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  • nitrogen
  • Springer  (30)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1985-1989  (30)
  • 1940-1944
  • 1935-1939
  • 1925-1929
  • 1987  (30)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
  • Springer  (30)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
Years
  • 1995-1999
  • 1985-1989  (30)
  • 1940-1944
  • 1935-1939
  • 1925-1929
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of cultivar maturity time and foliar nitrogen on population growth of Myzus persicae on potato (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 43 (1987), S. 297-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: green peach aphid ; Myzus persicae ; potato ; Solanum tuberosum ; maturity ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343566
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Survival of the Colorado potato beetle on virus-infected tomato in relation to plant nitrogen and alkaloid content (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 44 (1987), S. 31-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: host quality ; nitrogen ; survival ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; plant virus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Pour vérifier l'hypothèse selon laquelle une contamination par un virs végétal peut accroître la consommation de plantes délaissées ou partiellement résistantes, nous avons examiné les interactions entre Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., et le virus de la mosaïque du tabac (TMV). La survie des larves de L. decemlineata a augmenté avec la contamination par TMV; les teneurs en azote et en tomatine étaient toutes deux plus élevées dans les plantes contaminées par le virus. La survie a augmenté linéairement avec la teneur en azote, mais sans dépendre de la teneur en tomatine. L'influence positive pour L. decemlineata de la contamination par le virus peut être attribuée au moins en partie à la teneur en azote plus élevée. Nos résultats correspondent à l'hypothèse selon laquelle la consommation de plantes délaissées ou partiellement résistantes peut être augmentée par la contamination virale, et que cette contamination peut faciliter l'adaptation d'insectes phytophages sur des plantes marginalement consommables.
    Notes: Abstract Infection by tobacco mosaic virus improved the suitability of tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. for survival of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), larvae. This improvement was due, at least in part, to the increase in total nitrogen content of virus-infected plants. The simultaneous increase in tomatine content had no discernable effect on L. decemlineata survival. Our results are consistent with the suggestions that virus infection may improve the suitability of partially resistant or non-preferred hosts, and that virus infection may facilitate the adaption of phytophagous insects to such ‘marginal’ host plant species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00361306
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Further development of microarea analysis techniques for determining nitrogen in steels (1987)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 91 (1987), S. 135-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: steel ; nitrogen ; microarea ; Auger spectrometry ; electron probe microanalysis ; standards
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01199485
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of winter wheat to N-fertiliser: Quantitative relations for components of growth (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 12 (1987), S. 119-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertiliser ; nitrogen ; regression ; response ; winter wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Measurements were made of yield of dry matter, plant-N content, and the distribution of mineral-N down the soil profile in 10 fertiliser-N experiments. In one of them detailed measurements were made throughout growth. Rate of N-uptake by the crop was unaffected by the amount of mineral-N in the upper 90 cm of soil when it was above about 30 kg N ha−1. The %N in plants that received ample N-fertiliser declined with increase in plant mass according to a previously derived equation. During senescence there was an apparent loss of N from the crop. N-nutrition in the different experiments had little effect on the partition of assimilate between grain and straw. At harvest grain and straw weights were well related by a linear model which had the same gradient but different intercepts for each experiment. Grain %N was about four times greater than straw %N. Regression analysis supported the view that high evaporative conditions or temperatures during the growing period induced earlier harvest dates, less grain relative to straw, and a higher %N in the plant when ample N-fertiliser was applied but not when N-fertiliser was withheld. Other analyses indicated that cereal roots were generally unable to extract mineral nitrogen from the soil when the concentration was less than about 0.18 kg N ha−1 cm−1, that at low levels of N-nutrition the recovery of available inorganic-N from soil by the grain and straw was about 80%, and that the average mineralisation rates from early spring to shortly after harvest date varied between 0.22 and 0.88 kg N ha−1 d−1 from site to site.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048913
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and soil and crop residues management practices on maize (Zea mays L.) yield in ultisol of eastern Cameroon (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 14 (1987), S. 135-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; soil and crop residues management practices ; maize yield ; Plinthudult ; Cameroon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The shortening of fallow period in several areas in tropical Africa has reduced soil fertility and exposed soils to erosion and run-off. Fertilizer application and crop conservation practices are needeed to sustain high crop yield and to conserve the natural resource base for upland crop production in the continent. Field trials were carried out to evaluate the effect of fertilizer application and soil and crop residues management practices on yield of maize (Zea mays L.) planted on a Plinthudult soil at Bertoua, Eastern Cameroon. Maize yields increased significantly with nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer application. Under the rainfall pattern prevailing in the area, the amount of nitrogen required for maximum yield was higher in the second season. On the other hand, the amount of phosphorus required for maximum yield appeared to decrease with time. The burning of crop residues and weeds prior to planting together with no-till practive gave higher yield of maize than other soil and crop residues management practices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01066606
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    Evaluation of two unusual high analysis compounds as fertilizers, including possible slow release features (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 11 (1987), S. 25-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertilizer ; high analysis nutrient compounds ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; Rhodes grass ; slow-release ; sulphur ; Townsville stylo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The fertilizer potential of two unusual N-P compounds with cage structures was evaluated in pot experiments where plants were repetitively cut over 400 days. One of the compounds, hexamethyl-hexaaza-tetraphosphaadamantane (APA), having 41.6% P and 28.2% N, showed high fertilizer capability. After more than 400 days, dry matter yield of Rhodes grass given APA was 83–102% of that given conventional N-P sources, and yield of Townsville stylo 60–70%. Curves for N and P uptakes over time were of sigmoidal form, with the steepest parts between days 40 and 120, suggesting a slow-release feature. However growth was depressed up to day 40, presumably by some toxic factor associated with the decomposition of the APA. This toxicity was avoided if some conventional fertilizer was applied with the APA. The other compound, the tetrasulphide of APA (APAS) had only limited fertilizer potential. Plants did absorb P and S at least from this compound, but Townsville stylo yield was only 32–38% of that with conventional fertilizers, and Rhodes grass yield not much greater than from control pots. The possible slow-release feature, and the toxic effect, did not occur with APAS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049562
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    Inhibition of feeding by a generalist insect due to increased volatile leaf terpenes under nitrate-limiting conditions (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 2059-2067 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Heterotheca subaxillaris ; Asteraceae ; Pseudoplusia includens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; volatile terpenes ; nitrogen ; herbivory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen-limited plants ofHeterotheca subaxillaris accumulate greater quantities of leaf volatile terpenes than do nitrogen-rich plants. A series of feeding trials were performed to determine if such nitrate-limited plants are better defended against generalist-feeding insect herbivores. Soybean looper (Pseudoplusia includens) larvae were fed leaves fromH. subaxillaris rosettes grown under high and low nitrate supply regimes. Larval consumption, growth, and survival declined as the leaf volatile terpene content increased. Larval consumption and growth were enhanced by higher plant nitrate supply and with increasing leafage. The results suggest that the higher quantity of volatile terpenes in the leaves of nitrate-limited plants may better defend these leaves against generalist-feeding insects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012871
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Ozone-induced changes in host-plant suitability: Interactions ofKeiferia lycopersicella andLycopersicon esculentum (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 203-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ozone ; nutrition ; insect-plant interactions ; nitrogen ; secondary plant compounds ; Keiferia lycopersicella Lepidoptera ; Gellechiidae ; tomato ; Lycopersicon esculentum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Tomato pinworms,Keiferia lycopersicella (Walsingham), survived better and developed faster on tomato plants,Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., damaged by ozone than on plants not subjected to ozone fumigation. Other measures of fitness, including survival during pupation, sex ratio of adults, female longevity, and fecundity, were not affected. Analyses of ozonated foliage at zero, two, and seven days following fumigation demonstrated a transient but significant increase (18–24%) in soluble protein concentration. Although the concentration of the total free amino acids in ozonated foliage did not increase significantly, significant changes were observed in at least 10 specific amino acids, some of which are critical for either insect development or the production of plant defensive chemicals. A reduction in total nitrogen in ozonated foliage at seven days postfumigation indicated that nitrogen was being translocated to other portions of the plant. The implications of increases in assimilable forms of nitrogen in ozonated foliage, which lead to improved host-plant suitability for insect herbivores, are discussed both in relation to some current ecological theories and in regard to pest-management strategies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020363
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Leaching of subterranean clover-derived N from a loam soil (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 102 (1987), S. 185-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: green manure ; leaching ; loam ; nitrogen ; nitrogen budget ; N-15 ; subterranean clover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The leaching of subterranean clover-derived N (15N) was investigated in a laboratory and a field experiment. In both experiments 30 cm i.d. ×50cm soil columns were used. In the laboratory experiment the clover material was buried in the soil in mesh bags, and leaching of clover-derived N was compared to leaching of added NH 4 + −N and NO 3 − −N over a period of 75 days at 20°C. During that time 75% of the clover-N was released from the mesh bags and 17% of the clover-N, 50% of the NH 4 + −N and 70% of the NO 3 − −N was leached through the soil column. In the field experiment 6 lysimeters and 7 control microplots were constructed. The clover material was buried in soil (to the soil of two control microplots within mesh bags) in October. During one year 2% of the added clover-N was leached. This was despite a release of 65% of the N from the mesh bag contents and despite a 26% loss of the clover-derived N in total from the controls.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370701
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Model of ammonia volatilization from calcareous soils (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 103 (1987), S. 205-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonia volatilization ; calcareous soils ; CEC ; nitrogen ; nitrogen losses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A quantitative model of ammonia volatilization from the calcareous soil uppermost 1-cm layer was developed and tested. The model accounts for the following processes: ammonium-ammonia equilibration in the soil solution, cation exchange between calcium and ammonium which results in ammonium distribution between soil liquid and solid phases, nitrification of dissolved ammonium, distribution of ammonia between liquid and gaseous phases and diffusion of gaseous ammonia in the soil air. The combined effect of various characteristics such as soil pH, cation exchange capacity, water capacity and nitrification rate on ammonia losses from various soil types have been studied. The model was validated against experimental results of ammonia losses from different soils for its use as a predicting tool. The model shows that most of ammonia losses can be explained by the interactive effect of high soil pH and low cation exchange capacity. Computations show increased ammonia volatilization with decreasing soil water capacity. Increasing fertilizer application rate has a small effect on percentage of ammonia losses. Increased nitrification rate and shorter “lag” period of nitrification reduce ammonia losses considerably. Good agreement was obtained between model calculations and experimental results of ammonia volatilization from 13 soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370390
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  • 11
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    Differences between Indica and Japonica rice varieties in CO2 exchange rates in response to leaf nitrogen and temperature (1987)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 14 (1987), S. 171-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: genotype ; nitrogen ; photosynthesis ; respiration ; rice ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four Indica and five Japonica varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.) were examined to elucidate their differences in photosynthetic activity and dark respiratory rate as influenced by leaf nitrogen levels and temperatures. The photosynthetic rates of single leaf showed correlations with total nitrogen and soluble protein contents in the leaves. Respiratory rate was also positively correlated with the leaf nitrogen content. When compared at the same level of leaf nitrogen or soluble protein content, the four Indica varieties and one of Japonica varieties, Tainung 67, which have some Indica genes derived from one of its parents, showed higher photosynthetic rates than the remaining four Japonica varieties. At the same photosynthetic rate, the Indica varieties showed lower respiratory rate than Japonica varieties. When the leaf temperature rose from 20°C to 30°C, the photosynthetic rate increased by 18 to 41%, whereas the respiratory rate increased by 100 to 150%. These increasing rates in response to temperature were higher in the Japonica than in the Indica varieties. In this respect, Tainung 67 showed the same behavior as of the other four Japonica varieties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00032321
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    Evaluation of a nitrogen leaching/mineralization model for sugar beet (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 101 (1987), S. 61-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: computer model ; fertilizer requirement ; leaching ; mineralization ; nitrogen ; optimum yield ; sugar beet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Tests were made of the ability of a leaching/mineralization model to predict the amounts of mineral N in the soil in spring as a step towards estimating the nitrogen fertilizer requirement of sugar-beet crops. There was good agreement between predicted and measured values, both under conditions of natural winter rainfall and when the soil was covered to prevent leaching. The model also successfully predicted leaching losses of soil mineral N soon after drilling in a year in which early season irrigation and heavy rain induced considerable leaching.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02371031
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Tiller expansion and retranslocation of previously absorbed nitrogen among main stems, tillers and roots of two barley cultivars (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 102 (1987), S. 61-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; cultivar ; main stem ; net flux ; nitrogen ; partitioning ; root ; tiller ; vegetative adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Barley plants (Hordeum vulgare L. cvs Hellas and Kajsa), grown in nutrient solutions, were supplied with15NO 3 − from day 12 to day 16. Changes in distribution of15N between different plant parts were followed during ageing, (days 16, 28 and 52) to study differences in redistribution of N induced by variation in NO 3 − supply and choice of cultivar. Main stems and tillers competed for previously absorbed N and their competitive strength depended on their growth rate. Inhibition of tillering during N stress protected the main stem from detrimental losses of a limiting resource. Tillers on Hellas received in most cases proportionally more15N from the rest of the plant than tillers on Kajsa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370901
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    Effects of fire on soil carbon and nitrogen in a Mediterranean oak forest of Algeria (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 103 (1987), S. 89-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon ; forest soil ; mineralization ; nitrogen ; pH ; wildfire
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of wildfire on the dynamics of pH, organic C, total and mineral N and in vitro C and N mineralization were investigated in the soil under oak (Quercus suber L.) trees. Soil samples were taken from 5 to 21 months subsequent to the fire. The pH increased sharply in the burned surface soil (0–5 cm) taken 5 months after the fire and dropped only by half a unit over 14 to 21 months. However, at greater depth (5–15 cm), the burned soil was more acidic than the adjacent unburned soil up to 9 months following the fire, and thereafter its pH rose only slightly above that of the unburned soil. There were sharp rises in the concentration of organic C, total and mineral N in addition toin vitro mineralization activities in the burned surface soil collected 5 months after the fire; these dropped off in the subsequent samples approaching or falling below the values obtained in the unburned surface soil after 21 months. At a depth of 5–15 cm only slight or no increases over unburned soil were evident.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370672
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  • 15
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    Water stress effects on leaf elongation, leaf water potential, transpiration, and nutrient uptake of rice, maize, and soybean (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 103 (1987), S. 155-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: leaf elongation rate ; leaf water potential ; maize ; nitrogen ; nutrient uptake ; phosphorus ; potassium ; rice ; soybean ; transpiration rate ; water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A pot experiment was conducted in the greenhouse to determine and compare the responses of rice (Oryza sativa L. var, IR 36), maize (Zea mays L. var. DMR-2), and soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr. var. Clark 63) to soil water stress. Leaf elongation, dawn leaf water potential, transpiration rate, and nutrient uptake in stressed rice declined earlier than in maize and soybean. Maize and soybean, compared with rice, maintained high dawn leaf water potential for a longer period of water stress before leaf water potential. Nutrient uptake under water stress conditions was influenced more by the capacity of the roots to absorb nutrients than by transpiration. Transport of nutrients to the shoots may occur even at reduced transpiration rate It is concluded that the ability of maize and soybean to grow better than rice under water stress conditions may be due to their ability to maintain turgor as a result of the slow decline in leaf water potential brought about by low, transpiration rate and continued uptake of nutrient, especially K, which must have allowed osmotic adjustment to occur.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370385
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  • 16
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    Mineral nutrients in floodwater and floating rice growing at water depths up to two metres (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 104 (1987), S. 147-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: floodwater ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; oxygen ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Concentrations of N, P and K were measured in floodwater and in floating rice cultivars growing at up to 2m water depths in the central flood plain of Thailand. Concentrations of N, P and K in floodwater were often higher than those reported for oligotrophic lakes, nevertheless the floodwater contained 4–45 times less K and 15–90 times less N than concentrations reported in most soil solutions. P concentrations were similar in the floodwater and in most soil solutions. Concentrations of nutrients in leaves indicated there may be deficiencies of P at two sites and a deficiency of N at one of two sites. Data are discussed in terms of reduced nutrient uptake in rice fields at low O2 concentrations which have recently been measured in these areas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370637
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  • 17
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    Root activity of rice as influenced by urea-insecticide combinations by a32P-absorption technique (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 102 (1987), S. 123-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbofuran ; interactions ; nitrogen ; phytotonic effects ; phorate ; root activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An experiment was conducted at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India during 1982 wet season (June–July) to study the root activity and rooting pattern of IR-20 rice as influenced by urea insecticide combinations by a32P absorption technique. The treatments involved a factorial combination of four levels of N (0, 60, 90 and 120 kg N/ha) as urea and three levels of insecticides (no insecticide, carbofuran @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha and phorate @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha). The root activity measured in terms of the amount of32P absorbed by the plant, increased considerably by the application of urea and insecticides (carbofuran or phorate) as well as due to their interactions. The root activity increased upto 120 kg N ha−1. Carbofuran or phorate application increased root activity and the effect of carbofuran was greater than that of phorate. Nitrogen-insecticide interaction was positive on root activity upto 120 kg N ha−1 and the effect was more marked with carbofuran and N combinations. But the percentage distribution of active roots of rice could not be influenced by levels of N, insecticides or their interactions. About 80 percent of the roots of IR 20 rice forage within 10 cm from the surface. The enhanced root activity due to application of N and insecticides (carbofuran and phorate) increased the uptake of major and micro-nutrients. the phytotonic effects of carbofuran and phorate on rice works by triggering the root activity of the crop.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370911
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  • 18
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    Competition for N and P between wheat and wild oats (Avena sterilis L.) according to the proximity of their time of emergence (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 102 (1987), S. 133-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: competition ; nitrogen ; nutrition ; phosphorus ; wheat ; wild oats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In the cultivated wheat fields of the Mediterranean area, wild oats (Avena sterilis L.), is commonly found a weed, which competes with the wheat for soil nutrients, water and light. To study this mutual competition for N and P, a pot experiment was devised in which the planting of wheat and weed seeds, in the pots, was so arranged that the lengths of time between the emergence of each specie was different for each treatment. When the time of emergence of the wild oat coincided with that of wheat, the latter was affected in its development, productivity and total accumulation of N and P. However, the earlier the emergence of wheat was relative to that of wild oat, the greater was the suppression of the weed, with a lower total accumulation of N and lower P content in the plant. Bringing forward the emergence of either of the two species conferred advantages for the development of the earliest emerger.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370914
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  • 19
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    Effect of combined nitrogen on nitrogen fixation of soybean (Glycine max L. Merill.) as affected by cultivar and rhizobial strain (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 103 (1987), S. 45-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Glycine max ; isotope dilution method ; 15N ; nitrogen ; nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nine strains ofRhizobium japonicum (Bradyrhizobium japonicum) were screened for nitrogen fixation in combination with two cultivars of soybean, Chippewa and Dunadja at two levels of nitrogen fertilization,i.e. 20 kg N ha−1 and 100 kg N ha−1 using15N isotope dilution method. Plant dry weight, nitrogen yield, percent N derived from atmosphere (% Ndfa) and total amount of N2 fixed were strongly influenced by the specific combination of host-genotype and rhizobial strain. The interaction between the host and microsymbiont were so specific that accurate prediction of symbiotic performance of either partner in relation to a particular host or strain of Rhizobium appears impossible. The sensitivity of nitrogen fixation to combined nitrogen was furthermore dependent upon both the rhizobial strain and host-Rhizobium association. It is therefore, inadvisable to describe a certain bacterium as being fully effective/ineffective or sensitive/tolerant to combined nitrogen, except in relation to a particular host-genotype. There is scope for obtaining promising host-Rhizobium associations tolerant to combined nitrogen through exploiting the interactive effects between the host-genotypes and strains of Rhizobium.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370666
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  • 20
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    Micronutrients and nitrogen metabolism (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 103 (1987), S. 51-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; assimilation ; maize ; micronutrients ; nitrate ; nitrogen ; metabolism ; protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A sand-culture experiment was conducted to study the influence of a deficiency of and an excess of micronutrients on the uptake and assimilation of NH 4 + and NO 3 − ions by maize. By studying the fate of15N supplied as15NH4NO3 or NH4 15NO3, it was demonstrated that in maize plants NH4−N was absorbed in preference to NO 3 − −N. The uptake and distribution of N originating from both NH 4 + and NO 3 − was considerably modified by deficiency of, or an excess of, micronutrients in the growth medium. The translocation of NH 4 + −N from roots to shoots was relatively less than that of NO 3 − −N. Deficiency as well as excessive amounts of micronutrients, in the growth medium, substantially reduced the translocation of absorbed N into protein. This effect was more pronounced in the case of N supplied as NO 3 − . Amino-N was the predominant non-protein fraction in which N from both NH 4 + and NO 3 − tended to accumulate. The next important non-protein fractions were NO 3 − −N when N was supplied as NO 3 − and amide-N when NH 4 + was the source. The relative accumulation of15N into different protein fractions was also a function of imposed micronutrient levels.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370667
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    Nutrient responses to the liming of lake Gårdsjön (1987)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 150 (1987), S. 11-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: acidification ; liming ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; dissolved organic carbon ; particulate carbon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The acidified lakes Lake Gårdsjön and Lake Stora Hästevatten the reference lake have been monitored since 1979 and 1980 respectively. The lakes are situated in SW Sweden; in an area severly affected by acid deposition. Lake Gårdsjön was limed in spring 1982. This paper analyses changes in nutrient concentrations upon liming of Lake Gårdsjön. The liming of Lake Gårdsjön was followed by a slight increase in ammonium, nitrate, and dissolved organic nitrogen concentrations. A drastic decrease occurred in particulate nitrogen and particulate carbon, whereas dissolved organic carbon increased. Total phosphorus and particulate phosphorus concentrations were similar to pre-limed conditions. The long-term decrease in phosphorus concentration, exhibited by the reference lake, was not identified in Lake Gårdsjön after liming, but total phosphorus concentration was still less than half compared to Lake Gårdsjön in the early 1970's. Additional measures such as phosphorus fertilization, should in certain cases be considered in addition to liming if the goal is to restore lakes to their pre-acidic conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00006606
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    Regulation of blue-green algal buoyancy and bloom formation by light, inorganic nitrogen, C02, and trophic level interactions (1987)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 144 (1987), S. 183-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: blue-green algae ; buoyancy regulation ; light ; nitrogen ; fish ; zooplankton ; biomanipulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In highly eutrophic ponds, buoyancy of the gas-vacuolate blue-green alga Anabaenopsis Elenkinii (Miller) was regulated by complex interactions between chemical and physical parameters, as well as by biological interactions between various trophic levels. Algal buoyancy and surface bloom formation were enhanced markedly by decreased light intensity, and to a lesser extent by decreased CO2 availability and increased availability of inorganic nitrogen. In the absence of dense populations of large-bodied Cladocera, early season blooms of diatoms and green algae reduced light availability in the ponds thus creating conditions favorable for increased buoyancy and bloom formation by A. Elenkinii. The appearance of blue-green algal blooms could be prevented by a reduced density of planktivorous fish, which allowed development of dense cladoceran populations. The cladocerans limited the growth of precursory blooms of diatoms and green algae, and given the resulting clear-water conditions, buoyancy of A. Elenkinii was reduced, and blue-green algal blooms never appeared.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00014531
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    The nutrient status of the Kromme River estuary, South Africa (1987)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 148 (1987), S. 87-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: estuary ; nutrient-gradients ; E. coli ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; N:P ratio ; southern Africa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Kromme is a small estuary in rural eastern Cape, South Africa with a relatively unpopulated and undisturbed catchment. Physical and chemical variables including the major nutrients and E. coli were examined. It was found to be a well oxygenated, well mixed estuary with some stratification in its upper reaches. Nutrient levels were generally low with nitrate values higher in winter than during summer. While no overt seasonality was detected for phosphorus, levels were comparatively high. Faecal E. coli levels were low with a mean count of 26 per 100 ml for the estuary. Along the Kromme, nutrients were highest at the confluence of the Geelhoutboom tributary suggesting it was a major nutrient contributor. At the head of the Kromme, silicate and E. coli were significantly linked to riverflow, while nitrate was correlated with rainfall. In the Geelhoutboom, only nitrate was correlated with riverflow and rainfall. When nutrient gradients (total inorganic nitrogen, total phosphorus and silicate) were correlated against salinity, significant relationships were observed for nitrogen and silicate (Kromme and Geelhoutboom) and for phosphorus along the Geelhoutboom, but not the Kromme, reflecting differences in sub-catchments. An overall N:P atomic ratio of 0.89:1 was found for the system, with more nitrogen relative to phosphorus at the head of the Kromme and vice versa for the Geelhoutboom and mouth. The Kromme is low in nitrogen, conservative in silicate and low in phosphorus while the Geelhoutboom supplies nitrogen, phosphorus and silicate to the system. Although there may be nutrient absorption by sediments in the upper estuary, and by macrophytes in the lower estuary, the Kromme may be classified as a non-conservative mesotrophic marine-dominated estuary which probably exhibits some nutrient recycling.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00018169
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    The effects of land use upon water chemistry, particularly nutrient enrichment, in shallow lowland lakes: comparative studies of three lochs in Scotland (1987)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 148 (1987), S. 211-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: eutrophication ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; chlorophyll ; catchment ; land use
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three shallow, lowland lochs (lakes) in the Tayside region of Scotland, experiencing the same climatic regime, were found to be dimictic lakes showing similar clinograde oxygen distributions in summer. Land use differences in their catchments were shown to result in estimated total nutrient surface loadings from 0.3 to 32 g m−2 a−1 phosphorus and from 4 to 240 g m−2 a−1 nitrogen. The major ions in the lochs were calcium and carbonate, but with elevated sulphate levels in all three lochs and an increase in sodium, chloride and sulphate in Forfar loch, which was affected by sewage effluent. Conductivity and total alkalinity showed marked increases with greater intensity of land use, from 64 to 439 µS cm−1 and 0.5–3 meq l−1 Maximum winter loch concentrations of soluble reactive phosphorus ranged from 60 to just under 5 000 mg m−3 and of inorganic nitrogen from 500 to 10500 mg m−3. Maximum chlorophyll ‘a’ ranged from 20 to 250 mg m−3 and comparisons indicated that above winter levels of 5000 mg m−3 N and 500 mg m−3 P, the nutrient-chlorophyll relationships did not hold. Predictions of nutrient input, from land use categories and soil losses of N and P derived from other north temperate areas, were shown to be comparable with inputs calculated from loch measurements. Models predicting loch concentrations of phosphorus from inputs were comparable with measured concentrations, but predictions of chlorophyll and transparency became less accurate with higher nutrient levels. The lochs were mesotrophic (the Lowes), eutrophic (Balgavies) and hypertrophic (Forfar) under the several classification systems used. The implications of their nutrient status for lake management are discussed and the value of studying this unique lake series in a similar physical environment but with considerable chemical differences is considered.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00017525
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    Chesapeake Bay nutrient budgets — a reassessment (1987)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 4 (1987), S. 77-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: Chesapeake Bay ; nutrients ; eutrophication ; estuary ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; silicon ; sediments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Recently published annual mass balances or budgets for nitrogen, phosphorus, and silicon in Chesapeake Bay have pictured the estuary as retaining a very large fraction, perhaps all, of the nutrients that enter from land drainage, the atmosphere, and anthropogenic discharges. However, these budgets have been based on estimates of the net exchanges of nutrients at the mouth of the bay or on the rates of accumulation of nutrients and sediments calculated from the distributions of various geochemical tracers in the sediments. While conceptually straightforward, the first approach is subject to large errors because it requires the determination of a small "signal" against a large background of tidal "noise". The second approach has led to overestimates of the nutrient trapping efficiency of the bay because tracer-derived sediment deposition rates have been multiplied by the surface area of the whole bay or various parts of the bay rather than by the smaller area of active sediment deposition. This approach is also incorrect because the average, long-term rates of sediment deposition measured by the geochemical tracers, including major floods, have been compared to shorter-term records of nutrient input. The more appropriate calculation of nutrient retention based on contemporaneous measurements of nutrient and sediment input and the chemical compositon of sediments accumulated in the estuary shows that Chesapeake Bay retains only some 3–6% of the nitrogen, 11–17% of the phosphorus and 33–83% of the silicon brought into its waters during a year in which no major flood occurred. This behavior suggests that current problems of estuarine eutrophication are more a consequence of present nutrient inputs than an inevitable or inescapable legacy of past enrichment. It also follows that the management or manipulation of nutrient loadings to esturies may lead to a more rapid response in environmental quality than previously predicted.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02187363
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    Lacustrine sediment/groundwater nutrient dynamics (1987)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 4 (1987), S. 3-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: nutrient dynamics ; sediments ; ground water ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; organic matter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A small pond in southwestern peninsular Florida was sampled to determine the areal and depth distribution of total phosphorus, total nitrogen, and organic matter. Concentrations of these constituents decreased from the center to the edge of the pond and from the top to the bottom of the sediments. At the center of the pond total phosphorus showed a secondary concentration peak at a depth of 20 to 40 cm in the sediments indicative of the downward transfer of soluble phosphorus during times of low water. A system of monitoring wells was installed at the pond to measure groundwater input and output nutrient concentrations. There was no difference in total groundwater nitrogen concentration across the pond but the mean increase in total phosphorus concentration between input and output wells, ca. 200 μg1−1, was statistically highly significant. The results suggest that whereas nitrogen is recycled from sediments to the pond and the atmosphere, the pond-sediment system loses some phosphorus to groundwater throughflow.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02187358
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    Effect of nutrient seed coating on the emergence of wheat and oats (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 14 (1987), S. 205-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: urea ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; phenyl phosphorodiamidate ; ammonia ; toxicities ; germination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A series of experiments was conducted under controlled soil moisture and temperature conditions in a growth chamber to examine the effect of a range of nutrient seed coatings on the emergence to wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Kite) and oats (Avena sativa L. cv. Blackbutt) sown in a coarse sandy loam soil. Final emergence of oats was not reduced by a coating containing 10 kg P ha−1 (as monocalcium phosphate [MCP]) whereas the same coating reduced wheat emergence by 15%. The emergence of both wheat and oats was severely reduced by urea coatings (supplying 10 kg N ha−1) to 33 and 13% respectively; this injury was lessened markedly by the inclusion of phenyl phosphorodiamidate (PPD) in the urea coatings at 1% (w/w) (emergence increased to 66 and 56% respectively). Low soil moisture (67% of field capacity [FC]) resulted in almost no emergence of wheat coated with urea (± bentonites of different pH). In soil at FC, the addition of bentonite of pH 5 (B5) to urea coatings permitted greater emergence (54%) than when bentonite of pH 9 (B9) was added (32%) which, in turn, permitted greater emergence than urea coating alone (10%). When PPD and bentonite (B5 or B9) were combined either singly or together with urea in seed coatings, PPD was more effective than either of the bentonites in reducing injury and masked the slight positive effect of B5. Coatings containing various combinations of N and P sources (at 3.6 and at 8 kg ha−1 respectively) all reduced the emergence of wheat compared to raw seed (91% emergence). When applied alone, MCP was least damaging (74%); the combination of MCP with ammonium sulfate (AS) caused somewhat more injury (68%) whilst combination with calcium nitrate (CN) caused most injury (29%). In contrast, CN alone caused relatively little damage (73%) whilst AS alone was more damaging (50%). There was no significant regression found between percentage emergence and either the calculated partial salt index or the pH of the nutrient coatings. Further work is needed to examine the mechanisms of injury due to nutrient seed coatings so that safe but effective formulations can be developed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01050665
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    The thermal conductivity of gases: Incorrect results due to desorbed air (1987)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 8 (1987), S. 317-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: air ; argon ; helium ; hot-plate apparatus ; hydrogen ; impurities ; krypton ; measurement error ; methane ; neon ; nitrogen ; steady-state method ; thermal conductivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Air desorbed from the measuring instrument can falsify the thermal conductivity of a gas measured by steady-state methods. For a guarded hot-plate apparatus the contamination effect was determined to depend on both the residence time in the system and the temperature. The investigation covered the gases H2, He, Ne, CH4, N2, air, Ar, and Kr. For gases whose conductivity is better than that of air (H2, He) the measured values are too small, and for gases of poorer conductivity they are too high. Corrections for the effect of impurity have been applied to the measurements presented. These impurity corrections are considerably larger than the precision of the measurements, but they are of the order of the estimated overall uncertainty of the measurements. The departures between the corrected thermal conductivities reported here and values taken from the correlations in the literature run up to 5 % at the highest temperatures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00503945
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    Effects of carbohydrates and nitrogen on the development of anthocyanins of a red leaf peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) in vitro (1987)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 9 (1987), S. 103-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: cyanidin 3-glucoside ; HPLC ; Prunus persica ; carbohydrate ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Heterozygous red leaf peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) shoots were implanted on media with varying nitrogen and carbohydrate regimes to identify a combination which elicited maximum anthocyanin production in explants. A medium with relatively low nitrogen (5 mM NH4+ and 10 mM NO3-) and high sucrose (234 mM) was most effective in stimulating anthocyanin production. Sucrose was more effective as a carbon source than glucose, fructose, or starch under given nitrogen levels. The major anthocyanin in red leaf peach was tentatively identified as cyanidin 3-glucoside based on PC and HPLC analysis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00044245
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    Value of cane trash in nitrogen nutrition of sugarcane (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 102 (1987), S. 79-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: mineralization ; nitrogen ; sugarcane ; trash ; uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The significance of trash containing 0.3 to 0.5% N in the N nutrition of sugarcane (Saccharum hybrid sp.) was investigated in pot- and field experiments using15N-labelled trash. The data obtained from the pot study with 2 silty-clay loams (a Humic Nitosol and a Humic Acrisol) showed that surface-applied trash (10 tonnes/ha), although ground to pass a 1-mm sieve, contributed less than 10% of N removed by sugarcane. Uptake of trash N was most active during the initial 6 months of the experiment though at the end of the study period of 18 months less than 15% of trash N was altogether recovered by sugarcane. In the absence of fertilizer N in a field study on the Humic Acrisol (C/N ratio 22), unground trash (5 tonnes. ha−1) depressed soil N uptake by sugarcane by immobilizing available soil N. The field study moreover confirmed that the contribution of trash N in the supply of N to sugarcane is negligible. The value of trash would reside in its capacity to increase over the long term the organic matter level in the soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370904
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