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  • Articles  (191)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (124)
  • Amino Acid Sequence  (67)
  • 1985-1989  (191)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1987  (191)
  • Medicine  (191)
  • Political Science
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • Articles  (191)
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Keywords
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  • 1985-1989  (191)
  • 1965-1969
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tissue biocompatibility of kevlar aramid fibers and polymethylmethacrylate, composites in rabbits (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 59-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Two groups of female NZW rabbits were implanted in the paravertebral muscles with aramid (du Pont Kevlar aramid 49) fibers and aramid-polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) composites for 14 and 28 days. Rabbits were killed at these times periods, necropsies performed, sites scored for gross tissue response, and tissue specimens containing the implants removed for histopathological evaluation. A mild fibrous tissue reaction was observed around all implants containing aramid fiber similar to that observed around the silicone control implant. Some foreign body giant cells were also present adjacent to the fibers. An intense necrotic inflammatory reaction was present around the positive control material (PVC Y-78). The tissue response to implantation of aramid fiber and fiber-PMMA composites indicates that aramid is a biocompatible material.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210110
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Angular dependent ESCA and infrared studies of segmented polyurethanes (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 211-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The understanding of surface bonding and composition of complex polymer mixtures used for biomedical implant materials can be accomplished by a combination of techniques. In this study, vibrational spectroscopic probes of bulk and surface bonding and composition are combined with measurements with angular dependent X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS or ESCA). These data provide a detailed description in the surface composition of Biomer and Avcothane, commercially available biomedical grade polymers and model systems polydimethylsiloxane (DMS) and Avcomat, all of which have been cast as smooth films from solution. Impurities are observed segregated in the near surface region sampled by ESCA which are not observed in the surface infrared results. Both Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) and Photoacoustic (PA) sampling are utilized, ATR to provide a depth profile and demonstrate the higher surface sensitivity of PA sampling. The combined results describe the depth of segregation of DMS blocks in Avcothane, the presence of DMS within the topmost 20 Å in Biomer, and similar impurities in the model polymers. These results point out the need for multitechnique approach and the control of sample preparation and morphology in understanding complex polymer surfaces.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210206
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Luminal surface fabrication for cardiovascular prostheses (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 293-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Methods to produce highly ordered, specific surface morphologies on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE Teflon) surfaces were developed. These methods included the use of photolithographic techniques for pattern definition and directed argon ion beam sputter etching to produce the desired surface morphology. Use of these techniques resulted in the formation of regular arrays of sharply defined hexagonal pillars with smooth, vertical walls with heights of up to 80 μm. Pillar height-to-width ratios ranged up to 5.2-1. Surface hole depths of up to approximately 80 μm were also obtained. These surface morphologies could have an important application in medicine for improving the patency of cardiovascular prostheses. This would be accomplished by creating a luminal surface in the implant which promotes the development of a healthy neointima lining.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210303
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Collagen at interfaces II: Competitive adsorption of collagen against albumin and fibrinogen (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 321-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Adsorption of chemically radiolabeled [14C] collagen from binary mixtures with albumin or fibrinogen was studied on the solution/air and solution/polyethylene interfaces and revealed the preferential adsorption of albumin. This phenomenon is confirmed by the data of surface tension measurements of single protein, collagen-albumin, and collagen-fibrinogen solutions. Desorption experiments clearly show that more irreversibly adsorbed collagen was found on polyethylene surfaces when adsorption was performed from collagen-fibrinogen than from collagen-albumin solutions. The combined adsorption-desorption and the surface tension data show that competitive adsorption of collagen at the hydrophobic surfaces is strongly influenced by the surface tension properties of the proteins in solution.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210305
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Note: Fracture toughness testing of biomaterials using a mini-short rod specimen design (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 145-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210116
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210201
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polarimetric assay for the determination of the native collagen content of soluble collagen (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 201-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Two standardized assays for determining the amount of native collagen in a collagen solution are described which are based on polarimetric measurements. Native collagen content is calculated from the loss of optical rotation during transition from the original to the denatured conformation using constants which were obtained from standard collagen of highest available native collagen content. While Method I gives information on the content of helical collagen, Method II estimates collagen which is resistant to peptic degradation. Both methods are simple to perform and suitable for routine quality control.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210205
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Serum complement deposition on platinum and titanium oxide surfaces measured by ellipsometry at liquid-solid interface (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 263-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210209
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  • 9
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    Announcements (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 269-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210210
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Characterization of UHMWPE hip cups run on joint simulators (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 275-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The density and crystallinity of UHMWPE-hip cups were investigated as a function of thickness from the inner stressed surface to the unstressed outer surface. The effects of mechanical strain and chemical reactions during simulation tests, and damage of the material due to pretreatments and storage, resulted in changes of the structure, as indicated by variations in the crystallinity. Independent of either the batch of UHMWPE supplied or the manufacturer and the type of simulator used, the individual samplesets showed a similar characteristic curve of density versus wall thickness. Infrared spectroscopic evaluations indicated the presence of oxidative degradation, and answers the question as to which areas of the polymers are changed by aging and which compounds are newly formed. The characteristic carbonyl groups were also determined. The concentration trend of carbonyl groups versus wall thickness obtained agrees surprisingly well with the locally determined density and crystallinity trend. As these compounds are formed by reactions which produce stable oxidative degradation products and also crosslinking, we have determined the degree of crosslinking. The determination of the soluble constituents after extraction showed lower degree of crosslinking on the surface than in the middle of the material. Hence it follows that on the surfaces oxidative chain scission is prevailing, whereas in the interior mainly crosslinking is developed. These results indicate that the samples used for the simulation tests had distinct differences in characteristics. Generally the results show that wear tests in joint simulators lead to property changes in UHMWPE which differ considerably from test results previously obtained on retrieved hip cups.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210302
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    Long-term evaluation of five biomaterials for angioplastic enlargement of the pulmonary artery in a young dog model (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 509-523 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In 45 young dogs an enlargement angioplasty of the left pulmonary artery was performed using patches made from one of three autologous materials (jugular vein, unmodified pericardium, and glycerolized pericardium) or from two heterologous materials (lyophilized human dura mater and modified bovine carotid artery). Catheterization and angiographic studies performed 5 to 6 months after the operation showed that all patched vessels had remained patent, except in three dogs which had received heterologous implants. The animals were killed 5-24 months after operation (mean weight increase: 84%), and the implants were studied by optical microscopy and morphometry, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and indirect immunofluorescence with antidog Factor VIII rabbit antiserum. The two heterologous tissues exhibited limited biocompatibility, as estimated from 10 criteria obtained at histologic studies. Conversely, all three autologous biomaterials were characterized by infiltration of noninflammatory cells, near-complete endothelialization, and neosynthesis of structural proteins; infectious foci were very rare or absent. These results suggest that autologous tissues, although deendothelialized at the time of implantation, constitute the most suitable material for patch angioplasty, as far as endothelial triggering, cellularity and resistance to infection are concerned.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210410
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    Fluorescence lifetime measurements using total internal reflection fluorimetry: Evidence for a conformational change in albumin adsorbed to quartz (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 539-555 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: We have modified the total internal reflectance fluorimetry (TIRF) method to determine, indirectly, quantum fluorescence yield and thus infer structural changes of adsorbed plasma proteins. We employed a frequency multiplied Nd: YAG pulse laser to excite tryptophan residues of bovine serum albumin (BSA), measuring the resulting fluorescence lifetimes. BSA adsorbed on quartz was investigated at normal pH and under acidic (pH 3.8) conditions at which albumin shape change has been established in bulk solution. Albumin adsorbed at pH 7.2 has a slightly lower lifetime than the bulk solution value, reflecting a population of both native and isomerized forms. Gently washing the adsorbate surface significantly reduces fluorescence lifetime, suggesting retention of more tenacious, conformationally altered molecules. Vigorous washing further reduces fluorescence lifetimes to values close to those obtained in bulk under acidic conditions. Similar alterations in fluorescence lifetimes were observed for heat-denatured albumin. These results support the hypothesis that adsorbed albumin exists in the form of a two-layer deposit, each with a possibly different structure. A loosely held layer, consisting of BSA microaggregates and including partially unfolded molecules, exists on the undisturbed surface and is partially removed by gentle washing. Vigorous washing removes all but the most tightly held protein, which exists in a possibly further unfolded configuration. The decrease in fluorescence lifetime of adsorbed BSA implies a corresponding change in quantum yield. A change in quantum yield of BSA tryptophan fluorophors implies that measuring adsorbed protein concentration by intrinsic fluorescence is unreliable.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210502
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    UV-radiation aging test on composite materials for dental restorations (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 603-612 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Seven composite materials for dental restorations were examined in order to investigate their color stability. Five of these materials are available for anterior and two for posterior teeth. the change in color was achieved by an accelerated aging test with ultraviolet rays and evaluated, for each material, with the measurement of reflectance. Such measurement was obtained by means of a video display computer working as a computerized photometer. The results show two different types of behavior: some materials turn slightly to yellow, while others bleach. The test was completed with a scanning electron microscope morphologic examination of the surfaces.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210506
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  • 14
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    Announcements (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 675-676 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210511
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Masthead (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210601
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  • 16
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    Thick-section histometry of porous hydroxyapatite implants using backscattered electron imaging (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 731-739 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A histometry system has been developed to measure bone ingrowth into porous hydroxyapatite implants utilizing the backscattered electron image of thick sections. The system consists of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with backscattered electron detector, digital beam controller, minicomputer based image digitization, and microcomputer based image processing, point counting, and lineal analysis. The SEM backscattered electron imaging mode yields high tissue contrast and sharp tissue boundaries, substantially reducing the lost cap and projection effect errors of thick sections. High-resolution digitization of the image substantially reduces the standard error of the estimates. By using the digitized image the tedious process of filtering artifacts and recording actual point counts, intersections, and intercept lengths is delegated to computer software. Performance of this system in a recent study demonstrated substantial ease of operator use and speed of measurement. In the absence of a digital beam controller an inexpensive video digitizer circuit board may be used to digitize photographic prints of the SEM images. The combination of increased accuracy, precision, operator ease, and speed suggests that this system can be useful for soft tissue-bone-implant histometry.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210605
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  • 17
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    Announcements (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 531-534 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210412
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    The use of coral as a bone graft substitute (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 557-567 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Experiments have been performed to investigate the use of coral skeletons as bone graft substitutes. Skeletal fragments of different coral genera were implanted into cortical and spongy bone defects and used to bridge transcortical resections in the femur. The implant site was monitored for up to 18 months. Radiographically, both cortical and spongy bone defects were at least partially filled by new bone after 8 weeks while the implants underwent continuous resorption. Coral resorption and replacement by new tissue was also observed in the transcortical resections. The process of resorption was attributed to the enzymatic attack, especially carboanhydrase. This was confirmed by experiments in which dogs were implanted with coral in transcortical resections and treated daily with acetazolamide, a carboanhydrase inhibitor; the absorption appeared delayed and the reseections failed to heal.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210503
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    Soft-tissue response to total hip surface replacement (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 569-584 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Tissue reaction to prosthesis wear debris and its relationship to prosthetic loosening was investigated. Eighteen dogs underwent hip surface replacement; 6 animals accounted for 6 control and 6 carbon hips, and 13 experimental animals accounted for 13 implanted carbon and 13 cobaltchromium-molybdenum (CoCrMo) prostheses. Both kinds of prostheses articulated against a high-density polyethylene acetabular component. One year after implantation, tissue response to the prostheses was evaluated according to a semiquantitative method, and a total tissue score indicating the degree of tissue response was obtained. The total tissue score was then compared with the normalized final vertical ground reaction force (GRF) for each hip in the animals with bilateral hip replacements. Compared with the controls, significantly greater tissue response was seen in both kinds of prosthetic hips (p = .001). No statistically significant difference in the tissue response of the two types of hip prostheses was noted, although the tissue response score of the CoCrMo demonstrated a trend toward more severe reaction than the carbon. No statistical difference in tissue reaction was noted for loosened components as compared with tightly fixed components. Amount of wear debris was the best predictor of component loosening. Gait analysis demonstrated a statistically significant negative correlation between GRF and total tissue score (p = .036), and between GRF and wear debris score (p = .034). The results of this study suggest that GRF may predict the amount of wear debris in the tissues surrounding a total hip surface arthroplasty, and that severity of pain is related to the degree of tissue response.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210504
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  • 20
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    The determination of Al, Cr, Co, Fe, and Ni in whole blood by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 657-674 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Procedures for the determination of aluminum, chromium, cobalt, nickel, and iron in whole blood are presented and discussed. Chromium, cobalt, nickel, and iron were determined from one sample after decomposition of the blood with a mixture of nitric and perchloric acids. A graphite furnace was used for the determination of chromium, cobalt and nickel, and flame AAS was used for iron. The determination of Al was done from separate samples by GFAAS after dilution with 1% Triton TX-100. The normal concentration of these elements was measured in rabbit and dog blood.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210510
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  • 21
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    Adsorption of low density lipoproteins onto selected biomedical polymers (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 683-700 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: This study examines the interaction of human low density lipoprotein (LDL) with a select group of biomedical polymers. The adsorption characteristics of LDL on cured filler-free poly(dimethyl Siloxane) (C-PDMS), Biomer, Cardiomat 610, Kraton 1650, poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) and glass are presented. Adsorption of LDL to charged hydrophilic glass control surfaces occurred rapidly, reaching plateau concentrations within one minute (0.19 ± 0.01 ug/cm2). Adsorption of LDL to polymer surfaces appeared to be dependent upon both the polymer hydrophobicity (or apolar nature), and flexibility (or dynamic nature) at the interface. Increased surface concentrations were observed for Biomer (0.32 ± 0.01 ug/cm2) as well as other polymers which exhibited both hydrophobic and elastomeric próperties. Temperature changes between 25°C and 37°C were found to significantly influence the surface concentration of LDL on Biomer (0.16 ± 0.01 ug/cm2 at 25°C versus 0.32 ± 0.01 ug/cm2 at 37°C). A lipid core phase transition at 36°C was believed to be responsible for the temperature influence. Preliminary competitive adsorption studies of LDL with albumin (HSA) and serum on silicone surfaces suggests that LDL adsorption occurred rapidly and preferentially (0.25 ± 0.01 ug/cm2 for LDL alone; 0.33 ± 0.01 ug/cm2 for LDL + HSA; 0.15 ± 0.01 ug/cm2 LDL + serum). Preliminary studies on the role of LDL in calcification were not conclusive. It can be concluded that LDL adsorption is dependent upon polymer hydrophobicity, flexibility and temperature. Competitive adsorption experiments suggests that LDL may have substantial influence on protein adsorption.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210602
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  • 22
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    The enzymatic degradation of polymers in vitro (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 991-1003 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Specimens of 14C-labeled poly(ethylene terephthalate), nylon 66, and poly(methyl methacrylate) have been synthesized and exposed, in vitro, to a number of enzyme solutions. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) was found to be affected by esterase and papain, although in different ways, but not by trypsin or chymotrypsin. Nylon 66 was unaffected by esterase but degraded by the other three. Poly(methyl methacrylate) was not affected by any of these enzymes. This indicates that some nominally stable polymers are susceptible to degradation by enzymes under some circumstances. The amount of degradation is small, but could have significant sequelae should it be reproduced in vivo.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210805
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  • 23
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    The influence of postcuring on the fracture properties of photo-cured dimethacrylate based dental composite resin (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 979-989 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The dependence of the fracture behavior of photocured dimethacrylate-based composite resins on the matrix crosslink density (varied by postcuring at various temperatures) was investigated. In general, the fracture toughness (Klc) was increased by posfcuring as has been observed for epoxy-amine networks. The flexural and diametral tensile strength was also raised by postcuring. Calculation of the inherent flaw size (a0) from these properties produced conflicting dependencies on the state of cure. It is suggested that improved wear resistance and incisal edge strength of dental composite resin restoratives may be achieved by increased degree of cure.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210804
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  • 24
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    Adsorbed behavior of spin-labeled silane coupling agent on colloidal silica studied by electron spin resonance (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 1029-1038 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The adsorption mechanism of silane coupling agent on the colloidal silica surface is studied with spm-labeled silane coupling agent using ESR method. The density of the adsorbed silane molecules was determined to be approximately 1.5-2 molecules per 100 Å2 of the silica surface in 95% ethanol solution. In addition, ESR signal of spin-labeled agent adsorbed on the colloidal silica surface was composed of two components; slow component attributable to the agents adsorbed directly on the Si—OH groups of the silica surface through hydrogen bond formation and rapid one attributable to the agents interacted with such adsorbed silane molecules.
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    Theoretical and experimental analysis of cellular adhesion to polymer surfaces (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 1039-1055 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: An exact discrete numerical solution to the Grabowski model for predicting cell adhesion to polymer surfaces is discussed. The solution technique allows the possibility of taking into account cell-cell interactions within the flow situation and the multistep process involved in thrombus formation. The proposed solution also allows modification of the wall reaction rate model into a two specie reaction rate which distinguishes between the kinetics of contact adhesion and irreversible adhesion. The solution allows determination of effective diffusivity (De) and surface reaction rate (k) constants. Use of the model to examine available experimental data results in the following conclusions: (1) static or dynamic cell adhesion cannot be considered to be diffusion limited; (2) for flow conditions De is a monotonically increasing function of shear rate; (3) under static, i. e., zero flow conditions, De appears to be markedly larger than for flow conditions.
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    Bonding behavior between two bioactive ceramics in vivo (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 1109-1123 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The purpose of this study is to examine the chemical bonding mechanism between bioactive ceramics in vivo. Two experiments were performed. In the first experiment, rectangular specimens (5 mm × 5 mm × 25 mm) of apatite-wollastonite containing glass-ceramics (designated A 7middot; W  -  GC) were used. In the second experiment, plates (15 mm × 10 mm × 2 mm) of A · W  -  GC and three types of hydroxyapatite (designated HA) were used. The sintering temperature and porosity (%) of the three types of HA were 1200°C (0.4%), 1000°C (4.8%), and 800°C (45%), respectively. In each experiment, two pairs of specimens of identical material, one bound with silk thread, the other not bound, were implanted subcutaneously into rats. In the first experiment, bonding of only bound specimens was observed at 3 and 6 months after implantation. The observation of interface by SEM-EPMA showed that a Ca  -  P-rich layer formed between the two specimens. In the second experiment, bonding of both bound and nonbound A · W  -  GC produced identical results 1 month after implantation. For HA sintered at 800°C and 1000°C, bonding was observed in every specimen. This phenomenon might be caused by the chemical change of hydroxyapatite occurring at different sintering temperatures. The Ca  -  P-rich layer was observed between two plates. These results suggest that self-repair of bioactive ceramic is possible under certain conditions.
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    Announcements (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 1169-1175 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210910
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    Blood hemolysis by PTFE and polyurethane vascular prostheses in an in vitro circuit (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 1187-1196 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In order to improve understanding of the appearance of bright yellow stains in vivo (consecutive to the absorption of bilirubin) on a novel microporous, hydrophilic polyetherurethaneurea vascular prosthesis, the in vitro hemolytic activity of the material was compared with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene and silicone rubber. The results show that the tendency of the polyetherurethaneurea to produce free hemoglobin is low, so that the yellow staining observed is likely to be a result of the contact between the polymer and thrombi: Bilirubin is produced because of hemoglobin degradation in the thrombi rather than an active hemolysis on the surface of the prosthesis itself.
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    Intraocular biocompatibility of hydroxyethyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid copolymer/partially hydrolyzed poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 1247-1253 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A strip of partially hydrolyzed poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) containing 65%-75% H2O was implanted into the anterior eye chamber of 11 Chinchilla rabbits. No pathological changes were found in the iris or in the ciliary body. The pathological findings in the cornea accompanying implanation of a hydrogel strip to the anterior chamber were rare and not significant. The low occurrence of the foreign body giant multinucleate cells was observed on the implant surface 6 months after the implantation. Favorable properties of this hydrogel depend probably on its high water and acidic groups content.
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    Announcement from the publisher (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. vii 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210103
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    Growth of bone marrow cells on porous ceramics in vitro (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 1-10 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Following the transplantation of bone marrow cells to extra-osseous sites, bone formation occurs in those sites. This osteogenic potential of bone marrow cells might be utilized for filling defects in bone if they could be transported on porous ceramic materials. Before such an approach becomes feasible, it is important to know what happens to the cells in the presence of the ceramics that might be used. In order to investigate the interaction between bone marrow cells and ceramics, in vitro, a system for culturing bone marrow cells on ceramic materials has been developed. Bone marrow cells adhered well to the surface of calcium hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate ceramics, and this was followed by the formation of fibrous tissue on and within the ceramics. These ceramics were compatible with bone marrow cells even in culture conditions in which there was a large surface area of ceramic interfacing with cells. The results support the proposal that calcium hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate are appropriate as bone replacement materials. In contrast, calcium aluminate had an adverse effect on bone marrow cells when there was a high proportion of ceramic to culture medium. However, this effect was not present if the proportion of ceramic to culture medium was low. Therefore, a large amount of biodegradable porous calcium aluminate ceramic should not be used as an alternative to autogeneous bone grafting.
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    Bone-particle-impregnated bone cement: An in vitro study (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 247-261 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Bone-particle-impregnated bone cement specimens (up to 30% by weight) were characterized by various test methods. The experimental bone cement showed decreased crack propagation rates and increased Young's modulus, while the ultimate tensile strength and impact strength were decreased. The viscosity could be adjusted by adding initiators lost when substituting the PMMA powder with bone particles. The present study warranted fur-ther in vivo experiments on the possibility of tissue ingrowth for which the new bone cement was developed.
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    Masthead (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987) 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210301
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    Water sorption of polymethacrylate networks: Bis-GMA/TEGDM copolymers (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 329-338 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Polymethacrylate networks were made by copolymerization of a range of compositions of bis-GMA and triethylene glycoldimethacrylate (TEGDM). Polymerization was initiated both by heating with benzoyl peroxide or by photopolymerization (λ 〉 400 nm) using camphoroquinone as sensitizer. The uptake of water increased from 3 to 6% as the proportion of TEGDM increased from 0 to 1.0. Intermediate compositions took up less water than would be predicted from the law of mixtures. Volumetric changes were determined and clinical significance discussed. A copolymer prepared by photopolymerization took up more water as the temperature was increased from 24-60°C. In this range, values of the diffusion coefficient (D) conformed to the Arrhenius equation, D = D0 exp (-E/RT), giving E = 42-46 kJ/mol and D0 = 0.13 cm2 s-1.
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    Wear-accelerated corrosion of Ti-6Al-4V and nitrogen-ion-implanted Ti-6Al-4V: Mechanisms and influence of fixed-stress magnitude (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 367-377 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Wear-accelerated corrosion rates at constant anodic potentials were evaluated for unimplanted and nitrogen-ion-implanted surgical Ti-6Al-4V while wearing against ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene at stress levels up to 6.90 MPa (1000 psi). The ion implantation processing was found to reduce the wear corrosion rates in both saline and serum solutions at all applied stress levels. During wear testing, all of the ion-implanted surfaces remained visually unchanged from the polished condition. However, many of the unimplanted surfaces developed damage zones characterized by wear tracks and black wear debris. A surface-damage mechanism is proposed and discussed which involves disruption of the Ti-6Al-4V protective oxide film, subsequent entrapment of oxide particles in the polyethylene, then self-perpetuating damage due to the abrasive action of the embedded particles.
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    Vascular graft-associated complement activation and leukocyte adhesion in an artificial circulation (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 379-397 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Complement-associated leukocyte adhesion appears to be a consistent in vitro and in vivo finding for many types of polymers; however, very little work has been done on the interaction of leukocytes with vascular graft materials. An in vitro perfusion system was used to study complement and leukocyte activation associated with the following vascular graft materials when tested with human blood: expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE), crimped Dacron Bionit (DB) and preclotted Dacron Bionit. A decrease in the total leukocyte concentration with perfusion time was seen for all materials tested, and paralleled leukocyte adhesion to the graft surface as observed by scanning electron microscopy. The most dramatic decrease in leukocyte concentration was observed for the interaction of heparinized whole blood with Dacron. This was due to a selective decrease in neutrophils and monocytes, and was correlated with an increase in both leukocyte adhesiveness and complement activation, as measured by C5a elevation. Inhibiting complement activation by use of the anticoagulant, sodium citrate, curtailed Dacron-induced leukocyte adhesion. Little leukocyte or complement activation was observed for ePTFE or the silicone rubber control regardless of the anticoagulant used.
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    Effects of periosteal activation agent on bone repair and ingrowth (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 429-442 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A substance that activates the resting periosteum (PAA) was applied to the periosteal surface in two different healing models using the femurs of 2-kg male rabbits. The activation agent was applied to the periosteal surface over the sites of circular defects drilled through the lateral cortex in one model and over the sites of porous polyethylene implants placed in the lateral cortex and the medullary canal in the other model. Results failed to show that the agent either enhanced bone ingrowth into the porous implants or accelerated bony filling of the circular defects. However, there was indication of enhanced mineralization and periosteal callus formation as early as 24 h after application.
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    Aging test and dynamic fatigue test of apatite-wollastonite-containing glass ceramics and dense hydroxyapatite (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 467-484 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The purpose of this study is to examine the changes in mechanical strength of two bioactive ceramics in living tissue. An aging test and dynamic fatigue test were performed using apatite-wollastonite-containing glass ceramics (A · W - GC) and dense hydroxyapatite (HA). Specimens (5mm × 5mm × 25mm, abraded with No. 2000 Al2O3 powder) were implanted into subcutaneous tissue of rats for varying periods of time. The bending strength of aged samples was measured by the three-point loading method. The bending strength of A · W - GC was greater than that of HA (P 〈 0.001). There was no reduction in bending strength for both A · W - GC and HA in living tissue. The n value of both A · W - GC and HA did not decrease significantly after implantation as assessed by the results of the dynamic fatigue test according to analysis of covariance. SEM-EPMA showed that Si and Mg contents decreased, Ca content did not change, while P content increased in the surface of A · W - GC. The area where x-ray intensity changed increased moderately after implantation. There were no changes in Ca and P at the interface between HA and soft tissue. In macroscopic and microscopic observations, specimens were found to be encapsulated with a thin layer of connective tissue. Foreign body giant cells, obteoblasts, or osteoclasts were not observed in the soft tissue. There was no bonding between ceramics and soft tissue.
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    Masthead (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987) 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210701
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    Masthead (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987) 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210501
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    Studies of poly(ether)urethane pacemaker lead insulation oxidation (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 525-530 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Published reports suggest that silver ions may catalyze the oxidation of poly-(ether)urethane soft-segments resulting in the failure of urethane insulations of specific models of pacemaker leads. Attempted oxidation of soft-segment models, poly-(tetra-methylene ether)glycols, by silver nitrate has shown that metal-ion catalyzed oxidative-reduction (MICOR) does not adequately explain observed failures unless antioxidants are removed in process. Such cracking can, however, be explained in terms of a metal ion enhanced environmental stress cracking.
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    Reversible morphological and functional abnormalities of RINm5F cells cultured on polystyrene sulfonate beads (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 585-601 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: RINm5F cells (an insulin-secreting cell line) were cultured on PSSO3Na microbeads under static conditions. The cells grown on plastic wells or slower, depending on the intial cell concentration. With both supports, it was similarly influenced by the fetal calf serum concentration in the culture medium, and protein content per cell was identical. However, no spreading was observed when cells were cultured on microbeads. RINm5F cells cultured on plastic wells responded to arginine + theophylline and to leucine + theophylline by a significant increase in insulin secretion. By contrast, in cells cultured on PSSO3Na microbeads, the increase in this secretion was only slight or nil. All these abnormalities were reversible. Thus, when cells cultured on microbeads were detached and seeded on plastic wells, normal spreading and insulin secretion were observed. Lastly, PSSO3Na beads had an acute suppressive effect on insulin secretion by cells cultured on plastic wells. This study provides an example of cell-biomaterial interaction in which cell growth is possible, but with altered cell function.
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    An in vitro study of the adhesion of blood platelets onto vascular catheters. Part I (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 613-627 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The adhesion of human blood platelets onto vascular catheters was studied using a specially designed perfusion chamber. Polyurethane catheters were exposed to citrated human blood for different periods (up to 20 min) and at different wall shear rates (190, 260, 330 sec-1). The rate of platelet adhesion was determined using 111In-labeled platelets, while the morphology of adhering platelets was investigated using scanning electron microscopy. A linear increase in platelet adhesion was found within the first 10 min of perfusion, after which a plateau value was reached. The number of adhering platelets did not vary significantly with the shear rates applied, which may indicate that within the range of shear rates studied, the adhesion of platelets onto the catheter surface is mainly determined by the rate of the reaction between the platelets and the material surface. Catheters coated with a conjugate of heparin and albumin showed a four- to five-fold reduction in platelet adhesion as compared to uncoated catheters. This reduction in platelet adhesion was not only due to the presence of albumin moieties at the surface but also to the presence of heparin residues in the adsorbed albumin-heparin conjugate.
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    In vitro and in vivo characterization of synthetic polymer/biopolymer composites (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 643-655 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Collagen, extracted from rat tail tendons using dilute acetic acid, was fabricated into films for subsequent characterization and biocompatibility testing. The reconstituted collagen was characterized with infrared spectroscopy, solution viscosity, contact angle, and tensile testing techniques and was found to be pure with molecular and physical properties consistent with findings of previous researchers. Composites composed of collagen coated on urethane and Silastic Rubber® films were fabricated to give improved tear resistance.The biocompatibility of the composites and individual polymers was evaluated by discs implanted in the paravertebral muscle of rabbits. After four weeks none of the materials induced any gross changes in the muscle. Histopathological evaluation revealed a fibrous capsule around all of the materials. Collagen and collagen composites exhibited a stronger reaction as evidenced by a larger fibroblast layer and a variety of inflammatory cells, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and macrophages. The urethane was rated with a response index of 1.5 versus 3.25 for the urethane/collagen composite; Silastic Rubber® rated a response index of 1.67 versus 3.12 for the Silastic Rubber®/collagen composite; collagen rated a response index of 3.3. The polyester sutures also induced a reaction with a larger fibrous capsule but fewer inflammatory cells as compared to collagen and collagen composites.
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    Masthead (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987) 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210901
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    Viscoelastic behavior of polyurethane vascular prostheses (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 1093-1108 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A method of evaluating the in vitro viscoelastic properties of microfibrous Biomer poly(ether-urethane-urea) vascular prostheses is outlined. Quasi-static and dynamic tests were carried out on Biomer grafts of diameter between 3.4 mm and 3.8 mm and wall thickness between 0.25 mm and 0.55 mm. It is shown that the quasi-static compliance of a Biomer graft may be determined from an equation relating transmural pressure, radius, and longitudinal strains in terms of the graft dimensions and material constants. The dynamic compliance spectra were evaluated as a function of the longitudinal and circumferential strains and temperature. Although the ratio of dynamic compliance to quasi-static compliance was linearly related to the logarithm of frequency it was not significantly affected by strains or temperature over the relevant ranges studied. Employing the usual assumptions of linear isotropic incremental elastic theory the dynamic elastic and viscous moduli were calculated as a function of frequency. Biomer grafts were more viscous than canine carotid and femoral arteries, especially at the higher frequencies. The variation in the ratio of dynamic to static incremental modulus with frequency was similar to that observed in the femoral arteries by Bergel (J. Physiol., 156, 458-469 (1961)).
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    The influence of protein adsorption on interactions of cultured human endothelial cells with polymers (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 701-718 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A systematic study of the effects of polymer surface properties on the interaction with human endothelial cells (HEC) may lead to the development of small-diameter vascular grafts. HEC, suspended in culture medium containing 20% serum adhered and spread onto moderately wettable polymers such as TCPS (tissue culture polystyrene). Reduced or no adhesion of HEC was observed upon the hydrophobic polymers PETP (polyethyleneterephthalate, Dacron) and FEP (fluoroethylenepropylene copolymer, Teflon). Polymers precoated with the proteins albumin (Alb), high density lipoprotein (HDL), and immunoglobulin G (IgG) inhibited the adhesion of HEC, whereas fibronectin (Fn) coátings promoted cell adhesion. Endothelialization of PETP and FEP only occurred after precoating of these materials with Fn. The adsorption of Fn, Alb, HDL, and IgG from solutions of different serum concentrations onto TCPS, PETP, and FEP was related to the adhesion of HEC. Serum Fn only adsorbed onto TCPS, with the maximum at 0.1% serum concentration. Maximal cell adhesion onto TCPS was also observed after pretreatment with a solution containing 0.1% serum. The cell adhesion inhibiting proteins Alb and HDL preferentially adsorbed at higher serum concentrations. Desorption of these proteins and exchange for, e. g., cellular Fn may result in cell spreading and proliferation of HEC upon TCPS.
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    Announcements (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 807-810 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210608
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    The effect of surface preparation on metal/bone cement interfacial strength (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 773-805 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: This study is concerned with finding practical ways for strengthening metal/bone cement (M/BC) interfaces via surface alterations and identifying fundamental mechanisms underlying M/BC adherence. Shear strengths have been inferred from torsion tests using shear lag analysis. The variables examined with regard to their effects on interfacial strength are substrate material, surface roughness, interface porosity, passivation and sterilization, surface cleaning procedures, and use of bone cement precoated metals. M/BC interfaces can be substantially strengthened by applying the bone cement to the metal with high pressure. This would be a practical way to strengthen interfaces for precoated implants. The acrylic polymerized in vivo would employ the usual low pressure method. Otherwise, the main method for improving M/BC interfaces is through changing surface topography. Cleaning or chemical treatments have relatively minor effects. Roughened surfaces, as expected, produce stronger interfaces. Dramatic strength improvements occurred with a porous arc plasma sprayed layer on the substrate. Surprisingly, highly polished surfaces also improve interface strength (compared to less polished surfaces). The hypothesis is advanced that M/BC adherence depends upon superposition of mechanical interlocking and atomic interaction effects, with the latter predominating for finer finishes and vice versa. Differences exist between materials which are independent of roughness.
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    Shear creep of injectable collagen biomaterials (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 861-880 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Shear creep experiments in a parallel-plate apparatus were carried out on two injectable forms of collagen: semidilute nonfibrillar solutions (32 and 45 mg protein/mL) and aqueous fibrillar suspensions (at 35 and 65 mg/mL). Nonfibrillar solutions were more easily deformed than fibrillar suspensions, and both materials continued to deform slowly, even at long times (up to 6 × 104 sec). When the creep compliance, J(t), was plotted versus t1/3, regions of linear dependence were identified, which indicated that the materials were undergoing Andrade creep. At higher stress levels, J(t) diverged from t1/3, and true viscous flow occurred. A delayed viscosity could be calculated which agreed with viscosities derived from measurements under conditions of steady shear Couette flow. The time of onset of viscous flow was identified with a specific strain for each material, suggesting yield strain behavior. An analysis of recovery curves showed that at low stress levels or for short experimental times, the Boltzmann superposition was approximately obeyed, indicating linear behavior. At high stress levels and times 〉103 sec, both nonfibrillar solutions and fibrillar suspensions showed marked curvature of stress-strain curves, which indicated that the materials are nonlinear in creep.
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    Enhanced in vitro fibrinolytic activity of immobilized plasmin on collagen beads (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 897-912 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Plasmin was immobilized on collagenous substrates using carbodiimide as a linking agent. The kinetics of soluble and immobilized plasmin were monitored by reacting them with the chromogenic substrate S-2251 (H-D-Val-Leu-Lys-pNA) in the presence and absence of a2-antiplasmin (a2-PI). The ability of immobilized plasmin to lyse synthetic clots formed from fibrinogen and thrombin was determined by detecting the formation of fibrin degradation products (FDP). The activity of immobilized plasmin was 0.02 casein units (CU)/mg of collagen. The kinetic analysis of soluble and immobilized plasmin in the presence and absence of a2-PI shows that while soluble plasmin activity was inhibited by the presence of a2-PI, the plasmin inhibitor did not interfere with the ability of immobilized plasmin to attack fibrin. In the absence of a2-PI, the ability of the immobilized plasmin to lyse synthetic clots was the same as that of soluble plasmin. In the presence of a2-PI, immobilized plasmin produced twice the amount of FDP as did soluble plasmin. The immobilized plasmin activity was stable for a period of at least 3 months.
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    Cell responses to biomaterials I: Adhesion and growth of vascular endothelial cells on poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) following surface modification by hydrolytic etching (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 921-935 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Hydrogels of poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (polyHEMA) homopolymer do not normally support the attachment and growth of mammalian cells. By altering the surface it has been possible to dramatically change this cell-substratum interaction so that vascular endothelial cells can attach and completely populate a poly HEMA surface. While this can be achieved by copolymerisation of polyHEMA with methacrylic acid or diethylaminoethyl methacrylate, it is most conveniently achieved by brief treatment of polyHEMA hydrogel with concentrated sulphuric acid. The resultant creation of surface - COOH groups, revealed by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis, is consistent with the hydrolytic formation of methacrylic acid on the surface layer. Surface - COOH groups created by treatment with chloric or hydrofluoric acids were not effective. Following sulfuric acid treatment, cell adhesion and growth on polyHEMA hydrogel were better than on Teflon and approached those attained on glow-discharge-treated polystyrene. The capacity of acid-treated polyHEMA to adsorb albumin or fibronectin was of the order of 100-fold or 10-fold lower respectively than either polystyrene, Teflon, or segmented polyurethane. Hydrolytic “etching” in this way is proposed as an efficient means of expanding the use of polyHEMA hydrogel as a biomaterial without modifying the overall physicochemical properties of the bulk of the material.
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    Announcements (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 1359-1361 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820211107
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    Plasma sprayed coatings of hydroxylapatite (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 1375-1381 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The technique of plasma spraying has been applied to deposite a thin, dense layer of hydroxylapatite onto a titanium substrate. Bond strength of such apatite coatings with the substrate have been measured, as well as the (absence of) influence of the coating process on fatigue properties of the substrate. Animal studies showed similar histological reactions to apatite coatings as to (well documented) apatite bulk materials.
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    Carbon/graphite fiber reinforced poly(methyl methacrylate): Properties under dry and wet conditions (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 1065-1080 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The flexural properties of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) reinforced with carbon/graphite (C/G) fibers with three different surface treatments were investigated by transverse bend testing after dry and wet storage. The fibers used were (1) commercially available fibers, (2) cleaned fibers, and (3) cleaned and sized fibers. The coating agents of commercial unidirectional and braided C/G fibers as well as impurities on C/G fibers for medical uses were characterized by means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The agar overlay technique was used to assess the cytotoxicity of leachable elements from different fibers and processed composites. Composites with both unidirectional and braided tubular C/G fibers were investigated after storage in water. Fracture stress and flexural modulus decreased when “commercial” fibers were used as reinforcing material. Composites with cleaned and sized fibers gave only minor differences in flexural properties after dry and wet storage. By means of SEM micrographs the adhesion behavior of unsized C/G fibers, epoxy sized fibers were assessed. After water storage a substantial part of the cleaned fibers adhered to the matrix material. The adhesion capacity of the other fibers was reduced since the water absorption caused separation of fiber and matrix.
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    Masthead (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987) 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210101
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    JBMR plus (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. ix 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210104
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    Specific removal of paraquat by hemoperfusion through antiparaquat conjugated agarose-polyacrolein microsphere beads (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 25-41 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A novel specific adsorbent for removal of paraquat from blood has been developed. Immobilized antiparaquat antibodies provide the specificity and high affinity of the adsorbent. The antibodies were raised in rabbits and goats immunized with an analogue of paraquat, conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA). Specific antiparaquat antibodies were isolated from the animals' sera by affinity chromatography. The antibodies were polyvalently bound to crosslinked agarose-polyacrolein microsphere beads (APAMB). Antiparaquat conjugated beads (APB) were used as packing material in a hemoperfusion column for detoxification of paraquat and were compared to activated charcoal. In vitro and in vivo experiments showed specific and enhanced rate of removal of paraquat from plasma and blood by using APB. Minimal alteration of the formed elements and plasma constituents of the blood was observed.
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    An in vivo method for the evaluation of catheter thrombogenicity (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 43-57 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A new method has been developed to evaluate the relative thrombogenicity of vascular catheters. The technique provides a means to quantitatively differentiate between catheters made from different polymeric materials. Autologous In-111 labeled platelets were infused into a dog model and catheters were then inserted into the external jugular vein of the dog. The neck region was scanned using gamma camera imaging. Comparisons between catheter materials were made using computer generated uptake slopes during the first 40 min of the scan. In addition to scintigraphy, visual assessment of thrombus deposition, thrombus weight, platelet deposition, and scanning electron microscopy were used to validate the technique. Poly(vinyl chloride), polyurethane, heparinized polyurethane, and silicone catheter materials were tested. It was found that heparinized polyurethane was the least thrombogenic of all materials evaluated.
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    Announcements (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 155-158 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210117
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    An annual offering of thanks (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. v 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210102
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    Call for papers - Applied biomaterials (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. xi 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210105
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    A calorimetric study of the interaction of synthetic phospholipid liposomes with lipid-soluble small molecules used as dental materials and devices (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 89-98 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The interaction of 22 lipid-soluble small molecules, widely used in dental materials and devices, with synthetic phospholipid liposomes, was investigated by the application of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), in order to clarify the mechanism of small molecules in biological systems. Dimyristoyl phosphatidyl choline (DMPC) and dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC) were used as lipids. The interaction of various monomers with liposomes has been reported by us in this journal.1 In this experiment, various compounds such as redox-initiator, photo-initiator or photo-sensitizer, inhibitor, root-canal disinfectant, cement-base materials (eugenol and 2-ethoxybenzoic acid) etc., were investigated. From changes in the phase transition temperature (T), enthalpy (ΔHkcal mol-1) and H/HHW values of both DMPC and DPPC liposomes induced by these molecules, it was concluded that aromatic tertiary amine, benzoyl peroxide and hydroquinone monomethyl ether had a relatively large effect on liposomes, and that in phenol derivatives, m-cresol and p-chlorophenol had a large effect on liposomes compared to phenol. Eugenol used as dental cement also had a large effect on liposomes due to its high hydrophobicity. Changes in the transition properties of liposomes induced by small molecules (characterized by shift of T to a lower temperature, an increase or decrease in cooperativity (H/HHW), and a decrease in ΔH of a endothermic peak) seemed to be related to biological activities.
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    Effect of the surface geometry of smooth and porous-coated titanium alloy on the orientation of fibroblasts in vitro (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 107-126 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The migration and orientation of human gingival fibroblasts in relation to the rim of smooth-surfaced and porous-coated titanium discs placed on multilayers in vitro was investigated. Samples were examined after 6 h, 24 h, 3 days, and 7 days of culture using phase-contrast and scanning electron microscopy. The cells migrated from the multilayer onto the smooth-surfaced discs forming bridges between them, and orientated along parallel circumferential grooves in the rim of the discs. This resulted in the cellular bridges orientating at an acute angle to the rim of the disc, and adjacent cells in the multilayer orientating parallel to the rim. Cellular bridges were also formed between the porous-coated discs and the multilayer but, because the cells that migrated onto, and between, the spheres of the porous-coat showed no preferred orientation, the bridges retained their orientation at right angles to the surface of the rim. This in turn resulted in the cells of the adjacent multilayer becoming similarly orientated. These observations suggest that the geometrical configuration of the surface of implants could influence whether a capsule or an orientated fibrous attachment is developed in relation to implants in vivo.
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    Protein adsorption to polymer particles: Role of surface properties (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 161-171 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Adsorption isotherms of four plasma proteins (fibrinogen, IgG, human serum albumin, and bovine serum albumin) using four different types of small particles as substrates (siliconized glass, Teflon, polyvinylchloride, and Nylon-6, 6) are reported. The suspending liquid medium was phosphate-buffered saline, with a surface tension higher than that of any of the proteins. In keeping with the thermodynamic expectations for these systems, protein adsorption decreases for all solids in sequence from fibrinogen (the most hydrophobic) to IgG, human serum albumin, and bovine serum albumin (the most hydrophilic). Furthermore, the extent of protein adsorption also decreases from the low surface tension (hydrophobic) to the higher surface tension solids, again as expected on thermodynamic grounds. There is one minor yet interesting exception to the thermodynamic pattern: In spite of the slightly lower surface tension of siliconized glass, the extent of protein adsorption is slightly higher to Teflon than to siliconized glass. This result is attributed to the theoretically well known phenomenon of “screening”.
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    A kinetic study on the effects of anticoagulants on the interaction of fibrinogen and thrombin (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 187-200 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The inhibitory effect of heparin and antithrombin III (AT) on the interaction of fibrinogen and thrombin was investigated in preference to studies on heparinizing devices. The turbidity was measured kinetically as a measure of the concentration of fibrin polymer formed in the system. It was found that AT did not act on fibrinogen but, rather, on thrombin, and the main role of heparin is to accelerate the AT-thrombin reaction. On the other hand, dextran sulfate (DSc) did not accelerate the AT-thrombin reaction. When heparin and AT were incubated with thrombin, inhibition did not depend on the mixing order but on the incubation time. Thus, a ternary complex of heparin, AT, and thrombin was supposed to form for the inhibition. The reaction of heparin with fibrinogen and thrombin in the presence of AT was well-explained by assuming a Freundlich-type adsorption of heparin analogous with the reaction of heparin with fibrinogen.
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    Comparison of the mechanical properties of simplex P, zimmer regular, and LVC bone cements (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 719-730 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The mechanical properties of the three cement preparations most widely used in the United States were compared by conducting tensile and fatigue tests on Simplex P, LVC, and Zimmer Regular bone cements. Specimens of all three cement preparations were prepared for mechanical testing with and without centrifugation of the cement immediately after mixing. Although the results of the tensile testing revealed a few specific instances of significant differences in the tensile properties of the three cement preparations, there was no consistent evidence that one cement was superior in tension to the others. However, the fatigue properties of Simplex P were consistently and significantly superior to the fatigue properties of both LVC and Zimmer Regular bone cements. Centrifugation of the cement immediately after mixing significantly improved both the tensile and fatigue properties of all three bone cements. However, the fatigue strength of centrifuged Simplex P was substantially and significantly superior to the fatigue strength of the centrifuged LVC and Zimmer Regular bone cements. Since in total joint replacements bone cement is subjected to cyclic loading, these data suggest that centrifuged Simplex P is a preferable bone cement to LVC and to Zimmer Regular cement with or without centrifugation.
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    Chemically modified collagen: A natural biomaterial for tissue replacement (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 741-771 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Glutaraldehyde crosslinking of native or reconstituted collagen fibrils and tissues rich in collagen significantly reduces biodegradation. Other aldehydes are less efficient than glutaraldehyde in generating chemically, biologically, and thermally stable crosslinks. Tissues crosslinked with glutaraldehyde retain many of the viscoelastic properties of the native collagen fibrillar network which render them suitable for bioprostheses. Implants of collagenous materials crosslinked with glutaraldehyde are subject long-term to calcification, biodegradation, and low-grade immune reactions. We have attempted to overcome these problems by enhancing crosslinking through (a) bridging of activated carboxyl groups with diamines and (b) using glutaraldehyde to crosslink the ∊-NH2 groups in collagen and the unreacted amines introduced by aliphatic diamines. This crosslinking reduces tissue degradation and nearly eliminates humoral antibody induction. Covalent binding of diphosphonates, specifically 3-amino-1-hydroxypropane-1, 1-diphosphonic acid (3-APD), and chondroitin sulfate to collagen or to the crosslink-enhanced collagen network reduces its potential for calcification. Platelet aggregation is also reduced by glutaraldehyde crosslinking and nearly eliminated by the covalent binding of chondroitin sulfate to collagen. The cytotoxicity of residual glutaraldehyde - leaching through the interstices of the collagen fibrils or the tissue matrix - and of reactive aldehydes associated with the bound polymeric glutaraldehyde can be minimized by neutralization and thorough rinsing after crosslinking and storage in a nontoxic bacteriostatic solution.
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    Complement activation by hydroxyethylmethacrylate-ethylmethacrylate copolymers (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 843-859 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Certain biomaterials, including nylon oxygenator and cellulosic dialysis membranes, are potent activators of human complement. In this study, the effect of polymers containing 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) on the human complement system was investigated. Copolymers of HEMA with ethylmethacrylate (EMA) varying from 100 to 40% HEMA in the monomer made by radiation initiation were used to coat glass discs. These were equilibrated with human plasma in vitro and the degree of complement activation was quantitated by C3a radio immunoassay. Significant activation was caused by copolymers made from monomers containing 60% or greater HEMA. A direct relationship between the amount of activation and the percentage of HEMA was found. The degree of activation by poly HEMA, when corrected for surface area, was quite similar to that observed for dialysis and oxygenator membranes. Similar observations were made when solid casts of crosslinked HEMA/N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) copolymer gels were tested, but the magnitude of activation was much greater. The results are significant because complement activation may play an important role in the response to foreign surfaces, in both extravascular and intravascular settings. A new concept of molecular biocompatibility is proposed in which surfaces eliciting molecular transformations in any of the biological defense systems are deemed nonbiocompatible. By this criterion, the hydrogel poly-HEMA, which has so frequently been thought of as biocompatible, is considered to be a molecularly nonbiocompatible material.
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    Adherence of Streptococcus mutans to implant materials (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 913-920 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The adherence of Streptococcus mutans OMZ-176 to six implant materials (polycrystal alumina, single-crystal alumina, titanium alloy, cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy, hydroxyapatite, and heat-curing polymethylmethacrylate resin) was studied in vitro. The change of free energy, which corresponds to the adherence process, was also evaluated for hydrophobic interaction. Adherence of S. mutans to poly-crystal alumina was lower than adherence to other materials. The adherence of S. mutans to the test materials was highly correlated with the change of free energy, which suggests that hydrophobic interaction plays an important role in the adherence of S. mutans to the implant materials.
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    Announcements (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 947-951 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210710
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    Prostacyclin immobilized albuminated surfaces (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 937-945 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The adhered platelets on artificial surfaces play a crucial role in inducing thrombosis. Therefore, it is very much desirable to have surfaces which can effectively retard platelet adhesion and aggregation. Prostaglandins like PGI2, PGE1 and PGD2 possesses potent antiplatelet activity, but have very short half life. A chemically stable prostacyclin analog, 10,10-difluoro-13-dehydroprostacyclin (DF2 - PGI2) seems to be promising. Polyelectrolyte (PE) synthesized from natural poly cis-1,4 isoprene has also been found to possess outstanding anticoagulant and antiplatelet activity. Modification of polyethurerethane urea (PEUU) by immobilizing DF2 - PGI2 and polyelectrolyte in various combinations using glow discharge technique has been attempted. Surfaces thus modified showed negligible platelet adherence. The inhibition of platelet adherence in presence of inducing agents like fibrinogen, thrombin and ADP was also remarkable. The interactions of albumin and fibrinogen with the modified surfaces were studied using 125I labelled proteins.
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    A new reconstitued connective tissue matrix: Preparation, biochemical, structural and mechanical studies (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 965-977 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A fibrinogen derivative generated by thrombin was reacted with elastin to yield a new addition product or adduct between the two proteins. Addition of fibronectin, and then of collagen, did not interfere with the basic elastin-fibrinogen reaction and conferred the qualities of an artificial connective tissue to the product. Biochemical, structural and biomechanical aspects of the new matrix were studied. Aprotinin, heparin, thiomersal, and thiourea did not inhibit the main reaction; indeed, some of these ingredients improved the matrix cohesion. Scanning electron microscopy showed the genesis of a true network whose meshes were more reticulated by the addition of thiourea. Biomechanical studies, i.e., strength and elasticity showed the thiourea matrix to be the strongest. These intrinsic properties suggest the product could have biological and clinical applications.
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    The evaluation of the interface between bone and a bioceramic dental implant (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 1005-1011 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Methods for evaluating the interface between bone and an experimental dental implant have been analyzed. The material studied was a titanium implant coated with a mixture of alumina and titanium dioxide by means of a plasma-jet system with the dog as the animal model. The evaluations were made on two levels: (1) in vivo, by analyzing radiographs of the peri-implant zone with a video display computer (2) in vitro, after explantation, by analyzing vertical and horizontal sections of the sample with an optical and a scanning electron microscope, and by a video display computer analysis of the microradiographs of these sections.
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    A rapid in vitro test of the in vivo healing potential of vascular prostheses (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 1081-1091 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: An in vitro method for comparing the penetration of bovine fibroblasts seeded on the external surface of porous vascular prostheses was devised. The effects of water porosity reduction and differing manufacturing constructions (warp-knit Dacron, woven Dacron and polytetrafluoroethylene) on the ability of the bovine fibroblasts to penetrate transmurally was investigated. Of the warp-knit external-veloured Dacron prostheses, the highest porosity 140-denier prototype had the highest luminal surface cell count and the lowest porosty 280-denier prototype the lowest luminal surface cell count. The intermediate prototypes had values between these two extremes. The woven Dacron prostheses which were of even lower porosity but with a much thinner wall, had cell counts midway between the 140-denier and the 280-denier prototypes. The microporous polytetrafluoroethylene prostheses did not allow fibroblast penetration despite adherence of cells to the outer surface. These findings agree with in vivo healing studies of the same materials in the descending thoracic aorta of the dog, demonstrating that this rapid in vitro assay method can help predict the healing potential of a vascular prosthesis.
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    Experimental demonstration of the immunogenicity of silicone-protein complexes (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 1125-1133 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Although silicones, as a class, are nontoxic in animal and tissue studies, implanted silicone prostheses and medical devices are associated with various local and systemic host inflammatory reactions. They also have been associated with a form of autoimmune disease. To test the hypothesis that silicones may evoke an immunologically mediated inflammatory reaction, 10 guinea pigs were stimulated for 1 month with intraperitoneal injections of sterile medical-grade silicone oil admixed with homologous serum and complete Freund's adjuvant. Ten controls were stimulated with salin. Four additional animals were passively sensitized with splenic homogenates from four sensitized animals. Intradermal antigenic challenges consisted of silicone-homologous serum, pure silicone, saline-homologous serum, pure silicone, saline-homologous serum, and purified protein derivative. Cutaneous reaction patterns were graded grossly and microscopically. Silicone-serum and purified protein derivative antigens evoked three to four times greater palpable lesions in all 10 actively and all 4 passively sensitized animals at approximately 24 h compared to controls. Biopsies showed a moderate to marked lymphocytic infiltrate. Control sites and naive animals showed only edema at the challenge sites. The data suggest that silicone-protein complexes are potentially immunogenic.
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    Masthead (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987) 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820211001
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    Release of corrosion products by F-75 cobalt base alloy in the rat. III: Effects of a carbon surface coating (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 1213-1230 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A pyrolytic carbon coating was applied to F-75 chromium-cobalt-molybdenum alloy in an effort to reduce the release of corrosion products in vivo. After intramuscular implantation in the rat, a complex pattern of serum and urine concentration elevations of chromium, cobalt, and nickel was seen. The carbon-coated implants released more chromium and cobalt than uncoated controls, as seen by significantly elevated metal concentrations in serum and urine. Animals receiving carbon-coated implants showed a high rate of recurrent implant site inflammation. Neoplastic infiltration of the implant site occurred in 3 out of 24 animals with coated implants, but not in any of the 16 animals which received either uncoated F-75 microsphere or poly(ethylene) particulate implants.
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    Morphological study of biodegradable PEO/PLA block copolymers (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 1301-1316 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A series of PEO/PLA copolymers, covering a wide range of compositions and segmental lengths, was synthesized, and their morphology was investigated by means of DSC and IR studies. For matrices comprising PEO chains with molecular weights below 3400, no soft-segment crystallinity was detected. When long hard segments were present, essentially monophasic, semicrystalline polymers were obtained, with PLA blocks melting around 130°C. Polymers containing longer soft segments (PEO 6000) exhibited a two-phase matrix, with both components being able to crystallize. The relative degree of crystallinity of PEO and PLA blocks was also determined. The thermal history of the sample strongly affected the morphology of the matrix, especially when both blocks were long enough to crystallize. To further explore these polymers, solvent cast films were prepared and their morphology assessed. Casting from acetone, which is an excellent solvent for PLA, resulted in hard blocks exhibiting lower degrees of crystallinity, while methanol had a similar effect on PEO soft segments.
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    Announcements (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 1273-1278 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820211009
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    Newly made antibacterial braided nylon sutures. I. In vitro qualitative and in vivo preliminary biocompatibility study (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 1281-1300 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A new type of braided nylon thread with a silver compound coating was made for the purpose of designing a biocidal suture material. The study used standard bacterial culture techniques to evaluate the antibacterial prop-erty of the new Ag-coated nylon thread. Seven types of bacterial species were tested; S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, S. dysenteriae, S. maruslene, and P. mirabilis. The commercial size 2/0 Nurolon suture from Ethicon served as the control. A weak direct current ranging from 0.4-400 μA was applied to the specimens to examine whether the biocidal property of silver could be enhanced by current. The antibacterial property was evaluated by the width and sterility of the clear zone in the bacterial culture plates. It was found that the new nylon thread exhibited very good to moderate bactericidal property toward these seven bacterial species. P. aeruginosa was the most sensitive species, while P. mirabilis was the least sensitive one. Application of direct current through the Ag-coated specimens positively enhanced their antibacterial property and the degree of enhancement depended on the direct current level. The material also exhibited an antibacterial property toward well-established bacterial colonies, but the effect was less strong than the case when direct current was applied simultaneously with incubation. Silver ions released from the coated nylon thread were responsible for the observed antibacterial property; and the application of a weak direct current to the material enhanced this effect. A preliminary biocompatibility study of this new material in rat gluteal muscle indicated that the new material caused less inflammatory reaction than the control Nurolon suture up to 60 days after implantation.
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    Uptake of zinc and fluoride by several dentin components (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 127-135 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The uptake of zinc released from ZOE and Dispersalloy, and fluoride from ChemFil by different components of dentin was studied in vitro. These materials were placed over a 500-m̈m layer of the dentin fraction in a simulated cavity, and the zinc and fluoride levels in the fraction and underlying solution determined after 7 days. Parallel studies were also carried out in which these components, alone in simulated cavities, were placed over solutions containing different concentrations of zinc and fluoride and the uptake determined after 24 h. Zinc uptake was considerably greater by the inorganic than the organic fractions used in this study. Uptake from ZOE was disproportionately higher than from Dispersalloy presumably reflecting the fact that the zinc in ZOE is more loosely bound. In addition the high zinc levels in collagen beneath this material may be attributed to the binding of the eugenol component. In contrast fluoride uptake was generally highest by the organic fractions with relatively low uptake by the inorganic fractions which is in contrast to previous studies. Uptake of zinc and fluoride from solution by these fractions was consistent with these findings. Thus zinc is more strongly bound by the inorganic and fluoride by the organic fractions of dentin.
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    Localized prevention of postsurgical adhesion formation and reformation with oxidized regenerated cellulose (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 173-185 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: We evaluated oxidized regenerated cellulose (ORC) in experimental rabbit and dog models to assess its potential for reducing or preventing adhesion formation and reformation. Evaluation was performed in the following anatomical sites: (1) uterine horn trauma; (2) small bowel resection and anastomosis; (3) parietal peritoneum excision; and (4) adhesion reformation in the uterine horn. Ten to 14 days after ORC treatment, adhesion formation was macroscopically and microscopically evaluated. Results demonstrate that ORC produced graded reduction in adhesion formation and significantly prevented adhesion reformation.
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    Biodegradation of a polyurethane in vitro (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 231-246 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: This study examines the effect of in vitro exposure to enzymes on the performance properties of Biomer®, a segmented polyetherurethane used in a number of blood-contacting devices such as catheters, heart assist pumps, and chambers for artificial hearts. The ultrathin samples were treated with two proteolytic enzymes, papain and urease, for periods of 1-6 months at 37°C. The treated Biomer® samples were subjected to chemical and physical analysis. Effects of biodegradation by the enzymes were assessed by fatigue tests, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) analysis. Papain was found to be more effective in degrading the polymer than urease. Mechanisms for enzymic degradation are proposed.
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    Textile arterial prostheses: Is water permeability equivalent to porosity? (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 65-87 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Porosity and water permeability are two distinct terms that describe different characteristics of vascular prostheses. The porosity is a measure of the void fraction within the prosthesis wall and is believed to give a rough prediction of the capacity of the graft to anchor newly formed surrounding tissue after implantation, whereas the water permeability indicates the rate at which water can flow through the prosthesis wall and, when measured under physiological pressure conditions, provides the surgeon with information about the need for preclotting prior to implantation. The literature has not always clearly distinguished between these two terms, and some authors in fact have suggested that they both refer to the same property of a prosthesis. In an attempt to clarify the issue, porosity and water permeability measurements were made on 34 commercial vascular prostheses having different textile constructions. Linear regression analysis demonstrated that these two characteristics are only weakly related (r = 0.59). It is therefore recommended that the current draft standards for such devices reference both properties: porosity and water permeability.
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    125I-fibrinogen uptake on peripheral venous cannulas: A comparison between different cannula materials and coatings (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 99-105 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Using a similar technique as 125I-Fibrinogen uptake test for detection of deep venous thrombi, the radioactivity over cannulas inserted into veins on the dorsal aspect of the hands was measured 1, 2, 4 and 24 h after insertion. In three groups of 10 postoperative patients it was by random allocation inserted on one side a siliconized tetrafluorethylene cannula and on the other side one of either: a nonsiliconized tetrafluorethylene, a heparinized tetrafluorethylene or a fluorethylenpropylene cannula. The same volume and type of infusion was given in both cannulas. No difference in protein deposition was seen between siliconized and nonsiliconized tetrafluorethylene. A tendency of lower protein deposition, especially at 24 h on heparinized tetrafluorethylene was found. The fluorethylenpropylene cannulas had both over cannula and adjacent vein higher protein deposition at all measurements compared to the siliconized tetrafluorethylene cannula (p 〈 0.01). The results implicate that fluorethylenprophylene could induce a higher incidence of thrombophlebitis than tetrafluorethylene cannulas.
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    Ion implantation of surgical Ti-6Al-4V for improved resistance to wear-accelerated corrosion (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 355-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The influence of nitrogen-ion implantation on the wear-accelerated corrosion behavior of surgical Ti-6Al-4V was studied. Non-passivated and prepassivated unimplanted Ti-6Al-4V specimens were employed as controls for comparison. Corrosion rates as a function of time at open-circuit corrosion potentials were electrochemically measured in saline and serum solutions under both static and wear conditions. The wear parameters simulated those of a total artificial hip under average walking conditions. The results indicated that prepassivation of the control material was beneficial under static-corrosion conditions, but not under wear-corrosion conditions. The nitrogen-ion implantation process was found to significantly improve the material's resistance to wear-acceler-ated corrosion in both saline and serum solutions.
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    Masthead (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987) 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210401
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    The effect of injection of powdered biomaterials on mouse peritoneal cell populations (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 419-428 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The authors suggest an experimental model for the assaying, before implantation, of the tissue reaction that wear particles from artificial joints can cause in the human body. Mice were intraperitoneally injected with biomaterial powders in suspension in saline. The materials used were chromium, chromium oxide, nickel, nickel oxide, aluminium, alumina, alumina-titania, cobalt, molybdenum, titanium, silver, zirconium oxide, iron oxide, and stainless steel. Peritoneal lavage was performed a week after injection. A thorough morphological and quantitative analysis of the cell suspension thus obtained was made both immediately after collection and after a 24 h culture.
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    A histological comparison of the tissue interface of bioglass and silica glass (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 485-497 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The objectives of the present article are to confirm the bone bonding phenomenon of Bioglass (BG) developed by Hench et al., and to observe the singularity of tissue reaction to it. BG and nonreactive silica glass (SG) were implanted in the femurs of rabbits and rats. Histological examination revealed that a relatively acellular zone with little inflammation was formed on BG surface at 1 day after implantation. Neither fibrous tissue nor a distinct boundary was observed between BG and bone after 7 days. On the contrary, a moderate post-operative inflammatory reaction was observed on SG at 1 day, and fibrous tissue was observed between SG and bone after 7 days. From these findings, it was confirmed that BG bonded directly with bone. As the relatively acellular zone observed on BG surface at 1 day was replaced by bone after 7 days, the formation of this zone might play an important role in bone-bonding process. Further research should be focused on the mechanism and biological meaning of bone bonding, for this phenomenon can not be explained by the conventional pathological theory of foreign body encapsulation.
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    Quantitative bone remodelling resulting from the use of porous dental implants (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 305-319 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Histomorphometric analyses were used to quantitatively determine the patterns of bony ingrowth which resulted from the placement of porous-surfaced dental implants into the mandibles of Rhesus monkeys for up to 74 months utilizing a two-stage approach. Quantitative histopathologic evaluations were made using ground section microscopy. Implant stability resulting from bone remodelling and ingrowth occurred to varying degrees with all implants. Bone ingrowth occurred from medullary trabeculae and contact with the adjacent cortical plates. Quantitative histomorphometric analyses revealed that in only one case was the bone ingrowth into the available internal pores less than 45%. Minimal fibrous connective tissue ingrowth was observed in the implant crypts and was not thought to be due to micromotion. The observed bone remodelling indicated a favorable prognosis for long-term implant performance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210304
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  • 92
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    In vitro and in vivo kinetics of regulated drug release from polymer matrices by oscillating magnetic fields (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 339-353 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The kinetics of drug release from polymerdrug matrices containing an embedded magnet was continuously monitored in vitro and in vivo. The application of an oscillating magnetic field increased the rate of drug release from the polymer matrices. Within the limits of detection the increase in release occurred immediately, remained stable for as long as the field was applied, and returned exactly to baseline upon withdrawal of the field. The increase in release was directly proportional to field amplitude. The same pattern of results were observed in vivo as in vitro, though higher strength fields were required in vivo to achieve the same effect observed in vitro.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210307
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  • 93
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    Announcements (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 413-416 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210312
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  • 94
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    Physicochemical characterization of a hydrophilic microporous polyurethane vascular graft (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 399-412 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: There is still a need for a viable small-diameter synthetic vascular graft. The expanded PTEE device appears to be the best presently available, but is still inferior to the autologous saphenous vein. Recently, a novel microporous, small-diameter vascular graft fabricated from Mitrathane, a polyether urethane urea (PEUU), has been developed. In this article, we report the findings of an in vitro evaluation of the morphological, mechanical, and chemical properties of this new device. The results are compared with those of established vascular prostheses made from alternative materials including expanded PTFE and bovine heterograft, and with natural blood vessels. The PEUU graft displays good mechanical properties in spite of the presence of some structural defects or anomalies. In particular it compares favorably to the expanded PTFE device by providing both superior radial compliance and improved suture tearing strength.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210311
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  • 95
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    Changes, changes (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. iii 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210402
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  • 96
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    Tissue reactions to wear products from polyacetal (Delrin®) and UHMW polyethylene in total hip replacement (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 459-466 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The tissue reaction to implanted materials and their wear products is important for the long-term fixation of a total hip replacement (THR). Recent reports indicate a relatively high incidence of aseptic loosening with Christiansen total hip prostheses. We examined tissue reactions to wear products in two groups of prostheses: (1) 16 Christiansen prostheses with polyacetal (Delrin) sockets, and (2) 18 Charnley-Müller total hip prostheses with ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWP) sockets. Specimens from these 34 patients were compared in a combined qualitative and semiquantitative morphological study. We saw similar histological changes in specimens of both groups, but specimens from the bone-cement interfaces of the acetabulum and femur shaft in the polyacetal group showed more inflammation and necrosis.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210406
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  • 97
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    Surface characterization of heparin-complexing poly(amido amine) chains grafted on polyurethane and glass surfaces (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 443-457 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Poly(amido-amine) chains grafted onto polyurethanes and glass form stable complexes with heparin yielding potential nonthrombogenic surfaces. The characterization of the surfaces, and the product of each chemical reaction including final heparinized surfaces, has been studied by contact angle data and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Air in water, octane in water, and drop-on-plate contact angle data were used to estimate surface (γsv) and interfacial (γsw) free energies. Solid-water work of adhesion (Wa) and its dispersive (Wad) and polar (Iswp) components were calculated for all studied surfaces. It has been found that the viscosity of polyurethane solution used for film casting influences wetting properties of these films. It has also been found that a direct correlation exists between the Iswp/Wad values and the degree of coverage of the surfaces by cellular deposits after their exposure to platelet-rich plasma. Final heparinized polyurethane and glass materials are hydrophilic, their Iswp/Wad ratio is high, and little or no cellular deposit is observed on their surfaces.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210405
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  • 98
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    The influence of bioglass on the growth of fibroblasts (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 499-507 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The influence of Bioglass (BG) on the growth of L cells was studied by means of tissue culture, to get an idea on its bonebonding mechanism. Growth rate of L cells on BG was lower than that on the control silica glass (SG). L cells on BG diminished in size and took up long and slender polygonal shapes with radially spread long pseudopods, which probably meant that the cell cycle was detained at the synthetic period. From these findings, BG is thought to have an inhibitory effect on the growth of L cells, which might arrest the fibrous tissue encapsulation and allow bonding with bone.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210409
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  • 99
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    Effects of alkyl grafting on surface properties and blood compatibility of polyurethane block copolymersStudent award paper, Society for Biomaterials, Ph.D. category, 1986 (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 815-842 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In order to probe the factors which affect the interaction between the surface of a multiphase polyurethane material and blood, a series of butanediol-chain-extended polyetherurethanes was synthesized. These polyurethanes contained different levels of phase separation, produced by systematically varying the hard segment chemical structure by grafting ethyl and octadecyl groups to the urethane nitrogen atom. Surface characterization using high vacuum, air-equilibrated, and water-equilibrated methods was performed. A canine ex vivo arteriovenous series shunt was used to monitor initial platelet and fibrinogen deposition on these polymers. The ex vivo response to these materials, along with contact angle and ESCA surface chemistry, was found to vary with the degree of alkyl derivatization. This study demonstrated that an increase in the degree of phase separation and also the incorporation of long chain (C18) alkyl groups can affect surface properties and improve the short-term blood compatibility of the underivatized polyurethane.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210702
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  • 100
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    The electrochemical behavior of metallic implant materials as an indicator of their biocompatibility (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 881-896 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: This study introduces a simple in vitro arrangement to measure current densities of implant metals. The in vivo condition of a metallic implant lying in tissues exhibiting different redox potentials is simulated in so-called straddle tests by applying a constant potential difference of 250 mV in saline containing the stable, fast-reacting redox system K4Fe(CN)6/K3Fe(CN)6. From a variety of corrosion-resistant implant metals and alloys, gold showed the highest current densities, followed by the stainless steel, the cobalt-based alloy, and the TiAIV-alloy. The pure metals titanium, niobium, and tantalum showed the lowest values. This can be explained by the stable oxide layer on these base metals, preventing an exchange of electrons and thus any redox reaction. This rating of metallic implant materials based on in vitro measurements of current densities is in good accordance with their biocompatibility rating reported from in vivo experiences. It seems that simple and cheap electrochemical tests allow an even more precise differentiation of the suitability of metallic materials for implant purposes than most of the conventional implantation tests, considering that biocompatibility is not only determined by corrosion products, but also by exchange currents and reaction products of redox processes involving tissue compounds.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210705
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