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  • Immunocytochemistry  (42)
  • Drosophila  (36)
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Springer  (103)
  • American Chemical Society
  • Essen : Verl. Glückauf
  • 2015-2019
  • 2005-2009
  • 1985-1989  (103)
  • 1987  (103)
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  • 2015-2019
  • 2005-2009
  • 1985-1989  (103)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Egg-laying strategy under natural conditions of Leptopilina boulardi, a hymenopteran parasitoid of Drosophila spp (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 43 (1987), S. 193-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Leptopilina boulardi ; Cynipidae ; Hymenoptera ; parasitoid ; Drosophila ; Diptera ; field egg laying strategy ; functional response ; switching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le concept de réponse optimale d'un parasite vis-à-vis de l'hôte le plus favorable pour son développement demeure surtout théorique et n'a pu être vérifié que dans les conditions de laboratoire. Nous avons montré que Drosophila melanogaster s'avère être, par rapport à D. simulans, l'hôte le plus favorable pour le développement du cynipide parasite Leptopilina boulardi. Une étude sur le terrain a démontré que ce parasite présente une réponse fonctionnelle densité dépendante vis-à-vis de D. melanogaster et non vis-à-vis de D. simulans, avec un effet de bascule. D'autre part, il s'avère que ce parasite exploite beaucoup mieux son hôte, en évitant le superparasitisme, ceci étant démontré au laboratoire et dans la nature. Enfin, il apparaît qu'il est capable d'allonger sa période de ponte lorsque cet hôte est rare, ce qui ne se produit pas avec D. simulans.
    Notes: Abstract The hypothesis of optimal host species selection predicts that when a parasitoid has the choice between two host species, it will choose the species thay gives the best survival chances for its progeny. We confirmed this hypothesis by laboratory experiments with Leptopilina boulardi Barb. et al., a cynipid parasitoid which prefers Drosophila melanogaster Meigen (the host species most suitable for parasitoid survival) above D. simulans Sturt. As far as fitness parameters are concerned, the fertility of L. boulardi is higher with D. melanogaster; the egg laying can be spread out over a long period when this host is relatively scarce. This does not occur with D. simulans in which parasitic oviposition stops soon when this host is not abundant. Investigations of this foraging strategy were done under more complex natural conditions. We found that L. boulardi has a type III functional response with D. melanogaster only; furthermore, it seems that a switching effect may exist with this host. Parasitoid females appear to distribute their eggs more regularly on D. melanogaster, thus avoiding superparasitism. This seems to be independent of the relative frequency of this host. However, superparasitism of D. simulans did occur more frequently when this host was scarce.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00301752
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of morphogenetic movements in the development of the notum anlage of Drosophila melanogaster (1987)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 372-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Pattern formation ; Morphogenesis ; Drosophila ; Growth ; Imaginal disc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A comparison of the morphogenetic maps of the notum anlage of Drosophila melanogaster derived from the gynandromorph data and mosaics induced by somatic crossing-over during the first instar larval stage revealed that practically no major morphogenetic movements occur in the development of the anlage between the blastoderm and first instar larval stages and the adult stage. By comparing the morphogenetic map derived from gynandromorphs and the fate map derived from data on the transplantation of fragments of the mature wing imaginal disc, it was observed that no major morphogenetic movements occur in the notum anlage between the stages of the allocation of the disc and the mature disc. The results are consistent with the observations of other authors concerning the larval development of eye-antenna, wing and leg discs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00375774
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antibodies recognizing 20-hydroxyecdysone-dependent cell surface antigens during morphogenesis in Drosophila (1987)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 434-444 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Morphogenesis ; Cell Surface ; 20-Hydroxyecdysone ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Polyclonal antibodies (anti-P116 and anti-P93) specific for two different hormone-dependent cell surface glycoproteins (P116 and P93) from Drosophila S3 cells have been produced. Anti-P116 and anti-P93 each immunoprecipitate substantially more of P116 and P93, respectively, from extracts of iodinated hormone-treated S3 cells compared to controls. Both antigens are present in control and 20-hydroxyecdysone treated imaginal discs, although apparent increases in antigen content are associated with hormone treatment. Immunofluorescent staining of whole discs with anti-P116 and anti-P93 reveals increased amounts of both antigens at the surface of hormone-treated discs compared to controls. Both antibodies were used to characterize the expression of their respective antigens during embryonic development, and both antibodies were found to recognize in embryos a third developmentally-regulated antigen with a relative mobility of approximately 220000. Our results indicate, at least in the case of P116 and P93, that 20-hydroxyecdysone-dependent cell surface antigens in imaginal discs may be regulated both by increasing the amounts of constitutively present proteins, and possibly through biochemical modifications, altering the localization of these proteins from a cytoplasmic to a cell surface domain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00399143
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphological differentiation of the embryonic peripheral neurons in Drosophila (1987)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 69-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Neurogenesis ; Drosophila ; Neuronal differentiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The stereotyped segmental and dorso-ventral organization of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) of Drosophila embryos allows the identification of all the neurons in the body wall. Distinct classes of neurons are distinguishable according to their location, the targets they innervate, the particular shape of their dendrites and their cell size. Those neurons innervating external sensory structures (es) and chordotonal organs (ch) have single dendrites and have been previously described (Ghysen et al. 1986; Dambly-Chaudiere and Ghysen 1986; Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein 1985). We describe here the identity and morphological features of three other classes of neurons in the body segments which have multiple dendrites (md neurons): 1) neurons that give rise to elaborate dendritic arborisations (da neurons); 2) neurons that have bipolar dendrites (bd neurons); 3) neurons that arborize around particular tracheal branches (td neurons). The thoracic hemisegment (T2 and T3) contains 13 da, one bd, one td, 21 es and four ch neurons; the abdominal hemisegment (A1 to A7) contains 14 da, three bd, three td, 15 es and eight ch neurons. The arrangement of the segmented peripheral neurons is highly invariant and provides a favorable assay system for the genetic analysis of neurodevelopment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00402027
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alterations in the cell surface proteins of Drosophila during morphogenesis (1987)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 339-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Imaginal disc ; Evagination ; Surface peptides ; Radiolabeling ; Hormone depending ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Unevaginated and evaginated Drosophila imaginal discs were surface-labeled with 125I. Relative labeling was greater in eleven peptides and lower in three peptides of evaginated discs compared to unevaginated discs. These results are compared to the effects of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HOE) on metabolic labeling of membrane proteins fractionated from imaginal discs, and on cell surface labeling of a hormone-responsive Drosophila tissue culture line. A group of 35S-methionine labeled membrane fraction peptides whose metabolic labeling is 20-HOE dependent have isoelectric points and apparent molecular weights very similar to those of a group of proteins only labeled in iodinated evaginated discs, supporting the conclusion that these are hormone-dependent, cell surface proteins (Rickoll and Fristrom 1983). Based upon two-dimensional gel electrophoretic and immunological criteria three of the proteins showing increased labeling in evaginated discs are related to three proteins induced by 20-HOE in tissue culture cells. Two different subsets of radiolabeled peptides were observed in the imaginal discs based upon detergent solubility. Some of the proteins which are soluble in NP-40 plus urea but insoluble in NP-40 alone may be localized in the basal lamina of the imaginal discs, a structure which labels heavily with 125I and is lacking in tissue culture cells. In discs, the majority of hormone-dependent changes in radiolabeled peptides were seen in the fraction solubilized by NP-40 and urea with a sulfhydryl reducing agent, while in tissue culture cells, the majority of differences is seen in the fraction solubilized by NP-40 only. We speculate that these proteins may be involved in similar processes, e.g., cell rearrangement, that occur during both disc morphogenesis and 20-HOE induced aggregation in tissue culture cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00375770
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photoreactivation of UV damage in culturedDrosophila cells (1987)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 43 (1987), S. 445-446 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Cell survival ; photoreactivation ; insect cell ; Drosophila ; colony formation ; DNA repair ; ultraviolet radiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cell survival and photoreactivation of 254 nm ultraviolet (UV) light damage in a wild typeDrosophila cell line was assayed by colony formation in liquid medium. Fo, Fq, and extrapolation number for the exponential portion of survival curves are 21 J/m2, 3.6 J/m2, and 1.5 for non-photoreactivated cells and 110 J/m2, 11.2 J/m2, and 1.3 for those exposed to photoreactivating light. Maximal photoreactivation occurs at the 100 J/m2 region of the curve. At 10 and 50% survival, 75–80% of the UV damage was photoreactivable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01940448
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The cell biology of Drosophila wing metamorphosis in vitro (1987)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 191-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Wing imaginal disc ; Tissue culture ; Metamorphosis ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have examined the metamorphosis of the wing imaginal disc of Drosophila during culture in vitro in the continuous presence of 20-hydroxy ecdysone (0.1 μg/ ml). We find that the sequence of cellular changes in the wing blade during culture closely match those occurring in situ, involving two periods at which the dorsal and ventral surfaces are joined only by cell processes containing trans-alar microtubule arrays. Good pupal and imaginal cuticle secretion is found in this system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376314
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lineage analysis of transplanted individual cells in embryos of Drosophila melanogaster (1987)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 222-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Mesodermal cell lineages ; Cell transplantations ; Embryogenesis ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We describe the results of cell transplantation experiments performed to investigate mesodermal lineages in Drosophila melanogaster, particularly the lineages of the somatic muscles, the visceral muscles and the fat body. Cells to be transplanted were labelled by injecting a mixture of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and fluorescein-dextran (FITC) in wild-type embryos at the syncytial blastoderm stage. For transplantation cells were removed from the ventral furrow, 8–12 min after the start of gastrulation, and individually transplanted into homotopic or heterotopic locations of unlabelled wild-type hosts of the same age. HRP labelling in the resulting cell clones was demonstrated histochemically in the fully developed embryo; histotypes could be distinguished without ambiguity. Mesodermal cells were already found to be committed to mesodermal fates at the time of transplantation. They developed only into mesodermal derivatives and did not integrate in non-mesodermal organs upon heterotopical transplantation. No evidence was found for commitment to any particular mesodermal organ at the time of transplantation. The majority of somatic muscle clones contributed cells to only one segment. However, clones were not infrequently distributed through two or even three segments. Clones of fat body cells were generally restricted to a small region. However, cells of clones of visceral musculature were widely distributed. With respect to the proliferative abilities of transplanted cells the clones were difficult to interpret due to the syncytial character of the somatic musculature and the fact that the organization of the other organs is poorly understood. Evidence from histological observations of developing normal embryos indicates only three mitoses for mesodermal cells. Clones larger than seven cells were not found when embryos were fixed previous to germ-band shortening; larger clones were found in the fat body and visceral musculature after fixing the embryos at the end of organogenesis. Quantitative considerations suggest that a few mesodermal cells might perform more than three mitoses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376346
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ether-induced segmentation disturbances in Drosophila melanogaster (1987)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 511-521 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Segmentation defects, ether-induced ; Drosophila ; Phenocopies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Drosophila embryos, exposed to ether between 1 and 4 h after oviposition, develop defects ranging from the complete lack of segmentation to isolated gaps in single segments. Between these extremes are varying extents of incomplete and abnormal segmentation. On the basis of both their temporal and spatial characteristics, five major phenotype classes may be distinguished: headless — unsegmented or incompletely segmented anteriorly; gap — interruptions of segmentation not obviously periodic; alternating segment gaps — interruptions with double segment periodicities; fused segments; and short segments — truncations with single segment periodicities. Many defects resemble known mutant phenotypes. The disturbances in segmentation are predominantly global and frequently accompanied by alterations in segment specification, such that the segments obtained show no resemblance to the normal homologues. These features, together with the distinctive spatiotemporal characteristics of the defects, all point to segmentation as a dynamic process. The regular spacing of the segments and the fact that the entire range of defects is inducible by ether are further consistent with the hypothesis that at least part of the segmentation process may consist of physicochemical reactions coordinated over the whole body. The relationship between our data and data from genetic and other analyses are briefly discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00399875
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fine structure of flight muscles in different Notch mutants of Drosophila melanogaster reared at different temperatures (1987)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 12-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Gene expression ; Drosophila ; Mitochondria ; Temperature sensitivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the indirect flight muscles was studied by electron microscopy in the following Notch locus mutants of Drosophila melanogaster reared at 18° C or 29° C for 6 days after eclosion: Ax 16172/Ax16172, Ax28/ Ax28, l(1)Nts1/l(1)Nts1,l(1)Nts1/Y and in wild-type controls. The flies were raised up to eclosion at 25° C or 18° C. It was observed that the l(1)Nts1 flies gradually became flightless within a few days if reared at 29° C as adults, and gross changes in the fine structure of the flight muscles were also observed in flies of this genotype. Peripheral myofilaments of myofibrils were disarranged and the mitochondria diminutive. At 18° C the flight muscles remained normal. In all of the Abruptex (Ax) combinations the flight muscles remained similar to the wild-type controls at both 18° C and 29° C, i.e. they were normal. The results suggest that the Notch gene is active in adult flies in addition to its activity during embryonic, larval and pupal stages, and is directly or indirectly involved in the adult development of the muscle tissue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376017
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Autosomal control of lampbrush-loop formation during spermatogenesis in Drosophila hydei by a gene also affecting somatic sex determination (1987)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 119-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Spermatogenesis ; Y chromosome ; Lampbrush loops ; Sex determination ; Maternal effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The Y chromosome of Drosophila hydei carries information that is necessary for the development of the spermatozoa. In primary spermatocytes Y chromosomal genes become active: five of the male fertility factors form giant lampbrush loops. Our prior work indicated interactions between the Y chromosomal genes and autosomal loci. It is of interest to identify loci regulating the activity of the Y chromosomal genes. We, therefore, screened a total of about 14,000 chromosomes (X, 2, 3 and 4) for mutations that interfere with the expression of the lampbrush loops. Two mutations with substantial effects on the loop morphology were recovered. One of them, a recessive male sterile mutation (ms (3) 5) on chromosome 3, is described in this paper. Its homozygous state results in a complete absence of all Y chromosomal lampbrush loops at 26° C; at 18° C the loops are formed. Temperature shifts with homozygous males indicate that the function early during the spermatogonial stage is crucial for the development of lampbrush loops in the primary spermatocyte. Meiosis is entirely absent in the male, but normal in females. Females homozygous for ms (3) 5 display a maternal effect, which reduces the viability and fertility of homozygous daughters and produces sons with signs of intersexuality. Linkage studies indicated that the effect on the male germ line and the maternal effects cannot be separated and may hence be induced by a single gene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00402033
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Haemocytes accumulate collagen transcripts during Drosophila melanogaster metamorphosis (1987)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 243-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Collagen ; Haemocytes ; Basement membranes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We report a direct examination of the expression of one collagen gene (DCg1) during Drosophila melanogaster metamorphosis, based on data from in situ hybridization. The transcripts of this gene, thought to encode a basement membrane type IV collagen, are mainly accumulated during ecdysis in wandering haemocytes. Our results demonstrate that haemocytes contribute to extracellular matrix deposition and seem to perform a fibroblastic function during Drosophila development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376348
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Brista: a gene involved in the specification and differentiation of distal cephalic and thoracic structures in Drosophila melanogaster (1987)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 124-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Homoetic ; Mutational analysis ; Transformation ; Distal disc structures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A gene Brista has been identified in chromosome 2R, in the region 60D11-E4, in which mutations cause homoeotic transformation of distal antennal structures to distal leg derivatives, and in which certain alleles also lead to upsets in the formation of distal elements of the legs. This gene is haploinsufficient for the homoeotic phenotype. Several putative null and two hypomorphic alleles have been recovered. The effects of exposure to the non-permissive temperature of a temperature-sensitive allele are cummulative and depend upon the length of the exposure during the period of antennal cell proliferation. It is suggested that this gene contributes to the stability of the state of determination in distal domain of the antennal and leg discs, and its relationship to other genes with similar mutant phenotype is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00402034
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Segmental organisation of the tail region in the embryo of Drosophila melanogaster (1987)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 141-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Blastoderm fate-map ; Tail segmentation ; Larval cuticle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The segmental organisation of the tail region in the embryo of Drosophila melanogaster, which is defined here as the epidermal region posterior to the boundary between abdominal segments A7 and A8, has been investigated by means of ultraviolet (UV) laser fate-mapping and phenotypic analysis of embryonic mutants that alter the segmental pattern of the larval cuticle. Wild-type embryos were irradiated in the presumptive tail region with a UV- laser microbeam of 20 μm diameter at the blastoderm stage. The ensuing defects were scored in the cuticle pattern of the tail region of the first-instar larva, which is described in detail in this paper. The spatial distribution of defect frequencies was used to construct a blastoderm fate-map of the cuticle structures of the larval tail region. The segmental origin of the larval tail structures was inferred from the phenotypic analysis of segmentation and homoeotic mutants, which revealed pattern repetition throughout the embryonic tail region corresponding to four segment anlagen, A8 to A11, and a non-segmental telson. These data enabled the transformation of the blastoderm fate-map of cuticle structures into a map of tail segment anlagen. The tail anlage occupies about 10% of the egg length (EL), bounded by segment A7 anteriorly at 20% EL and by the proctodaeum posteriorly at 10% EL, as measured from the posterior pole. The anlagen of segments A8 and A9 appear to be narrow dorso-ventral strips of blastoderm cells similar to the anlagen of the trunk segments, whereas the anlagen of A10 and A11 are smaller and produce fewer pattern elements. The telson is represented in the cuticle by the tuft which derives from a very dorsal posterior position. The antero-posterior axis of the entire tail anlage appears curved upward posteriorly. Differences in the mode of development between tail and trunk segments are discussed, as are similarities of larval and imaginal tail development in Drosophila. Comparison with tail development in other insects suggests that, during evolution, the transition from semi-long-germ to long-germ development modified the organisation of the tail region without affecting its primary subdivision into metameric units.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376308
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  • 15
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    The influence of segmental compartmentalisation on the development of the larval peripheral nervous system in Drosophila melanogaster (1987)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 101-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Peripheral nervous system ; Compartments ; Segmentation mutants ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The peripheral nervous system of embryos homozygous for prd, ftz, en and bxd was examined for defects and transformations in the segment-specific pattern of sensilla and peripheral nerves. This analysis permitted me to assign a distinct subset of sensilla to any of the three genetically and morphologically defined compartments s, a and p of each segment. In the wild-type embryonic segments, sensory axons deriving from sensilla of different compartments form a part of the common peripheral nerves. In the composite segments of prd and ftz mutant embryos, subsets of sensilla of two neighbouring segments are combined. Nevertheless, the axons of sensilla of different segmental identity are able to fasciculate and to form afferent nerves, which connect in an apparently normal fashion to the central nervous system. It is concluded that in the Drosophila embryo compartmental and segmental identity of sensory organs has no influence on the trajectories of sensory axons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00402031
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  • 16
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    Injection of wild-type cytoplasm and poly(A)+ RNA provokes phenotype rescue in spätzle mutant Drosophila embryos (1987)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 78-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Dorsalizing mutant ; Phenotypic rescue ; Poly(A)+ RNA ; Cytoplasm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary spätzle (spz), a maternal effect gene of Drosophila, is involved in the establishment of the dorso-ventral axis during embryogenesis. Eggs from females lacking the spz gene product develop into completely dorsalized embryos, i.e. the ventral and lateral pattern elements fail to develop. Upon injection of either cytoplasm or poly(A)+ RNA from early wild-type embryos, spz embryos develop lateral pattern elements represented by Filzkörper and in the case of injected cytoplasm additional ventral pattern elements represented by ventral setae. Wild-type cytoplasm retains the rescuing activity longer than the poly(A)+ RNA fraction does, and cytoplasm is always more effective in provoking the rescue than poly(A)+ RNA. Mosaic females containing spz germ cells surrounded by spz + tissues were generated by pole cell transplantations; a mutant genotype in the germ cells is sufficient to produce all aspects of the spz mutant phenotype, suggesting that the maternal source of spz gene product is the germ line.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00402028
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  • 17
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    Residual influences on fecundity in drosophilid species (1987)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 43 (1987), S. 213-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Drosophila ; reproductive behavior ; oviposition ; pheromones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A residual influence of males and females on oviposition has been examined in 7 drosophilids. There was evidence for oviposition deterrence inDrosophila funebris, with males as well as females producing the inhibitory effect. In contrast, male residues stimulated oviposition inZaprionus tuberculatus. Male residues also stimulated oviposition and appeared to serve as an aggregation cue inD. melanogaster.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01942858
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  • 18
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    Effect of hyperthermia upon gamma-ray induced crossing-over in an excision repair deficient maleDrosophila melanogaster (1987)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 43 (1987), S. 931-933 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Hyperthermia ; gamma ray ; crossing-over ; Drosophila ; repair mutant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Hyperthermia of 1 h at 38°C did increase gamma-ray induced crossing-over in meiotic cells of male larvae and adults. However, there was considerably less effect of the heat treatment upon radiation induced crossing-over (a chromosome breakage event) in an excision repair mutanty mei-9 a.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01951675
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  • 19
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    Sensitivity to larval density in populations of Drosophila mojavensis: Influences of host plant variation on components of fitness (1987)
    Springer
    Oecologia 71 (1987), S. 375-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Polymorphism ; Stenocereus ; Host-plant-shift ; Developmental homeostasis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Chromosomally polymorphic populations of Drosophila mojavensis from Baja California feed and breed on agria cactus, Stenocereus gummosus; whereas, monomorphic Arizona populations are associated exclusively with organ pipe cactus, S. thurberi. The effects of this host plant shift in expanding the kinds of feeding and breeding sites were assessed by manipulating larval density and recording differences in egg to adult development time and viability, and adult thorax size in both populations on artificially rotted substrates of both cactus species. Older agria rots increased development time but had no effect on viability. Organ pipe rots were qualitatively poorer substrates than agria rots for both monomorphic and polymorphic populations of D. mojavensis, especially at higher larval densities causing longer egg to adult development times, lower viabilities, and smaller thorax sizes than agria. The Baja population expressed shorter development times, higher viabilities, and smaller thorax sizes than the Arizona population on both cactus substrates. No evidence for cactus host race formation was found. The Baja population was less sensitive to increasing larval densities for all fitness characters studied on both cactus substrates indicating greater developmental homeostasis than in the monomorphic Arizona population. These data support the hypothesized central-marginal population structure within this species coincident with the distribution of host plants and lend insight into the process of adaptive divergence at different life history stages caused by host plant shifts.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378710
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    Immunocytochemical localization of methyl-coenzyme M reductase in Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum (1987)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 147 (1987), S. 190-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum ; Methyl-CoM reductase ; Immunocytochemistry ; Colloidal gold ; Energy conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cells of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum were fixed with glutaraldehyde, sectioned and labeled with antibodies against the β subunit of component C (=methyl-CoM reductase) of methyl-CoM reductase system and with colloidal gold-labeled protein A. It was found that the gold particles were located predominantly in the vicinity of the cytoplasmic membrane, when the cells were grown under conditions where methyl-CoM reductase was not overproduced. This finding confirms the recent data obtained with Methanococcus voltae showing via the same immunocytochemical localization technique that in this organism methyl-CoM reductase is membrane associated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00415283
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    Localization of nitrogenase in vesicles of Frankia sp. Cc1.17 by immunogoldlabelling on ultrathin cryosections (1987)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 146 (1987), S. 327-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Actinomycetes ; Nitrogen fixation ; Symbiosis ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultracryotomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Immunogoldlabelling on ultrathin cryosections of Frankia sp. Cc1.17 showed specific labelling of nitrogenase in the spherical cells called vesicles. No label was found in the hyphae in any cells grown on a medium with combined nitrogen, nor in those to which no specific antiserum was added. Similar results were obtained with cultures grown under high (20%) and low (2%) oxygen tension in the gas phase.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00410930
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    Molecular consequences of two formaldehyde-induced mutations in the alcohol dehydrogenase gene ofDrosophila melanogaster (1987)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 25 (1987), S. 621-638 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: mutagenesis ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; formaldehyde ; Drosophila ; deletions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Adh fn23 andAdh fn24 are two formaldehyde-induced, homozygous-viable, alcohol dehydrogenase-null mutants that bear lesions in the gene tht codes for the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH; EC 1.1.1.1) ofDrosophila melanogaster. Adh fn23 contains a 34-base pair deletion in the C-terminal coding region of the alcohol dehydrogenase structural gene. By immunological and molecular analysis, we show that the deletion shifts the translation reading frame and results in a prematurely truncated polypeptide product (10 amino acids shorter than wild type) that cross-reacts with antibody raised against ADH. The steady-state level of alcohol dehydrogenase mRNA present in this mutant is close (97%) to that in the wild type, but the steady-state level of alcohol dehydrogenase-like protein is 50% lower. Moreover, the rate of alcohol dehydrogenase synthesis inAdh fn23 flies is reduced to 60% of that found in the wild type. Hence both the rate of synthesis and the rate of degradation of alcohol dehydrogenase are affected. In contrast,Adh fn24 which contains an 11-base pair deletion in the N-terminal coding region of the ADH gene, synthesizes no immunodetectable protein, and the amount of alcohol dehydrogenase mRNA is less than half that of wild-type flies. As withAdh fn23, the deletion inAdh fn24 results in a change in the reading frame. UnlikeAdh fn23, however, nucleic acid sequence data indicate that polypeptide chain elongation can proceed for a considerable distance (over 130 amino acids) beyond the deletion. Based upon antigenic binding-site predictions, the resultant aberrant protein (projected 195 amino acids in length) would share few antigenic sites with the alcohol dehydrogenase from the wild type, which may account for the lack of immunoprecipitable material in this mutant. The contrasting effects these two deletions have on theDrosophila ADH mRNA levels and ADH protein levels are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00556207
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    Significance of saguaro cactus alkaloids in ecology ofDrosophila mettleri, a soil-breeding, cactophilic drosophilid (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 2069-2081 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Drosophila ; D. mojavensis ; D. nigrospiracula ; D. mettleri ; Diptera ; Drosophilidae ; cactus ; alkaloids ; viability ; development ; longevity ; host-plant relationships
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Drosophila mettleri is a soil-breeding, cactophilic drosophilid which lives in the Sonoran Desert. Several chemical constituents of cacti in this region have been identified as having major roles in insect-host plant relationships involvingDrosophila. For example, isoquinoline alkaloids, which are present in senita cactus, have been shown to be toxic to seven of the nine species tested. The two tolerant species areD. pachea, the normal resident, andD. mettleri. Necroses of senita cacti are often used as feeding substrates byD. mettleri adults, but this species has never been reared from senita rots. Soil, which have been soaked by juice from saguaro and cardón rots, are the typical breeding substrates of this species. The tissues of both of these cacti also contain alkaloids, chemically related to those in senita, but at much lower concentrations. Alkaloid concentration in saguaro-soaked soil was found to be 1.4–27 times the average concentration in fresh tissue. Alkaloids were extracted from saguaro tissue and used in tests of larva-to-adult viability, developmental rate, and adult longevity. Elevated concentrations of saguaro alkaloids had no significant effect on the longevity ofD. mettleri, but significantly reduced the longevity ofD. nigrospiracula andD. mojavensis, two nonsoil breeding cactophilic species. Viability and developmental rates of all three species were affected, but the effect onD. nigrospiracula was comparatively greater. It is argued that the adaptations that allowD. mettleri to utilize the saguaro soil niche also convey tolerance to alkaloids present in senita tissue. The ability to utilize senita necroses as feeding substrates represents an ecological advantage to D. mettleri, in that the density of potential feeding sites is increased as compared to species which are more specific in their host-plant relationships.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012872
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    Mating ability in laboratory-adapted and field-derivedDrosophila melanogaster: The stress of domestication (1987)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 17 (1987), S. 541-558 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: mating ability ; sexual selection ; fitness ; stress ; domestication ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Mating ability differences between flies of different alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) genotypes have been assessed in the temperature range 15 to 29°C for laboratory-adapted and field-derivedDrosophila melanogaster. Significant differences amongAdh genotypes were detected principally for the laboratory-adapted strains due to departures from random mating associated with heterozygote superiority at the relatively extreme temperature of 29°C, although mating ability differences could not be attributed directly to theAdh locus. The difference between the laboratory and the field populations can be explained by the effects of genetic back-ground manifested in the form of fitness differences, being enhanced for the laboratory-adapted flies as a consequence of the stress of laboratory culture. In contrast with larval survival and development time, laboratory and field flies do not differe appreciably in their overall abilities to obtain mates, which indicates that mating ability is a direct fitness character not greatly affected by laboratory culture. It follows that direct fitness traits are the least amenable to change under domestication.
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    The dynamics of sexual selection and its pleiotropic effects (1987)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 17 (1987), S. 559-569 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: sexual selection ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Since Darwin's formulation of the theory of sexual selection a number of population biologists have developed models that explore the genetic consequences of his theory. In all these models it is assumed that two forces act to counterbalance the runaway process of sexual selection. That is, female preference for a certain male character tends to select for extreme forms of that character until natural selection exerts its forces to maintain the optimum male phenotype that is able to survive in its environment. In this paper, an alternative explanation for the origin of secondary sexual characters is proposed. It is suggested that polymorphism in secondary sexual characters may be maintained not as a direct result of selection for these characters but by being either linked to or as pleiotropic effects of some other feature of the mate recognition pattern. While there are no genetic data to support these observations inDrosophila at this time, there appears to be compelling evidence that mating success is not wholly dependent on the presence of these characters.
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    Mechanism of suppression inDrosophila: Regulation of tryptophan oxygenase by thesu(s) + allele (1987)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 25 (1987), S. 359-374 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; vermilion ; tryptophan oxygenase ; suppression ; epigenetic suppression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The suppressor gene,su(s)2, inDrosophila melanogaster restores the production of red and brown eye pigments for some purple and vermilion mutant alleles, respectively. We showed previously that the product of thesu(s)+ allele caused inhibition of the sepiapterin synthase A produced by the purple mutant but did not affect the wild-type enzyme. Suppression was accomplished by removingsu(s)+ from the genome. We now report that the tryptophan oxygenase, produced by suppressible vermilion alleles, is also inhibited by extracts fromsu(s)+ flies. The inhibition of the vermilion enzyme can be reduced or eliminated, respectively, by prior storage of the extract at 4 or −20°C or by boiling, whereas the wild-type enzyme is not affected by extracts ofsu(s)+ flies. Also, when the suppressible vermilion strain is raised on certain diets, brown eye pigment production occurs. This epigenetic suppression was reduced by the presence of an extra copy ofsu(s)+ in the genome. These data support a posttranslational mechanism for regulation of enzyme activity in which the activity of the mutant enzyme is reduced by the product of thesu(s)+ allele. How thesu(s)+ gene product can distinguish between the normal and the mutant forms of these two enzymes is discussed, along with other mechanisms for suppression that are currently under investigation.
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    The contribution of sexual behavior to Darwinian fitness (1987)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 17 (1987), S. 597-611 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: sexual selection ; sexual isolation ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The idea that sexual selection is responsible for most of the characters, morphological, physiological, and behavioral, that are observed as subserving the efficiency of the reproductive act as an important monitor of fitness is developed. As a corollary, sexual isolation is downgraded, being considered a relatively unimportant secondary process for which the term “mechanism” is singularly inappropriate. The reproductive isolation frequently observed between allopatric species appears to me to be mostly an incidental out come of the fine tuning of the intrapopulational efficiency of the process of sexual reproduction. Two points are stressed: first, sexual selection is a powerful means of serving fitness; and second, hybridization poses little threat to the integrity or future well-being of a species.
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    Puromycin enhances 20-hydroxyecdysone-induced protein synthesis in wing discs of Drosophila melanogaster (1987)
    Springer
    Molecular biology reports 12 (1987), S. 79-83 
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    ISSN: 1573-4978
    Keywords: Drosophila ; 20-hydroxyecdysone ; puromycin ; protein synthesis ; cycloheximide ; imaginal wing disc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of cycloheximide and puromycin on 20-hydroxyecdysone-induced protein synthesis in wing discs of Drosophila melanogaster has been studied by one-dimensional and two-dimensional SDS polyacrylamide electrophoresis. It is found that puromycin, but not cycloheximide, when applied simultaneously with the hormone enhanced the hormone-induced synthesis of the ‘early’ and ‘late’ proteins. However, when puromycin was applied after hormone treatment, only the ‘late’ proteins were induced. The possible implication of these observations is discussed.
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    On the specificity of antisense RNA to arrestin vitro translation of mRNA coding forDrosophila hsp 23 (1987)
    Springer
    Bioscience reports 7 (1987), S. 239-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4935
    Keywords: antisense RNA ; hsp 23 ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The specificity of action of antisense RNA for one ofDrosophila low molecular weight heat shock proteins (hsp 23) was tested at the translational level using the rabbit reticulocyte lysate cell-free system. T7 polymerase-driven transcripts of hsp 23 in the antisense orientation were mixed with mRNA from heat-shocked cells under various stringency conditions prior to translationin vitro. Although the four small hsps show considerable sequence homology in their coding sequences, antisense hsp 23 RNA was shown to specifically inhibit hsp 23 mRNA translation under both high (formamide, 45°C and low stringency (37°C conditions. This suggests that the 5′ leader and the ribosome binding region of mRNA are of prime importance in the specificity of action of antisense RNA at the translational level.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01124795
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    Serotonin-storing cells of the chicken duodenum: light, fluorescence and electron microscopy, and immunohistochemistry (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 25-32 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enterochromaffin cells ; Silver impregnation ; Combined microscopy ; Immunohistochemistry ; Chicken
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In an attempt to identify duodenal endocrine cells emitting formaldehyde-induced fluorescence (FIF), chicken duodena were studied by combined fluorescence, ultrastructural, silver impregnation and immunohistochemical methods in the same or consecutive sections. Our results show that: (1) Almost all the cells emitting yellow fluorescence by both the Falck-Hillarp and the Furness methods exhibit an immunohistochemical reaction with serotonin (5-HT) antiserum. (2) Almost all cells radiating yellow fluorescence by the Furness method stain with toluidine blue in Epon-embedded sections but, by high-voltage electron microscopy, can be subdivided into two types of cell containing either small round or polymorphous types of granules. (3) In the sections from which resin had been removed, all the cells emitting yellow FIF show argentaffinity by the Singh method, but not all cells display argyrophilia with the Grimelius method. (4) Cells exhibiting both argyrophil and argentaffin reactions in deresined serial sections are also separated into two types of cell, containing either small spherical or polymorphous types of granules by conventional electron microscopy in thin sections. Therefore, chicken enterochromaffin cells emit yellow FIF, store 5-HT, show both argentaffinity and argyrophilia, but are ultrastructurally classified into two types of granule-containing cells which may be related to polypeptides coexisting with 5-HT.
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    Localization of ornithine decarboxylase in the chick embryo during organogenesis (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 75-84 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ornithine decarboxylase ; Chick embryo ; Organogenesis A ; Autoradiography ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The localization of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), a key enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis and thus in cell growth, was determined in the 4.5-day-old chick embryo, using two independent methods of analysis. ODC protein was identified by indirect immunofluorescence with a monospecific ODC antibody, and catalytically active ODC was identified by autoradiography with α-(5-3H) difluoromethylornithine. Both methods revealed a basically similar distribution of ODC within the embryo. Among the organs, the brain exhibited the highest ODC levels. ODC levels were also high in spinal cord, mesonephric tubules and heart. Similar levels, but confined to limited areas, were found in liver tissue, head mesenchyme, and the oral and pharyngeal regions. Organs that exhibited high ODC levels are all engaged in rapid growth, as well as in extensive tissue remodeling and differentiation.
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    Immunocytochemical and ultrastructural evidence for a neurophysinergic innervation of the subcommissural organ of the snake Natrix maura (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 473-478 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Subcommissural organ ; Innervation ; Neu rophysins ; Mesotocin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Snake, Natrix maura
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The subcommissural organ (SCO) of the snake Natrix maura was studied by use of the immunoperoxidase procedure. Primary antisera against bovine neurophysins (Nps I + II, OXY-Np), oxytocin (OXY), mesotocin (MST), arginine-vasotocin (AVT), somatostatin (SOM), β-endorphin (END) and bovine Reissner's fiber were used. A conventional ultrastructural study, with special emphasis on the nerve fibers present in the SCO, was also performed. Nerve fibers containing immunoreactive OXY-Np and MST were seen to reach the SCO. The staining of adjacent sections with the anti-Reissner's fiber serum showed that the OXY-Np- and MST-immunoreactive fibers were distributed among the cell bodies and processes of the ependymal secretory cells. No fibers containing immunoreactive OXY, AVT, SOM or END were found in the SCO. The ultrastructural analysis revealed in the SCO the presence of nerve fibers filled with electron-dense granules, 170–210 nm in diameter. Although a direct apposition between these fibers and the SCO cells was frequently seen, no synaptic differentiations were identified. Structures identical to the Herring bodies (found in the neurohypophysis) were seen in the SCO.
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    Immunohistochemical study of atrial natriuretic polypeptides in the embryonic, fetal and neonatal rat heart (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 627-633 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Heart ; Atrial-specific granules ; Atrial natriuretic polypeptide ; Immunohistochemistry ; Impulse-conducting system ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An immunohistochemical study of atrial natriuretic polypeptides was carried out on embryonic, fetal and neonatal rat hearts, using an antiserum raised against α-human atrial natriuretic polypeptide (α-hANP). Weakly immunoreactive cells were seen in both atrial and ventricular walls at 11 days post coitum (pc). After this stage, the immunoreactive cells became more intensely stained in both atrial and ventricular walls. The immunoreactivity during the prenatal period was stronger in the superficial cell layer beneath the endocardium, than in the deep cell layer of the atrial wall. The cells in the trabecular meshwork also had an apparent, but weak, immunoreactivity, which showed a greater intensity in the left ventricle than in the right one. It is suggested that these immunoreactive cells in the ventricle may differentiate, in situ, into the cells of the impulse-conducting system during the further development of the heart.
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    Oxytocin-like immunoreactive nerves are associated with insulin-containing cells in pancreatic islets of anglerfish (Lophius americanus) (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 249 (1987), S. 7-12 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Anglerfish islet ; Oxytocin ; Insulin ; Innervation ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Recent reports indicate that oxytocin exerts direct effects on the release of insulin and glucagon from the endocrine pancreas of the rat. The purpose of this study was to determine whether oxytocin-like immunoreactivity is present in the anglerfish islet, and if it is associated with subsets of hormone-producing cells. Antisera against oxytocin, insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, neuropeptide Y, and the 200 — kd neurofilament polypeptide were applied to serial 5 μm sections of pancreatic islets. The antiserum to the 200 — kd neurofilament polypeptide labeled nerve bundles and axons, some of which were also stained with the oxytocin antiserum. Oxytocin immunoreactivity was observed in large nerves that branched into varicose fibers. These fibers were consistently associated only with clusters of insulin-producing cells. Successive application of oxytocin and insulin antisera to the same section provided additional verification of this relationship. Oxytocin-labeled nerves were not associated with cells immunoreactive to glucagon, somatostatin, or neuropeptide Y (anglerfish peptide Yg). The results demonstrate that oxytocin or an oxytocin-like peptide is located in fibers that surround only insulin-producing cells in the anglerfish islet. Although the functional significance of this observation remains to be determined, the results imply that oxytocin, or an oxytocin-like peptide, may affect the synthesis or release of insulin from anglerfish islets.
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    Distribution of nerve fibers immunoreactive to neurofilament protein in rat molars and periodontium (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 249 (1987), S. 13-23 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Teeth ; Dental pulp ; Periodontium ; Neurofilament protein ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of nerve fibers in molars, periodontal ligament and gingiva of the rat shows a complex pattern. Decalcified material including the alveolar bone was sectioned in three different planes and stained by means of immunohistochemistry for detection of the neurofilament protein (NFP); the immunoreactive neural elements were clearly visualized in three-dimensional analyses. NFP-positive nerve fibers formed a subodontoblastic plexus in the roof area of the dental pulp; some of them entered the predentin and dentin directly through the dentinal tubules. This penetration was found mainly in the pulp horn, and was limited to a distance of about 100 μm from the pulpo-dentinal junction. In the periodontal ligament, NFP-positive nerve fibers were found densely distributed in the lower half of the alveolar socket. Two types of nerve terminals were recognized in the periodontal ligament: free nerve endings with tree-like ramifications, and expanded nerve terminals showing button- or glove-like shapes. The former tapered among the periodontal fibers, some even reaching the cementoblastic layer. The latter were located, frequently in groups, within the ligament restricted to the lower third of the alveolar socket. A well-developed plexus of NFP-positive nerves was revealed in the lamina propria of the free gingiva, the innervation being denser toward the epithelium of the gingival crevice. The characteristic distribution of NFP-immunoreactive nerve fibers revealed in this study is discussed in relation to region-specific sensations in the teeth and surrounding tissues.
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    Morphology, composition, and function of struts between cardiac myocytes of rat and hamster (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 249 (1987), S. 247-255 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cardiac muscle cells ; Extracellular matrix ; Collagen fibers and filaments ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat ; Hamster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphology, composition, and function of struts that interconnect the lateral surfaces of cardiomyocytes were examined in the hearts of rats and hamsters. Methods included brightfield and fluorescent light microscopy, secondary and backscatter scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy in conjunction with silver stain, cationic dye, and antibody to type-I collagen. These studies reveal a twisted, beaded appearance and a complex substructure of collagen fibrils embedded in a ground substance that has a positive reaction with cationic dye. A hierarchy of patterns of branching and attachment was seen among intercellular struts ranging in diameter from 0.1 μm to several urn. The hypothesis that struts tether not only the surfaces but the contractile lattices of laterally adjacent myocytes is supported by the following: (a) the attachments of struts to the collagen weave of the sarcolemma, often lateral to the level of Z bands, (b) the presence of collagen type I in a composite material arrangement, (c) the relative dispositions and configurational changes of struts and myocyte surfaces in various physiological states and induced, non-physiological perturbations of cardiac muscle, (d) the corrugated sarcolemmas with infoldings near Z bands, and (e) the continuity of intracellular filaments from Z bands to the inner aspect of the sarcolemma in relaxed and contracted myocytes. Implications of struts acting as tethers and sites for storage of energy in the motions of myocytes during the cardiac cycle are discussed.
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    S-100 protein in Schwann cells of the developing human peripheral nerve (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 249 (1987), S. 459-463 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: S-100 protein ; Immunohistochemistry ; Schwann cells ; Neurilemoma ; Human foetus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary From approximately 7 weeks gestational age in developing human peripheral nerve, as in adult nerve, S-100 protein was found to be expressed solely and uniformly by Schwann cells associated with axons. In embryos younger than 7 weeks S-100 was much less constant and many cells did not show clear staining. The trigger for the initial appearance of the protein at around this age remains unclear although a relationship of S-100 expression in Schwann cells to close axonal contact is suggested. The value of S-100 protein in distinguishing Schwann cells from perineurial cells in normal nerves and nerve sheath tumours remains unclear.
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    Immunocytochemical markers revealing retinal and pineal but not hypothalamic photoreceptor systems in the Japanese quail (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 161-167 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retina ; Pineal organ ; Hypothalamus ; Opsin ; α-Transducin ; Interstitial retinol-binding protein (IRBP) ; Immunocytochemistry ; Japanese quail
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The retinal proteins opsin,α-transducin, S-antigen and interstitial retinol-binding protein (IRBP) are essential for the processes of vision. By use of immunocyto-chemistry we have employed antibodies directed against these “photoreceptor proteins” in an attempt to identify the photoreceptor systems (retina, pineal and deep brain) of the Japanese quail. Opsin immunostaining was identified within many outer (basal portion) and inner segments of retinal photoreceptor cells and limited numbers of photoreceptor perikarya. Opsin immunostaining was also demonstrated in limited numbers of pinealocytes with all parts of these cells being immunoreactive. These results differ from previous observations. In contrast to the results obtained with the antibody against opsin, S-antigen andα-transducin immunostaining was seen throughout the entire outer segments and many photoreceptor perikarya of the retina. In the pineal organ immunostaining was seen in numerous pinealocytes in all follicles. These results conform to previous findings in birds. In addition, IRBP has been demonstrated for the first time in the avian retina and pineal organ. These findings underline the structural and functional similarities between the retina and pineal organ and provide additional support for a photoreceptive role of the avian pineal. No specific staining was detected in any other region of the brain in the Japanese quail; the hypothalamic photoreceptors of birds remain unidentified.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01239977
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    Insulin-, glucagonand somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the endocrine pancreas of the lungfish,Neoceratodus forsteri (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 181-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endocrine pancreas ; Insulin ; Glucagon ; Somatostatin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Neoceratodus forsteri (Australian lungfish)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The endocrine pancreas of the Australian lungfish,Neoceratodus forsteri, was investigated immunocytochemically for the presence of polypeptide hormone-producing cells. Three cell types were identified, namely insulin-, glucagon-, and somatostatin-immunoreactive elements. The insulin cells are confined solely to the center of the islets. Glucagon and somatostatin cells are distributed peripherally around the central mass of the insulin cells. Isolated cells or clusters of glucagon and somatostatin cells are also dispersed within the exocrine parenchyma. The immunoreactive cell types are compared with those staining with standard histological procedures. The spatial relationships of the different cell populations are examined.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01239979
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    Distribution of anti-Leu-7, anti-Leu-11a and anti-Leu-M1 immunoreactivity in the brain of the adult rat (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 305-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Brain ; Immunohistochemistry ; Natural killer cells ; Monocytes ; Granulocytes ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This study reports a specific cross-reactivity of the three anti-human-hematopoetic-cell monoclonal antibodies, anti-Leu-7 (HNK-1), anti-Leu-11a (NKP-15), and anti-Leu-M1 (MMA), with different epitopes in the brain of the adult rat. The distribution of these epitopes in rat brain is determined by means of immunohistochemistry in paraffin-embedded frontal serial sections. The reaction pattern of anti-Leu-11a monoclonal antibody is very similar to that of polyclonal antibodies against the myelin basic protein. Both antisera give a specific reaction with myelinated fibers. Immunoreaction products with the anti-Leu-7 monoclonal antibody are found as diffuse, mostly punctiform material in the neuropil and even more evident as small granules coating the cell surface of many neurons. In the white matter anti-Leu-7 reveals a moderate reactivity, which occurs predominantly as spots and fine-stranded material within the myelinated fiber tracts. Anti-Leu-M1 immunoreactivity is present between myelinated fiber bundles of the white matter, where it has a reticulate appearance, and as fine-granulated material within the grey matter of the cortex and the nuclei. The characteristic feature in the grey matter is that of irregularly shaped immunopositive plaques, which are often located around small blood vessels. The cytoplasm of glial and neuronal cells appeared negative with this MAB. The exact topographical distribution of the Leu-7 and Leu-M1 epitopes throughout the rat brain is described. The present hypotheses concerning the nature of this shared antigenicity between hematopoetic cells and nervous tissue are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218197
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    Nerve growth factor-like immunoreactivities in rodent salivary glands and testis (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 275-286 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nerve growth factor ; Salivary glands ; Antibodies ; Immunocytochemistry ; Affinity purification ; Specificity tests ; Testis ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A series of polyclonal affinity-purified antibodies against mouse submandibular-gland nerve growth factor (NGF) are described. Using the submandibular gland of the male mouse and indirect immunofluorescence, the specificity and sensitivity of affinity-purified immunoglobulins and various other fractions from the immunized animals have been tested. It will be shown that affinity-purification schemes, including pre-purification of protein A-fractionated immunoglobulins to remove antibodies that bind to unrelated hydrophilic and hydrophobic proteins, significantly enhance the signal-to-noise ratio and specificity of the antibodies. The antibodies effectively detect NGF-like immunoreactivity in both fresh and fixed glandular tissue. Optimal fixation procedures are described. Fluorescence intensities are linearly correlated to log antibody concentration. By use of the best antibody fractions and optimal fixation protocols, the distribution of NGF-like immunoreactivity is described in eight different salivary glands (rat and mouse, male and female, submandibular and sublingual glands). In addition to the well-known large numbers of immunoreactive cells in the submandibular gland of the male mouse, immunoreactive cells were found in the sublingual gland of male mice and in the submandibular and sublingual glands of female mice. One antibody revealed a weak specific fluorescence also in the submandibular gland of the male mouse. In a survey of genital organs of male mice, one antibody revealed fluorescence in the germ cell line. We conclude that several polyclonal affinity-purified antibodies have been characterized that show a strong NGF-dependent binding to the secretory granules of tubular cells in the submandibular gland of male mice. These antibodies should make it possible to locate endogenous and perturbed NGF levels immunocytochemically, e.g., in the peripheral and central nervous system, where NGF concentrations may be several orders of magnitude lower than in the salivary glands.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218194
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    Immunohistochemical localization of opioid peptides in the brain of the leech Theromyzon tessulatum (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 250 (1987), S. 63-71 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Opioid peptides ; Immunohistochemistry ; Annelida: Hirudinea ; Theromyzon tessulatum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By use of antisera directed against met-enkephalin, leu-enkephalin, dynorphin or α-neoendorphin, immunoreactive structures were visualized in the central nervous system and proboscis of the leech Theromyzon tessulatum. Their distribution in the various compartments of the supra- and subesophageal ganglia was mapped. No correspondence could be established between the neurons containing met- or leu-enkephalin-like substances and the different types of neurosecretory cells classically described in Hirudinea. Successive localization of leu- and met-enkephalin on the same section revealed that these two peptides occur in different neurons. Only one cell located in compartment 6 of the supraesophageal ganglion was both dynorphin- and leu-enkephalin-positive. The other dynorphinimmunoreactive cells were not stained with the anti-leuenkephalin serum. The α-neoendorphin-immunopositive cells were leu-enkephalin immunonegative and vice versa.
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    An FMRFamide antiserum differentiates between populations of antigens in the brain and retrocerebral complex of the locust, Schistocerca gregaria (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 250 (1987), S. 93-99 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nervous system ; Immunocytochemistry ; FMRFamide ; Bovine pancreatic polypeptide ; Insects ; Schistocerca gregaria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of FMRFamide-irmunoreactive cell bodies in the brain and retrocerebral complex of the locust, Schistocerca gregaria, is described. Most of the immunoreactive cell bodies are found in the pars intercerebralis and in the optic lobes. Many, but not all, of the cell bodies also react with an antiserum raised against bovine pancreatic polypeptide, but this antiserum also reveals another population of cells that stain selectively with this antiserum. In addition to the cell bodies, numerous immunoreactive processes are revealed by both antisera in neuropilar regions of the brain. The results of blocking experiments suggest that a differential distribution of three locust antigens can be determined from the examination of alternate serial sections stained with the two antisera used.
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    Immunocytochemical study of the GABAergic innervation of the mouse pituitary by use of antibodies against gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 33-40 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) ; Pituitary ; Neuroendocrine regulation ; Immunocytochemistry ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The GABAergic innervation of the mouse pituitary, including the median eminence, was studied at light microscopic and ultrastructural levels by use of a pre-embedding immunocytochemical technique with antibodies directed against GABA. In the median eminence, a high density of GABA-immunoreactive fibers was found in the external layer where the GABAergic varicosities were frequently observed surrounding the blood vessels of the primary capillary plexus. In the internal and subependymal layers, only few fibers were immunoreactive. The intense labeling of the external layer was observed in the entire rostro-caudal extent of the median eminence. In the pituitary proper, a dense network of GABA-immunoreactive fibers was revealed throughout the neural and intermediate lobes, entering via the hypophyseal stalk. The anterior and tuberal lobes were devoid of any immunoreactivity. The GABA-immunoreactive terminals were characterized in the median eminence, and in the intermediate and posterior lobes at the electron-microscopic level. They contained small clear vesicles, occasionally associated with dense-core vesicles or neurosecretory granules. In the intermediate lobe they were seen to be in contact with the glandular cells. In the posterior lobe and in the median eminence, GABA-immunoreactive terminals were frequently located in the vicinity of blood vessels. These results further support the concept of a role of GABA in the regulation of hypophyseal functions, via the portal blood for the anterior lobe, directly on the cells in the intermediate lobe, and via axo-axonic mechanisms in the median eminence and posterior lobe.
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    Failure of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) to affect the differentiation of LH cells in the rat hypophysial primordium in serum-free culture (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 250 (1987), S. 35-42 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Organ culture ; Adenohypophysial primordium ; LH cells ; Immunohistochemistry ; Effect of LHRH ; Fetal rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The aims of this study were to investigate the differentiating capacity of adenohypophysial LH cells in a serum-free culture medium and to test whether cytogenesis is affected by synthetic LHRH. The adenohypophysial primordia of fetal rats were isolated on days 11.5 and 12.5 of gestation and cultured without serum for 10 and 9 days, respectively, in synthetic Medium 199 or αMEM. Immunohistochemical examination using the PAP method revealed that most culture expiants, apart from a few degenerate ones, contained LH cells. In comparison with Medium 199, which has been widely used as a culture medium for hypophysial explants, aMEM gave far better results and the primordia cultured in this medium showed better tissue growth and contained a greater number of LH cells. Administration of synthetic LHRH (10 ng/ml) on the first day of culturing had no effect on the number of LH cells, no matter whether or not the culture medium was supplemented with insulin, transferrin or thyroxine. These results suggest that at the early developmental stage LHRH is not essential for the differentiation and/or proliferation of LH cells.
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    Fetal expression of muscle-specific isoactins in multiple organs of the Wistar-Kyoto rat (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 250 (1987), S. 7-12 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Isoactin ; Muscle ; Fetus ; Ontogeny ; Rat (Wistar-Kyoto)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Actin, a cytoskeletal and contractile protein, is expressed in six different isoforms that exhibit striking specificity. No studies have considered the muscle-specific actin expression in multiple organ systems in the intact fetus. Using a monoclonal antibody (B4) which reacts specifically with the isoactins of the smooth and skeletal muscle our immunohistochemical study examined whole fetal body sections to follow the development of actin expression throughout the last third of gestation in the Wistar-Kyoto rat. B4 staining was exclusively localized to muscle, confirming its high specificity and its usefulness for studying the ontogeny of muscle-specific isoactins. At 15 days of gestation, B4 staining was detected in the heart, the thoracic aorta and the skeletal muscle of the chest wall. The distribution and intensity of staining in the heart were initially higher than in the aorta or skeletal muscle and remained unchanged throughout the remainder of gestation, suggesting that the maturation of cardiac actin expression is well developed, although not fully completed before birth. Expression of muscle-specific actins in skeletal muscle was age-dependent and correlated with the maturational changes of muscle cell precursors. B4 staining in the fetal kidney was not apparent until day 20 of gestation and was localized to the inner cortical vessels. in association with the most mature nephrons, suggesting a centrifugal maturation of the intrarenal vasculature. The intensity of B4 staining in most tissues including bronchi, bowel, diaphragm, chest wall muscle and peripheral and pulmonary arteries increased by the end of gestation.
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    Immunohistochemical observations of the endocrine pancreas during metamorphosis of the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L. (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 351-357 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endocrine pancreas ; Metamorphosis ; Biliary atresia ; Immunohistochemistry ; Petromyzon marinus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Light-microscopic immunohistochemistry was used to localize insulin- and somatostatin-immunoreactive cells within developing endocrine pancreatic tissue of metamorphosing lampreys, Petromyzon marinus. The extrahepatic common bile duct and a portion of the intrahepatic bile duct develop into the caudal portion of the endocrine pancreas. The cranial pancreas is composed of follicles originating in the intestinal and diverticular epithelia, thus following the method of formation of pancreatic follicles from gut epithelium in larvae. In both the cranial and caudal portions, and in an intermediate cord of isolated follicles which connect these two major masses, insulin-immunoreactive cells appear first and are followed by cells showing somatostatin-immunoreactivity. In all stages of metamorphosis individual endocrine cells demonstrate immunoreactivity to a single hormone. Biliary atresia in lamprey may have some adaptive significance in providing cells that produce a caudal endocrine pancreas.
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    Reissner's fiber, massa caudalis and ampulla caudalis in the spinal cord of lamprey larvae (Geotria australis) (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 359-366 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Reissner's fiber ; Massa caudalis ; Subcommissural organ ; Spinal cord ; Central canal ; Immunocytochemistry ; Lectin histochemistry ; Lamprey ; Geotria australis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The subcommissural organ (SCO), Reissner's fiber (RF) and its massa caudalis of lamprey larvae (Geotria australis) were investigated immunocytochemically by use of an antiserum raised against bovine RF as primary antibody. The affinities of RF and massa caudalis for Ricinus communis agglutinin I (RCA) with and without previous acid hydrolysis, concanavalin A (Con A), wheat-germ agglutinin (WGA), aldehyde fuchsin, and PAS reaction were also studied. SCO and massa caudalis were strongly immunoreactive, whereas RF proper was distinctly negative. RF did not react with Con A and RCA. Only the periphery of RF was WGA-positive. RCA showed affinity for RF only after acid hydrolysis. RF was homogeneously stained by the aldehyde-fuchsin and PAS-methods. At variance with RF proper, the periphery of the massa caudalis reacted with RCA without previous acid hydrolysis, but its core was WGA-positive and reacted with RCA only after hydrolysis. It is suggested that (i) RF has a coat of glycoproteins containing sialic acid as terminal residue, whereas the massa caudalis possesses a coat with galactose as terminal residue; (ii) in RF proper and the massa caudalis the spatial arrangement of glycoproteins might be different. Routine transmission electron-microscopic observations indicate that in larvae of Geotria australis an open communication exists between the ampulla caudalis and blood capillaries via large cavities or lacunae.
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    Immunocytochemical localization of pyrazine-binding protein in bovine nasal mucosa (1987)
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    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 461-464 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nasal mucosa ; Odorant-binding protein ; 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine ; Immunocytochemistry ; Cow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Polyclonal antibodies have been raised against purified bovine pyrazine-binding protein, a protein that binds the odorant 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine. These antibodies have been utilized in immunocytochemical experiments to localize the pyrazine-binding protein in bovine nasal mucosa. Tissue fragments, macroscopically identified as olfactory and respiratory mucosa, were fixed in Bouin's fluid and embedded in paraffin. Consecutive serial sections were processed for immunofluorescence studies and restained either with haematoxylin-eosin or with periodic acid Schiff-Alcian Blue. In both olfactory and respiratory mucosa, only seromucous tubulo-acinar glands were specifically labelled. These glands are located in the lamina propria underlying typical respiratory epithelium, even in those tissues that are macroscopically defined as olfactory mucosa.
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    Localization of melanotropin-like peptides in the central nervous system of two insect species, the migratory locust,Locusta migratoria, and the fleshfly,Sarcophaga bullata (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 25-31 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunohistochemistry ; Melanotropins ; Insects ; Pro-opiomelanocortin ; Nervous system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By use of well characterized antisera in the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method, we were able to demonstrateαMSH andβMSH immunoreactive cells and nerve fibres within the nervous system of adults and larvae ofLocusta migratoria and 3-, 5- and 8-day-old adultSarcophaga bullata. In neither of these insect species, any immunoreaction was obtained with aγ 3MSH-antiserum. Double immuno-histochemical stainings revealed thatαMSH-like andβMSH-like substances are located in different cells. These cells show no immunoreactivity to a number of antisera against other POMC-derivatives (anti-βlipotropin, anti-βendorphin, anti-ACTH1–24); thus they appear to containαMSH- orβMSH-like material in a specific way. The function of the immunologically detected peptides remains to be demonstrated. The distribution of the immunoreactive material suggests that, like in amphibians and other lower vertebrates, the synthesis or release of melanotropins might be under the influence of external stimuli. The present observations support the recently developed concept that even some of the smallest neuropeptides, the melanotropins, have been highly conserved during a long period of evolution.
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    Bipolarity of duodenal enterochromaffin cells in the rat (1987)
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    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 49-54 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enterochromaffin cells ; Serotonin ; Duodenum ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Enterochromaffin cells of the rat duodenum have been studied immunocytochemically by use of a specific antiserum to serotonin. At the light-microscopic level serotonin immunoreactivity was observed in enterochromaffin cells located in the epithelium of the duodenal mucosa. Most of the serotonin-immunoreactive material was localized to the basal portion of the enterochromaffin cells, but small amounts of immunoreactive material were regularly observed in the apical portion. At the electron-microscopic level serotonin immunoreactivity in enterochromaffin cells was found to be concentrated over the dense cores of the cytoplasmic granules. The majority of these granules was located in the basal cytoplasm of the enterochromaffin cells, but serotonin-immunoreactive granules were also observed in the apical cytoplasm immediately beneath the microvilli. These observations indicate that duodenal enterochromaffin cells are bipolar and that they secrete serotonin both basally, to the circulation, and apically, to the gut lumen. Rat duodenal enterochromaffin cells thus appear to have an exocrine as well as an endocrine function.
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    Neuropeptide Y: Intrapancreatic neuronal localization and effects on insulin secretion in the mouse (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 43-48 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuropeptide Y ; Immunohistochemistry ; Pancreas ; Insulin secretion ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The intrapancreatic localization and the effects on basal and stimulated insulin secretion of neuropeptide Y (NPY) were investigated in the mouse. Immunocyto-chemistry showed NPY to be confined to intrapancreatic nerve fibers mainly associated with blood vessels. Fine varicose NPY fibers were also detected in the exocrine parenchyma and occasionally also within the islets. Double-staining experiments with the use of antisera for both NPY and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) indicated that most of the NPY fibers were nonadrenergic in nature. Only a population of the NPY fibers occurring around blood vessels showed TH immunoreactivity. Under in vivo conditions, NPY was found to elevate plasma insulin levels slightly when injected intravenously at the high dose level of 8.5 nmol/kg. At lower dose levels, NPY did not affect basal plasma insulin levels, but instead inhibited glucose-induced insulin secretion. Thus, the glucose-induced increment in plasma insulin levels, which was 120±7μU/ml in controls, was reduced to 87 ±5 μU/ml by NPY at 4.25 nmol/kg (p〈0.01) and to 98±6μU/ml by NPY at 1.06 nmol/kg (p〈0.05). In contrast, the insulin secretory response to the cholinergic agonist carbachol was not affected by NPY. We conclude that NPY nerve fibers occur in the mouse pancreas and that most of these NPY nerve fibers are nonadrenergic. Furthermore, in the mouse, NPY enhances basal plasma insulin levels at high dose levels and inhibits glucose-induced, but not cholinergically induced insulin secretion at lower dose levels under in vivo conditions.
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    Localization of neuropeptides in efferent terminals of the eye in the marine snail,Bulla gouldiana (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 67-73 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Circadian rhythms ; Immunohistochemistry ; Neuropeptides ; Molluscs ; Neuropeptide-Y (NPY) FMRF-amide ; Bulla gouldiana
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Like several other opisthobranch molluscs, the marine snailBulla gouldiana possesses two circadian pacemakers, one in each eye. The two ocular pacemakers are mutually coupled such that: (1) the circadian rhythms of spontaneous electrical activity recorded from the optic nerve are normally synchronous and; (2) if experimentally desynchronized the rhythms will return to the synchronized state. This coupling of the pacemakers is mediated by efferent fibers in the optic nerve, terminating in neuropil adjacent to the basal retinal neurons (BRNs), the putative circadian pacemaker cells. Attempts to identify neurotransmitters in efferent terminals that may be involved in the coupling process have failed. In the present study we demonstrate axons in the optic nerve and axon terminals adjacent to the BRNs that exhibit FMRF-amide- (molluscan cardioexcitatory peptide) and NPY-like (neuropeptide-Y) immunoreactivity. The pattern of immunoreactivity to both antisera is identical. Blocking studies indicate that both antisera are recognizing the same site, most likely the arginine-phenylalanine-amide terminus of FMRF, or an FMRF-like molecule. We conclude that FMRF is a candidate for the chemical mediator involved in the interaction between the two ocular pacemakers inBulla gouldiana.
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    Uptake and retention of3H-estradiol by gonadotrophs and lactotrophs in the pituitary glands of the guinea pig, hamster and gerbil (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 75-78 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: LH-cells ; Prolactin cells ; Immunocytochemistry ; Estrogen ; Autoradiography ; Guinea pig ; Hamster ; Gerbil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nuclear uptake and retention of3H-estradiol by luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin (PRL) cells was examined in three species of rodents (guinea pigs, hamsters and gerbils) using the combined techniques of immunocyto-chemistry and autoradiography. Castrated animals were injected with3H-estradiol and decapitated 1.5 h later. The pituitary glands were processed for thaw-mount autoradiography followed by conventional immunocytochemical staining for LH and PRL.3H-estradiol accumulated in more than 80% of the anterior pituitary cells in the gerbils, while only 33 and 22% of the cells accumulated3H-estradiol in the hamsters and guinea pigs, respectively. A varying percentage of immunoreactive LH and PRL cells in all three species were found also to contain binding sites for estradiol. Some LH and PRL cells in hamsters and guinea pigs and only some in PRL cells of gerbils were found to be devoid of grains. Quantitative analysis revealed that the number of grains per nucleus differed considerably from cell to cell. LH cells of guinea pigs accumulated much larger amounts of3H-estradiol than did the PRL cells, while the LH cells in the hamsters and gerbils accumulated only slightly more3H-estradiol than the PRL cells. These results confirm the previous observations in rats and baboons that demonstrated tremendous species differences in percentage of cells in the anterior pituitary gland that accumulated3H-estradiol. Also, these data suggest that there are functionally heterogeneous cell types among the LH and PRL cells in hamsters, guinea pigs and gerbils as has been previously demonstrated in rats and baboons.
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    Amacrine cells with neurotensin- and somatostatin-like immunoreactivities in three species of teleosts with different color vision (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 663-673 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retina ; Amacrine cells ; Immunocytochemistry ; Neurotensin ; Somatostatin ; Color vision ; Teleosts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neurotensin- and somatostatin-like immunoreactivities were localized by pre-embedding techniques in retinal whole-mounts and radial sections of a monochromatic glass catfish (Kryptopterus bicirrhis), a dichromatic cichlid species (Aequidens pulcher), and the tetrachromatic roach (Rutilus rutilus). Both neuropeptides were observed in perikarya and processes of amacrine cells. For a precise identification of cell types, tangential and radial views were correlated with Golgiimpregnated material. The dendritic pattern defining the morphological subtype of amacrine cells was determined by the given neuropeptide or by the species-specific degree of complexity of retinal structure and function. Neurotensin-like immunoreactivity was localized in amacrine cells of intermediate size, radial symmetry and dendrites with numerous varicosities; they were monostratified in sublayer 3 of the inner plexiform layer. This cell type was common to all three species. In the mono and dichromatic retinas, a single type of amacrine cell with somatostatinlike immunoreactivity was found with radially oriented, varicose dendrites in sublayer 5. In the tetrachromatic roach retina, two somatostatin-positive amacrine cell types were found with very different patterns of ramification; furthermore, both of these types occurred in more than one sublayer. Possible functional implications for color vision of neuropeptide-specific amacrine cells with uniform morphology in all three species and those with a more varied morphology in the tetrachromatic roach are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216497
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    Response of pituitary thyrotrophs to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone in Snell dwarf mice (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 683-687 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary gland, pars anterior (distalis) ; Thyrotrophs ; Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) on pituitary thyrotrophs was investigated in Snell dwarf mice (dw/dw) that are genetically deficient in thyrotrophin (TSH) and in normal animals of the same strain. The normal animals were treated with either saline or 10 μg TRH per day for 2 weeks, while the dwarf mice were given daily injections of saline, 10 μg TRH for 2 weeks or 10 μg for 6 weeks. At the end of each experimental period, the pituitary glands were removed and fixed for light-microscopic analysis using immunocytochemistry, or for transmission electron-microscopic study. Compared to thyrotrophs observed in the pituitary glands of untreated normal mice, thyrotrophs in TRH-treated normal mice appeared to be more numerous by immunocytochemistry and showed signs of stimulation by electron microscopy. In contrast, immunostainable thyrotrophs could not be identified in the pituitary glands of untreated or TRH-treated dwarfs. However, a few cells exhibiting ultrastructural features of stimulated thyrotrophs, were noticeable in the dwarfs following TRH administration. Thus, while failing to induce the synthesis of immunoreactive TSH under the applied experimental conditions, exogenous TRH appeared to elicit differentiation of thyrotroph precursors into ultrastructurally recognizable thyrotrophs. The discrepancy between the immunocytochemical and ultrastructural findings remains unresolved; more work is required to clarify the question as to why ultrastructural maturation of thyrotrophs was unaccompanied by the production of immunoreactive TSH.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216499
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    Immunocytochemical localization of albumin in ovarian follicles of fertile rats (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 699-702 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Albumin ; Ovarian follicles ; Granulosa cells ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this study was to investigate whether albumin (Alb) can be detected in ovarian rat granulosa cells. Using immunocytochemistry and morphometrics, the percentages of Alb-positive follicles (follicle-index), of Alb-positive granulosa cells (granulosa-index), and of strongly reacting follicles (intensity-index) were evaluated in intact and regressing follicles of different diameter groups during different stages of the estrous cycle. In intact follicles, the follicle- and the granulosa-index increased from small-sized to large-sized follicles. Although the follicle-index did not change in any group during the stages of the estrous cycle, the granulosa-index was higher during proestrus than during the other stages. Intact follicles showed a stronger immunoreactivity than regressing follicles throughout the stages of the estrous cycle. Thus, Alb may be a requirement for the control of follicle growth in fertile rats. This Alb function may be attributable to Alb binding to specific cell-membrane components followed by the intracellular uptake of Alb-bound substances.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216501
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    Serotonin-immunoreactive cells of peculiar shape in the urethral epithelium of the human penis (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 249 (1987), S. 51-56 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Penis ; Urethra ; Serotonin-immunoreactive cells ; Immunohistochemistry ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present study deals with endocrine-like cells in the urethra of human penis. A large number of basal-granulated cells immunoreactive for serotonin were dispersed in the urethral epithelium. No cellular elements were stained positively with antisera against bioactive peptides. The serotonin-immunoreactive cells consisted of a small oval perikaryon and slender processes, and resembled neurons in shape. An apical process reached the urethral lumen. The basal processes frequently branched out in a dendritic fashion, some running laterally for a considerable distance. The number of cells immunoreactive for serotonin was remarkably reduced in subjects over 60 years of age.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215417
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    Distribution of 5HT-immunoreactivity in the pedal ganglion of Mytilus galloprovincialis (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 249 (1987), S. 111-116 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Serotonin ; Mytilus galloprovincialis ; pedal ganglion ; Invertebrate nervous system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Serotonergic cell bodies and fibers were identified in the pedal ganglia of Mytilus gattoprovincialis with a serum raised against serotonin and the unlabelled peroxidase-antiperoxidase pre- and post-embedding methods. Examination of Vibratome and serial semithin sections showed that most reactive perikarya are located in the ganglionic cortex, being mainly concentrated at the medial aspect of the postero-dorsal portion of the ganglia. Immunoreactive fibers form a dense network in the neuropil, extend throughout the commissure and run parallel in the nerves and connective tracts. The morphology of serotonin-positive cells compared with that of Golgi-impregnated neurons allows the identification of a main population of unipolar, probably projecting neurons and of smaller multipolar cells likely representing local circuit elements. The ultrastructure of labelled neurons is comparable to that of serotonergic cells described in both vertebrate and invertebrate nervous systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215424
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    Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactivity in the spinal cord of the guinea pig (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 249 (1987), S. 145-150 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) ; Neuropeptides ; Immunohistochemistry ; Spinal cord ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive (VIP-IR) neurons in the lower medulla oblongata and the spinal cord has been analyzed in guinea pigs. This study includes results obtained by colchicine treatment and transection experiments. In the spinal cord, numerous VIP-IR varicosities were observed in the substantia gelatinosa of the columna dorsalis; some were also found in the substantia intermedia and the columna anterior. The spinal VIP-IR nerve fibers were mainly of intraspinal origin and oriented segmentally. VIP-IR nuclei in the spinal cord extended dorsally into corresponding regions of the caudal medulla oblongata, namely from the substantia intermedia medialis and lateralis into the vagus-solitarius complex and from the nucleus spinalis lateralis into the area of the nucleus reticularis lateralis. Additional VIP-IR perikarya were observed in the pars caudalis of the nucleus spinalis nervi trigemini. The VIP-IR nuclei within the caudal medulla oblongata probably form a continuous system with those localized within the spinal cord. They may be involved functionally in the modulation of cardiovascular and respiratory regulation in the guinea pig.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215428
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    Glial cells positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein in the neurohypophysis of the Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus) (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 249 (1987), S. 465-471 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) ; Pituicytes ; Neurohypophysis ; Immunohistochemistry ; Glialfilaments ; Phodopus sungorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The presence and distribution of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP; an astrocytic marker protein associated with glial filaments) in the neurohypophysis of the Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus) were investigated immunohistochemically. Our study revealed characteristic GFAP-staining patterns within the median eminence, infundibular stem and neural lobe. In the whole neurohypophysis, few glial cells showed immunoreactivity. In the neural lobe, immunopositive pituicytes appeared preferentially in the periphery. At the ultrastructural level, we found some pituicytes containing filaments, most notably in their processes. We thus demonstrated that, in contrast to the GFAP-immunoreactivity of cultured pituicytes, pituicytic GFAP-expression in vivo coincides with the presence of electron-microscopically detectable filaments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215532
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    Immunohistochemical and radioautographic evidence of monoamine-containing cells in bioluminescent elytra of the scale-worm Harmothoe imbricata (Polychaeta) (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 249 (1987), S. 547-556 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Monoamines ; Annelids ; Bioluminescence ; Immunohistochemistry ; Autoradiography ; Harmothoe imbricata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Elytra of the scale-worm Harmothoe imbricata were examined for the presence of monoamine-like immunoreactivities and radioautographic reactions. Serotonin (5-HT)-like immunoreactivity was widely distributed among the cellular constituents of the elytra, being present in epithelial cells including photocytes, in elytral nerves, clear cells and the loose neuronal plexus of the middle compartment. The distribution of [3H]5-HT labelling coincided with that of the immunoreactivity except for an additional reactive band extending through the upper cuticle layer. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-like immunoreactivity was detected in epithelial cells, sensory papillae and elytral ganglion and nerves, with little or no staining in clear cells and plexus neurons of the middle compartment. Radioautographic labelling with [3H]noradrenaline and [3H]adrenaline overlaid many epithelial cells, elytral nerves and sensory papillae, but not the loose neuronal plexus or, apparently, clear cells. It is concluded that monoaminergic systems are widely distributed and that they must play important roles as neuroactive and/or paracrine substances in the elytral neuroectoderm. The distribution of [3H]5-HT label in photocytes also suggests the involvement of serotonergic mechanisms in luminescence control, luminescence being the only known effector activity of elytra.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217326
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    Electron-microscopic and immunocytochemical analyses of Weibel-Palade bodies in the human umbilical vein during pregnancy (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 249 (1987), S. 557-563 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Weibel-Palade body ; Human umbilical vein ; Factor VIII-related antigen ; Histamine ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present study was done to elucidate the biological significance of the Weibel-Palade body of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Quantitative determinations of these endothelial-specific granules throughout pregnancy revealed that their numbers and size per cell profile were maintained at low levels from 12 to 19 weeks of gestation; then both rapidly increased from 33 weeks to full term. This increase coincided with the development of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and an increase in the number of endothelial cell pinocytotic vesicles. Light-microscopic peroxidase anti-peroxidase and electron-microscopic protein A-gold techniques provided evidence that factor VIII-related antigen was localized in the Weibel-Palade bodies. Furthermore, in vitro treatment of incubated umbilical vein tissue with compound 48/80, a histamine releaser, induced degranulation of Weibel-Palade bodies from the endothelium. The present study indicates that Weibel-Palade bodies are storage sites of both histamine and factor VIII-related antigen and have an important role in the obliteration of this vessel.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217327
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    Immunocytochemical localization of a novel pituitary polypeptide “7B2” in the gastro-intestinal tract of the rat (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 249 (1987), S. 707-709 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: 7B2 polypeptide ; Gastro-intestinal tract ; Endocrine cells ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunoreactivity to the polypeptide designated “7B2” recently isolated from human and porcine pituitary glands, appears to be consistently confined to neuroendocrine and endocrine cells in various tissues. In rat gut, immunoreactive 7B2 was found in endocrine-paracrine cells. Highly labeled cells were found in the antrum of the stomach and, cells with lower concentrations, in the fundus, duodenum, jejunum and ileum. Except for a few cells which were simultaneously positive for 5-hydroxytryptamine, and a few others showing Grimelius's reaction, “7B2” cells do not exhibit argentaffin and/or argyrophil character. The 7B2 polypeptide seems to be distributed amongst several different types of endocrine cells in the gut.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217343
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    The ultrastructure of nerve endings containing pigment-dispersing hormone (PDH) in crustacean sinus glands: Identification by an antiserum against a synthetic PDH (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 250 (1987), S. 377-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pigment-dispersing hormone ; Ultrastructural histochemistry ; Immunocytochemistry ; Neurosecretion ; Crustaceans (Carcinus maenas, Cancer pagurus, Uca pugilator, Orconectes limosus)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A high-liter antiserum has been obtained from two rabbits immunized with a glutaraldehyde conjugate of synthetic pigment-dispersing hormone (PDH) from Uca pugilator and bovine thyroglobulin. The antiserum blocked melanophore-dispersing activity of the peptide in vivo. In sinus glands (SG) of Carcinus maenas, Cancer pagurus, Uca pugilator and Orconectes limosus, electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry revealed sparsely distributed axon endings containing a distinct PDH-immunoreactive type of neurosecretory granules (diameter 90–130 nm). Exocytotic figures indicating release of the content of these granules into hemolymph lacunae were occasionally observed. Preservation of fine structure and antigenicity of the PDH granules were markedly dependent on the fixation procedure used. A preliminary experiment with C. maenas showed that preterminal axon dilatations near the basal lamina seemed to accumulate PDH-granules when animals were kept in complete darkness for three days. Immunodot blotting of fractions after high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) of extracts from SGs of C. maenas and O. limosus revealed a strongly immunoreactive substance at a retention time very similar to those of synthetic PDHs of Uca pugilator and Pandalus borealis. It is also coincident with a zone of biological activity. Thus, the antigen demonstrated by immunocytochemistry is identical or very similar to one of the known PDHs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219082
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    Immunocytochemical localization of pigment-dispersing hormone (PDH) and its coexistence with FMRFamide-immunoreactive material in the eyestalks of the decapod crustaceans Carcinus maenas and Orconectes limosus (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 250 (1987), S. 365-375 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pigment-dispersing hormone (crustaceans) ; FMRFamide ; Immunocytochemistry ; Neurosecretion ; Crustaceans: Carcinus maenas, Orconectes limosus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By use of a new antiserum, raised against synthetic pigment-dispersing hormone (PDH) from Uca pugilator, immunoreactive structures were studied at the light-microscopic level in the eyestalk ganglia of Carcinus maenas and Orconectes limosus. PDH-reactivity was mainly found in two types of neurons that were located between the medulla interna (MI) and the medulla terminalis (MT) in both species. Several additional perikarya were located in the distal part of the MI in O. limosus. In C. maenas, two to three PDH-positive perikarya were found in the region of the X-organ (XO) in the MT. Processes from single and clustered cells could be traced into all medullae of the eyestalk. Axons from the immunoreactive perikarya running between MI and MT form a larger tract that traverses the MT. Fibers from this tract give rise to extensive arborizations and plexuses throughout the proximal MT. A plexus containing very fine fibers is located at the surface of the MT in a position distal to the XO-area of C. maenas only. The proximal plexus also receives PDH-positive fibers through the optic nerve. PDH-perikarya in the cerebral ganglion may also project into the more distal regions of the eyestalk. Distal projections of the perikarya between the MI and MT consist of several branches. Most of these are directed toward the MI and ME (medulla externa) wherein they form highly organized, layered plexuses. One branch was traced into the principal neurohemal organ, the sinus gland (SG). In the SG, the tract gives off arborizations and neurosecretory terminals. It then proceeds in a proximal direction out of the SG, adjacent to the MT. Its further course could not be elucidated. The lamina ganglionaris (LG) receives PDH-fibers from the ME and fine processes from small perikarya located in close association with the LG in the distal part of the first optic chiasma. The architecture of PDH-positive elements was similar in both C. maenas and O. limosus. The distribution of these structures suggests that PDH is not only a neurohormone but may, in addition, have a role as a neurotransmitter or modulator. Immunostaining of successive sections with an FMRF-amide antiserum revealed co-localization of FMRFamideand PDH-immunoreactivities in most, but not all PDH-containing perikarya and fibers. The axonal branch leading to the SG and the SG proper were devoid of FMRFamide immunoreactivity.
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    Immunocytochemical localization of lactoferrin in human neutrophils (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 249-258 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lactoferrin ; Electron microscope ; Immunocytochemistry ; Neutrophils ; Morphometry ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The subcellular localization of lactoferrin in human neutrophils was studied by an electron-microscopic immunoperoxidase method. This molecule was detected in small granules of blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes. A morphometrical analysis showed that there was no significant difference in the mean size between lactoferrin-positive and myeloperoxidase-negative granules. In contrast, the mean size of myeloperoxidase-positive granules was significantly larger than that of lactoferrin-positive granules. This indicates that lactoferrin is contained in the myeloperoxidase-negative, secondary, granules of human neutrophils. In immature bone marrow mononuclear neutrophils, lactoferrin was present in cytoplasmic granules of somewhat larger size than lactoferrin-positive granules of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. A morphometrical study showed that the mean size of lactoferrin-positive granules was significantly greater in immature bone marrow cells than in polymorphonuclear leucocytes. This indicates that lactoferrin-positive granules decrease in size as the cells mature. Besides cytoplasmic granules, lactoferrin was demonstrated in the Golgi complex and a part of the rough endoplasmic reticulum of immature bone marrow neutrophils, probably myelocytes and early metamyelocytes. These results show that lactoferrin is synthesized and packed into secondary granules in immature bone marrow neutrophils and therefore that the secondary granules are a type of secretory granule.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218306
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    Co-localization of the immunoreactivities of corticotropin-releasing factor and arginine vasotocin in the brain and pituitary system of the teleost Catostomus commersoni (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 267-273 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nucleus preopticus ; Nucleus lateralis tuberis ; Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) ; Arginine vasotocin (AVT) ; Immunocytochemistry ; Catostomus commersoni (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemical procedure was used to study the distribution of ovine corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and arginine vasotocin (AVT) immunoreactivities sequentially in the same sections or in adjacent sections of the brain and pituitary of Catostomus commersoni. It was found that all CRF-immunoreactive (IR) neurons in the nucleus preopticus (NPO) also contained AVT immunoreactivity. Co-localization of both immunoreactivities was also observed in fibres forming the preoptic-pituitary tract and in the neurohypophyseal digitations, the IR-CRF and IR-AVT fibres projecting mainly to the neurointermediate lobe (NIL) of the pituitary. An additional population of exclusively IR-AVT neurons and fibres in the NPO, preoptic-pituitary tract and NIL was also observed. Exclusive CRF-immunostaining was found in neurons of the nucleus lateralis tuberis (NLT), in fibres distributed in some diencephalic nuclei and in the neurohypophyseal digitations in the region of the rostral pars distalis (RPD). These results suggest (i) that CRF- and AVT-like substances, present in NIL fibres (probably originating in the NPO), may have an integrated role in the release of the cell products from the pars intermedia, and (ii) that the control of corticotrops in the rostral pars distalis, innervated exclusively by IR-CRF fibres (probably originating in the NLT), does not require a simultaneous presence of CRF- and AVT-like substances.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218308
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    Segregation of FMRF amide-immunoreactive efferent fibers from NPY-immunoreactive amacrine cells in goldfish retina (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 299-307 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreatic polypeptide ; FMRFamide ; Retina ; Immunocytochemistry ; Carassius auratus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunocytochemical studies were conducted on goldfish to determine whether a retinal efferent fiber system, immunoreactive to the tetrapeptide Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2 (FMRFamide), might contain instead a substance similar to one of the 36-amino acid pancreatic polypeptides, the C-terminus of which is similar to FMRFamide. Our results demonstrate the presence of two separate peptidergic systems, one containing FMRFamide-like, and the other pancreatic polypeptide-like peptides. Antisera to FMRFamide reveal the efferent fibers, whose axons exit the optic nerve and terminate in layer 1 of the inner plexiform layer, as previously described. Antisera to porcine neuropeptide Y, and to avian and bovine pancreatic polypeptides label a sparse population of putative amacrine cell bodies and a dense fiber plexus in layers 1, 3, and 5 of the inner plexiform layer. Based on intensity of staining, this amacrine cell peptide appears to be most similar to neuropeptide-Y. Radioimmunoassay and immunocytochemical staining of retinas in which the efferent fiber peptide was depleted by optic nerve crush confirm in large part the observation that the two peptide systems are distinct. However, there is some cross-recognition of the FMRFamide-like tissue antigen by pancreatic polypeptide antibodies. Double-label studies with antisera to tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptide-Y indicate that the pancreatic polypeptide antigen is not co-localized with catecholamines.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218311
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    Immunocytochemistry of GABA in the brain and suboesophageal ganglion ofManduca sexta (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 1-24 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Insect nervous system ; Protocerebrum ; Suboesophageal ganglion ; GABA ; Immunocytochemistry ; Manduca sexta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have used specific antisera against protein-conjugatedγ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in immunocytochemical preparations to investigate the distribution of putatively GABAergic neurons in the brain and suboesophageal ganglion of the sphinx mothManduca sexta. About 20000 neurons per brain hemisphere exhibit GABA-immunoreactivity. Most of these are optic-lobe interneurons, especially morphologically centrifugal neurons of the lamina and tangential neurons that innervate the medulla or the lobula complex. Many GABA-immunoreactive neurons, among them giant fibers of the lobula plate, project into the median protocerebrum. Among prominent GABA-immunoreactive neurons of the median protocerebrum are about 150 putatively negative-feedback fibers of the mushroom body, innervating both the calyces and lobes, and a group of large, fan-shaped neurons of the lower division of the central body. Several commissures in the supra- and suboesophageal ganglion exhibit GABA-immunoreactivity. In the suboesophageal ganglion, a group of contralaterally descending neurons shows GABA-like immunoreactivity. The frontal ganglion is innervated by immunoreactive processes from the tritocerebrum but does not contain GABA-immunoreactive somata. With few exceptions the brain nerves do not contain GABA-immunoreactive fibers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01239957
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    Electron-microscopic characterization of adrenergic axon terminals in the diencephalon of the rat (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 393-398 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenaline ; Phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Central nervous system ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of adrenergic axon terminals was examined in the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PNT) and in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus-median eminence (ARC-ME) complex by use of phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase (PNMT) immunocytochemistry. In the PNT, immunoreactive terminals formed a dense and well-circumscribed plexus. In the ARC, labeled varicosities were less numerous and more evenly distributed. In the ME, they were scarce and confined to the inner zone. In all these areas, the diameter of immunoreactive varicosities ranged between 0.2 and 1.3 μm; in the ME and in the transitional zone between the ARC and the ME, a population of larger boutons (〉2 μm) was also visible. All immunoreactive varicosities exhibited densely packed small, clear vesicles associated with a few large granular vesicles. In the PNT and the ARC, but not in the ME, they formed synaptic contacts with dendritic elements and were occasionally apposed to neuronal cell bodies. These axo-somatic appositions showed no junctional specializations. In the ME and transitional zone, immunoreactive terminals were frequently juxtaposed to, and occasionally established differentiated synaptic contacts with, tanycytes. These data support a transmitter role for adrenaline in the diencephalon and suggest that adrenaline plays a role in hypothalamo-hypophysiotropic regulation through interactions with neural and glial elements.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218207
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    Osteonectin — a differentiation marker of bone cells (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 409-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Bone matrix ; Osteonectin ; Osteoblasts ; Immunocytochemistry ; Differentiation ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Bone matrix consists of type-I collagen and noncollagenous proteins. The latter represent only 10% of its total protein content. Since type-I collagen is also present in various other connective tissue sites (e.g., skin) it cannot be considered as bone specific. Among the non-collagenous components osteonectin — a 32 kilodalton (KD) glycoprotein linking mineral to collagen fibrils — is thought to be bone specific due to its biochemical properties. In the present study various skeletal and non-skeletal tissues were investigated for the presence of osteonectin by means of immunocytochemical methods. Two polyclonal antibodies against human and bovine osteonectin were applied. Immunocytochemically, osteonectin could be demonstrated in active osteoblasts and osteoprogenitor cells as well as in young osteocytes, while aged, quiescent osteocytes did not contain the protein, suggesting that the protein is a marker of the osteoblastic functional differentiation of bone cells. Osteonectin was absent in all non-skeletal tissues with the exception of chondrocytes in so-called mineralizing chondroid bone.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218209
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    Pathway-specific patterns of the co-existence of substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, cholecystokinin and dynorphin in neurons of the dorsal root ganglia of the guinea-pig (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 417-437 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Substance P ; Calcitonin gene-related peptide ; Dynorphin ; Cholecystokinin ; Neuropeptide coexistence ; Sensory neurons ; Immunohistochemistry ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The co-existence of immunoreactivities to substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), cholecystokinin (CCK) and dynorphin (DYN) in neurons of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of guinea-pigs has been investigated with a double-labelling immunofluorescence procedure. Four main populations of neurons could be identified that contained different combinations of these peptides and had distinctive peripheral projections: (1) Neurons that contained immunoreactivity to SP, CGRP, CCK and DYN were distributed mainly to the skin. (2) Neurons with immunoreactivity to SP, CGPR and CCK, but not DYN, were distributed mainly to the small blood vessels of skeletal muscles. (3) Neurons with immunoreactivity to SP, CGRP and DYN, but not CCK, were distributed mainly to pelvic viscera and airways. (4) Neurons containing immunoreactivity to SP and CGRP, but not CCK and DYN, were distributed mainly to the heart, systemic blood vessels, blood vessels of the abdominal viscera, airways and sympathetic ganglia. Other small populations of DRG neurons containing SP, CGRP or CCK alone also were detected. Perikarya containing these combinations of neuropeptides were not found in autonomic ganglia. The peripheral axons of neurons containing immunoreactivity to at least SP and CGRP were damaged by chronic treatment with capsaicin. However, some sensory neurons containing CCK alone were not affected morphologically by capsaicin. These results clearly show that individual DRG neurons can contain many different neuropeptides. Furthermore, the combination of neuropeptides found in any particular neuron is related to its peripheral projection.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218210
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    Patterns of serotonin-immunoreactive neurons in the central nervous system of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris L. (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 249 (1987), S. 625-632 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Serotonin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Central nervous system ; Annelids ; Lumbricus terrestris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution patterns of serotonin-immunoreactive somata in the cerebral and subpharyngeal ganglion, and in the head and tail ganglia of the nerve cord of Lumbricus terrestris are described from whole-mount preparations. A small number of serotonin-immunoreactive neurons occurs in the cerebral ganglion, in contrast to the large population of serotonin-immunoreactive neurons that exists in all parts of the ventral nerve cord. From the arrangement of serotonin-immunoreactive somata in the subpharyngeal ganglion, we suggest that this ganglion arises from the fusion of two primordial ganglia. In head and tail ganglia, the distribution of serotonin-immunoreactive somata resembles that in midbody segments. Segmental variations in the pattern and number of serotonin-immunoreactive somata in the different body regions are discussed on the background of known developmental mechanisms that result in metameric neuronal populations in annelids and arthropods.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217334
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    Electron-microscopic immunogold localization of a collecting-duct antigen (PCD2) in intercalated and principal cells of rabbit kidney (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 249 (1987), S. 633-640 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kidney ; Collecting duct ; Immunocytochemistry ; Intercalated cell ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A monoclonal antibody against an antigen (PCD2) derived from the rabbit renal papilla recognized principal and intercalated cells of the collecting duct system in the adult rabbit kidney. Intercalated cells were heterogeneous in the connecting tubule and the cortical collecting duct, where immunoreactive and unreactive cells were shown to coexist. In the outer medullary collecting duct, all intercalated cells exhibited PCD2-immunoreactivity. Connecting tubule cells proper were not recognized by the antibody, whereas all principal cells of the collecting duct revealed specific immunoreactivity. The immunocytochemical heterogeneity of the intercalated cells is discussed in terms of a functional heterogeneity. Cytologically, the immunogold labeling of principal and intercalated cells was shown to occur along the plasmalemma, in the intracellular membrane structures and along the Golgi transport route. This pattern suggests that the antigenic determinant, which is ubiquitous in both principal and reactive intercalated cells, belongs to a membrane protein.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217335
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    The pineal organ is the first differentiated light receptor in the embryonic salmon, Salmo salar L. (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 249 (1987), S. 641-646 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ ; Development ; Photoreceptors ; Retinal S-antigen ; α-Transducin ; Opsin ; Serotonin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Teleosts (Salmo salar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The initial appearance of S-antigen, α-transducin, opsin and 5-HT during embryogenesis of the pineal organ and retina was studied by means of immunocytochemistry in the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. The presence of these substances may be taken as a good indication of photoreceptor differentiation; α-transducin and S-antigen are involved in the phototransduction process, opsin is the proteinaceous component of the photopigment rhodopsin, and 5-HT is a neurotransmitter or neurohormone produced by pineal photoreceptors. Two days after the retinal pigment layer became visible in the eggs, the outer segments of a few pineal photosensory cells showed immunoreactivity to opsin and α-transducin. At the same time S-antigen and serotonin were present in pineal cells of the photoreceptor type. The number of immunoreactive cells in the pineal organ increased up to hatching. In the differentiating retina of the salmon, no immunoreactivity to antibodies raised against the mentioned substances was detectable until after hatching. These results indicate that in ontogeny the developing pineal organ of the salmon embryo has the ability to perceive light information much earlier than the retina.
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    Ultrastructural demonstration of nerve endings containing a substance related to growth hormone-releasing factor in the guinea-pig paraventricular nucleus (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 223-226 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human growth hormone-releasing factor (hGRF) ; Paraventricular nucleus ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Synapses ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By means of a preembedding immuno-electronmicroscopic technique, a large number of nerve endings containing a substance related to human growth hormonereleasing factor (hGRF) have been demonstrated in the paraventricular nucleus of the guinea pig. They made synaptic contacts primarily with dendritic shafts: 80% of these contacts were symmetrical. The immunoprecipitate was located mainly in large granules and around small clear vesicles. These findings suggest that a peptide related to hGRF may play a role in neural communication in the paraventricular nucleus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01239984
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    Immunohistochemical demonstration of serotonergic and peptidergic nerve fibers in the subcommissural organ of the dog (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 287-295 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Subcommissural organ ; Immunohistochemistry ; Serotonergic fibers ; Peptidergic fibers ; Dog
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distributional patterns of serotonin-, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH)-, oxytocin (OXT)- and vasopressin (VP)-immunoreactive nerve fibers were studied in the subcommissural organ (SCO) of the dog by use of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. Abundant serotonergic and moderate numbers of peptidergic nerve fibers running toward the ventricular surface were observed among the cylindrical ependymal cells in the SCO of the dog. Concerning the distributional density of the peptidergic nerve fibers, VP-immunoreactive fibers displayed the highest and LHRH-immunoreactive fibers the lowest values. Most serotonergic and peptidergic fibers returned to the basal portion of the SCO after forming loops immediately beneath the ventricular surface of the ependymal layer. Serotonin-immunoreactive fibers often established a perivascular plexus around the blood vessels in the SCO. At the electron-microscopic level, after use of antiserum to serotonin dark immunoprecipitate was observed in large granular vesicles and the matrix surrounding small and large, clear vesicles and mitochondria; VP immunoreactivity was localized in the large granular vesicles. Serotonergic nerve fibers could be detected in the SCO of the newborn dog. Although the distributional density was in principle not different from that in the adult animal, individual fibers showed immature features such as growth cones and insufficiently swollen varicosities. After penetrating into the ventricle, in the newborn dog, a few serotonin-immunoreactive fibers ran for a relatively long distance on the ependymal surface.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218195
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    Serotonin-immunoreactive and dopamine-immunoreactive neurones in the terminal ganglion of the cricket, Acheta domestica: Light- and electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 250 (1987), S. 167-180 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Serotonin ; Dopamin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Terminal ganglion ; Acheta domestica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution and ultrastructure of serotonin- and dopamine-immunoreactive (5-HTi and DAi) neurones have been investigated in the terminal ganglion of the cricket, Acheta domestica, using a pre-embedding chopper technique. Special attention has been paid to the immunoreactive structures in the neuropil. 5-HTi structures are extensively distributed and densely packed throughout the 5 neuromeres of the terminal ganglion and originate from several interneurones and efferent neurones. In contrast, DAi fibres are distributed sparsely although they extend to all neuromeres of the ganglion and originate from 6 interneurons only. For both 5-HTi and DAi neurones characteristic axonal projections and branching patterns can be distinguished. The 5-HTi axons exhibit rich varicose arborizations, whereas DAi neurones possess fewer varicosities in the neuropil. Electron microscopy shows that 5-HTi varicosities contain small (∼ 60 nm) and large (∼ 100 nm) agranular vesicles, and large (∼ 100 nm) granular vesicles, whereas in DAi varicosities small (∼ 60 nm) agranular and large (∼ 100 nm) granular vesicles are seen. Both 5-HTi and DAi varicosities form synaptic contacts. We conclude that both serotonin and dopamine may be used as neurotransmitters in the terminal ganglion of the cricket.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214668
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    Morphological correlates of serotonin-neuropeptide Y interactions in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus: Combined radioautographic and immunocytochemical data (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 250 (1987), S. 657-662 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Serotonin ; Neuropeptide Y ; Suprachiasmatic nucleus ; Radioautography ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphological substrate of putative serotonin (5-HT)/neuropeptide Y (NPY) interactions in thé suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) was investigated by combined radioautography and immunocytochemistry after intraventricular administration of (3H)5-HT in the rat. In the ventral portion of the SCN, the distribution of (3H)5-HT uptake sites overlapped closely the NPY-immunoreactive terminals. Previous investigations have shown that the dense 5-HT and NPY innervations of the SCN originate in different structures, i.e., the midbrain raphe nuclei and the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus, respectively. Accordingly, in the present study, destruction of 5-HT afferents by 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine was not found to induce any modification in NPY staining and, in ultrastructural immuno-radioautographic preparations, two distinct pools of axonal varicosities could be identified. Both 5-HT and NPY terminals established morphologically defined synaptic junctions, sometimes on the same neuronal target. Some cases of direct axo-axonic appositions between the two types of terminals were also encountered. These data constitute additional criteria for characterizing the cytological basis of the multiple transmitter interactions presumably involved in the function of the SCN as a central regulator of circadian biological rhythms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218960
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    Primary sensory neurons of the rat showing calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity and their relation to substance P-, somatostatin-, galanin-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide- and cholecystokinin-immunoreactive ganglion cells (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 417-431 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Dorsal root ganglia ; Neuropeptides ; Coexistence ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By use of the indirect immunofluorescence technique the distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-like immunoreactivity (LI) has been analyzed in cervical and lumbar dorsal root ganglia of untreated and colchicine-treated rats. In addition, lumbar ganglia were examined 2 weeks after transection of the sciatic nerve. The occurrence of CGRP-positive cells in relation to ganglion cells containing substance P-, somatostatin-, galanin-, cholecystokinin (CCK)-, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)/peptide histidine isoleucin (PHI)-LI has been evaluated on consecutive sections as well as using elution-restaining and double-staining techniques. CGRP-LI was observed in many ganglion cells of all sizes ranging in diameter from 15 μm to 65 μm. Thus, this peptide occurs also in the large primary sensory neurons. In contrast to the sensory peptides described to date, CGRP-positive cells constituted up to 50% of all and 70% of the medium-sized neurons, thus being the most frequently occurring peptide in sensory neurons so far encountered. Subpulations of CGRP-positive neurons were shown to contain substance P-, somatostatin-, or galanin-LI and some CGRP-positive neurons contained both substance P- and galanin-LI. In fact, most substance P-, somatostatin- and galanin-positive cell bodies were CGRP-immunoreactive. The coexistence analysis further revealed that galanin and substance P often coexisted and that some cells contained both substance P- and somatostatin-LI, whereas no coexistence between galanin and somatostatin has as yet been seen. VIP/PHI-LI was only shown in a few cells in untreated or colchicine-treated rats. However, after transcetion of the sciatic nerve numerous VIP/PHI-positive cells were observed, some of which also contained CGRP-LI. The present results indicate that a CGRP-like peptide is present in a wide range of primary sensory neurons probably not related to specific sensory modalities. Often this peptide coexists with other biologically active peptides. Taken together these findings suggest that CGRP may have a generalized function.
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    Trinucleate cells and the ultrastructural localisation of bovine placental lactogen (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 667-673 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Secretory granules ; Cell fusion ; Cell migration ; Immunocytochemistry ; Immunogold localisation ; Placenta ; Placental lactogen ; Trinucleate cell ; Cow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Bovine placental lactogen activity is shown by immunogold electron microscopy to be restricted to (a) the granules and the Golgi body from which they form in the bovine fetal trophectodermal binucleate cell, and (b) granules of similar size and staining reaction in trinucleate “giant” cells found in the maternal uterine epithelium throughout pregnancy. These results support the hypothesis that a fetal binucleate cell forms a maternal giant cell by migration to and fusion with a uterine epithelial cell.
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    Immunocytochemical evidence for α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in the hypothalamus of the frog Rana esculenta (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 559-563 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: α-MSH ; α-MSH-like peptide ; Hypothalamus ; Pituitary ; Immunocytochemistry ; Frog (Rana esculenta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of immunoreactive α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) within the brain of the frog, Rana esculenta, has been studied on adjacent serial sections using an indirect immunofluorescence technique. Immunoreactive cell bodies are found in the anterior part of the preoptic nucleus and in some ventral subependymal cerebrospinal fluid-contacting elements, and in the nucleus infundibularis ventralis. Numerous α-MSH-like immunoreactive fibers are present in the preoptic area, in the pars ventralis of the tuber cinereum, and in the outer layer of the median eminence. This staining pattern is completely eliminated after preabsorbing the antiserum with the corresponding antigen, but blocking tests with α-MSH-related peptides do not lead to any change in the immunoreaction. From these results it may be inferred that an α-MSH-like system is present in the hypothalamic neurosecretory area of R. esculenta, and is probably related to its hypophysiotropic functions. The results are compared to the distribution of α-MSH within the hypothalamus of reptiles and mammals.
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    Gastrin/CCK-like immunoreactivity in the corpus cardiacum-corpus allatum complex of the cockroach Leucophaea maderae (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 595-598 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gastrin/CCK ; Immunocytochemistry ; Corpus cardiacum-corpus allatum ; Insect ; Leucophaea maderae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By use of immunocytochemistry, a gastrin/CCK-like material has been demonstrated in the corpus cardiacum-corpus allatum complex of the cockroach Leucophaea maderae. Reactivity toward gastrin and CCK with region-specific antisera suggests that the gastrin/CCK-like peptide of this insect contains the COOH-terminal tetrapeptide sequence which is common to gastrin and CCK, and that the material is more gastrin-like than CCK-like. The results indicate that, like other neuropeptides, the gastrin/CCK peptide family appeared early in evolution within neuronal elements, and that the COOH-terminal region of gastrin has been conserved during phylogeny.
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    Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in human sympathetic ganglia (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 249 (1987), S. 1-5 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Somatostatin ; Sympathetic ganglion ; Co-existence ; Tyrosine hydroxylase ; Immunocytochemistry ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The localization of somatostatin-like immunore-activity (SOM-LI) was examined in human lumbar sympathetic ganglia using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. Few of the principal neurons showed immunolabelling for somatostatin and sparse networks of nerve terminals were unevenly associated with ganglion cells. Using light microscopy, the most intense SOM-LI was seen in the perinuclear zone of the neurons. Electron-microscopically, the staining was localized on the membranes of the Golgi apparatuses. In the nerve terminals, SOM-LI was seen inside the small vesicles (40–60 nm diameter). All neurons with SOM-LI were also found to be tyrosine-hydroxylase immunoreactive when excamined with a double-staining technique. These results provide evidence that somatostatin and noradrenaline co-exist in human sympathetic neurons.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215411
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    Ontogeny of gonadotropin releasing hormone and gonadotropin immunoreactivity in brain and pituitary of normal and estrogen-treated guppies, Poecilia reticulata Peters (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 249 (1987), S. 227-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gonadotropin releasing hormone ; Gonadotropin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Guppy (Poecilia reticulata)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotropic hormone (GTH) were identified by immunohistochemistry in the brains and pituitaries of neonate, juvenile and adult guppies. GTH was present in some cells of the pars intermedia (pi) and proximal pars distalis (ppd) of all animals. GnRH was found in the perikarya of the nucleus olfactoretinalis. In the pituitaries of juvenile 30-day-old guppies, GnRH-immunoreactive cells existed in a “juvenile pattern”, whereas in adult animals GnRH was recognized in only a few cells. GnRH-immunoreactive fibers were seen in the pituitaries of animals that were 30 days or older. In adult guppies, the ventral and lateral ppd (the gonadotropic region) contained a dense network of GnRH-immunoreactive fibers. Pituitary cells staining for either GnRH or GTH were located in different places. After immunohistochemical double staining of adult pituitaries, none of the GnRH-immunoreactive cells were LH-immunoreactive, although both cell types were often found in close proximity. After 20 days or more of ethinylestradiol treatment, less immunoreactive GnRH was detected in the pituitary cells of juvenile guppies, and fewer animals exhibited the “juvenile pattern” of GnRH-immunoreactive pituitary cells, when compared with untreated controls. The results indicate that GnRH-immunoreactive pituitary cells in the guppy are distinct from gonadotropes and that these cells are involved in regulatory processes along the juvenile brain-pituitary-gonad axis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215438
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    Demonstration of rod and cone photoreceptors in the lamprey retina by freeze-replication and immunofluorescence (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 249 (1987), S. 241-246 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retina ; Photoreceptor cells ; Freeze-fracturing ; Ultrastructure ; Immunocytochemistry ; Lampetra japonica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In common with other cyclostomata, the Japanese river lamprey (Lampetra japonica) has a retina consisting of distinct types of photoreceptor cells called long and short photoreceptor cells. After freeze-fracture, disc membranes of these photoreceptor cells were characterized in common by a homogeneous distribution of intramembrane particles on the protoplasmic fracture faces, in contrast to those of the myeloid bodies bearing scattering particles. Immunofluorescent examination was applied to the retina with monoclonal antibodies raised against bovine and chicken rhodopsins. Positive immunoreactivity was found to be limited to outer segments of the short cell, leaving the entire body of the long cell and all other components of the retina negative. The results suggest that the short cell is more closely related to a rod-type photoreceptor cell characterized by rhodopsin as its visual pigment.
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    Patterns of serotonin-immunoreactive neurons in the central nervous system of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris L. (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 249 (1987), S. 601-614 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Serotonin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ventral nerve cord ; Annelids ; Lumbricus terrestris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of serotonin-immunoreactive cell bodies and fibers in the ventral nerve cord of the earthworm has been investigated from whole-mount preparations and serial sections. Serotonin-immunoreactive neurons are organized in seven soma groups per ganglion; these are defined by cell number, soma shape, diameter and fiber projections. Positional variations of this pattern have been studied quantitatively. The number of labeled perikarya is constant in midbody ganglia, but increases markedly rostral to the posterior margin of the clitellum. Variability of position and cell number differs between the cell groups. Stained nerve fibers could only be partially traced; their distribution is described in relation to defined neuronal fiber bundles and segmental nerves. The distribution and morphology of serotonin-immunoreactive cells are compared with previous observations, based on pattern analysis of primary catecholamines and indolamines with the use of a formaldehyde-induced fluorescence technique. The possible role of serotonin-immunoreactive nervous elements in different nerve cord compartments is discussed with respect to physiological effects of serotonin in earthworms and other invertebrates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217332
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    Expression of cell type-specific markers during pancreatic development in the mouse: implications for pancreatic cell lineages (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 250 (1987), S. 435-439 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreas ; Exocrine glands ; Islets of Langerhans ; Differentiation ; Immunocytochemistry ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The islet cells of the mammalian pancreas are comprised of four different endocrine cell types, each containing a specific hormone. Islet cells also contain two enzymes of the catecholamine biosynthetic pathway: tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC). The cell lineage relationships of these different cell types have not been examined and it is not known whether, during development, they originate from the same or from different precursor populations. In this study we used immunocytochemical procedures to determine whether developing pancreatic cells express markers common to endocrine and exocrine cell types. We found that acinar cell precursors express AADC prior to the appearance of an exocrine marker and that the expression of AADC in acinar cells persists throughout embryogenesis to the first month of postnatal life. At this time, acinar cells do not contain AADC. We also found that exocrine cells containing AADC never express other islet-cell markers. These findings suggest that while acinar and islet cells both arise from precursor cells containing AADC, these progenitor cells do not express a combined endocrine-exocrine phenotype.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219089
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    The distribution of nuclear progesterone receptor in the hypothalamus and forebrain of the domestic hen (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 201-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Progesterone receptor ; Hypothalamus ; Forebrain ; Immunohistochemistry ; Chicken
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cell nuclei containing progesterone receptor were identified immunohistochemically in the hypothalamus and forebrain of the domestic hen using an antiserum to the steroid binding “B” subunit (110 kDa) of chicken oviduct progesterone receptor and the avidin-biotin complex procedure. Cell nuclei containing progesterone receptor were widely distributed in the anterior, medial and basal hypothalamus with the highest density occurring in the lamina terminalis and the preoptic area. Abundant, though less intensely reacting progesterone receptor was present in cell nuclei in the tuberal infundibular area and in the internal zone of the median eminence. A large group of cell nuclei containing progesterone receptor occurred in the dorsal anterior hypothalamus between the anterior commissure and the lateral ventricle. This group of nuclei extended anteriorly into the telencephalon. A small number of cell nuclei containing progesterone receptor was also found in the ventral telencephalon in the region of the nucleus accumbens.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01239981
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    Immunocytochemical localization of alkaline phosphatase in absorptive cells of rat small intestine after colchicine treatment (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 250 (1987), S. 521-529 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Alkaline phosphatase ; Small intestine ; Colchicine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of colchicine and vinblastine on the localization of alkaline phosphatase (AlPase) in rat duodenum in relation to structural changes. AlPase was localized on the membranes of rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi stacks, cytoplasmic vesicles, microvilli, on lateral plasma membranes, and in some lysosomes of the duodenal epithelial cells of rats treated with either lumicolchicine or 0.9% NaCl alone. Microvilli were most intensely stained, and AlPase-positive Golgi stacks were regularly distributed in the supranuclear regions. After colchicine treatment, microvilli were shortened and the staining intensity became weaker, whereas basal as well as lateral plasma membranes showed stronger staining. The AlPase-positive microvilli appeared not only on the luminal surfaces, but also on the baso-lateral plasma membranes and even on the surfaces of characteristic intracytoplasmic cysts. Golgi stacks became smaller and their distribution became less localized, and the staining intensity of the Golgi stacks became weaker. AlPase localization in rats treated with vinblastine was almost identical with that of rats treated with colchicine. Thus, colchicine and vinblastine appeared to have elicited a disorientation of intracellular transport of intestinal AlPase by inhibiting microtubule organization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218943
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    Galanin-immunoreactive nerves in the rat iris: alterations induced by denervations (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 250 (1987), S. 267-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Galanin ; Iris ; Choroid membrane ; Immunohistochemistry ; Trigeminal ganglion ; Superior cervical ganglion ; Calcitonin gene-related peptide ; Capsaicin ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The iris and choroid membrane of the adult rat contain nerve fibers expressing immunoreactivity to the neuropeptide galanin. The density and distribution of galanin-positive nerve fibers varied from iris to iris and, particularly, among animals. Smooth, non-terminal axons were seen running in nerve bundles consisting of otherwise negative fibers. From the choroid membrane these bundles reached the iris via the ciliary body. Axons were frequently seen to branch giving rise to a sparse system of varicose, single fibers in the dilator plate and sphincter area. Galanin-positive fibers were sometimes also seen outlining blood vessels. Capsaicin, in a dose that causes permanent depletion of substance P- and cholecystokinin-immunoreactive fibers in the iris, caused no change in amount of galanin-positive fibers. Removal of the superior cervical ganglion caused a rapid and pronounced increase in the number of galanin-immunoreactive nerve fibers. Similarly, removal of the ciliary ganglion appeared to increase galanin immunoreactivity, while removal of the pterygopalatine ganglion was less effective. Lesioning of the trigeminal ganglion caused a disappearance of galanin immunoreactivity. The sympathetectomy-induced increase was counteracted by capsaicin. Galanin-positive nerve cell bodies were present in both the superior cervical and the trigeminal ganglia. In the superior cervical ganglion, immunoreactive galanin did not seem to coexist with neuropeptide Y-positive cells; in the trigeminal ganglion, some galanin-positive cells also contained calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivity, while most cells did not. In the iris, double-staining suggested that CGRP and galanin immunoreactivities were contained in different fiber populations. We conclude that the rat iris and choroid membrane contain a sparse plexus of nerve fibers expressing galanin-like immunoreactivity. It is suggested that these fibers are derived from the trigeminal ganglion. The iris is able to respond with a pronounced increase in number of galanin-immunoreactive nerve fibers to certain denervation procedures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219071
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    The pituitary polypetide “7B2” is associated with LH/FSH and TSH cells and is localized within secretory vesicles (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 250 (1987), S. 205-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Polypeptide 7B2 ; Adenohypophysis ; Secretion ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A highly conserved polypeptide termed “7B2”, isolated from human and porcine pituitaries, has been reported by immunoreactivity to be distributed in various organs. However, the highest concentration has been found in the pituitary as demonstrated by a specific radioimmunoassay. In order to determine the type of cells within the pituitary that contain 7B2 and to analyse its intracellular localization, specific immunocytochemistry techniques (unlabeled antibody, peroxidase-antiperoxidase) were used both for light and electron microscopy. Immunocytochemistry of both expiants and monolayer-cell cultures of the adenohypophysis was studied. Immunoreactivity to 7B2 has been found in 21.9% of the total number of cells. After simultaneous staining of serial sections with appropriate antibodies, 7B2 was found to be colocalized with β-LH/β-FSH in gonadotrophs and with β-TSH in thyrotrophs. In situ immunocytochemistry at the electron-microscopic level showed that immunoreactive 7B2 is compartmentalized within secretory granules. The small (130 to 250 nm) but not the large granules (400 to 700 nm) were labeled in gonadotroph-like cells and small granules (90 to 150 nm) were also labeled in thyrothrophlike cells. Study of the gonadotrophs in cell culture after Zamboni's fixation revealed weak to moderate immunoreaction in rough endoplasmic reticulum. The current findings as well as previous data indicate that 7B2 is synthesized, stored and possibly released from the adenohypophysis similarly to many other secretory products.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214673
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    Studies on transvection at the bithorax complex in Drosophila melanogaster (1987)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 210 (1987), S. 557-563 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Bithorax ; Transvection ; cis interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have studied the influence of some mutations in the bithorax complex on the observed synapsis dependent phenotype of the genotypes Cbx 1Ubx1/+ and bx 34e/Ubx1. The effect of these mutations is similar to that introduced by disruption of pairing or by the z a mutation. Among the bx mutations, we find that bx 8 behaves differently from most other bx mutations in its influence on the synapsis dependent phenotype. This observation induced us to map the position of bx 8 with respect to other bx mutations; we find that it maps between bx 34e and bx 3. We show how some of the observations reported here can be fitted into a model of activation of the bithorax complex proposed by one of us.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00327212
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    Isolation of autosomal mutations in Drosophila melanogaster without setting up lines (1987)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 208 (1987), S. 226-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Autosomes ; Mutagenesis ; Compound chromosomes ; Temperature-sensitive
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mutants of Drosophila melanogaster are being used increasingly for studying different biological mechanisms. However, most attempts to identify new mutations have been restricted to the X-chromosome. It has been very difficult to identify new loci on the autosomes, as recessive mutations have to be made homozygous by setting up independent cultures for each mutagenized chromosome. We introduce a mutagenesis scheme which does not require setting up independent cultures. It uses meiotic recombination in compound autosomes to make recessive mutations homozygous and allows the screening of tens of thousands of mutagenized chromosomes with relatively little effort. In a pilot experiment, we tested about 33,300 chromosomes for temperature-sensitive paralytic mutations. We obtained 62 independent paralytic mutations and a large number of other mutations. Eight out of 25 of the paralytic mutations are on the autosomes. This method makes autosomes, which constitute about 80% of the Drosophila genome, more accessible for mutational analysis of various biological mechanisms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00330446
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    Protein synthesis patterns following stage-specific heat shock in early Drosophila embryo (1987)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 210 (1987), S. 407-412 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Embryogenesis ; Heat shock ; protein synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Very short heat shocks are administered to carefully staged early embryos of Drosophila melanogaster, and the effects on protein synthesis pattern investigated. A shock as short as 2 min will induce the heat shock response (reduction of normal protein synthesis, increased synthesis of the heat shock proteins) in syncytial blastoderm or later stages. Thus the initial events of the heat shock response must occur within 2 min, and not reverse upon rapid return to 22° C. A low level of synthesis of the 70 kDa heat shock protein is sometimes visible in unshocked animals, but may be induced by the labeling procedure. Survival following a short shock is not strictly correlated with a high level of heat shock response. Pre-blastoderm embryos do not produce significant heat shock protein, but survive a 2 min 43°C heat shock better than do heat shock response competent blastoderm embryos. The protein synthesis pattern prior to the blastoderm stage is very stable, possibly enhancing survival following a short shock. Shocks of 3 min or longer are more detrimental to pre-blastoderm embryos than to later stages, confirming the role of the heat shock response in survival following a longer shock. Stage-specific developmental defects (phenocopies) may be induced by heat shock at the blastoderm or later stages. Induction of these defects may require disruption of the normal protein synthesis pattern. Use of very short heat shocks to induce the heat shock response will be valuable in identifying the precise time at which a specific defect can be induced.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00327190
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    Overlapping transcription units in Drosophila: Sequence and structure of the Cs gene (1987)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 209 (1987), S. 290-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Gene structure ; Mutation ; 3′ processing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The Cs gene lies between the functionally and evolutionarily related dopa decarboxylase (Ddc) and l(2) amd loci of Drosophila. The Cs and Ddc genes overlap at their 3′ ends, implying that the transcription termination signals of these genes are polar, since each gene's primary transcript contains the complement of the other gene's transcription termination signals. The mature transcripts of the Cs and Ddc genes are complementary for a short distance and the primary transcripts may be complementary over thousands of base pairs. Despite intensive mutagenesis in this region, no mutations affecting the Cs transcript have been recovered although over 90 alleles of the two flanking genes (Ddc and l(2) amd) have been identified. Unlike the flanking Ddc and l(2) amd genes, the structure of the Cs gene and the temporal and tissue specificity of Cs expression are inconsistent with any structural or functional relatedness to the Ddc gene family. The internal structure of the Cs transcript is unlike that of most protein coding genes; it contains several open reading frames which are not situated favorably for efficient translation of the Cs message. This unusual internal structure may be the basis of the observed mutational silence of the Cs locus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00329656
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    The pellicular complex of euglenoids (1987)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 140 (1987), S. 43-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cytoskeleton ; Electrophoresis ; Euglenoids ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In a comparative study of the epiplasmic layers of the pellicular complex of several euglenoids, the following observations were made: 1. Pellicular strips are constructed on the same basic model with each species or group of species having undergone some modifications. 2. The molecular weights of the main proteinaceous constituents of the epiplasmic layer are located in similar zones (180–190 KD and 70–90 KD). 3. Epiplasmic proteins are only solubilized by denaturing agents such as urea/MET or guanidium hydrochloride/MET. 4. Epiplasmic layers consist of fairly basic proteins. 5. The links between epiplasmic proteins are mostly formed by disulfide bonds. 6. The major epiplasmic proteins share common antigenic determinants
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01273254
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    Olfactory responses ofDrosophila melanogaster selected for knockdown resistance to ethanol (1987)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 17 (1987), S. 307-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila ; D. melanogaster ; olfaction ; ethanol tolerance ; correlated response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The experiments usedDrosophila melanogaster lines previously selected for increased knockdown resistance to ethanol. Selected lines utilized ethanol as a metabolic resource to a greater extent than unselected lines. Lines were characterized by their olfactory responses to ethanol, ethyl acetate, and acetaldehyde in a wind tunnel. Selected lines were less attracted to ethanol than unselected lines but did not differ consistently in their responses to other chemicals. This suggests that increased tolerance and utilization of ethanol are not necessarily accompanied by increased attraction to this chemical.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01065509
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    Rare-male mating advantage: An artifact caused by differential storage conditions? (1987)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 17 (1987), S. 409-425 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: effect of isolation on mating ; rare-male mating advantage ; rare-female mating advantage ; artifact ; bias ; size of mating chamber ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Virgin males (or females) of some species ofDrosophila, when stored singly, are known to be superior in mating to males (or females) stored in groups. This may create a spurious rare-male effect on some occasions. When no account is taken of this storage effect in an experimental setup designed to show rare-male mating advantage, bias in favor of a raremale effect may result. It is shown that merely by storing the rare males singly and the common males in groups, with males not differing in any other respect, a very strong spurious rare-male effect can be produced. Similarly, it is shown that a spurious rare-female effect is possible too. It is proposed that the very strong rare-male effect for pepperment scent as found by Dal Molin [(1979).Am. Nat. 113:951–954] is merely a result of such a bias. The relevance for natural populations of the mating advantage associated with the single housing condition is discussed. In the experiments designed to show a spurious rare-male effect, mating chambers of two different sizes were used. It is shown that sexual selection is more severe in the small chambers, for both males and females.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01068139
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