal steroids including the epimers 20α- and 20β-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one is also discussed. The technique is particularly useful for separating mixtures of naturally occurring steroid epimers prior to radioimmunoassay.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Ammonium acetate buffer eluent ; Chlorophylls and degradation products ; Marine phytoplankton
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary An RP-HPLC procedure which separates chlorophylls and their degradation products is described. By employing an amonium acetate buffered mobile phase and a linear gradient elution, complex mixtures of chloroand phaeopigments are separated in less than 30 minutes. The method has been applied to the control of chlorophyll enzymatic degradation in cultures of two algal species, and has also been successfully used in the analysis of algal xanthophylls.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Behaviour of metal complexes ; Solvophobic theory
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The chromatographic behaviour of Cu(II), Fe(II), Ni(II) and Co(II) complexes with 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol was studied. The experimental results were very sensitive even to less obvious operational parameters like the kind of the cation (sodium or ammonium) of the phosphate salt used as buffer. The puzzling pattern of the data obtained was interpreted in terms of the equations formulated by Horvath's ‘olvophobic” theory which correlates the capacity factors of the solutes with the surface tension of the mobile phase. A satisfactory rationalization of the data was obtained together with qualitative information on the stoichiometry and charge state of metal complexes. Useful suggestions about the direction to address the experimental work in order to obtain the best results was also obtained.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Ligand Exchange ; Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid ; Transition metal ion separation
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Basic alumina-bonded diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) has been utilized for the separation and preconcentration of some transition metal ions on the basis of ligand exchange. Breakthrough capacity and rate of sorption have been studied. The distribution coefficients of 16 transition metal ions have been determined in demineralized water, 0.01 M sodium citrate and in four different pH systems. On the basis of differences in Kd values some quantitative separations of metal ions have been achieved. The greater selectivity behaviour (higher Kd values) of the adsorbent for Pt(IV)and Cr(III) has been utilized for their preconcentration in the presence of other metal ions. The method has been employed for the recovery of Pt(IV) and Cr(III) from tapwater and sea-water samples.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Gel permeation chromatography ; Cheese peptides ; Amino acids
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The nitrogen fraction from cheese, soluble in phosphotungstic acid has been analyzed by gel permeation and high performance liquid chromatography. Elution profiles of this fraction on Sephadex G-10 show that there are no peptides of molecular weight higher than 700 daltons. Six fractions have been obtained. The first one has the peptides and some amino acids. Fractions II to VI contains mostly free amino acids. Fraction I has been separated into many peaks by HPLC. Six or seven of these peaks are presumed to correspond to peptides.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Small-bore packed columns ; Air pollutants ; PAH, nitro and oxy-PAH ; Aldehydes
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The preparation of small bore columns (1 mm i.d.) packed with reversed-phase materials is described. High efficiency (Hmin=2 dp), coupled with a small C term (0.005 sec) have been obtained so that high speed can be combined with sufficient resolution for the separation of complex organic mixtures. These columns have been used for the separation of air pollutants dispersed in different matrices (air, particulate matter and rain water). Practical applications include the determination of aldehydes in air and emission samples, PAHs, nitrated and oxygenated PAHs in dust sampled from the stack of an industrial emission or collected in a urban area and the analysis of organic components dissolved in rain water collected at a rural site. Specific detection of these pollutants has been achieved by connecting small bore columns to UV absorbance, voltammetric and fluorimetric detectors. Mass spectra of some specific components have been recorded using the off-line technique.
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  • 27
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    Chromatographia 23 (1987), S. 825-828 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Gasoline ; Single-ring aromatic hydrocarbons ; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary This work reports a rapid and easy procedure for the analysis of the aromatic fraction in gasoline. No sample pretreatment is required, since the gasoline is diluted in methanol and directly injected into a liquid chromatograph. A spectrophotometer detector and a spectrofluorimeter detector are used in series. The procedure has been applied to a large number of Italian and European refined gasoline samples.
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  • 28
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    Chromatographia 23 (1987), S. 109-111 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Normal and reverse phase ; Aldicarb ; Aldicarb sulfoxide ; Aldicarb sulfone
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Aldicarb, aldicarb sulfoxide, and aldicarb sulfone were chromatographed on an octyl-silica bonded-phase column and on an unmodified silica column using acetonitrile/water mobile phases. The elution order of the analytes from the silica column was different from that using the octyl-silica bonded phase and allowed confirmation of residues of aldicarb sulfoxide in citrus nectar. Isocratic elution of the unmodified silica column allowed rapid sample throughput.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Ligand-exchange chromatography ; Chiral bonded phase ; Racemate resolution ; Amino acids
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The resolution of racemates on chiral chemically bonded silica gel by high-performance ligand-exchange chromatography is described. The stationary phase was prepared by bonding (−) trans 1,2 cyclohexanediamine to silica gel through the coupling agent 3-glycidoxypropyl silane. The resolution of several α-amino acids and of compounds of pharmaceutical interest is reported.
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  • 30
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    Aquatic ecology 21 (1987), S. 25-38 
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: light ; temperature ; oxygen ; nutrients ; phytoplankton ; eutrophication ; Lake maarsseveen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In 1983, an unexpected bloom of the cyanobacteriaMicrocystis aeruginosa was observed in Lake Maarsseveen I. It was supposed that this phenomenon might be an indication of accelerated eutrophication of the lake. However, data on physical, chemical and phytoplankton parameters, collected over the last 6 years do not support this contention. Phytoplankton total phosphate and physical characteristics did not change. Annual levels of dissolved nutrients such as silicate and nitrate were even observed to show significant decreases over the period of observation.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: Potamopyrgus jenkinsi ; gastropod ; population dynamics ; eutrophication ; floating ; burrowing ; macrophytes ; temperature ; tolerance ; carination
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The hydrobiid snailPotamopyrgus jenkinsi (E.A. Smith), characterized by parthenogenesis and ovovivipary, was quantitatively sampled monthly between June, 1982, and December, 1986, on sandy bottoms in the shallow zones of the meso-oligotrophic Lake Maarsseveen I and the eutrophic Lake Maarsseveen II. The snail demonstrated a very clumped distribution in both lakes. The mean numbers of juveniles and adults taken together fluctuated strongly. Organisms in Lake I showed relatively high densities (up to 25,000 per m2) in 1982, followed by a sudden drop to values approaching zero in December, 1982, with a subsequent rapid increase in densities, fluctuating between 2,000 and 200 per m2. In Lake II, densities of snails fluctuated between 13,000 and 300 per m2 with decreases in the spring of 1985 and 1986. The various types of decreases in the lakes are extensively discussed, but no explanation is presently available. The reduction in Lake I was of catastrophic proportions, but the speed of recovery of the population was remarkable. Floating was observed only in Lake I, and only during the occurrence of the highest densities on the sediment. Burrowing behaviour was very common, but strongly suppressed under an uninterrupted dark regime. A shift of temperature from 15 to 22°C had the same effect. A number of submerged macrophyte species from Lake I proved to attractP. jenkinsi in the absence of sandy substrate, though these plants were only covered by the snail during the period of the highest densities in 1982. Temperatures of 20°C or lower were well tolerated, unlike temperatures of 25 and 30°C. Growth was distinct at 10, 15 and 20°C. Keeled individuals were encountered in much higher numbers in Lake I than in Lake II.
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    Plant and soil 101 (1987), S. 145-148 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cajanus cajan L. ; Cicer arietinum L. ; impedance ; seedling growth ; temperature ; varieties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Studies were carried out under controlled laboratory conditions to evaluate the seedling growth capacities of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) varieties Pusa 209 and H208 at constant temperatures of 15, 20, 25 and 28°C (±0.5°C) and of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) variety Prabhat at 20 and 28°C (±0.5°C). Seedling growth at any given time was found to depend on ‘a’, the growth at no impedance, and ‘b’, the impedance growth factori.e., decrease in growth with increase in impedance, and on temperature. The optimum temperature for chickpea was found to be in the range of 20 to 24°C for better seedling growth characteristics, whereas for pigeonpea, 28°C was found to be more congenial than 20°C. Chickpea varieties differed in their response to temperature.
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 9 (1987), S. 45-48 
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: wheat (Triticum aestivum) ; anther culture ; temperature ; callus ; green plant ; albinism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Anthers of wheat cultivars Orofen and Pitic 62 were incubated for 8 days at 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40°C before transfer to 25°C. Compared with anthers cultured at 25°C constantly, anthers treated at 30°C produced 40% more microspore callus and green plants in both cultivars whereas those treated at 35°C produced 2–3 fold more green plants. Treatment at 40°C was deleterious. Possible modes of action of high temperature on callus production and albinism were discussed.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Hordeum bulbosum ; pollen grain germination ; pollen tube growth ; frequency of fertilization ; gibberellic acid ; temperature
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A quantitative examination of pollen grain germination and pollen tube growth within the overy wall was made in selected wheat × tetraploid H. bulbosum hybridizations, to investigate the effect of the wheat and the H. bulbosum genotype on these characters. As expected, variation at the known crossability loci had no effect on pollen grain germination. The frequency of pollen tube penetration of the ovary wall was, however, severely reduced when the dominant alleles were present. Pollen tube penetration was nevertheless observed in 3 of the 110 ovaries examined of the non-crossable cultivar Highbury. The H. bulbosum genotype had a much smaller effect on these characters, but significant differences between the clones were observed in the numbers of pollen tubes initially penetrating the ovary wall. Although two H. bulbosum genotypes showed no significant differences in the number of ovaries with pollen tubes at the base of the ovule, significant differences in the frequency of fertilization were observed. The possible cause of this discrepancy is discussed. The frequency of fertilization in crossable wheat × H. bulbosum hybridizations was improved by the application of gibberellic acid within 10 minutes of pollination, and reduced by an increase in the ambient temperature from 20°C to 26°C. Fertilization following the pollination of non-crossable wheat genotypes was not affected by either of these factors.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Hordeum bulbosum ; frequency of fertilization ; seed set ; seed survival ; gibberellic acid ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An investigation was made of factors affecting the frequency of development of fertilized ovules following wheat x Hordeum bulbosum hybridizations. Seed survival, a term used here to represent the relationship between seed set and fertilization, was shown to vary between the wheat genotypes tested, but was unrelated to the crossability genes present within the wheat genotype. A high seed survival was obtained in crosses involving the variety TH3929 and the single chromosome substitution line, Chinese Spring (Hope 5B). Chinese Spring showed a poor seed survival. Some influence of the H. bulbosum genotype on seed survival was detected. The two environmental factors studied, namely the post-pollination application of gibberellic acid and the ambient temperature, were both shown to affect seed survival. The application of gibberellic acid immediately after pollination or 1 and 2 days after pollination improved seed survival, although the extent of the response was dependent upon the number and timing of the application(s). A genotype-dependent response to the ambient temperature was observed, TH3929 showing a slight but insignificant reduction and Chinese Spring a significant improvement in seed survival with an increase in temperature from 20°C to 26°C. The physiological processes which may be influenced by GA and the ambient temperature and may thereby affect seed survival are discussed.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: Chondrus crispus ; mitochondrial respiration ; Mehler reaction ; photorespiration ; photosynthesis ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Pour identifier la nature des réactions responsables de la prise d'oxygène sous lumière chez une macroalgue rouge Chondrus crispus Stackhouse (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales), les effets de quelques inhibiteurs, de l'intensité de la lumière et de la température ont été étudiés en combinaison avec des concentrations de CO2 élevées ou limitantes. Dans ce dernier cas, INH (2, 5 mM) ne modifie pas la prise d'oxygène sous lumière et ne provoque pas l'excrétion ni l'accumulation de glycolate. KCN réduit la vitesse de consommation d'O2 de 76% à CO2 limitant, de 43% à CO2 saturant et supprime pratiquement (à 95%) la production d'oxygène. Avec DCMU (5 μM) qui bloque totalement la chaîne des transporteurs d'électrons, une prise d'oxygène résiduelle est observée de 3,0±0,6 μmol O2 h−1 g−1 P.F. quelle que soit la concentration de CO2. Ajoutés à l'analyse de l'effet de la température ces résultats suggèrent: 1) La respiration mitochondriale et la réaction de Mehler sont actives aux deux concentrations de CO2. 2) La RuBP oxygénase contribue pour 45%, au plus, et la réaction de Mehler pour 20%, au moins, à la prise d'oxygène sous lumière à CO2 limitant.
    Notes: Abstract The nature of the different processes of O2 uptake involved in the light in the red macroalga Chondrus crispus Stackhouse (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) was investigated. At limiting CO2, INH (2.5 mM) did not alter the O2 uptake rate. Glycolate was not excreted and did not accumulate within the cells. KCN reduced the rate of O2 uptake in the light by 76% at limiting CO2 and by 43% at saturating CO2, but caused 〉 95% inhibition of O2 evolution. DCMU (5 μM) totally blocked the photosynthetic electron transport chain, but allowed a residual O2 uptake of 3.0±0.6 μmol O2 .h−1.g−1 FW, irrespective of the CO2 concentration. In saturating CO2, a high light intensity pretreatment significantly stimulated the rate of O2 uptake compared to net O2 evolution, suggesting the persistence, in the light, of mitochondrial respiration. Irrespective of the CO2 concentration, the optimum temperature for O2 evolution was 17°C whereas dark O2 uptake increased linearly with temperature. In contrast, O2 uptake in the light showed an optimum at 17°C in limiting CO2, and 21–25° C in saturating CO2; its Q10 was 2.4 at limiting CO2, a value close to that of RuBP oxygenase, and 3.1 at saturating CO2, a value close to that of dark respiration. It is concluded that: 1) mitochondrial respiration and Mehler reaction are both involved at all CO2 concentrations, 2) RuBP oxygenase activity cannot account for more than 45%, and Mehler reaction for less than 20%, of the total O2 uptake observed in the light at limiting CO2.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: genotype ; nitrogen ; photosynthesis ; respiration ; rice ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four Indica and five Japonica varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.) were examined to elucidate their differences in photosynthetic activity and dark respiratory rate as influenced by leaf nitrogen levels and temperatures. The photosynthetic rates of single leaf showed correlations with total nitrogen and soluble protein contents in the leaves. Respiratory rate was also positively correlated with the leaf nitrogen content. When compared at the same level of leaf nitrogen or soluble protein content, the four Indica varieties and one of Japonica varieties, Tainung 67, which have some Indica genes derived from one of its parents, showed higher photosynthetic rates than the remaining four Japonica varieties. At the same photosynthetic rate, the Indica varieties showed lower respiratory rate than Japonica varieties. When the leaf temperature rose from 20°C to 30°C, the photosynthetic rate increased by 18 to 41%, whereas the respiratory rate increased by 100 to 150%. These increasing rates in response to temperature were higher in the Japonica than in the Indica varieties. In this respect, Tainung 67 showed the same behavior as of the other four Japonica varieties.
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  • 38
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    Plant and soil 103 (1987), S. 3-11 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cacao ; growth ; temperature ; Theobroma cacao ; water relations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Growth of 55-day-oldTheobroma cacao var.Comum seedlings varied with temperature regimes, various plant parts, growth parameters, and time of harvesting. Over a 60-day period the optimal day-temperature regimes were near 33.3°C for dry weight increase and relative growth rates of seedlings and leaves; 30.5°C for increase in leaf area, height growth, and leaf abscission; 22.2°C for dry weight increase of stems or roots, stem diameter growth, and root-shoot ratio. The rates of increase in dry weights of stems or roots as well as root-shoot ratios declined progressively at temperatures above 22.2°C Partitioning of dry matter was affected by temperature regime, with proportionally more photosynthate retained by shoots and less translocated to roots at high temperatures. The progressive decrease in the root-shoot ratio at temperatures above 22.2°C may decrease drought tolerance of seedlings because roots will be less capable of absorbing endugh water to replace transpirational losses. This was shown by more negative shoot water potentials at high temperatures.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Rosa ; rose ; Hybrid Tea ; temperature ; fruit set ; seed set ; seed germination ; pollination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of temperature on fruit set, seed set and seed germination was studied in ‘Sonia’ × ‘Hadley’ Hybrid Tea-rose crosses. ‘Sonia’ mother bushes were grown at constant temperatures (10, 14, 18, 22, 26°C) in the greenhouses of the phytotron until fruit ripening. Fruit set, fruit weight and number of seeds increased as temperature was higher. Optimum temperatures were found for days to fruit ripening (18°C), seed germination (22°C) and number of seedlings per pollinated flower (22°C). Fruit weight and number of seeds were positively correlated. For crossing and the subsequent growing of seed-bearing plants 22°C was the most favourable temperature. Effects of temperature on pollen tube growth, fertilization and seed germination are discussed.
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    Photosynthesis research 12 (1987), S. 3-11 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: continuous light ; light intensity ; dark period ; temperature ; diurnal and seasonal CO2 fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract CO2 fixation was studied in a lichen, Xanthoria parietina, kept in continuous light, and with cyclic changes in light intensity, dark period or temperature. The diurnal and seasonal courses of CO2 exchange were followed. The rate of net photosynthesis was observed to fall from morning to evening, and this decline was more pronounced in winter than in summer. The maximal net photosynthetic rate, 223 ng CO2g-1dws-1, occured in winter and the minimum, 94 ng CO2g-1dws-1, late in spring. The light compensation point in summer was four times as high as in winter. In continuous light (180 or 90 μmol photons m-2s-1, 15°C) net photosynthesis decreased noticeably during one week, falling below the level maintained in a 12 h light: 12 h dark cycle. Photosynthetic activity did not decrease, however, in lichens held in continuous light (90 μmol photons m-2s-1) with cyclic changes of temperature (12 h 20 °C: 12 h 5 °C). Active photosynthesis was also maintained in light of cyclically changing intensity (12 h: 12 h, 15 °C) when night-time light was at least 75% lower than illumination by day. A dark period of 4 hours in a 24-h light:dark cycle was sufficient to keep CO2 fixation at the control level. It seems that plants need an unproductive period during the day to survive and this can be induced by fluctuations in light and/or temperature.
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    Hydrobiologia 147 (1987), S. 307-317 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Rotifera ; planktonic ; temperature ; food ; embryonic development ; respiration rate ; ingestion ; population dynamics
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of temperature (t) upon rotifer embryonic development rate (De) has been analysed using data from the literature, and the author's own results from experimental and natural populations. For Keratella cochlearis (Gosse), within the temperature range of 1–28°C, this relationship is best expressed by the equation: 1/De = 0.002 + 0.00025t + 0.000065t2. For Brachionus calyciflorus Pallas, between 8°C and 35°C, the best relationship is given by the equation: 1/De = 0.005 + 0.00013t + 0.00013t2. Increasing the incubation temperature to 37–40°C resulted in a decrease in development rate and a sharp reduction in life length. Analysis of the relationship between respiration rate and temperature in experimental and natural populations of Brachionus calyciflorus and Hexarthra mira (Hudson) showed that the maximum rate of oxygen consumption occurred at 32–33°C. The effects of temperature upon the ingestion rates of rotifers is greatly influenced by food concentration. Consequently, this factor also influences the secondary production of experimental populations at different temperatures.
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  • 42
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    Hydrobiologia 147 (1987), S. 319-322 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: embryonic development ; algal food ; temperature ; Brachionus plicatilis ; culture
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The embryonic development times of two strains of Brachionus plicatilis (Bs and S-1) cultured on three different algal diets (Nannochloris oculata, N. maculata and Nannochloropsis gaditana), have been determined at 20°C, 25°C and 30°C. As expected, the embryonic development times decreased with increasing temperature in all cases. However, embryos from adults fed on N. gaditana tended to develop more slowly than those of individuals fed on the other algal species. Mean egg volume was also affected by diet, larger eggs being produced by females fed on N. gaditana. No obvious relationship between egg size and temperature was detected. Two principal factors seemed to affect the embryonic development time. The first was temperature which acts through its well known effect on metabolic rates. The second was maternal diet which probably affects development time through its effect on yolk content, as reflected in the size of the egg.
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  • 43
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    Hydrobiologia 147 (1987), S. 335-338 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Rotifera ; resting eggs ; temperature ; sediment
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sediment samples from Loch Leven, Scotland, were incubated at 5°C, 10°C and 15°C to induce hatching of rotifer resting eggs. The emergent animals were identified and counted. The temperature which induced hatching varied among the nine species studied. These results are discussed in relation to seasonality and temperature preferences previously recorded for the most abundant species. Resting egg densities of 2.2–13.9 eggs cm−3 were recorded in the upper 5 cm of sediment.
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  • 44
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    Hydrobiologia 151-152 (1987), S. 381-385 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; Laminaria ; mariculture ; light tolerance ; temperature
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  • 45
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    Hydrobiologia 151-152 (1987), S. 399-404 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; growth ; light intensity ; mariculture ; temperature ; salinity ; Sargassum
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; Gracilaria ; growth rate ; agar composition ; light ; temperature
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  • 47
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    Hydrobiologia 147 (1987), S. 83-89 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Rotifera ; Brachionus plicatilis ; biometry ; size ; temperature ; salinity ; genotype
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Morphometric variation in three clones of Brachionus plicatilis cultured at 20°C, 25°C and 30°C, and 9‰, 12‰ and 24‰ salinity was analysed. Size appeared to be largely under genetic control and this defined the narrow limits within which variation due to abiotic factors could occur. Temperature had a significant effect on size, but affected the three clones differently. The most general effect of temperature was a reduction in size which levelled off as the temperature rose. Of the measurements taken, only distance between the median spines was affected by salinity. An important inter-relationship between the effects of temperature and salinity was also detected.
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  • 48
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    Hydrobiologia 151-152 (1987), S. 229-232 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; kelp ; Laminaria saccharina ; growth ; temperature ; salinity ; light
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  • 49
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    Fish physiology and biochemistry 3 (1987), S. 17-24 
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: osmoregulation ; temperature ; embryonic development ; teleost ; eggs
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of yolk osmolality from the embryo of codGadus morhua L. revealed significant variations in the hyposmolality during the embryonic development. The embryo proved to have an extremely low water permeability, protecting it from dehydration in the hyperosmotic seawater. The effect of temperature on the water permeability is high, expressed by an exceptionally high activation energy for water transfer. The agreement between embryonic volume decrease and diffusion permeability during the first 8–10 days after fertilization indicates that no water uptake mechanism is present at this time, thus leaving the embryo fully dependent on internal water stores. The cod egg is buoyant in seawater throughout development. The mechanism for providing hydrostatic lift is the large volume of diluted tissue water located in the yolk and subdermal spaces.
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    Fish physiology and biochemistry 4 (1987), S. 57-62 
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: chorion dissolution ; chorionasc activity ; chorionase secretion ; Coregoninae ; hatching ; pH ; temperature
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract After the electrial stimulation Coregoninae embryos secreted the hatching enzyme (chorionase) within 0.1–0.5 h, and the dissolution of their chorions lasted 1.2–2.0 h, depending on embryo's developmental stage (DS 13 or DS 14) and water temperature (5.2 or 9.6–9.8°C). Crude chorionase (hatching liquid) ofCoregonus albula andC. lavaretus was collected in large quantities by means of the electric stimulation of eggs. In both species the temperature optimum of proteolytic activity of the crude chorionasc was 30°C; the activity was lost at temperatures 〈 3-2°C and 〉 35–40°C. The maximal proteolytic activity was observed at pH 8.5; a rapid decrease in enzyme activity was evident at pH 〈 7.0, and the activity was zero at pH 6. The temperature-activity curve of chorionase may reflect the adaptation of Coregoninae to hatching immediately after the ice cover recedes from lakes, whereas the rapid decrease of enzyme activity at pH 7 -pH 6 can affect adversely the process of hatching in acidified lakes.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: oxygen consumption ; body weight ; temperature ; hypoxia ; ventilatory frequency ; ammocoetes ; metamorphosis ; lampreys ; Geotria australis
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The standard rate of oxygen consumption of ammocoetes (larvae) ofGeotria australis with a mean weight of c. 0.5 g was 9.6, 31.4 and 59.4μl g−1 h−1 at 4.5, 15.5 and 25.0°C respectively, which gives an overall Q10 of 2.4. The regression coefficient for the logarithmic relationship between oxygen consumption and body weight at 15.5°C was 0.704. The ammocoetes ofG. australis have a much lower rate of oxygen consumption at 15.5 and 25.0°C than those of holarctic lampreys. This presumably reflects the lower oxygen delivery pressure to their tissues and helps account for their slow growth rate. At 15.5°C, ammocoetes ofG. australis emerged from the substrate at 21–25 mm Hg and, unlike those of the Northern HemisphereIchthyomyzon greeleyi, died at 14–17 mm Hg. Thus, despite having a thinner water/blood barrier in the gills and blood with a higher oxygen affinity and capacity than holarctic ammocoetes, the larvae ofG. australis cannot survive very low dissolved oxygen tensions. This is apparently related to an inability of larvalG. australis to meet the high oxygen requirements of the respiratory pump at these oxygen tensions. During metamorphosis, oxygen consumption at 15.5°C rose from approximately 27μl g−1 h−1 at the beginning of transformation to 33.2μl g−1 h−1 by Stage 3 and then rapidly to 66μl g−1 h−1 at Stage 6. It remained near this level in Stage 7 and the downstream migrant.
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  • 52
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    Chromatographia 23 (1987), S. 320-324 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Microbore capillary columns ; Polymer based octadecylsilica bonded phase ; Fat soluble vitamins
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Separation behavior of fat soluble vitamins on various chemically bonded materials in non-aqueous reversedphases microcolumn liquid chromatography has been investigated. The best performance was found on a polymer-based octadecyl bonded phase. Optimization of separation for vitamins D2, D3, E and E acetate has been tried using this polymer-based column and it has been found that a binary mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and methanol gave complete separation of fat soluble vitamins.
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    Chromatographia 23 (1987), S. 331-336 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Microbore columns ; Injection techniques
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary This paper focuses attention on the potentially larger signal-to-noise ratios produced by microbore columns in comparison with conventional columns. The increased chromatographic signals by the application of microbore columns are due to the lower chromatographic dilution of elution profiles which are proportional to the square of the column inner radius. Generally less than 1μl sample should be injected into microbore systems to obtain the full benefit of the column performance. However, since more sample can be loaded on conventional columns compared to microbore columns the advantage of improved signal-to-noise ratio can only be realised in situations where very little sample is available. To inject more than 1μl sample, at the same time avoiding extra band-broadening effects, suitable injection techniques must be available. In this study three injection methods for microbore systems that meet this condition, are studied and compared.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Anion-exchange chromatography ; Xylenol orange ; Separation of nickel and zinc
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A liquid chromatographic procedure for separating nickel and zinc has been developed. Xylenol orange, which is one of the sensitive and commercially available color-forming agents, was used as a component of the mobile phase. The two ions could be separated on weak anion-exchange gels within 10 min. The procedure was suitable for the determination of nickel and zinc in relatively pure solutions with fairly high sensitivity. The described liquid chromatographic analysis would be also potentially applicable for any aqueous sample containing trace levels of metal cations at 1–10 ppm.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Oligosaccharides ; Interference by salts ; Complex biological samples ; Enzymatic assays
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A method is described for the determination of oligosaccharides in samples of high salt content by RP-HPLC with water as eluent and refractive index detection. The samples, mussel processing wastes which are used as media for microfungus and yeast cultures and hence for enzymatic assays (amilolitic capacity) of these microorganisms that develop within the wastes, have been treated with ethanol to precipitate the macromolecular organic matter and desalted by a modified mixed bed resin before chromatographic analysis is carried out.
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  • 56
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    Chromatographia 23 (1987), S. 579-582 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Backflush technique ; Coal-derived procucts ; Separation of phenolic compounds
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A rapid method was developed for the direct extraction of phenolic compounds from coal-derived products and subsequent isocratic HPLC analysis in a reversed-phase system by using the backflush technique.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Non-porous gel ; Alkaline-earth cations ; Arsenazo III
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A liquid chromatographic procedure for separating alkaline-earth-metal cations with a non-porous gel column has been developed. Arsenazo III, which is one of the sensitive and commercially available color-forming agents, was used as a component of the mobile phase. Magnesium and calcium could be separated on the nonporous gel column within 55 seconds. The procedure was suitable for the separation of alkaline-earth-metal cations in relatively pure solutions with high sensitivity. Because of its rapidity the described procedure is also potentially applicable for any aqueous sample.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Biphenols ; Dihydroxyphenylpropanes ; Voltammetric detection ; UV photometric detection
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The retention behaviour of mono- and dihydroxy derivatives of biphenol and bis(hydroxyphenyl)propanes was studied on chemically bonded C-18, CN-, phenyl, phenoxypropyl- and NH2 stationary phases and on silica gel. The effects of the mobile phase, i.e., of the methanol content, the ionic strength, pH and the contents of cationic and anionic ion-pairing agents on the retention data were investigated. In the reversed-phase systems, all the substances are satisfactorily separated except for 3- and 4-hydroxybiphenyl; these isomers can be separated on silica gel, using a mixture of heptane and propanol as the mobile phase. Sodium dodecylsulphate, present at concentrations higher than the critical micelle concentration (about 10−2 M, depending on the methanol content), causes a decrease in the retention times and an improvement in the separation. UV absorption spectra, calibration curves and the detection limit values were obtained at two wavelengths and at various salt concentrations in the mobile phase. Hydrodynamic voltammograms of the solutes were measured in a carbon fibre detector and the calibration curves and detection limit values were measured at the optimal voltage (+1.2 V/Ag/AgCl) as a function of the mobile phase composition. For most test substances voltammetric detection is two to three times more sensitive than UV detection. The combination of a UV and a voltammetric detector in series has been utilized to identify the products of microbial degradation of biphenyl.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Thin-layer chromatography ; Ion pairing system ; Log P prediction ; Group contributions
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A group of 17 β-carbolines was studied in HPLC and TLC systems in order to predict their partition coefficients (log P values). On account of the basic or acid character of some of these compounds, an ion pairing system gave the best results. Both HPLC and TLC data were comparable for log P prediction but severe pH conditions required the use of TLC plates. Retention data are quantitatively related to lipophilicity (expressed as the Hansch constant) and polarity (as the inductive constant) of the solute molecule.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Chitosan-coated silica gel ; Nucleotides ; Amino acids
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A new stationary phase was prepared by immobilizing the chitosan, a natural hydrophilic polymer, on microparticolate silica gel. The effect of the polarity, pH and ionic strength of the mobile phase has been studied in order to find optimal conditions for the separation of nucleotides and aminoacids. The influence of the properties of the mobile phase on the retention was examined, allowing to employ the chitosan-coated silica gel both to anion exchange and adsorption, depending on the pH and the polarity of the eluent used.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Reversed-phase systems ; Phases-solute interactions ; Molecular polarizability
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Variations in the electrostatic interaction have been studied using polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as standard compounds and different reversed-phase HPLC systems. Various methanol-water and acetonitrile-water binary mixtures were applied as the mobile phase. The stationary phases investigated consist of octadecylsilica and arenyl-silica. Using polarizability, dipole moment and ionization potential values of the solutes and mobile phase components as molecular descriptors an electrostatic interaction model is proposed.
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  • 62
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    Chromatographia 23 (1987), S. 93-96 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Paper chromatrography ; Column liquid chromatography ; Copper-impregnated zinc silicate ; Separation of amines
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Papers impregnated with Cu(II) sorbed on zinc silicate have been used to study the ligand exchange chromatographic behavior of amines. RF values of 16 amines have been studied in 6 different systems. On the basis of differences in RF values various analytically important qualitative separations of amines on impregnated papers and quantitative separations on columns of copper(II) sorbed on zinc silicate have been achieved.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Linear isotherms ; Octadecyl bonded silica ; Styrene divinylbenzene ; Frontal analysis
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Two reversed-phase LC systems were investigated by frontal analysis for the determination of linear chromatographic conditions, as defined according to the isotherm concept. The Partisil ODS-3 bonded silica and the PRP-1 polystyrene-divinylbenzene resin were used as stationary phases together withtrans-2-hexen-al as test solute and methanol-water mixtures as mobile phases. Particular attention was paid to the respective influence of the two main parameters which may cause sorbent overloading, that is, the capacity factor (k′) and the solute concentration in the mobile phase (Cm). Provided that k′Cm≤10−2 M, linear chromatographic behaviour was observed for both sorbents, the maximum capacities of which were found greater than 1mmolg−1.
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    Chromatographia 23 (1987), S. 189-194 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Instrument bandbroadening by extrapolation
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Methods to determine the contribution of the chromatographic equipment to the total band broadening which involve replacing the column by a union or a capillary tube are not suitable as they involve a fundamental change in the chromatographic system. The linear extrapolation method, based on the estimation of the relative influence of the instrument variance on solutes with different capacity factors, is a more attractive alternative method since the column remains in the chromatographic system. This method is only valid when a number of conditions are satisfied. By meeting these conditions the error in the instrument variance by using the linear extrapolation method was determined. At the same time, ways to minimise these errors were studied. Use of the linear extrapolation method in combination with conventional columns of 4.6 mm i.d. appears to yield inaccurate results. In combination with microbore columns the method can be used, provided the columns have a maximum length of 5cm and contain a packing material with a particle size of 2 or 3μm. The error in the determined instrument variance is then of the order of 2μl2.
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    Chromatographia 23 (1987), S. 209-214 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Review of triglyceride analysis ; Column temperature gradients ; Combined LC and other techniques
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The present review cites 54 papers dealing with reversephase HPLC analysis of triglycerides. The objective of the review was not merely to list the main contributions made in recent years but also to present a discussion of those papers representing qualitative advances and improvements helping to obviate the difficulties associated with this type of analysis. The use of mobile phase polarity and column temperature gradients and the combination of HPLC with other analytical methods such as mass spectrometry or GLC analysis of fatty acids are examples of such contributions.
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    Chromatographia 23 (1987), S. 254-256 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Synthesis of stationary phases ; Influence of surface pH ; Influence of temperature, concentration and reaction ; time
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A new way to produce liquid chromatographic stationary phases is suggested. The method is based upon a solide-phase reaction between the silica surface and the adsorbed silane molecules. The role of surface pH is demonstrated. The influence of other reaction conditions (concentration of the silane solution, effect of temperature and reaction time) is discussed.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Chiral stationary phases ; Succinimido carbamate intermediates ; Amino acid enantiomers
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Chiral stationary phases (CSPs) for liquid chromatography were prepared by the way of an activated carbamate intermediate. The amino group of aminopropylsilyl silica gel was first activated by carbamylation with disuccinimido carbonate (DSC). The obtained activated carbamate silica gel (ACsil) proved useful as an intermediate for the preparation of urea-type CSPs. The reaction of ACsil with (S)- of (R)-1-(α-naphthyl)-ethylamine gave naphthylethylurea type CSPs. These CSPs were also obtained directly from aminopropylsilyl silica gel by its reaction with optically active (S)- or (R)-succinimido 1-(α-naphthyl)ethyl carbamate (SINEC). Several phenylthiohydantoin amino acid enantiomers and p-bromophenylcarbamyl amino acid enantiomers were resolved on the CSPs by elution with aqueous mobile phase.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Gas chromatography ; Bonded silica ; Residual silanol groups
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Silanol groups of chromatographic material surfaces were determined by chemical reaction with methyl-lithium. Evolved methane was measured by a gas chromatographic method using a column packed with molecular sieves. This chromatographic technique leads to very reproducible results, particularly for the control of the hydroxylation of a silica gel and for the analysis of residual groups at the surface of bonded silica.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Aldehydes ; Annular denuder ; Environmental analysis
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary An improved procedure for the HPLC determination of C1−C3 aldehydes in environmental samples is described. These air pollutants are quantitatively collected on annular denuders coated with 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine and analyzed as hydrazone derivatives by HPLC with UV absorbance and voltammetric detection. Collection efficiencies of aldehydes are reported and compared with other available methods. Practical examples of the application of the method are given.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Estriol ; Urine ; Menstrual Cycle ; Column liquid chromatography
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay for estriol in nonpregnancy urine is described. After Enzymic hydrolysis, the estriol is extracted from urine by the sorbent trap technique utilizing graphitized carbon black (Carbopack B). After some washing steps, estriol is desorbed by a suitable solvent system. After solvent removal, the sample is injected into an HPLC column for estriol quantification. Analytical recovery of estriol was 96.1%. The precision of the method was 2.6 and 4.9% respectively at 145 and 10.6ng/ml of urine. The limit of sensitivity was set at 0.8 ng/ml of urine. The mean contents of estriol in the follicular and luteal phases were respectively 11.3 and 38.8 ng/ml of urine.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Isohydric solvents ; Butyrophenones ; Direct-silica gel
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The behaviour of butyrophenones in high performance liquid chromatography on silica gel using isohydric solvent systems has been studied. The influence of column temperature, water content, acidity and polarity of isohydric solvents on the retention, column efficiency and resolution of a series of butyrophenones have been investigated. Through the results obtained more insight has been gained into the theoretical aspects of the adsorption process on silica gel with isohydric solvent systems.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Reversed-phase separation ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides ; Isolation of pure material
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A reversed-phase chromatographic column suitable for the purification of chemically synthesized large oligodeoxyribonucleotides (oligo-DNA) was prepared. The specifications of this column are; the selected silica (Toyo Soda silica) with large pore size (at least 150 Å) and small particle diameter (5 μm desired) should be grafted only with monochloro alkylating reagent of long alkyl chain (sufficiently C18) so that the carbon content of the resultant packing material is 15–16%. Using this column, we could isolate the targeted large oligo-DNA (up to 50mer) in a large scale (75 μg per one cycle) from the impurities in the reaction mixture formed during the automated synthesis by the phosphite method.
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    Chromatographia 23 (1987), S. 292-300 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Separation of sugars ; Review
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary This contribution to the problems of carbohydrate (sugar) column liquid chromatography, evaluates several currently used systems (reversed phase octadecylated silica gel, amino modified silica gel, cation exchangers on polystyrene and on silica gel basis, polyol derivatised silica gel and anion exchange systems). The elution pattern, analysis time, column efficiency and column life time expectancy are considered to be the important points for this comparison. The application of silica gel-based cation exchanger and of polyol derivatised silica gel is new to this field. The comparison and/or evaluation tries to be critical and to come to a conclusion for the choice of a recommended system.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Packings of octadecylated microporous glass ; Dimethadione and trimethadione in serum ; Pancreatic stones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The liquid chromatographic determination of trimethadione (TMO) and its methabolite, dimethadione (DMO) were studied by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on octadecyl-modified microporous glasses, prepared with toluene solution containing octadecyl-dimethylchlorosilane, using two types of microporous glass with various mean pore diameters and/or specific surface areas. Using acetonitrile-water mixtures as eluents, TMO and DMO in human serum were separated on the glasses studied, but with different degrees of resolution. In this present study, we report the development of a rapid and selective HPLC method for the simultaneous analysis of TMO and DMO in human serum.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Cross-linked polystyrene ; Characterization of surfaces
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The properties of the poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) copolymers PRP-1 and PLRP-S have been studied by infrared spectroscopy and chromatographic techniques. The following results were obtained: PRP-1 and PLRP-S are spectroscopically very similar. Their surfaces are chemically neither homogeneous nor stable during use. Retained nonpolar solutes should be eluted with a mobile phase containing tetrahydrofuran. Uncharged acids and anions can be chromatographed without difficulty. Cations of amines should be chromatographed only with a mobile phase of low pH. Uncharged amino-alcohols cannot be chromatographed without the addition of a competitor.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Chemically bonded phases ; Kinetics of silanization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A wide-pore silica for HPLC with a particle size of 7.5 μm, specific surface area of 360m2/g, pore diameter of 20 nm and pore volume of 2.1 cm3/g was silanized with n-octadecyldimethyl-chlorosilane (ODMCS), n-octadecyldimethylmetoxysilane (ODMMS) and n-octadecyldimethyl-dimethylaminosilane (ODMAS), in sealed glass ampoules. The ligand density obtained with an excess of ODMCS and ODMMS was found to be limited by reaction equilibrium; at low (〈50%) conversion of the surface silanols, the reaction displays pseudo-first-order kinetics. Silanization with ODMAS, which seems to be sterically controlled at higher conversions, yields a relatively high concentration of bonded octadecyl ligands (4.24μmol/m2).
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  • 77
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    Chromatographia 23 (1987), S. 684-685 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Pentafluoroanilinopropyl silica gel ; Donor-acceptor complexes ; Aromatic hydrocarbons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The preparation of a new pentafluoroanilino-phase for HPLC is described. The retention times (tr) of about twenty aromatic hydrocarbons have been determinated. It has been shown that the aromatics were eluted according to the number of rings. The influence of water content in the mobile phase is commented.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Thiol drug analysis ; Derivatization by ethacrynic acid ; Pharmaceutical formulations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A high performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of aliphatic thiol drugs, such as N-acetyl-L-cysteine, captopril and mercaptopropionylglycine in pharmaceutical formulations. The procedure involves a precolumn derivatization of the thiol drug with ethacrynic acid followed by reversedphase HPLC separation and UV detection. The conditions for a rapid and selective reaction of the thiols with ethacrynic acid have been investigated. The method proved to be suitable for a reliable and selective quality control of commercial dosage forms of the examined thiol drugs.
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  • 79
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    Chromatographia 23 (1987), S. 657-662 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Post-column derivatization ; Sugar analysis ; Wine characterization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A HPLC system with post-column derivatization for the quantitative analysis of sugars in complex matrices is described. As reagent a 0.2% solution of thymol in concentrated sulfuric acid has been used. The reaction is sensitive with reducing as well as non reducing sugars whereas sugar alcohols are discriminated. With this reagent and separation of sugars at high pH values with an anion exchange column it is possible to detect sugars in the ng range. Hence, it is possible to characterize wines not only by their fructose and glucose content but also by differences in the distribution of the other not fermentable sugars like trehalose, arabinose, galacturonic and glucuronic acid.
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  • 80
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    Chromatographia 23 (1987), S. 709-712 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Polymer-based support ; Aldehydes ; Fluorescence detection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The aldehydes were separated by reversed phase chromatography on a polymer-based support. Acid catalysis on the column was needed to obtain sufficiently fast equilibrium between acetaldehyde and its hydrate. Deuterium labeled acetaldehyde (D3) yielded complete separation from the nonlabeled compound, probably due to a difference in hydratization. Fluorescent products were obtained by reaction between the aldehydes and a mixture of ammonia and dimedone (5.5-dimethyl-1.3-cyclohexanedione). The fluorescence was detected at 460 nm after excitation at 390 nm. A reaction time of 42 seconds at 90°C in a knitted teflon capillary produced detection limits of 0.5 and 1 ng for acetaldehyde and formeldehyde, respectively. A method for preparation of a stable reagent with low background fluorescence is described.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Thiols and disulfides ; Fluorescence derivatization ; Monobromobimane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The influence of reducing agents (sodium borohydride, tributylphosphine, dithioerythritol and dithiothreitol) on the conversion of disulfides into their parent thiols, with specific application to cysteine was investigated. Dithioerythritol and dithiothreitol were found to be most suitable for this reaction. A contact time of one hour at room temperature provided quantitative reduction as tested using cystine as a pure disulfide standard. A modified fluorescence labelling procedure with monobromobimane followed by reversed-phase HPLC allows quantitation of the parent thiol and the disulfide content when completing the labelling reaction with and without preliminary treatment with reducing agent. The effects of various bimane reducing agent ratios on the yield of the reaction are discussed. Precautions should be taken when dealing with complex matrices with respect to reagent concentrations and ratios.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Chrial separations ; Succinimido carbamate derivatives ; Propranolol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A chiral derivatization reagent having activated succinimido carbamate moieties were developed for the optical resolution of enantiomeric amines by high-performance liquid chromatography. Succinimido R-(+)- or S-(−)-1-phenylethyl and R-(+)- or S-(−)-1-(α-naphthyl)-ethyl carbamates were synthesized by the reaction of optically active phenylethyl and naphthylethyl amines with discuccinimido carbonate (DSC). These reagents reacted with both primary and secondary amine enantiomers such as amino acids and β-amino alcohols to give the corresponding diastereomeric urea derivatives. These diastereomers were efficiently separated by reversed-phase liquid chromatography and detected by their absorption or the fluorescence of the chromophores. The chiral derivatization procedure was applied to the separation and determination of enantiomeric propranolol in serum.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Reversed phase operation ; Calculation of optimum solvent composition ; Polymethoxylated flavones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary An optimization procedure for the chromatographic separation of polymethoxylated flavones is described. A polyhedron working volume is drawn from a truncated tetrahedron constructed from the four solvents selected. The response function is an n'th degree polynomial the coefficients of which are calculated through the least squares method by means of B=(X′X)−1X′Y in which X′X is the information matrix (X′X)−1 the variance covariance matrix. X is the matrix of the model (polynomial built from the selected experiments) and X′ the transposed matrix. Y is the quality of the chromatogram defined by the resolution of each pair of solutes. An exchange algorithm matrix yields the minimum number of runs necessary to obtain a correct B. Isoresponses curves are drawn by intersection of a cubic volume which includes the polyhedron to give a better insight. An optimal zone is then determined and provides the solvent composition. An optimized chromatogram of 8 methoxylated flavones demonstrates the application of the method.
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  • 84
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    Chromatographia 23 (1987), S. 132-136 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Column liquid chromatography ; Thin-layer chromatography ; Analysis of lactulose in carbohydrate mixtures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Lactulose is a disaccharide with important implications in medicine, nutrition and dairy technology. It has to be determined usually as a minor component in complex matrices containing many other sugars. This paper describes the different chromatographic techniques (planar, liquid and gas chromatography) which have been proposed for the separation and quantification of lactulose in mixtures with other carbohydrates; the advantages of each technique are compared and some features where more research is necessary are outlined.
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  • 85
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    Chromatographia 23 (1987), S. 328-330 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Arylsulphonohydrazides ; On-column hydrolysis ; Fungicides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A number of fungicidally active arylsulphonohydrazides are examined by normal- and reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Although good separations are achieved by reversed-phase LC, difficulties are encountered due to analyte hydrolysis. On the other hand, satisfactory analyses are possible by normal-phase LC particularly on modified silicas.
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  • 86
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    Chromatographia 23 (1987), S. 377-378 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Solid phase extraction ; Codeine and morphine in blood
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A rapid and efficient procedure is described for the extraction and analysis of codeine and morphine in whole blood. Red blood cells were fragmented by sonication and the blood sample extracted by passing through a bonded silica column (Bond Elute®). The adsorbed drugs were washed and eluted followed by analysis by HPLC. Recoveries were between 95–100% at 5 ng/ml concentrations.
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  • 87
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    Chromatographia 23 (1987), S. 651-652 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Metoclopramide ; Electrochemical detection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A simple, reproducible liquid-chromatographic method for determination of metoclopramide anti-emetic and anti-spasmodic agent is described. Metoclopramide is extracted from alkalinized plasma into diethylether, then separated with a sperisorb CN column and measured through amperometric detection at +1,4 volt vs Ag/ AgCl. The average extraction recovery was 92%. Standard curves were linear and reproducible from 0.05 to 1.5 mg/ L. Within-day CV was better than 6%.
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  • 88
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    Chromatographia 23 (1987), S. 507-511 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Toluene Diisocyanate in air ; Collector for air sampling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A useful method of sampling and measurement of toluene diisocyanate concentration in atmosphere is described. The sampler consists of glass-fibre filters impregnated with the reagent 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine1 so that the 2,4 and 2,6 isomers of TDI react to form urea derivatives which are analysed by high performance liquid chromatography in isocratic mode on cyan-amino and C18 bonded phases. A dynamic system was used to generate standard atmospheres of TDI and to validate the sampling method within the humidity range of 0% to 75%. A coated filter, a bubbling solution and an impregnated silica gel were compared as samplers requiring the piperazine reagent in performance experiments.
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  • 89
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    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, ASST'87, Berlin, Springer, vol. 81A, no. 16, pp. 347-350, (ISBN: 3-540-23712-7)
    Publication Date: 1987
    Keywords: Detectors ; Seismology ; Pattern recognition
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  • 90
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    In:  47. DGG-Tagung, Clausthal, DGG, vol. C 560, 183 pp., no. GL-TR-89-0143, pp. 235, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Publication Date: 1987
    Keywords: Data analysis / ~ processing ; Detectors ; ARR ; arc ; BUG ; Seismology ; Pattern recognition ; Seismic networks
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