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  • Drosophila  (36)
  • photosynthesis
  • Springer  (67)
  • Nature Publishing Group
  • 2020-2020
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  • 1990-1994
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  • 1950-1954
  • 1987  (67)
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  • 2020-2020
  • 2005-2009
  • 1990-1994
  • 1985-1989  (67)
  • 1950-1954
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  • 1
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 43 (1987), S. 1124-1125 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Exhaust emissions ; highway ; motor vehicles ; Norway spruce ; photosynthesis ; transpiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Six-year-old Norway spruce trees of the same clone were exposed for 10 weeks at the edge of a highway and compared with controls kept in an unpolluted area within 15 km of the first site. Significant differences could be observed with respect to growth, photosynthesis and transpiration rate, all of which were reduced after exposure at the highway.
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  • 2
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 43 (1987), S. 193-201 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Leptopilina boulardi ; Cynipidae ; Hymenoptera ; parasitoid ; Drosophila ; Diptera ; field egg laying strategy ; functional response ; switching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le concept de réponse optimale d'un parasite vis-à-vis de l'hôte le plus favorable pour son développement demeure surtout théorique et n'a pu être vérifié que dans les conditions de laboratoire. Nous avons montré que Drosophila melanogaster s'avère être, par rapport à D. simulans, l'hôte le plus favorable pour le développement du cynipide parasite Leptopilina boulardi. Une étude sur le terrain a démontré que ce parasite présente une réponse fonctionnelle densité dépendante vis-à-vis de D. melanogaster et non vis-à-vis de D. simulans, avec un effet de bascule. D'autre part, il s'avère que ce parasite exploite beaucoup mieux son hôte, en évitant le superparasitisme, ceci étant démontré au laboratoire et dans la nature. Enfin, il apparaît qu'il est capable d'allonger sa période de ponte lorsque cet hôte est rare, ce qui ne se produit pas avec D. simulans.
    Notes: Abstract The hypothesis of optimal host species selection predicts that when a parasitoid has the choice between two host species, it will choose the species thay gives the best survival chances for its progeny. We confirmed this hypothesis by laboratory experiments with Leptopilina boulardi Barb. et al., a cynipid parasitoid which prefers Drosophila melanogaster Meigen (the host species most suitable for parasitoid survival) above D. simulans Sturt. As far as fitness parameters are concerned, the fertility of L. boulardi is higher with D. melanogaster; the egg laying can be spread out over a long period when this host is relatively scarce. This does not occur with D. simulans in which parasitic oviposition stops soon when this host is not abundant. Investigations of this foraging strategy were done under more complex natural conditions. We found that L. boulardi has a type III functional response with D. melanogaster only; furthermore, it seems that a switching effect may exist with this host. Parasitoid females appear to distribute their eggs more regularly on D. melanogaster, thus avoiding superparasitism. This seems to be independent of the relative frequency of this host. However, superparasitism of D. simulans did occur more frequently when this host was scarce.
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  • 3
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 372-375 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Pattern formation ; Morphogenesis ; Drosophila ; Growth ; Imaginal disc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A comparison of the morphogenetic maps of the notum anlage of Drosophila melanogaster derived from the gynandromorph data and mosaics induced by somatic crossing-over during the first instar larval stage revealed that practically no major morphogenetic movements occur in the development of the anlage between the blastoderm and first instar larval stages and the adult stage. By comparing the morphogenetic map derived from gynandromorphs and the fate map derived from data on the transplantation of fragments of the mature wing imaginal disc, it was observed that no major morphogenetic movements occur in the notum anlage between the stages of the allocation of the disc and the mature disc. The results are consistent with the observations of other authors concerning the larval development of eye-antenna, wing and leg discs.
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  • 4
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 434-444 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Morphogenesis ; Cell Surface ; 20-Hydroxyecdysone ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Polyclonal antibodies (anti-P116 and anti-P93) specific for two different hormone-dependent cell surface glycoproteins (P116 and P93) from Drosophila S3 cells have been produced. Anti-P116 and anti-P93 each immunoprecipitate substantially more of P116 and P93, respectively, from extracts of iodinated hormone-treated S3 cells compared to controls. Both antigens are present in control and 20-hydroxyecdysone treated imaginal discs, although apparent increases in antigen content are associated with hormone treatment. Immunofluorescent staining of whole discs with anti-P116 and anti-P93 reveals increased amounts of both antigens at the surface of hormone-treated discs compared to controls. Both antibodies were used to characterize the expression of their respective antigens during embryonic development, and both antibodies were found to recognize in embryos a third developmentally-regulated antigen with a relative mobility of approximately 220000. Our results indicate, at least in the case of P116 and P93, that 20-hydroxyecdysone-dependent cell surface antigens in imaginal discs may be regulated both by increasing the amounts of constitutively present proteins, and possibly through biochemical modifications, altering the localization of these proteins from a cytoplasmic to a cell surface domain.
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  • 5
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 69-77 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Neurogenesis ; Drosophila ; Neuronal differentiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The stereotyped segmental and dorso-ventral organization of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) of Drosophila embryos allows the identification of all the neurons in the body wall. Distinct classes of neurons are distinguishable according to their location, the targets they innervate, the particular shape of their dendrites and their cell size. Those neurons innervating external sensory structures (es) and chordotonal organs (ch) have single dendrites and have been previously described (Ghysen et al. 1986; Dambly-Chaudiere and Ghysen 1986; Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein 1985). We describe here the identity and morphological features of three other classes of neurons in the body segments which have multiple dendrites (md neurons): 1) neurons that give rise to elaborate dendritic arborisations (da neurons); 2) neurons that have bipolar dendrites (bd neurons); 3) neurons that arborize around particular tracheal branches (td neurons). The thoracic hemisegment (T2 and T3) contains 13 da, one bd, one td, 21 es and four ch neurons; the abdominal hemisegment (A1 to A7) contains 14 da, three bd, three td, 15 es and eight ch neurons. The arrangement of the segmented peripheral neurons is highly invariant and provides a favorable assay system for the genetic analysis of neurodevelopment.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Imaginal disc ; Evagination ; Surface peptides ; Radiolabeling ; Hormone depending ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Unevaginated and evaginated Drosophila imaginal discs were surface-labeled with 125I. Relative labeling was greater in eleven peptides and lower in three peptides of evaginated discs compared to unevaginated discs. These results are compared to the effects of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HOE) on metabolic labeling of membrane proteins fractionated from imaginal discs, and on cell surface labeling of a hormone-responsive Drosophila tissue culture line. A group of 35S-methionine labeled membrane fraction peptides whose metabolic labeling is 20-HOE dependent have isoelectric points and apparent molecular weights very similar to those of a group of proteins only labeled in iodinated evaginated discs, supporting the conclusion that these are hormone-dependent, cell surface proteins (Rickoll and Fristrom 1983). Based upon two-dimensional gel electrophoretic and immunological criteria three of the proteins showing increased labeling in evaginated discs are related to three proteins induced by 20-HOE in tissue culture cells. Two different subsets of radiolabeled peptides were observed in the imaginal discs based upon detergent solubility. Some of the proteins which are soluble in NP-40 plus urea but insoluble in NP-40 alone may be localized in the basal lamina of the imaginal discs, a structure which labels heavily with 125I and is lacking in tissue culture cells. In discs, the majority of hormone-dependent changes in radiolabeled peptides were seen in the fraction solubilized by NP-40 and urea with a sulfhydryl reducing agent, while in tissue culture cells, the majority of differences is seen in the fraction solubilized by NP-40 only. We speculate that these proteins may be involved in similar processes, e.g., cell rearrangement, that occur during both disc morphogenesis and 20-HOE induced aggregation in tissue culture cells.
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  • 7
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 43 (1987), S. 445-446 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Cell survival ; photoreactivation ; insect cell ; Drosophila ; colony formation ; DNA repair ; ultraviolet radiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cell survival and photoreactivation of 254 nm ultraviolet (UV) light damage in a wild typeDrosophila cell line was assayed by colony formation in liquid medium. Fo, Fq, and extrapolation number for the exponential portion of survival curves are 21 J/m2, 3.6 J/m2, and 1.5 for non-photoreactivated cells and 110 J/m2, 11.2 J/m2, and 1.3 for those exposed to photoreactivating light. Maximal photoreactivation occurs at the 100 J/m2 region of the curve. At 10 and 50% survival, 75–80% of the UV damage was photoreactivable.
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  • 8
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 191-201 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Wing imaginal disc ; Tissue culture ; Metamorphosis ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have examined the metamorphosis of the wing imaginal disc of Drosophila during culture in vitro in the continuous presence of 20-hydroxy ecdysone (0.1 μg/ ml). We find that the sequence of cellular changes in the wing blade during culture closely match those occurring in situ, involving two periods at which the dorsal and ventral surfaces are joined only by cell processes containing trans-alar microtubule arrays. Good pupal and imaginal cuticle secretion is found in this system.
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  • 9
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 222-230 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Mesodermal cell lineages ; Cell transplantations ; Embryogenesis ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We describe the results of cell transplantation experiments performed to investigate mesodermal lineages in Drosophila melanogaster, particularly the lineages of the somatic muscles, the visceral muscles and the fat body. Cells to be transplanted were labelled by injecting a mixture of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and fluorescein-dextran (FITC) in wild-type embryos at the syncytial blastoderm stage. For transplantation cells were removed from the ventral furrow, 8–12 min after the start of gastrulation, and individually transplanted into homotopic or heterotopic locations of unlabelled wild-type hosts of the same age. HRP labelling in the resulting cell clones was demonstrated histochemically in the fully developed embryo; histotypes could be distinguished without ambiguity. Mesodermal cells were already found to be committed to mesodermal fates at the time of transplantation. They developed only into mesodermal derivatives and did not integrate in non-mesodermal organs upon heterotopical transplantation. No evidence was found for commitment to any particular mesodermal organ at the time of transplantation. The majority of somatic muscle clones contributed cells to only one segment. However, clones were not infrequently distributed through two or even three segments. Clones of fat body cells were generally restricted to a small region. However, cells of clones of visceral musculature were widely distributed. With respect to the proliferative abilities of transplanted cells the clones were difficult to interpret due to the syncytial character of the somatic musculature and the fact that the organization of the other organs is poorly understood. Evidence from histological observations of developing normal embryos indicates only three mitoses for mesodermal cells. Clones larger than seven cells were not found when embryos were fixed previous to germ-band shortening; larger clones were found in the fat body and visceral musculature after fixing the embryos at the end of organogenesis. Quantitative considerations suggest that a few mesodermal cells might perform more than three mitoses.
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  • 10
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 511-521 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Segmentation defects, ether-induced ; Drosophila ; Phenocopies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Drosophila embryos, exposed to ether between 1 and 4 h after oviposition, develop defects ranging from the complete lack of segmentation to isolated gaps in single segments. Between these extremes are varying extents of incomplete and abnormal segmentation. On the basis of both their temporal and spatial characteristics, five major phenotype classes may be distinguished: headless — unsegmented or incompletely segmented anteriorly; gap — interruptions of segmentation not obviously periodic; alternating segment gaps — interruptions with double segment periodicities; fused segments; and short segments — truncations with single segment periodicities. Many defects resemble known mutant phenotypes. The disturbances in segmentation are predominantly global and frequently accompanied by alterations in segment specification, such that the segments obtained show no resemblance to the normal homologues. These features, together with the distinctive spatiotemporal characteristics of the defects, all point to segmentation as a dynamic process. The regular spacing of the segments and the fact that the entire range of defects is inducible by ether are further consistent with the hypothesis that at least part of the segmentation process may consist of physicochemical reactions coordinated over the whole body. The relationship between our data and data from genetic and other analyses are briefly discussed.
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  • 11
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 12-15 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Gene expression ; Drosophila ; Mitochondria ; Temperature sensitivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the indirect flight muscles was studied by electron microscopy in the following Notch locus mutants of Drosophila melanogaster reared at 18° C or 29° C for 6 days after eclosion: Ax 16172/Ax16172, Ax28/ Ax28, l(1)Nts1/l(1)Nts1,l(1)Nts1/Y and in wild-type controls. The flies were raised up to eclosion at 25° C or 18° C. It was observed that the l(1)Nts1 flies gradually became flightless within a few days if reared at 29° C as adults, and gross changes in the fine structure of the flight muscles were also observed in flies of this genotype. Peripheral myofilaments of myofibrils were disarranged and the mitochondria diminutive. At 18° C the flight muscles remained normal. In all of the Abruptex (Ax) combinations the flight muscles remained similar to the wild-type controls at both 18° C and 29° C, i.e. they were normal. The results suggest that the Notch gene is active in adult flies in addition to its activity during embryonic, larval and pupal stages, and is directly or indirectly involved in the adult development of the muscle tissue.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Spermatogenesis ; Y chromosome ; Lampbrush loops ; Sex determination ; Maternal effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The Y chromosome of Drosophila hydei carries information that is necessary for the development of the spermatozoa. In primary spermatocytes Y chromosomal genes become active: five of the male fertility factors form giant lampbrush loops. Our prior work indicated interactions between the Y chromosomal genes and autosomal loci. It is of interest to identify loci regulating the activity of the Y chromosomal genes. We, therefore, screened a total of about 14,000 chromosomes (X, 2, 3 and 4) for mutations that interfere with the expression of the lampbrush loops. Two mutations with substantial effects on the loop morphology were recovered. One of them, a recessive male sterile mutation (ms (3) 5) on chromosome 3, is described in this paper. Its homozygous state results in a complete absence of all Y chromosomal lampbrush loops at 26° C; at 18° C the loops are formed. Temperature shifts with homozygous males indicate that the function early during the spermatogonial stage is crucial for the development of lampbrush loops in the primary spermatocyte. Meiosis is entirely absent in the male, but normal in females. Females homozygous for ms (3) 5 display a maternal effect, which reduces the viability and fertility of homozygous daughters and produces sons with signs of intersexuality. Linkage studies indicated that the effect on the male germ line and the maternal effects cannot be separated and may hence be induced by a single gene.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Collagen ; Haemocytes ; Basement membranes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We report a direct examination of the expression of one collagen gene (DCg1) during Drosophila melanogaster metamorphosis, based on data from in situ hybridization. The transcripts of this gene, thought to encode a basement membrane type IV collagen, are mainly accumulated during ecdysis in wandering haemocytes. Our results demonstrate that haemocytes contribute to extracellular matrix deposition and seem to perform a fibroblastic function during Drosophila development.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Homoetic ; Mutational analysis ; Transformation ; Distal disc structures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A gene Brista has been identified in chromosome 2R, in the region 60D11-E4, in which mutations cause homoeotic transformation of distal antennal structures to distal leg derivatives, and in which certain alleles also lead to upsets in the formation of distal elements of the legs. This gene is haploinsufficient for the homoeotic phenotype. Several putative null and two hypomorphic alleles have been recovered. The effects of exposure to the non-permissive temperature of a temperature-sensitive allele are cummulative and depend upon the length of the exposure during the period of antennal cell proliferation. It is suggested that this gene contributes to the stability of the state of determination in distal domain of the antennal and leg discs, and its relationship to other genes with similar mutant phenotype is discussed.
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  • 15
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 141-157 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Blastoderm fate-map ; Tail segmentation ; Larval cuticle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The segmental organisation of the tail region in the embryo of Drosophila melanogaster, which is defined here as the epidermal region posterior to the boundary between abdominal segments A7 and A8, has been investigated by means of ultraviolet (UV) laser fate-mapping and phenotypic analysis of embryonic mutants that alter the segmental pattern of the larval cuticle. Wild-type embryos were irradiated in the presumptive tail region with a UV- laser microbeam of 20 μm diameter at the blastoderm stage. The ensuing defects were scored in the cuticle pattern of the tail region of the first-instar larva, which is described in detail in this paper. The spatial distribution of defect frequencies was used to construct a blastoderm fate-map of the cuticle structures of the larval tail region. The segmental origin of the larval tail structures was inferred from the phenotypic analysis of segmentation and homoeotic mutants, which revealed pattern repetition throughout the embryonic tail region corresponding to four segment anlagen, A8 to A11, and a non-segmental telson. These data enabled the transformation of the blastoderm fate-map of cuticle structures into a map of tail segment anlagen. The tail anlage occupies about 10% of the egg length (EL), bounded by segment A7 anteriorly at 20% EL and by the proctodaeum posteriorly at 10% EL, as measured from the posterior pole. The anlagen of segments A8 and A9 appear to be narrow dorso-ventral strips of blastoderm cells similar to the anlagen of the trunk segments, whereas the anlagen of A10 and A11 are smaller and produce fewer pattern elements. The telson is represented in the cuticle by the tuft which derives from a very dorsal posterior position. The antero-posterior axis of the entire tail anlage appears curved upward posteriorly. Differences in the mode of development between tail and trunk segments are discussed, as are similarities of larval and imaginal tail development in Drosophila. Comparison with tail development in other insects suggests that, during evolution, the transition from semi-long-germ to long-germ development modified the organisation of the tail region without affecting its primary subdivision into metameric units.
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  • 16
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 101-112 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Peripheral nervous system ; Compartments ; Segmentation mutants ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The peripheral nervous system of embryos homozygous for prd, ftz, en and bxd was examined for defects and transformations in the segment-specific pattern of sensilla and peripheral nerves. This analysis permitted me to assign a distinct subset of sensilla to any of the three genetically and morphologically defined compartments s, a and p of each segment. In the wild-type embryonic segments, sensory axons deriving from sensilla of different compartments form a part of the common peripheral nerves. In the composite segments of prd and ftz mutant embryos, subsets of sensilla of two neighbouring segments are combined. Nevertheless, the axons of sensilla of different segmental identity are able to fasciculate and to form afferent nerves, which connect in an apparently normal fashion to the central nervous system. It is concluded that in the Drosophila embryo compartmental and segmental identity of sensory organs has no influence on the trajectories of sensory axons.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Dorsalizing mutant ; Phenotypic rescue ; Poly(A)+ RNA ; Cytoplasm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary spätzle (spz), a maternal effect gene of Drosophila, is involved in the establishment of the dorso-ventral axis during embryogenesis. Eggs from females lacking the spz gene product develop into completely dorsalized embryos, i.e. the ventral and lateral pattern elements fail to develop. Upon injection of either cytoplasm or poly(A)+ RNA from early wild-type embryos, spz embryos develop lateral pattern elements represented by Filzkörper and in the case of injected cytoplasm additional ventral pattern elements represented by ventral setae. Wild-type cytoplasm retains the rescuing activity longer than the poly(A)+ RNA fraction does, and cytoplasm is always more effective in provoking the rescue than poly(A)+ RNA. Mosaic females containing spz germ cells surrounded by spz + tissues were generated by pole cell transplantations; a mutant genotype in the germ cells is sufficient to produce all aspects of the spz mutant phenotype, suggesting that the maternal source of spz gene product is the germ line.
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  • 18
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 43 (1987), S. 213-215 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Drosophila ; reproductive behavior ; oviposition ; pheromones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A residual influence of males and females on oviposition has been examined in 7 drosophilids. There was evidence for oviposition deterrence inDrosophila funebris, with males as well as females producing the inhibitory effect. In contrast, male residues stimulated oviposition inZaprionus tuberculatus. Male residues also stimulated oviposition and appeared to serve as an aggregation cue inD. melanogaster.
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  • 19
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 43 (1987), S. 931-933 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Hyperthermia ; gamma ray ; crossing-over ; Drosophila ; repair mutant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Hyperthermia of 1 h at 38°C did increase gamma-ray induced crossing-over in meiotic cells of male larvae and adults. However, there was considerably less effect of the heat treatment upon radiation induced crossing-over (a chromosome breakage event) in an excision repair mutanty mei-9 a.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Polymorphism ; Stenocereus ; Host-plant-shift ; Developmental homeostasis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Chromosomally polymorphic populations of Drosophila mojavensis from Baja California feed and breed on agria cactus, Stenocereus gummosus; whereas, monomorphic Arizona populations are associated exclusively with organ pipe cactus, S. thurberi. The effects of this host plant shift in expanding the kinds of feeding and breeding sites were assessed by manipulating larval density and recording differences in egg to adult development time and viability, and adult thorax size in both populations on artificially rotted substrates of both cactus species. Older agria rots increased development time but had no effect on viability. Organ pipe rots were qualitatively poorer substrates than agria rots for both monomorphic and polymorphic populations of D. mojavensis, especially at higher larval densities causing longer egg to adult development times, lower viabilities, and smaller thorax sizes than agria. The Baja population expressed shorter development times, higher viabilities, and smaller thorax sizes than the Arizona population on both cactus substrates. No evidence for cactus host race formation was found. The Baja population was less sensitive to increasing larval densities for all fitness characters studied on both cactus substrates indicating greater developmental homeostasis than in the monomorphic Arizona population. These data support the hypothesized central-marginal population structure within this species coincident with the distribution of host plants and lend insight into the process of adaptive divergence at different life history stages caused by host plant shifts.
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  • 21
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    European biophysics journal 14 (1987), S. 385-391 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Protein/lipid interaction ; elastic membrane forces ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The phase transitional behaviour of bilayers of the phospholipid l-α-ditridecanoylphos-phatidylcholine is studied as a function of protein content for the reaction center (RC) and an antenna protein (LHCP) of the bacterial photosynthetic apparatus. As membrane and protein are structurally well characterized the experimental results can be quantitatively compared with those of calculations based upon elastic models within the Landaude Gennes-theory. Agreement between theory and experiment demonstrates that dominant elastic forces result from a mismatch of hydrophobic regions of membrane and protein. The data also indicate that RC are present in a monomeric form and LHCP in a highly aggregated form. In addition, the latter protein responds to changes in the lipid environment.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: 31 P-NMR ; respiration ; photosynthesis ; intracellular pH ; polyphosphate ; pH regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The phosphate metabolism of Platymonas subcordiformis was investigated by 31P-NMR spectroscopy with special attention on the effect of external pH. Glycolyzing cells and cells energized by respiration or photosynthesis gave spectra dependent upon their metabolic state. The transition from deenergized to energized states is accompanied by a shift of cytoplasmic pH from 7.1–7.4, an increase of ATP level and-in well energized cells-the appearance of a new signal tentatively assigned to phosphoarginine. The spectra remain stable over a wide range of external pH. Cytoplasmic pH is well regulated in respiring cells for external pH in the range 5.3–12.3. The typical 0.4 units difference of internal pH in energized as compared to deenergized cells is not affected by external pH in the range 6–12. The intensity of a signal attributed to PEP is markedly increased at high external pH. pH regulation is less efficient below external pH of 6 in deenergized cells. Below pH 3.8 oxidative phosphorylation ceases. Upon raising cytoplasmic pH to 7.4 in deenergized cells polyphosphate chains start to disintegrate.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: mutagenesis ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; formaldehyde ; Drosophila ; deletions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Adh fn23 andAdh fn24 are two formaldehyde-induced, homozygous-viable, alcohol dehydrogenase-null mutants that bear lesions in the gene tht codes for the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH; EC 1.1.1.1) ofDrosophila melanogaster. Adh fn23 contains a 34-base pair deletion in the C-terminal coding region of the alcohol dehydrogenase structural gene. By immunological and molecular analysis, we show that the deletion shifts the translation reading frame and results in a prematurely truncated polypeptide product (10 amino acids shorter than wild type) that cross-reacts with antibody raised against ADH. The steady-state level of alcohol dehydrogenase mRNA present in this mutant is close (97%) to that in the wild type, but the steady-state level of alcohol dehydrogenase-like protein is 50% lower. Moreover, the rate of alcohol dehydrogenase synthesis inAdh fn23 flies is reduced to 60% of that found in the wild type. Hence both the rate of synthesis and the rate of degradation of alcohol dehydrogenase are affected. In contrast,Adh fn24 which contains an 11-base pair deletion in the N-terminal coding region of the ADH gene, synthesizes no immunodetectable protein, and the amount of alcohol dehydrogenase mRNA is less than half that of wild-type flies. As withAdh fn23, the deletion inAdh fn24 results in a change in the reading frame. UnlikeAdh fn23, however, nucleic acid sequence data indicate that polypeptide chain elongation can proceed for a considerable distance (over 130 amino acids) beyond the deletion. Based upon antigenic binding-site predictions, the resultant aberrant protein (projected 195 amino acids in length) would share few antigenic sites with the alcohol dehydrogenase from the wild type, which may account for the lack of immunoprecipitable material in this mutant. The contrasting effects these two deletions have on theDrosophila ADH mRNA levels and ADH protein levels are discussed.
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  • 24
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    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 2069-2081 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Drosophila ; D. mojavensis ; D. nigrospiracula ; D. mettleri ; Diptera ; Drosophilidae ; cactus ; alkaloids ; viability ; development ; longevity ; host-plant relationships
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Drosophila mettleri is a soil-breeding, cactophilic drosophilid which lives in the Sonoran Desert. Several chemical constituents of cacti in this region have been identified as having major roles in insect-host plant relationships involvingDrosophila. For example, isoquinoline alkaloids, which are present in senita cactus, have been shown to be toxic to seven of the nine species tested. The two tolerant species areD. pachea, the normal resident, andD. mettleri. Necroses of senita cacti are often used as feeding substrates byD. mettleri adults, but this species has never been reared from senita rots. Soil, which have been soaked by juice from saguaro and cardón rots, are the typical breeding substrates of this species. The tissues of both of these cacti also contain alkaloids, chemically related to those in senita, but at much lower concentrations. Alkaloid concentration in saguaro-soaked soil was found to be 1.4–27 times the average concentration in fresh tissue. Alkaloids were extracted from saguaro tissue and used in tests of larva-to-adult viability, developmental rate, and adult longevity. Elevated concentrations of saguaro alkaloids had no significant effect on the longevity ofD. mettleri, but significantly reduced the longevity ofD. nigrospiracula andD. mojavensis, two nonsoil breeding cactophilic species. Viability and developmental rates of all three species were affected, but the effect onD. nigrospiracula was comparatively greater. It is argued that the adaptations that allowD. mettleri to utilize the saguaro soil niche also convey tolerance to alkaloids present in senita tissue. The ability to utilize senita necroses as feeding substrates represents an ecological advantage to D. mettleri, in that the density of potential feeding sites is increased as compared to species which are more specific in their host-plant relationships.
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    Behavior genetics 17 (1987), S. 541-558 
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: mating ability ; sexual selection ; fitness ; stress ; domestication ; Drosophila
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    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Mating ability differences between flies of different alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) genotypes have been assessed in the temperature range 15 to 29°C for laboratory-adapted and field-derivedDrosophila melanogaster. Significant differences amongAdh genotypes were detected principally for the laboratory-adapted strains due to departures from random mating associated with heterozygote superiority at the relatively extreme temperature of 29°C, although mating ability differences could not be attributed directly to theAdh locus. The difference between the laboratory and the field populations can be explained by the effects of genetic back-ground manifested in the form of fitness differences, being enhanced for the laboratory-adapted flies as a consequence of the stress of laboratory culture. In contrast with larval survival and development time, laboratory and field flies do not differe appreciably in their overall abilities to obtain mates, which indicates that mating ability is a direct fitness character not greatly affected by laboratory culture. It follows that direct fitness traits are the least amenable to change under domestication.
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  • 26
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    Behavior genetics 17 (1987), S. 559-569 
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: sexual selection ; Drosophila
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    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Since Darwin's formulation of the theory of sexual selection a number of population biologists have developed models that explore the genetic consequences of his theory. In all these models it is assumed that two forces act to counterbalance the runaway process of sexual selection. That is, female preference for a certain male character tends to select for extreme forms of that character until natural selection exerts its forces to maintain the optimum male phenotype that is able to survive in its environment. In this paper, an alternative explanation for the origin of secondary sexual characters is proposed. It is suggested that polymorphism in secondary sexual characters may be maintained not as a direct result of selection for these characters but by being either linked to or as pleiotropic effects of some other feature of the mate recognition pattern. While there are no genetic data to support these observations inDrosophila at this time, there appears to be compelling evidence that mating success is not wholly dependent on the presence of these characters.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; vermilion ; tryptophan oxygenase ; suppression ; epigenetic suppression
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The suppressor gene,su(s)2, inDrosophila melanogaster restores the production of red and brown eye pigments for some purple and vermilion mutant alleles, respectively. We showed previously that the product of thesu(s)+ allele caused inhibition of the sepiapterin synthase A produced by the purple mutant but did not affect the wild-type enzyme. Suppression was accomplished by removingsu(s)+ from the genome. We now report that the tryptophan oxygenase, produced by suppressible vermilion alleles, is also inhibited by extracts fromsu(s)+ flies. The inhibition of the vermilion enzyme can be reduced or eliminated, respectively, by prior storage of the extract at 4 or −20°C or by boiling, whereas the wild-type enzyme is not affected by extracts ofsu(s)+ flies. Also, when the suppressible vermilion strain is raised on certain diets, brown eye pigment production occurs. This epigenetic suppression was reduced by the presence of an extra copy ofsu(s)+ in the genome. These data support a posttranslational mechanism for regulation of enzyme activity in which the activity of the mutant enzyme is reduced by the product of thesu(s)+ allele. How thesu(s)+ gene product can distinguish between the normal and the mutant forms of these two enzymes is discussed, along with other mechanisms for suppression that are currently under investigation.
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    Behavior genetics 17 (1987), S. 597-611 
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: sexual selection ; sexual isolation ; Drosophila
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    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The idea that sexual selection is responsible for most of the characters, morphological, physiological, and behavioral, that are observed as subserving the efficiency of the reproductive act as an important monitor of fitness is developed. As a corollary, sexual isolation is downgraded, being considered a relatively unimportant secondary process for which the term “mechanism” is singularly inappropriate. The reproductive isolation frequently observed between allopatric species appears to me to be mostly an incidental out come of the fine tuning of the intrapopulational efficiency of the process of sexual reproduction. Two points are stressed: first, sexual selection is a powerful means of serving fitness; and second, hybridization poses little threat to the integrity or future well-being of a species.
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  • 29
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    Molecular biology reports 12 (1987), S. 79-83 
    ISSN: 1573-4978
    Keywords: Drosophila ; 20-hydroxyecdysone ; puromycin ; protein synthesis ; cycloheximide ; imaginal wing disc
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of cycloheximide and puromycin on 20-hydroxyecdysone-induced protein synthesis in wing discs of Drosophila melanogaster has been studied by one-dimensional and two-dimensional SDS polyacrylamide electrophoresis. It is found that puromycin, but not cycloheximide, when applied simultaneously with the hormone enhanced the hormone-induced synthesis of the ‘early’ and ‘late’ proteins. However, when puromycin was applied after hormone treatment, only the ‘late’ proteins were induced. The possible implication of these observations is discussed.
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  • 30
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    Bioscience reports 7 (1987), S. 239-246 
    ISSN: 1573-4935
    Keywords: antisense RNA ; hsp 23 ; Drosophila
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The specificity of action of antisense RNA for one ofDrosophila low molecular weight heat shock proteins (hsp 23) was tested at the translational level using the rabbit reticulocyte lysate cell-free system. T7 polymerase-driven transcripts of hsp 23 in the antisense orientation were mixed with mRNA from heat-shocked cells under various stringency conditions prior to translationin vitro. Although the four small hsps show considerable sequence homology in their coding sequences, antisense hsp 23 RNA was shown to specifically inhibit hsp 23 mRNA translation under both high (formamide, 45°C and low stringency (37°C conditions. This suggests that the 5′ leader and the ribosome binding region of mRNA are of prime importance in the specificity of action of antisense RNA at the translational level.
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  • 31
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 210 (1987), S. 557-563 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Bithorax ; Transvection ; cis interaction
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have studied the influence of some mutations in the bithorax complex on the observed synapsis dependent phenotype of the genotypes Cbx 1Ubx1/+ and bx 34e/Ubx1. The effect of these mutations is similar to that introduced by disruption of pairing or by the z a mutation. Among the bx mutations, we find that bx 8 behaves differently from most other bx mutations in its influence on the synapsis dependent phenotype. This observation induced us to map the position of bx 8 with respect to other bx mutations; we find that it maps between bx 34e and bx 3. We show how some of the observations reported here can be fitted into a model of activation of the bithorax complex proposed by one of us.
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  • 32
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 208 (1987), S. 226-229 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Autosomes ; Mutagenesis ; Compound chromosomes ; Temperature-sensitive
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mutants of Drosophila melanogaster are being used increasingly for studying different biological mechanisms. However, most attempts to identify new mutations have been restricted to the X-chromosome. It has been very difficult to identify new loci on the autosomes, as recessive mutations have to be made homozygous by setting up independent cultures for each mutagenized chromosome. We introduce a mutagenesis scheme which does not require setting up independent cultures. It uses meiotic recombination in compound autosomes to make recessive mutations homozygous and allows the screening of tens of thousands of mutagenized chromosomes with relatively little effort. In a pilot experiment, we tested about 33,300 chromosomes for temperature-sensitive paralytic mutations. We obtained 62 independent paralytic mutations and a large number of other mutations. Eight out of 25 of the paralytic mutations are on the autosomes. This method makes autosomes, which constitute about 80% of the Drosophila genome, more accessible for mutational analysis of various biological mechanisms.
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  • 33
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 210 (1987), S. 407-412 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Embryogenesis ; Heat shock ; protein synthesis
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Very short heat shocks are administered to carefully staged early embryos of Drosophila melanogaster, and the effects on protein synthesis pattern investigated. A shock as short as 2 min will induce the heat shock response (reduction of normal protein synthesis, increased synthesis of the heat shock proteins) in syncytial blastoderm or later stages. Thus the initial events of the heat shock response must occur within 2 min, and not reverse upon rapid return to 22° C. A low level of synthesis of the 70 kDa heat shock protein is sometimes visible in unshocked animals, but may be induced by the labeling procedure. Survival following a short shock is not strictly correlated with a high level of heat shock response. Pre-blastoderm embryos do not produce significant heat shock protein, but survive a 2 min 43°C heat shock better than do heat shock response competent blastoderm embryos. The protein synthesis pattern prior to the blastoderm stage is very stable, possibly enhancing survival following a short shock. Shocks of 3 min or longer are more detrimental to pre-blastoderm embryos than to later stages, confirming the role of the heat shock response in survival following a longer shock. Stage-specific developmental defects (phenocopies) may be induced by heat shock at the blastoderm or later stages. Induction of these defects may require disruption of the normal protein synthesis pattern. Use of very short heat shocks to induce the heat shock response will be valuable in identifying the precise time at which a specific defect can be induced.
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  • 34
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 209 (1987), S. 290-298 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Gene structure ; Mutation ; 3′ processing
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The Cs gene lies between the functionally and evolutionarily related dopa decarboxylase (Ddc) and l(2) amd loci of Drosophila. The Cs and Ddc genes overlap at their 3′ ends, implying that the transcription termination signals of these genes are polar, since each gene's primary transcript contains the complement of the other gene's transcription termination signals. The mature transcripts of the Cs and Ddc genes are complementary for a short distance and the primary transcripts may be complementary over thousands of base pairs. Despite intensive mutagenesis in this region, no mutations affecting the Cs transcript have been recovered although over 90 alleles of the two flanking genes (Ddc and l(2) amd) have been identified. Unlike the flanking Ddc and l(2) amd genes, the structure of the Cs gene and the temporal and tissue specificity of Cs expression are inconsistent with any structural or functional relatedness to the Ddc gene family. The internal structure of the Cs transcript is unlike that of most protein coding genes; it contains several open reading frames which are not situated favorably for efficient translation of the Cs message. This unusual internal structure may be the basis of the observed mutational silence of the Cs locus.
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  • 35
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    Behavior genetics 17 (1987), S. 307-312 
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila ; D. melanogaster ; olfaction ; ethanol tolerance ; correlated response
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    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The experiments usedDrosophila melanogaster lines previously selected for increased knockdown resistance to ethanol. Selected lines utilized ethanol as a metabolic resource to a greater extent than unselected lines. Lines were characterized by their olfactory responses to ethanol, ethyl acetate, and acetaldehyde in a wind tunnel. Selected lines were less attracted to ethanol than unselected lines but did not differ consistently in their responses to other chemicals. This suggests that increased tolerance and utilization of ethanol are not necessarily accompanied by increased attraction to this chemical.
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  • 36
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    Behavior genetics 17 (1987), S. 409-425 
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: effect of isolation on mating ; rare-male mating advantage ; rare-female mating advantage ; artifact ; bias ; size of mating chamber ; Drosophila
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    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Virgin males (or females) of some species ofDrosophila, when stored singly, are known to be superior in mating to males (or females) stored in groups. This may create a spurious rare-male effect on some occasions. When no account is taken of this storage effect in an experimental setup designed to show rare-male mating advantage, bias in favor of a raremale effect may result. It is shown that merely by storing the rare males singly and the common males in groups, with males not differing in any other respect, a very strong spurious rare-male effect can be produced. Similarly, it is shown that a spurious rare-female effect is possible too. It is proposed that the very strong rare-male effect for pepperment scent as found by Dal Molin [(1979).Am. Nat. 113:951–954] is merely a result of such a bias. The relevance for natural populations of the mating advantage associated with the single housing condition is discussed. In the experiments designed to show a spurious rare-male effect, mating chambers of two different sizes were used. It is shown that sexual selection is more severe in the small chambers, for both males and females.
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 207 (1987), S. 374-384 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: master mind ; Molecular cloning ; Drosophila ; Neurogenesis
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The gene master mind (mam) is located in bands 50C23-D1 of the second chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. mam is one of the neurogenic genes, whose function is necessary for a normal segregation of neural and epidermal lineages during embryonic development. Loss of function of any of the neurogenic genes results in a mis-routeing into neurogenesis of cells that normally would have given rise to epidermis. We describe here the molecular cloning of 198 kb of genomic DNA containing the mam gene. Ten different mam mutations (point mutants and chromosomal aberrations) have been mapped within 45 kb of the genomic walk. One of the mutations, an insertion of a P-element, was originally recovered from a dysgenic cross. Four different wild-type revertants of this mutation were characterized at the molecular level and, although modifications of the insertions were found, in no case was the transposon completely excised. An unusually high number of the repetitive opa sequence, and of an additional previously unknown element, which we have called N repeat, are scattered throughout the 45 kb where the mam mutations map. The functional significance of these repeats is unknown.
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 209 (1987), S. 360-365 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Yolk protein ; protein processing ; secretion ; female-sterile mutant ; DNA sequencing
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The three yolk proteins (YP1, YP2 and YP3) of Drosophila melanogaster are synthesised in the fat body and ovarian follicle cells and selectively accumulated in the developing oocytes to provide a nutrient source for embryogenesis. We have described the phenotype of a temperaturesensitive female-sterile mutant, fs(1) K313, and characterised its yolk proteins. This mutation affects the secretion of YP2 and is the first mutation affecting YP2 to be described. Using genetic and molecular tests we argue that the female-sterile phenotype results, at least in part, from the abnormal secretion of YP2 perturbing the follicle cell secretory pathway in general and thus causing defects in chorion protein secretion. The gene coding for YP2 in fs (1) K313 has been cloned and sequenced. Two amino acid substitutions have been found which probably cause the abnormal secretion of YP2 and the resulting female-sterile phenotype.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: Chondrus crispus ; mitochondrial respiration ; Mehler reaction ; photorespiration ; photosynthesis ; temperature
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Pour identifier la nature des réactions responsables de la prise d'oxygène sous lumière chez une macroalgue rouge Chondrus crispus Stackhouse (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales), les effets de quelques inhibiteurs, de l'intensité de la lumière et de la température ont été étudiés en combinaison avec des concentrations de CO2 élevées ou limitantes. Dans ce dernier cas, INH (2, 5 mM) ne modifie pas la prise d'oxygène sous lumière et ne provoque pas l'excrétion ni l'accumulation de glycolate. KCN réduit la vitesse de consommation d'O2 de 76% à CO2 limitant, de 43% à CO2 saturant et supprime pratiquement (à 95%) la production d'oxygène. Avec DCMU (5 μM) qui bloque totalement la chaîne des transporteurs d'électrons, une prise d'oxygène résiduelle est observée de 3,0±0,6 μmol O2 h−1 g−1 P.F. quelle que soit la concentration de CO2. Ajoutés à l'analyse de l'effet de la température ces résultats suggèrent: 1) La respiration mitochondriale et la réaction de Mehler sont actives aux deux concentrations de CO2. 2) La RuBP oxygénase contribue pour 45%, au plus, et la réaction de Mehler pour 20%, au moins, à la prise d'oxygène sous lumière à CO2 limitant.
    Notes: Abstract The nature of the different processes of O2 uptake involved in the light in the red macroalga Chondrus crispus Stackhouse (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) was investigated. At limiting CO2, INH (2.5 mM) did not alter the O2 uptake rate. Glycolate was not excreted and did not accumulate within the cells. KCN reduced the rate of O2 uptake in the light by 76% at limiting CO2 and by 43% at saturating CO2, but caused 〉 95% inhibition of O2 evolution. DCMU (5 μM) totally blocked the photosynthetic electron transport chain, but allowed a residual O2 uptake of 3.0±0.6 μmol O2 .h−1.g−1 FW, irrespective of the CO2 concentration. In saturating CO2, a high light intensity pretreatment significantly stimulated the rate of O2 uptake compared to net O2 evolution, suggesting the persistence, in the light, of mitochondrial respiration. Irrespective of the CO2 concentration, the optimum temperature for O2 evolution was 17°C whereas dark O2 uptake increased linearly with temperature. In contrast, O2 uptake in the light showed an optimum at 17°C in limiting CO2, and 21–25° C in saturating CO2; its Q10 was 2.4 at limiting CO2, a value close to that of RuBP oxygenase, and 3.1 at saturating CO2, a value close to that of dark respiration. It is concluded that: 1) mitochondrial respiration and Mehler reaction are both involved at all CO2 concentrations, 2) RuBP oxygenase activity cannot account for more than 45%, and Mehler reaction for less than 20%, of the total O2 uptake observed in the light at limiting CO2.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: photosynthesis ; photosystem 2 ; proteins ; crosslinker ; diagonal-electrophoresis ; nearest neighbour
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    Notes: Abstract Nearest neighbour relationships within the LHC2-PS2 complex were investigated by using the reversible crosslinking agent dithiobis(succinimidyl propionate) (DSP). This was accomplished by treating PS2-enriched membranes, prepared from chloroplasts of Pisum sativum, with the crosslinker followed by diagonal electrophoresis of the solubilised polypeptides. Analysis of the off-diagonal spot patterns produced by crosslinker cleavage and second dimension electrophoresis was made on the basis of: staining with Coomassie blue or silver, labelling with [35S]-methionine, and sensitivity to 1 M NaCl washing. It was concluded that LHC2 polypeptides crosslinked with several components of the PS2 complex and that the extrinsic polypeptides associated with water oxidation, having approximate molecular weights of 16 and 23 kDa, crosslink to form homodimers. The latter finding suggests that there may be more than one copy of each of these polypeptides per PS2 complex.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: ELISA ; fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase ; photosynthesis ; quantitative determination
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    Notes: Abstract An immunological method for quantitative determination of photosynthetic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase in crude extracts of leaves is proposed. It is based on the ELISA technique, and offers two modifications. A non-competitive technique has a higher sensitivity and is the right option for samples of low fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase content. However, this method is not sufficiently specific when the total protein is higher than 5 μg/cm3; so, despite its lower sensitivity, in these circumstances a competitive technique is more suitable. Thus photosynthetic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase can be measured without interferences from the gluconeogenic cytosolic enzyme of the photosynthetic cell or from a non-specific phosphatase present in the chloroplast.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: photosynthesis ; photorespiration ; barley ; mutants ; phosphoglycollate ; phosphatase
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    Notes: Abstract A barley mutant RPr84/90 has been isolated by selecting for plants which grow poorly in natural air, but normally in air enriched to 0.8% CO2. After 5 minutes of photosynthesis in air containing14CO2 this mutant incorporated 26% of the14C carbon into phosphoglycollate, a compound not normally labelled in wild type (cv. Maris Mink) leaves. The activity of phosphoglycollate phosphatase (EC 3.1.1.18) was 1.2 nkat mg−1 protein at 30°C in RPr 84/90 compared to 19.2 nkat mg−1 protein in the wild-type leaves. Phosphoglycollate phosphatase activity was not detected after protein separation by electrophoresis of leaf extracts from the mutant on polyacrylamide gels; on linear 5% acrylamide gels three bands with enzyme activity were separated from extracts of wild type plants. Gradient gel electrophoresis followed by activity staining showed two bands in Maris Mink tracks of MW 86,000 and 96,000, but no bands in 84/90. This is the first report of isozymes of phosphoglycollate phosphatase in barley which were absent in the mutant extracts. Our results confirm an earlier report of isozymes of this phosphatase in Phaseolus vulgaris [18]. The photosynthetic rate of RPr 84/90 in 1% O2, 350 μl CO2 l−1 was 9–12 mg CO2 dm−2 h−1 at 20°C, whereas the wild-type rate was 27–29 mg CO2 dm−2 h−1 at 20°C. In 21% O2, 350 μl CO2 l−1 the rate was 2–3 mg CO2 dm−2 h−1 in the mutant and 20 mg CO2 dm−2 h−1 in the wild type. Genetic analysis has shown that the mutation segregates as a single recessive nuclear gene.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: genotype ; nitrogen ; photosynthesis ; respiration ; rice ; temperature
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    Notes: Abstract Four Indica and five Japonica varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.) were examined to elucidate their differences in photosynthetic activity and dark respiratory rate as influenced by leaf nitrogen levels and temperatures. The photosynthetic rates of single leaf showed correlations with total nitrogen and soluble protein contents in the leaves. Respiratory rate was also positively correlated with the leaf nitrogen content. When compared at the same level of leaf nitrogen or soluble protein content, the four Indica varieties and one of Japonica varieties, Tainung 67, which have some Indica genes derived from one of its parents, showed higher photosynthetic rates than the remaining four Japonica varieties. At the same photosynthetic rate, the Indica varieties showed lower respiratory rate than Japonica varieties. When the leaf temperature rose from 20°C to 30°C, the photosynthetic rate increased by 18 to 41%, whereas the respiratory rate increased by 100 to 150%. These increasing rates in response to temperature were higher in the Japonica than in the Indica varieties. In this respect, Tainung 67 showed the same behavior as of the other four Japonica varieties.
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  • 44
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    Photosynthesis research 12 (1987), S. 255-263 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: oxygen evolution ; photosynthesis ; nitrite ; fluorescence ; spinach chloroplasts
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The introduction of nitrite ions into the bathing medium of broken spinach chloroplasts causes changes in the properties of these organelles which depend on the concentration of nitrite and the time of exposure. In the presence of 1 mM nitrite, there is an inhibition of the rate of oxygen evolution and an increase in fluorescence emission which suggests a site for nitrite inhibition between the two photosystems. When 5 mM nitrite is present for times longer than 10 minutes, there is a decrease in the PS2 partial reaction rate as indicated by the oxygen burst, an increase in the PS1 partial reaction rate, a decrease in fluorescence emission and an increase in the fluorescence emitted at 729 nm compared with that at 693 nm observed at − 176°C. These changes are consistent with an increase in the proportion of absorbed light energy reaching PS1 caused by prolonged exposure to a sufficient concentration of nitrite ions in the light.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: photosynthesis ; purple bacteria ; primary electron transfer ; reaction center ; transient absorption techniques
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    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of absorbance changes related to the charge-separated state, PF, and to the formation and decay of the carotenoid triplet state (CarT) were studied in the LM reaction center subunit isolated from a wild-type strain of the purple bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides (strain Y). The PF lifetime is lengthened (20±1.5 ns) in the LM complex as compared to the intact reaction centers (11±1 ns). The yield of the carotenoid triplet formation is higher (0.28±0.01) in the LM complex than in native reaction centers. We interpret our results in terms of perturbations of a first-order reaction connecting the singlet and the triplet state of the radical-pair state. Our results, together with those of a recent work (Agalidis, I., Nuijs, A.M. and Reiss-Husson, F. (1987) Biochim. Biophys. Acta (in press)) are consistent with a high I to QA electron transfer rate in this LM subunit, which is metal-depleted. The LM complex is considerably more sensitive than the reaction centers to photooxidative damage in the presence of oxygen. This is not readily accounted for simply by the higher carotenoid triplet yield, and may suggest a greater accessibility of the internal structures in the absence of the H-subunit. The lifetime of the carotenoid triplet decay (6.4±0.3 μs) in the LM subunit is unchanged compared to the native reaction centers.
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  • 46
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    Photosynthesis research 13 (1987), S. 143-157 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: surface charge ; chloroplast membrane ; EDTA ; electron transport ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pretreatment of chloroplast with 0.75 mM of EDTA inhibits markedly electron flow at pH above 8.5. This inhibition can be reversed by adding donors to PS II or by addition of salts to the reaction medium. Restoration of electron flow in EDTA-treated chloroplasts by salts depends clearly on the valency of the cation used. The efficiency observed is: C3+〉C2+〉C+, which is indicative of screening of negative charges on the membrane. However, maximal restoration of electron flow depends also on the presence of a relatively low concentration of Cl- which is known to be required at the oxygen evolution site. Charge density in the region of Q was measured in control and EDTA-treated chloroplasts. The calculated charge densities were: -1.1 μC/cm2 and -2.0 μC/cm2 for control and EDTA-treated chloroplasts respectively. It is concluded that EDTA-treatment, by dissipating ° pH and by chelating Mg2+, causes an increase in the negative charge density on the thylakoid membrane which includes a site (or sites) closely related to water donation.
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  • 47
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    Photosynthesis research 14 (1987), S. 55-69 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: blue-green algae ; cyanobacteria ; cyclic electron flow ; photoreaction 1 ; photosynthesis ; P700 ; respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Evidence for a cyclic electron flow has been sought by study of the steady-state poise of P700 and rate of photoreaction 1 in three cyanobacteria. Under an actinic light 1 (440 or 680 nm) the rate of photoreaction 1 is limited by the rate of electron supply provided by photoreaction 2 and by all return electron flow from low potential donors such as ferredoxin and NAD(P)H. Plots of p, the steady-state fraction of P700 reduced, versus the reciprocal intensity, 1/I, yield linear segments of slope Ip. From considerations of a simple model the slopes and extrapolated intercepts of the linear segments provide estimates of the rate of return electron flow. Analysis shows that the total return electron flow cannot be large, by one estimate not more than three times the rate of dark respiration. This result leads to a conclusion that cyclic electron flow (and any dependent phosphorylation) is not a significant process in these cyanobacteria at ordinary light intensities.
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  • 48
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    Photosynthesis research 11 (1987), S. 245-251 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: Colocasia esculenta ; Xanthosoma sagittifolium ; edible aroids ; photosynthesis ; transpiration ; stomatal conductance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Taro and cocoyam were grown outdoors in either full sun or under 40% shade. Leaves were tagged as they emerged and the effect of leaf age on net CO2 assimilation rate (A) was determined. The effects of shading on A, transpiration (E), stomatal conductance for CO2 (gc) and H2O (gs), and water use efficiency (WUE) were also determined for leaves of a single age for each species. The effect of leaf age on A was similar for both species. Net CO2 assimilation rates increased as leaf age increased up to 28 days with the exception of a sharp decline in A for 21 day-old leaves which corresponded to unusually low temperatures during the period of leaf expansion. A generally decreased as leaves aged beyond 28 days. Cocoyam had higher A rates than taro. Leaves of shade-grown plants had higher rates of A and E for both species at photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD) up to 1600 μmol s−1 m−2. Shade-grown leaves of cocoyam had greater leaf dry weights per area (LW/A) and a trend toward higher gc and gs than sun-grown leaves. Shade leaves of taro had greater gc and g3 rates than sun-grown leaves. The data suggest that taro and cocoyam are highly adapted to moderate shade conditions.
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  • 49
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    Photosynthesis research 11 (1987), S. 253-264 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: Key words ; drought ; nitrogen content ; photosynthesis ; respiration ; stomata ; water relations
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L., cv. Bintje) were grown in a naturally lit glasshouse. Laboratory measurements on leaves at three insertion levels showed a decline with leaf age in photosynthetic capacity and in stomatal conductance at near saturating irradiance. Conductance declined somewhat more with age than photosynthesis, resulting in a smaller internal CO2 concentration in older relative to younger leaves. Leaves with different insertion number behaved similarly. The changes in photosynthesis rate and in nitrogen content with leaf age were closely correlated. When PAR exceeded circa 100 W m−2 the rate of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance changed proportionally as indicated by a constant internal CO2 concentration. The photosynthesis-irradiance data were fitted to an asymptotic exponential model. The parameters of the model are AMAX, the rate of photosynthesis at infinite irradiance, and EFF, the slope at low light levels. AMAX declined strongly with leaf age, as did EFF, but to a smaller extent. During drought stress photosynthetic capacity declined directly with decreasing water potential (range −0.6 to −1.1 MPa). Initially, stomatal conductance declined faster than photosynthetic capacity.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; compensation point ; critical light intensity ; Ecklonia cava ; Eisenia bicyclis ; photosynthesis ; production structure
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cartridge mutagenesis ; DNA sequencing ; photosynthesis
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Photosystem II protein CP-47 has been hypothesized to be involved in binding the reaction center chlorophyll. The psbB gene, encoding this protein, was cloned from the genome of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis 6803, and sequenced. The DNA sequence is 68% homologous with that of the psbB gene from spinach, whereas the predicted amino acid sequence is 76% homologous. The hydropathy patterns of Synechocystis and spinach CP-47 are almost indistinguishable, indicating the same general CP-47 folding pattern in the thylakoid membrane in the two species. There are five pairs of histidine residues in CP-47 that are spaced by 13 or 14 amino acids and that are located in hydrophobic regions of the protein; these histidine residues may be involved in chlorophyll binding. Interruption of the psbB gene by a DNA fragment carrying a gene conferring kanamycin resistance results in a loss of Photosystem II activity. This indicates that an intact CP-47 is required for a functional Photosystem II complex, but does not necessarily indicate that this protein would house the reaction center.
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  • 52
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    Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes 19 (1987), S. 605-624 
    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: Membrane lipids ; phase behavior ; photosynthesis ; chloroplast ; thylakoid membrane
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The phase behavior of the main classes of polar lipids found in the photosynthetic membranes of higher plants and algae is reviewed and compared to that of binary lipid mixtures and total lipid extracts of such membranes. Particular interest is paid to the way in which factors such as temperature and acyl chain saturation influence the phase behavior of these lipids and the implications this has in terms of the ability of photosynthetic membranes to resist environmental stress.
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  • 53
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    Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes 19 (1987), S. 691-703 
    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: Galactolipids ; photosynthesis ; chloroplast ; membranes ; structure ; function ; reconstitution ; fusion ; liposomes ; lipases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Photosynthetic membranes of higher plant chloroplasts are composed primarily of polar, but uncharged, galactolipids unlike most mammalian membranes which contain large amounts of phosphatidylcholine. It is unclear what role(s) the galactolipids play in maintaining the differentiated thylakoid membranes, or in stabilizing the photosynthetically active enzyme complexes. Some of the membrane complexes show no lipid selectivity for maintaining structural or functional integrity. Others are poisoned or dissociated in the presence of high concentrations of a trace lipid class. The efficiency of energy transfer and the reconstitution of protein complexes into liposomes are dependent on the lipid class employed. The lipids are asymmetrically arranged along and across the thylakoid membranes but not as distinctly as the proteins.
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  • 54
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    Photosynthesis research 11 (1987), S. 109-118 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: photosynthesis ; chloroplast ; chlorophyll fluorescence
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A transient in chlorophyll fluorescence, which is associated with a transient in 9-aminoacridine fluorescence and a perturbation in the rate of oxygen evolution, has been observed in intact spinach chloroplasts. The results indicate that changes in the redox state of Q are, at least partially, responsible for the transient in chlorophyll fluorescence. The size of the transient is highly dependent upon the concentration of inorganic phosphate and upon the pH of the medium. The properties of the transient are consistent with the suggestion that it reflects changes in the levels of stromal intermediates during induction.
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  • 55
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    Photosynthesis research 11 (1987), S. 97-108 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: RuBP carboxylase ; wheat leaves ; photosynthesis ; activation ; orthophosphate ; carbon dioxide
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In light and in darkness, exposure of leaf segments to CO2-free atmospheres caused a marked reduction in extractable RuBP carboxylase activity. By contrast, darkness caused a relatively small decrease in carboxylase activity in extracts from leaf segments kept in air containing CO2. Recovery of carboxylase activity in leaves during illumination in air after exposure to CO2-free conditions paralleled recovery of capacity for photosynthesis; in darkness recovery of carboxylase activity in leaves was slower than in the light. Extracts from leaves exposed to CO2-free conditions recovered activity when provided with CO2 and Mg2+; there were clearly, however, substances in the extracts that modified the activity achieved and caused anomalous decreases and increases with time after extraction. Studies of the effect of orthophosphate on the activity of purified wheat carboxylase in vitro were consistent with the view that many of the effects observed on the activity of crude leaf extracts were due to orthophosphate content.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: manganese ; photosynthesis ; photosystem II ; oxygen evolution ; hydrogen peroxide
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract When detergent-derived photosystem II (PSII) membranes are treated with CaCl2 to remove the three extrinsic proteins associated with the O2-evolving complex, the resulting membranes (CaPSII) can still catalyze water oxidation if sufficient Ca2+ and Cl- are present. When CaPSII membranes are exposed to single turnover flashes on an O2 rate electrode, anomalous O2 is produced by the first two flashes. The addition of catalase to the membrane suspension completely inhibits O2 produced by the first two flashes, but not by subsequent flashes. Exogenous H2O2 stimulates anomalous O2 production by the first few flashes in CaPSII membranes, but not in control PSII membranes. Diuron (DCMU) does not inhibit H2O2-stimulated O2 production by the first flash. However, it does inhibit the O2 yield of all subsequent flashes, indicating that all flash-induced O2 signals in CaPSII membranes are dependent on photosystem II electron transport. H2O2 stimulation of O2 yields is inhibited in Tris-, heat-, and EDTA-(ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid)-treated CaPSII. In the presence of high salt, H2O2 (but not EDTA) treatment of CaPSII, extracts Mn functional in normal photosynthetic O2 evolution. The addition of exogenous Mn2+ reconstitutes anomalous O2 production in Tris-and H2O2/EDTA-treated CaPSII preparations but only in the presence of H2O2. Anomalous H2O2-stimulated O2 production can be observed both with a Clark electrode (steady state) and an O2 rate electrode (flash sequence). The mechanism involves electron donation from H2O2, mediated by free Mn2+, to PSII, and the 33-kDa extrinsic protein under some conditions can block this process. Since H2O2 can remove functional Mn from CaPSII membranes, its presence can convert functional Mn to the Mn2+ mediator state required for anomalous O2 production. EDTA binds Mn in CaPSII disrupted by H2O2 and prevents anomalous O2 evolution.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: photosynthesis ; photosystem II ; electron transport ; lipids ; reaction center
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    Notes: Abstract Extraction of PS II particles with 50 mM cholate and 1 M NaCl releases several proteins (33-, 23-, 17- and 13 kDa) and lipids from the thylakoid membrane which are essential for O2 evolution, dichlorophenolindophenol (DCIP) reduction and for stable charge separation between P680+ and QA -. This work correlates the results on the loss of steady-state rates for O2 evolution and PS II mediated DCIP photo-reduction with flash absorption changes directly monitoring the reaction center charge separation at 830 nm due to P680+, the chlorophyll a donor. Reconstitution of the extracted lipids to the depleted membrane restores the ability to photo-oxidize P680 reversibly and to reduce DCIP, while stimulating O2 evolution minimally. Addition of the extracted proteins of masses 33-, 23- and 17- kDa produces no further stimulation of DCIP reduction in the presence of an exogenous donor like DPC, but does enhance this rate in the absence of exogenous donors while also stimulating O2 evolution. The proteins alone in the absence of lipids have little influence on charge separation in the reaction center. Thus lipids are essential for stable charge separation within the reaction center, involving formation of P680+ and QA -.
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  • 58
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    Photosynthesis research 14 (1987), S. 89-94 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: chloroplasts ; O2 evolution ; photosynthesis ; photosystem II ; sulfite ; SO2 effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In this report we demonstrate sulfite interaction with oxygen and PSII electron acceptors (ferricyanide and para-benzoquinone) during measurement of oxygen evolution in chloroplasts. Redox potentials of oxygen, ferricyanide and para-benzoquinone allow them to compete for sulfite. Without taking this into account, sulfite inhibition of oxygen evolution can be overestimated, since sulfite consumes oxygen and reduces ferricyanide or para-benzoquinone during the measurement. In order to correctly measure the rate of oxygen evolution in chloroplasts, it is necessary to avoid presence of sulfite during the measurement. After overcoming the artifact, mentioned above, we confirm the sulfite inhibition of oxygen evolution in chloroplasts but at a lesser extent than earlier reported. This, however, is a pretreatment effect.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: carbon metabolism ; chloroplasts ; phosphate ; photosynthesis
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Intact chloroplasts isolated from spinach were illuminated in the absence of inorganic phosphate (Pi) or with optimum concentrations of Pi added to the reaction medium. In the absence of Pi photosynthesis declined after the first 1–2 min and was less than 10% of the maximum rate after 5 min. Export from the chloroplast was inhibited, with up to 60% of the 14C fixed being retained in the chloroplast, compared to less than 20% in the presence of Pi. Despite the decreased export, chloroplasts depleted of Pi had lower levels of triose phosphate while the percentage of total phosphate in 3-phosphoglycerate was increased. Chloroplast ATP declined during Pi depletion and reached dark levels after 3–4 min in the light without added Pi. At this point, stromal Pi concentration was 0.2 mM, which would be limiting to ATP synthesis. Addition of Pi resulted in a rapid burst of oxygen evolution which was not initially accompanied by net CO2 fixation. There was a large decrease in 3-phosphoglycerate and hexose plus pentose monophosphates in the chloroplast stroma and a lesser decrease in fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. Stromal levels of triose phosphate, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate and ATP increased after resupply of Pi. There was an increased export of 14-labelled compounds into the medium, mostly as triose phosphate. Light activation of both fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase was decreased in the absence of Pi but increased following Pi addition. It is concluded that limitation of Pi supply to isolated chloroplasts reduced stromal Pi to the point where it limits ATP synthesis. The resulting decrease in ATP inhibits reduction of 3-phosphoglycerate to triose phosphate via mass action effects on 3-phosphoglycerate kinase. The lack of Pi in the medium also inhibits export of triose phosphate from the chloroplast via the phosphate transporter. Other sites of inhibition of photosynthesis during Pi limitation may be located in the regeneratige phase of the reductive pentose phosphate pathway.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum ; tomato ; genotypes ; diallel cross ; combining ability ; low light intensity ; low temperature ; photosynthesis ; dark respiration ; stomatal resistance ; specific leaf fresh weight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Inheritance of net photosynthesis, dark respiration, specific leaf fresh weight, and stomatal resistance was studied in a diallel cross without reciprocals with 15 tomato genotypes. The plants were grown under low light intensity (24 Wm-2), short days (8 h) and low temperature (19 °C/10 °C day/night temperature). Significant f-values for GCA were observed for all characters. Smaller, but for most characters also significant f-values for SCA were found. This indicated that the characters were mainly controlled by additive gene action. The relationships between the physiological characters and breeding aspects are discussed.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: monochromatic light ; oxygen concentration ; photoinhibition ; photorespiration ; photosynthesis ; photosystems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Intact Lemna gibba plants were photoinhibited under anaerobic conditions on illumination with monochromatic light which selectively excited the photosystems. Photoinhibition was less when PS 1 was excited and greatest when mainly PS 2 was excited, which suggests that PS 2 was most damaged by photoinhibition induced in complete absence of O2 and CO2. The illumination of plants with monochromatic light exciting PS 1, at different O2 concentrations (in CO2 deficient conditions), showed that PS 1 photoinhibition was increased at the low O2 concentrations. The damage to PS 1 was more evident at 2% O2 than at the higher O2 concentrations. CO2 as well as O2 at atmospheric concentration, (air), was necessary for complete protection of the plant from photoinhibition when both photosystems were excited either separately or together.
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  • 62
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    Photosynthesis research 12 (1987), S. 73-81 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: Chlamydomonas ; photosynthesis ; biosynthesis of glutamate ; Fd-glutamate synthase
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Photosynthetically active vesicles prepared from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii retained a light-dependent glutamate synthase activity which was highly specific for 2-oxoglutarate (Km=2.1 mM) and L-glutamine (Km=0.9 mM) as amido group acceptor and donor respectively. This activity was inhibited by azaserine, p-hydroxymercuribenzoate and 3-(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea. Light-dependent synthesis of glutamate was also obtained by coupling Chlamydomonas photosynthetic particles to purified ferredoxin-glutamate synthase, using ascorbate and 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol as electron donor. This system was also specific for 2-oxoglutarate (Km=1 mM) and L-glutamine (Km=0.8 mM) as substrates, and was stimulated by dithioerythritol. Azaserine and p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, but not 3-(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea, inhibited the reconstituted activity; high concentrations of 2-oxoglutarate were inhibitory.
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  • 63
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    Photosynthesis research 12 (1987), S. 129-143 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: mathematical model ; oscillations ; photosynthesis ; regulation of metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The metabolic pathways in photosynthesis are modelled as an interconnected series of chemical reactions representing the electron transfer system, the carbon reduction cycle and starch and sucrose synthesis according to the model of Laisk and Walker [Proc R Soc Lond 227, 281–302 (1986)]. The model is formulated as a set of non-linear differential equations using mass-action kinetics, and stimulated for transient behaviour using an interactive simulation language. The model responses to switched light demonstrate the existence of oscillatory behaviour, similar to that found experimentally in O2 evolution and chlorophyll fluorescence, and explain known transient behaviour. The model is also used to investigate the source of oscillatory behaviour in the phosphate translocator, and other transient phenomena associated with the cyclic electron transfer system.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: photosynthesis ; carbon dioxide ; water stress ; stomatal conductance ; mesophyll conductance ; Gossypium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plant responds to a doubling of atmospheric CO2 with almost doubled yield. Gas exchange of leaves was monitored to discover the photosynthetic basis of this large response. Plants were grown in the field in open-top chambers with ambient (nominally 350 μl/l) or enriched (nominally either 500 or 650 μl/l) concentrations of atmospheric CO2. During most of the season, in fully-irrigated plants the relationship between assimilation (A) and intercellular CO2 concentration (ci) was almost linear over an extremely wide range of ci. CO2 enrichment did not alter this relationship or diminish photosynthetic capacity (despite accumulation of starch to very high levels) until very late in the season, when temperature was somewhat lower than at midseason. Stomatal conductance at midseason was very high and insensitive to CO2, leading to estimates of ci above 85% of atmospheric CO2 concentration in both ambient and enriched chambers. Water stress caused A to show a saturation response with respect to ci, and it increased stomatal closure in response to CO2 enrichment. In fully-irrigated plants CO2 enrichment to 650 μl/l increased A more than 70%, but in water-stressed plants enrichment increased A only about 52%. The non-saturating response of A to ci, the failure of CO2 enrichment to decrease photosynthetic capacity for most of the season, and the ability of the leaves to maintain very high ci, form in part the basis for the very large response to CO2 enrichment.
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  • 65
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    Photosynthesis research 11 (1987), S. 173-182 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: chlorophyll luminescence ; luminometer ; phosphoroscope ; photosynthesis ; delayed fluorescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A newly developed compact instrument is described for the measurement of chlorophyll luminescence induction in plants. The instrument operates with a pulsed light emitting diode (LED) as light source and a photodiode as luminescence detector. A special emitter-detector geometry provides for high irradiance of the sample and efficient collection of luminescence by the detector. With insertion of appropriate filters the same probe is also suited for measuring prompt chlorophyll fluorescence. The instrument shows considerable flexibility with respect to pulse frequency, relative lengths of light/dark intervals and luminescence sampling periods. Due to a selective amplifier system only that part of luminescence is processed which is induced by the individual excitation pulses. By this approach, the problem of “slow phase accumulation”, encountered with conventional phosphoroscopes, is eliminated. Some examples are given for system operation, demonstrating satisfactory performance in measurements with intact leaves and isolated chloroplasts.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: thylakoid ; chloroplast ; ferredoxin-NADP+ oxidoreductase ; plastocyanin ; photosynthesis ; electron transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A method is described for the isolation and purification of ferredoxin-NADP+ oxidoreductase (FNR, E.C. 1.18.1.2) and plastocyanin from spinach thylakoids. FNR is recovered from pools which are loosely and tightly bound to the membrane, with minimal disruption of pigment-protein complexes; yields can thus be higher than from procedures which extract only the loosely bound enzyme. Washed thylakoid membranes were incubated with the dipolar ionic detergent CHAPS (3-(3-cholamidopropyl-dimethylammonio)-1-propane-sulfonate). This provided an extract containing FNR and PC as its principal protein components, which could be rapidly separated from one another by chromatography on an anion-exchange column. FNR was purified to homogeneity (as judged from sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis and the ratio between protein and flavin absorption maxima), using chromatography on phosphocellulose followed by batchwise adsorption to, and elution from hydroxylapatite. Plastocyanin was further purified on a Sephadex G-75 molecular sieve column. A typical yield, obtained in 3–4 days from 1 kg of deveined spinach leaves, was 7 mg of pure FNR (a single protein of Mr=37,000) and 3.5 mg of plastocyanin.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: Genetic elements ; estimate ; senescence ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Although many different physiological and biochemical changes characterize the process of senescence, little is understood of the genetic elements that determine its age of onset. We provide here the first estimates of the number of genetic factors that extend longevity inDrosophila melanogaster. Life span was measured in F1, F2 and backcrosses of true-breeding long and short-lived stocks ofD. melanogaster, established by selection. Estimates of the number of effective factors delaying senescence range from about 0.3 to 1.5, indicating control by a single factor. The distribution of longevity shows this to arise as selection acts on the short-lived parental stock. Life span is extended at the cost of early fecundity.
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