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  • AERODYNAMICS  (1,175)
  • FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER  (1,078)
  • 1985-1989  (2,253)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1988  (1,044)
  • 1987  (1,209)
Collection
Years
  • 1985-1989  (2,253)
  • 1950-1954
Year
  • 1
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The direct interaction approximation is used to treat turbulence in a compressible medium with constant mean gradients. The set of coupled nonlinear integrodifferential equations is derived that is satisfied by the transverse and longitudinal energy spectral functions, Q(T) and Q(L) and by the transverse and longitudinal response functions, G(T) and G(L). Finally, expressions for the average of the product of pairs of physically relevant fluctuating quantities (velocity, temperature, density) are derived in terms of Q(T) and Q(L).
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids (ISSN 0031-9171); 31; 1034-105
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The conditions under which finite difference schemes for the shallow water equations can conserve both total energy and potential enstrophy are considered. A method of deriving such schemes using operator formalism is developed. Several such schemes are derived for the A-, B- and C-grids. The derived schemes include second-order schemes and pseudo-fourth-order schemes. The simplest B-grid pseudo-fourth-order schemes are presented.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 116; 650-662
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Renormalization-group theory is applied to incompressible three-dimensional Navier-Stokes turbulence so as to eliminate unresolvable small scales. The renormalized Navier-Stokes equation now includes a triple nonlinearity with the eddy viscosity exhibiting a mild cusp behavior, in qualitative agreement with the test-field model results of Kraichnan. For the cusp behavior to arise, not only is the triple nonlinearity necessary but the effects of pressure must be incorporated in the triple term. The renormalized eddy viscosity will not exhibit a cusp behavior if it is assumed that a spectral gap exists between the large and small scales.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physical Review A - General Physics, 3rd Series (ISSN 0556-2791); 37; 2590-259
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The physical mechanism governing the centring of a hollow liquid shell in capillary oscillations, which has been observed in experiments, is investigated theoretically. First, the shell is assumed to be inviscid and to have a thickness that is much less than its spherical radius. A system of one-dimensional nonlinear equations of motion is derived using a thin-sheet model. From a numerical study the nonlinear effects of the wave are found to cause the core to oscillate slowly relative to the shell while the centre of mass of the whole system remains stationary. The effects of small viscosity are then considered in an approximation. Finally the strength of the centring mechanism is compared with that of the decentring effect due to buoyancy. The findings are consistent with the limited experimental information available.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics (ISSN 0022-1120); 188; 411-435
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Developing fluid flow in a curved duct of square cross-section is studied numerically by a factored ADI finite-difference method on a staggered grid. A central-difference scheme with primitive variables is used inside the computational domain to reduce numerical diffusion. Two Reynolds numbers, 574 and 790, based upon a bulk velocity and hydraulic diameter are chosen for curvature ratios of 1/6.45 and 1/2.3, respectively. It is found that the secondary flow is far more complicated than expected, with the appearance of at least two pairs of vortices. Main-flow separation is also observed for the higher curvature ratio. Furthermore, it is observed that the flow develops into two quite different states downstream, depending upon the inlet conditions. Solutions of the fully developed Navier-Stokes equations is shown to be not unique beyond a certain critical Reynolds number. Developing flow seems to evolve into the fully developed state along a particular branch into which the fully developed solution bifurcates.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics (ISSN 0022-1120); 188; 337-361
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  • 6
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A development history and current status evaluation are presented for the theory of permeability and percolation. The microscale phenomena treated in this field have proven difficult to analyze due both to their tortuous geometry and the influence of capilarity. Capilary effects may be not only important but predominant, and are differentiated into those at the fluid-fluid interface, and those involving the existence of a contact line between the solid substrate and this interface. Percolation theory has been borrowed from physics and adapted to the two-phase engineering context.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 25; 69-75
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  • 8
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 25; 6-17
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer (ISSN 0887-8722); 2; 82-84
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The morphological stability of a rotating and solidifying disk is investigated under the assumption that delta, the thickness of the viscous boundary layer, is much larger than delta(c), the thickness of the solute boundary layer. It is found that axisymmetric disturbances with wavelengths comparable to delta respond to nonparallel flow effects and have stability characteristics quite different from disturbances in a parallel flow. These long waves are unstable because of the nonparallel flow and would decay without it. This analysis thus identifies a new mechanism of morphological change induced by flow.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Crystal Growth (ISSN 0022-0248); 87; 4, Ma; 385-396
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: In this paper, the receptivity of a typical free shear layer to pulse-type and periodic excitation is studied. This is done by solving the initial-value problem completely and studing its long-time behavior. This leads to a wave packet for the pulse. By the superposition of many wave packets, a spatial instability mode when the flow is convectively unstable is generated. This establishes a general and simple relationship between the receptivities for pulse-type and sinusoidal excitations. It is found that a shear layer is very receptive to high-frequency disturbances that are generated near the centerline of the layer.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics (ISSN 0022-1120); 187; 155-177
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The turbulent boundary layer on a flat plate, with zero pressure gradient, is simulated numerically at four stations between R sub theta = 225 and R sub theta = 1410. The three-dimensional time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations are solved using a spectral method with up to about 10 to the 7th grid points. Periodic spanwise and streamwise conditions are applied, and a multiple-scale procedure is applied to approximate the slow streamwise growth of the boundary layer. The flow is studied, primarily, from a statistical point of view. The solutions are compared with experimental results. The scaling of the mean and turbulent quantities with Reynolds number is compared with accepted laws, and the significant deviations are documented. The turbulence at the highest Reynolds number is studied in detail. The spectra are compared with various theoretical models. Reynolds-stress budget data are provided for turbulence-model testing.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics (ISSN 0022-1120); 187; 61-98
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A method is proposed for treating steady-state, thermally driven convection using the full direct interaction approximation to treat the nonlinear energy transfer and a prescribed instability function to model the eenrgy input. The instability function used is the growth rate of the mechanism generating the turbulence. This methodology can be easily generalized and applied to other driving mechanisms. The 1/3 power law form of the N vs. R relation for water is duplicated here and the coefficient is computed, using a two-point closure, to be less than about 0.08.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids (ISSN 0031-9171); 31; 256-262
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The relationship between the spectra of the three normal stresses near a turbulent shear layer is derived from the constraint of irrotationality. The relationship implies that the common practice of determining time scales of the turbulence from spectra in the near field is not valid. This implication is reinforced by a discussion of the scaling of irrotational spectra that follows from the formulation of Phillips (1975).
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids (ISSN 0031-9171); 31; 1807
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The structure of the vorticity field in the viscous wall layer of a turbulent channel is studied by examining the results of a fully resolved direct numerical simulation. It is shown that this region is dominated by intense three-dimensional shear layers in which the dominant vorticity component is spanwise. The advection and reproduction processes of these structures are examined and shown to be consistent with the classical generation mechanism for two-dimensional Tollmien-Schlichting waves. This process is fundamentally different from the usually accepted mechanism involving hairpin vortices.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids (ISSN 0031-9171); 31; 1311-131
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An algebraic stress turbulence model and a computational procedure for turbulent boundary layer flows which is based on the semidiscrete Galerkin FEM are discussed. In the algebraic stress turbulence model, the eddy viscosity expression is obtained from the Reynolds stress turbulence model, and the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate equation is improved by including a production range time scale. Good agreement with experimental data is found for the examples of a fully developed channel flow, a fully developed pipe flow, a flat plate boundary layer flow, a plane jet exhausting into a moving stream, a circular jet exhausting into a moving stream, and a wall jet flow.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering (ISSN 0045-7825); 66; 45-63
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 26; 52-56
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Free-streamline theory is used to analyze the deformation and dislodging by wind pressure of drops of liquid adhered by surface tension to a solid surface. The critical Weber number for droplets to be dislodged is determined as a function of advancing and receding contact angle. Graphical results for drop shape are in good agreement with observation.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids (ISSN 0031-9171); 31; 43-48
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 26; 1450-145
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: It has previously been shown that the no-slip boundary conditions leads to a singularity at a moving contact line and that this presumes some form of slip. Present considerations on the energetics of slip due to shear stress lead to a yield stress boundary condition. A model for the distortion of the liquid state near solid boundaries gives a physical basis for this boundary condition. The yield stress condition is illustrated by an analysis of a slender drop rolling down an incline. That analysis provides a formula for the frictional drag resisting the drop movement. With the present boundary condition, the length of the slip region becomes a property of the fluid flow.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics (ISSN 0022-1120); 197; 157-169
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A computational procedure is presented to simulate transonic unsteady flows and corresponding aeroelasticity of wings at low-supersonic freestreams. The flow is modeled by using the transonic small-perturbation theory. The structural equations of motions are modeled using modal equations of motion directly coupled with aerodynamics. Supersonic freestreams are simulated by properly accounting for the boundary conditions based on pressure waves along the flow characteristics in streamwise planes. The flow equations are solved using the time-accurate, alternating-direction implicit finite-difference scheme. The coupled aeroelastic equations of motion are solved by an integration procedure based on the time-accurate, linear-acceleration method. The flow modeling is verified by comparing calculations with experiments for both steady and unsteady flows at supersonic freestreams. The unsteady computations are made for oscillating wings. Comparisons of computed results with experiments show good agreement. Aeroelastic responses are computed for a rectangular wing at Mach numbers ranging from subtransonic to upper-transonic (supersonic) freestreams. The extension of the transonic dip into the upper transonic regime is illustrated.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 25; 955-961
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 25; 897-903
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 25; 875-881
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 26; 1025
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Propulsion and Power (ISSN 0748-4658); 4; 481-489
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The effect of a simulated glaze-ice accretion on the aerodynamic performance of a NACA 0012 airfoil was studied experimentally. Two ice shapes were tested: one from an experimentally measured accretion, and one from an accretion predicted using a computer model given the same icing conditions. Lift, drag, and pitching moment were measured for the airfoil with both smooth and rough ice shapes. The ice shapes caused large lift and drag penalties, primarily due to large separation bubbles. Surface pressure distributions clearly showed the regions of separated flow. The aerodynamic performance of the two shapes compared well at positive, but not negative, angles of attack.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 25; 849-854
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 25; 820-826
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The numerical scheme used by the present time-accurate FEM numerical method for incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, using primitive variables as the unknowns, is a Crank-Nicholson implicit treatment of all equation terms with central differencing for space derivatives. The introduction of a continuous auxilliary system in pseudo-time, with artificial compressibility, yields the incompressible solution at the advanced time level; time-accurate solutions are thereby obtained for two-dimensional fluid flows in a square cavity, in the cases of both an impulsively starting lid and an oscillating lid.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Computational Physics (ISSN 0021-9991); 79; 113-134
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The paper describes an investigation of the velocity fluctuations in the free stream above an incompressible turbulent boundary layer developing at constant pressure. Measurements were performed in a wind tunnel with an rms level of axial velocity fluctuations of about 0.2 percent. The possibility of assessing the contributions to the rms level of the velocity fluctuations without using the high-pass filtering technique is demonstrated.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids (ISSN 0031-9171); 31; 2834-284
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Combinations of filters and subgrid scale stress models for large eddy simulation of the Navier-Stokes equations are examined by a priori tests and numerical simulations. The structure of the subgrid scales is found to depend strongly on the type of filter used, and consistency between model and filter is essential to ensure accurate results. The implementation of consistent combinations of filter and model gives more accurate turbulence statistics than those obtained in previous investigations in which the models were chosen independently from the filter. Results and limitations of the a priori test are discussed. The effect of grid refinement is also examined.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids (ISSN 0031-9171); 31; 1884-189
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Recent experiments have shown that, in rough-wall turbulent boundary layers, drag varies systematically with the spanwise aspect ratio lambda(z) (span/height) of roughness elements. In this paper, the effect of lambda(z) on turbulence structure has been examined. Based on lambda(z), the roughness in a transversely grooved surface with lambda(z) much greater than 1 is the opposite extreme of model plant canopies with lambda(z) much less than 1, studied in wind tunnels, whereas sandgrain is an intermediate type. Second-, third-, and fourth-order turbulence moments have been measured in turbulent boundary layers over transversely grooved and smooth surfaces and compared with available turbulence structure measurements over other types of surfaces. The near-wall turbulence structure is found to vary with lambda(z). The instantaneous motions involved in the flux of shear stress near the wall in smooth and transversely grooved surfaces are opposite in sign to those in three-dimensional roughness. The former is explained in terms of hairpin vortices alone, while the latter group is modeled to have an additional vortex (the so-called necklace vortex which straddles a three-dimensional roughness element near its base).
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids (ISSN 0031-9171); 31; 1877-188
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  • 32
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The stability of inviscid swirling gas flows to small nonaxisymmetric perturbations is considered. For small Brunt-Vaisala frequencies, the problem reduces to the classical Sturm-Liouville form and the oscillation theorem can be applied. The resulting necessary and sufficient stability condition is compared to various criteria in the literature and a limited numerical study of isothermal rigidly rotating Poiseuille flow. For given azimuthal and axial wavenumbers, it is found numerically that the higher inertial modes become unstable for successively lower Rossby numbers and that this sequence of critical values approaches the theoretical value from above.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids (ISSN 0031-9171); 31; 1872-187
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The extension of the concept of vortex singularities, developed by Saffman and Meiron (1986) for the case of two-dimensional point vortices in an incompressible vortical flow, to the three-dimensional case of vortex sticks (vortons) is investigated analytically. The derivation of the governing equations is explained, and it is demonstrated that the formulation obtained conserves total vorticity and is a weak solution of the vorticity equation, making it an appropriate means for representing three-dimensional vortical flows with limited numbers of vortex singularities.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids (ISSN 0031-9171); 31; 1838
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Unarmed plastic projectiles can be equipped with small axisymmetric cavities for the generation of intense tones that are useful in training maneuvers. Attention is presently given to the simulation of rainfall in an airstream and the effect of rain droplet impingement on the nose of projectiles, and especially to any penetration or accumulation of water at the base of the cavity that might increase the fundamental cavity frequency and/or reduce the intensity of sound production during rain conditions.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 25; 281-283
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 25; 349-354
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 25; 355-363
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 25; 302-310
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The drag of airfoils in transonic flow can be reduced through the use of a passive venting system that employs a porous plate for part of the airfoil upper surface with a vent chamber underneath the porous plate Attention is given to the results obtained with a wind tunnel model employing such a porous floor system. This passive venting system has been used to extend the length/height value before the onset of high drag-producing closed cavity flow at supersonic speeds.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 26; 374-376
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The wakes of highly loaded compressor blades are generally considered to be turbulent flows. Recent work has suggested that the blade wakes are dominated by a vortex streetlike structure. The experimental evidence supporting the wake vortex structure is reviewed. This structure is shown to redistribute thermal energy within the flowfield. The effect of the wake structure on conventional aerodynamic measurements of compressor performance is noted. A two-dimensional, time-accurate, viscous numerical simulation of the flow exhibits both vortex shedding in the wake and a lower-frequency flow instability that modulates the shedding. The numerical results are shown to agree quite well with the measurement from transonic compressor rotors.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Propulsion and Power (ISSN 0748-4658); 4; 236-244
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Recent work on the equilibrium shapes of a rotating spheroid and drop shape oscillations is reviewed. The related theoretical aspects of the equilibrium shapes of a rotating drop, the stability, shape oscillations, gravitational forces, and drop fission are examined. Experimental findings on figures of a rotating drop in an immiscible system, drop oscillations in an immiscible system, oscillations of a rotating drop, compound drop oscillations, and drop dynamics in space are addressed.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (ISSN 0022-4650); 25; 99-101
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The effects of mean-flow incidence, airfoil camber, and airfoil thickness on the incompressible aerodynamics of an oscillating airfoil are investigated theoretically, developing and applying a first-order FEM based on locally analytical solutions (LASs). Laplace equations are used to describe the steady and unsteady harmonic velocity potentials; a body-fitted computational grid is employed; grid-element solutions for both potentials are determined using a numerical LAS method; and the LASs are then assembled to obtain a complete solution. Results for a series of flat-plate and Joukowski airfoils are presented in extensive graphs and discussed in detail.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids (ISSN 0271-2091); 8; 913-931
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  • 43
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A formulation is presented by which any iteration process for obtaining the entropy increase in the flow of a one-dimensional steady nozzle is eliminated, and the simple solution of a quadratic equation is obtained. The proper parameters are then explicitly seen in the equation, and their effects on the solution are easily determined. Since only one root of the equation is physically admissible, entropy production, and therefore the shock wave, are uniquely determined by this set of parameters.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 26; 625-628
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 26; 824-831
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 26; 649-654
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (ISSN 0022-4650); 25; 24-30
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The properties of the Karhunen-Loeve expansion of a strongly inhomogeneous random process are examined with emphasis on applications to turbulent flow fields. The ability of the KL expansion to represent functions that have both slow and rapid variations in a relatively small number of expansion terms is tested on a one-dimensional model based on the forced Burgers' equation. The rate of the convergence of the expansion is evaluated, and its dependence on the Reynolds number is determined. It is shown that the KL eigenfunctions possess wall boundary layers attached to outer structures that are independent of the Reynolds number (at high Reynolds numbers). It is also shown that the spectrum of eigenvalues is broad at large Reynolds numbers, requiring many terms to represent higher-order derivatives of the function.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids (ISSN 0031-9171); 31; 2573-258
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The flow in a two-dimensional curved channel driven by an azimuthal pressure gradient can become linearly unstable due to axisymmetric perturbations and/or nonaxisymmetric perturbations depending on the curvature of the channel and the Reynolds number. For a particular small value of curvature, the critical neighborhood of this curvature value and critical Reynolds number, nonlinear interactions occur between these perturbations. The Stuart-Watson approach is used to derive two coupled Landau equations for the amplitudes of these perturbations. The stability of the various possible states of these perturbations is shown through bifurcation diagrams. Emphasis is given to those cases which have relevance to external flows.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics (ISSN 0022-1120); 193; 569-595
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Propulsion and Power (ISSN 0748-4658); 4; 406-411
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (ISSN 0022-4650); 25; 217-224
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: To study thermocapillary flows in a two-dimensional thin liquid layer with heat fluxes imposed on the free surface experimentally, a long tray configuration was employed to simulate the infinite layer. The surface temperature distribution due to thermocapillary convection for different flow regimes was measured and compared with theorectical predictions. A short tray configuration was also employed to study the end wall effects (insulating or conducting). The results show that, for a strong convection flow with an insulating wall as the boundary, the surface temperature distribution became quite uniform. Consequently, the thermocapillary driving force was greatly reduced. On the other hand, a strong fluid motion always existed adjacent to the conducting wall because of the large surface temperature gradient near the wall.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Metallurgical Transactions A - Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science (ISSN 0360-2133); 19A; 1895-189
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The 'transfinite element method' (TFEM) proposed by Tamma and Railkar (1987 and 1988) for the analysis of linear and nonlinear heat-transfer problems is described and demonstrated. The TFEM combines classical Galerkin and transform approaches with state-of-the-art FEMs to obtain a flexible hybrid modeling scheme. The fundamental principles of the TFEM and the derivation of the governing equations are reviewed, and numerical results for sample problems are presented in extensive graphs and briefly characterized. Problems analyzed include a square plate with a hole, a rectangular plate with natural and essential boundary conditions and varying thermal conductivity, the Space Shuttle thermal protection system, a bimaterial plate subjected to step temperature variations, and solidification in a semiinfinite liquid slab.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering (ISSN 0029-5981); 25; 475-494
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: ASME, Transactions, Journal of Heat Transfer (ISSN 0022-1481); 110; 449-455
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 25; 675
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 25; 673
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A complete mathematical model is formulated to analyze the effects of mean-flow incidence angle on the unsteady aerodynamics of an oscillating airfoil in an incompressible flow field. A velocity potential formulation is utilized. The steady flow is independent of the unsteady flow field but coupled to it through the boundary conditions on the oscillating airfoil. The numerical solution technique for both the steady and unsteady flow fields is based on a locally analytical method. The flow model and solution method are then verified through the excellent correlation obtained with the Theodorsen oscillating-flat-plate and Sears transverse-gust classical solutions. The effects of mean flow incidence on the steady and oscillating airfoil aerodynamics are then investigated.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering (ISSN 0029-5981); 26; 2227-223
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 25; 598-605
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The budgets for the Reynolds stresses and for the dissipation rate of the turbulence kinetic energy are computed using direct simulation data of a turbulent channel flow. The budget data reveal that all the terms in the budget become important close to the wall. For inhomogeneous pressure boundary conditions, the pressure-strain term is split into a return term, a rapid term, and a Stokes term. The Stokes term is important close to the wall. The rapid and return terms play different roles depending on the component of the term. A split of the velocity pressure-gradient term into a redistributive term and a diffusion term is proposed, which should be simpler to model. The budget data is used to test existing closure models for the pressure-strain term, the dissipation rate, and the transport rate. In general, further work is needed to improve the models.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics (ISSN 0022-1120); 194; 15-44
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 26; 553-560
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Computational results are presented for the transitional or turbulent flow about a prolate spheroid, at alpha = 10 deg or 30 deg, correspondingly, using an implicit, approximately factored, partially flux-split algorithm, based on the thin-layer equations. The computed flow field is in good agreement with available experimental data.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Zeitschrift fuer Flugwissenschaften und Weltraumforschung (ISSN 0342-068X); 12; 173-180
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Thin-element riblets for aircraft aerodynamic surface turbulent viscous drag reduction are presently found to be as effective as symmetric V-grooves in this role, while possessing a greater range of admissible spacings. The thin-element geometry shows the qualitatively predictable influence of independent riblet height and spacing variations. The evidence for more than one drag-reduction mechanism in thin-element riblets is found to be inconclusive.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 26; 496-498
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 26; 392
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A cylindrical region filled with absorbing-emitting material is cooled by radiation to surroundings at a much lower temperature. A solution is found showing that, for each set of parameters, the transient radial temperature distribution reaches a fixed shape, although the temperatures are decreasing with time. This 'fully developed' transient region is characterized by having a constant emittance based on instantaneous values of the cylinder heat loss and mean temperature. This emittance depends only on the optical radius of the cylinder and the scattering albedo. The emittance is lower than that for a cylinder at uniform temperature. This arises from the larger local cooling and, hence, reduced temperatures of the outer layers of the cylinder. An examination of this transient emittance provides the ranges of parameters within which the simplification can be made that the cylinder has uniform radial temperature distribution throughout the cooling process.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer (ISSN 0887-8722); 2; 110-117
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  • 64
    facet.materialart.
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This paper briefly reviews some national studies and new programs concerning hypersonic flight. The flight environment that will be encountered by this new class of hypersonic vehicles is described, and the fluid-dynamic and chemical phenomena that occur in hypersonic flight are examined. Ground-based facilities are briefly described, and their use in helping to validate the codes is examined.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Communications in Applied Numerical Methods (ISSN 0748-8025); 4; 319-325
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  • 65
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The nonlinear evolution of periodic disturbances on vortex trails is considered. In addition to following small initial perturbations, large amplitude initial disturbances of the vortex trails are also studied. It is shown that the equations support a rich variety of essentially nonlinear solutions including unbounded and quasisteady ones. These solutions are found to correspond to various modes of vortex clustering in the physical plane. At the close of the paper, comparisons of these results with recent numerical and experimental findings on the wakes behind stationary cylinders, and also transversely oscillating bluff objects, are made.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids (ISSN 0031-9171); 31; 991-998
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  • 66
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Different models for inviscid transonic flows are examined. The common assumptions that the flow is isentropic and irrotational are critically evaluated. Entropy and vorticity correction procedures for potential and stream function formulations are presented, together with the details of the treatment of shocks and wakes, and drag and lift calculations. The non-uniqueness problem of the potential formulation is studied using different artificial viscosity forms. Numerical results are compared with Euler solutions.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids (ISSN 0271-2091); 8; 31-53
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  • 67
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An infinitely thin shear layer emanating from a semi-infinite flat plate subjected to acoustic excitation is considered. The flow field outside the excited shear layer is computed employing a source distribution approach. Results are given for the region of the velocity field that cannot easily be obtained by analytical approximations.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Communications in Applied Numerical Methods (ISSN 0748-8025); 4; 85-89
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Low-speed wind tunnel drag force measurements were taken on a laminar flow body of revolution free of support interference. This body was tested at zero incidence in the NASA Langley 13 inch Magnetic Suspension and Balance System (MSBS). The primary objective of these tests was to substantiate the drag force measuring capabilities of the 13 inch MSBS. A secondary objective was to obtain support interference free drag measurements on an axisymmetric body of interest. Both objectives were met. The drag force calibrations and wind-on repeatability data provide a means of assessing the drag force measuring capabilities of the 13 inch MSBS. The measured drag coefficients for this body are of interest to researchers actively involved in designing minimum drag fuselage shapes. Additional investigations included: the effects of fixing transition; the effects of fins installed in the tail; surface flow visualizations using both liquid crystals and oil flow; and base pressure measurements using a one-channel telemetry system. Two drag prediction codes were used to assess their usefulness in estimating overall body drag. These theoretical results did not compare well with the measured values because of the following: incorrect or non-existent modeling of a laminar separation bubble on the body and incorrect of non-existent estimates of base pressure drag.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: It is observed that the center of pressure on a wing shifts as the Mach number is changed. Such shifts are in general undesirable and are sometimes compensated for by actively shifting the center of gravity of the aircraft or by using active stability controls. To avoid this complication, it is desirable to design the wings of a high speed aircraft so as to minimize the extent of the center-of-pressure shifts. This, together with a desire to minimize the center-of-pressure shifts in missile control surfaces, provides the motivation for this project. There are many design parameters which affect center-of-pressure shifts, but it is expected that the largest effects are due to the wing planform. Thus, for the sake of simplicity, this study is confined to an investigation of thin, flat, (i.e., no camber or twist), relatively slender, pointed wings flying at a small angle of attack. Once the dependence of the center of pressure on planform and Mach number is understood, we can expect to investigate the sensitivity of the center-of-pressure shifts to various other parameters.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Hampton Inst., NASA/American Society for Engineering Educ; Hampton Inst., NASA(
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Many problems in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) involve the calculation of flow fields within or around complex geometric configurations. The flow solution is computed on a computational grid. The construction of the grid is one of the major difficulties in the application of CFD to the analysis of flow about actual aircraft configurations. Due to geometric complexity, the grid has to be constructed in simple subregions and then all of these subgrids have to be pieced together to form a complete grid for the entire flow field. The entire grid, which is called a composite grid because it is formed from many parts, may have common regions. In either case, the computation of the flow field, using any numerical algorithm, will require the transfer of information between individual subgrids. The transfer of information is more difficult with overlapping grids. Algorithms have been developed and tested for automating the transfer of information between two overlapping grids.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Hampton Inst., NASA/American Society for Engineering Educ; Hampton Inst., NASA(
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  • 71
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: An effort directed at developing improved transitional models was initiated. The focus of this work was concentrated on the critical assessment of a popular existing transitional model developed by McDonald and Fish in 1972. The objective of this effort was to identify the shortcomings of the McDonald-Fish model and to use the insights gained to suggest modifications or alterations of the basic model. In order to evaluate the transitional model, a compressible boundary layer code was required. Accordingly, a two-dimensional compressible boundary layer code was developed. The program was based on a three-point fully implicit finite difference algorithm where the equations were solved in an uncoupled manner with second order extrapolation used to evaluate the non-linear coefficients. Iteration was offered as an option if the extrapolation error could not be tolerated. The differencing scheme was arranged to be second order in both spatial directions on an arbitrarily stretched mesh. A variety of boundary condition options were implemented including specification of an external pressure gradient, specification of a wall temperature distribution, and specification of an external temperature distribution. Overall the results of the initial phase of this work indicate that the McDonald-Fish model does a poor job at predicting the details of the turbulent flow structure during the transition region.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Hampton Inst., NASA/American Society for Engineering Educ; Hampton Inst., NASA(
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Within the last two decades, there has been increasing emphasis on developing more sophisticated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods to handle a wide range of problems of interest to the aerospace community. The comprehensive picture of the status of CFD development and capability as well as an assessment of requirements and future directions are given. An independent review and assessment was also carried out by the author as part of the current assignment and the results are outlined herein.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Hampton Inst., NASA/American Society for Engineering Educ; Hampton Inst., NASA(
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Detailed measurements were made of energy transfer among the scales of motion in incompressible turbulent fields at low Reynolds numbers generated by direct numerical simulation. It was observed that although the transfer resulted from triad interactions that were non-local in k space, the energy always transferred locally. The results are consistent with the notion of non-uniform advection of small weak eddies by larger and stronger ones, similar to transfer processes in the far dissipation range at high Reynolds numbers.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Stanford Univ., Studying Turbulence Using Numerical Simulation Databases, 2. Proceedings of the 1988 Summer Program; p 169-177
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Employing numerical simulations of 3-D homogeneous shear flow, the associated multifractal spectra of the energy dissipation, scalar dissipation and vorticity fields were calculated. The results for (128) cubed simulations of this flow, and those obtained in recent experiments that analyzed 1- and 2-D intersections of atmospheric and laboratory flows, are in some agreement. A two-scale Cantor set model of the energy cascade process which describes the experimental results from 1-D intersections quite well, describes the 3-D results only marginally.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Studying Turbulence Using Numerical Simulation Databases, 2. Proceedings of the 1988 Summer Program; p 157-167
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A detailed study of the intercomponent energy transfer processes by the pressure-strain-rate in homogeneous turbulent shear flow is presented. Probability density functions (pdf's) and contour plots of the rapid and slow pressure-strain-rate show that the energy transfer processes are extremely peaky, with high-magnitude events dominating low-magnitude fluctuations, as reflected by very high flatness factors of the pressure-strain-rate. A concept of the energy transfer class was applied to investigate details of the direction as well as magnitude of the energy transfer processes. In incompressible flow, six disjoint energy transfer classes exist. Examination of contours in instantaneous fields, pdf's and weighted pdf's of the pressure-strain-rate indicates that in the low magnitude regions all six classes play an important role, but in the high magnitude regions four classes of transfer processes, dominate. The contribution to the average slow pressure-strain-rate from the high magnitude fluctuations is only 50 percent or less. The relative significance of high and low magnitude transfer events is discussed.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Studying Turbulence Using Numerical Simulation Databases, 2. Proceedings of the 1988 Summer Program; p 143-156
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: New definitions of entrainment and mixing based on the passive scalar field in the plane mixing layer are proposed. The definitions distinguish clearly between three fluid states: (1) unmixed fluid, (2) fluid engulfed in the mixing layer, trapped between two scalar contours, and (3) mixed fluid. The difference betwen (2) and (3) is the amount of fluid which has been engulfed during the pairing process, but has not yet mixed. Trends are identified from direct numerical simulations and extensions to high Reynolds number mixing layers are made in terms of the Broadwell-Breidenthal mixing model. In the limit of high Peclet number (Pe = ReSc) it is speculated that engulfed fluid rises in steps associated with pairings, introducing unmixed fluid into the large scale structures, where it is eventually mixed at the Kolmogorov scale. From this viewpoint, pairing is a prerequisite for mixing in the turbulent plane mixing layer.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Studying Turbulence Using Numerical Simulation Databases, 2. Proceedings of the 1988 Summer Program; p 69-76
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Several direct numerical simulations were performed and analyzed to study various aspects of the early development of mixing layers. Included are the phase jitter of the large-scale eddies, which was studied using a 2-D spatially-evolving mixing layer simulation; the response of a time developing mixing layer to various spanwise disturbances; and the sound radiation from a 2-D compressible time developing mixing layer.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Studying Turbulence Using Numerical Simulation Databases, 2. Proceedings of the 1988 Summer Program; p 29-39
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: In the last few years, more and more evidence has emerged suggesting that transition to turbulence may be viewed as a succession of bifurcations to deterministic chaos. Most experimental and numerical observations have been restricted to Rayleigh-Benard convection and Taylor-Couette flow between concentric cylinders. An attempt is made to accurately describe the bifurcation sequence leading to chaos in a 2-D temporal free shear layer on the beta-plane. The beta-plane is a locally Cartesian reduction of the equations describing the dynamicss of a shallow layer of fluid on a rotating spherical planet. It is a valid model for large scale flows of interest in meteorology and oceanography.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Studying Turbulence Using Numerical Simulation Databases, 2. Proceedings of the 1988 Summer Program; p 41-47
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Full turbulence simulations at low Reynolds numbers were made for the single-step, irreversible, bimolecular reaction between non-premixed reactants in isochoric, decaying homogeneous turbulence. Various initial conditions for the scalar field were used in the simulations to control the initial scalar dissipation length scale, and simulations were also made for temperature-dependent reaction rates and for non-stoichiometric and unequal diffusivity conditions. Joint probability density functions (pdf's), conditional pdf's, and various statistical quantities appearing in the moment equations were computed. Preliminary analysis of the results indicates that compressive strain-rate correlates better than other dynamical quantities with local reaction rate, and the locations of peak reaction rates seem to be insensitive to the scalar field initial conditions.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Studying Turbulence Using Numerical Simulation Databases, 2. Proceedings of the 1988 Summer Program; p 243-255
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Recent studies of turbulent shear flows have shown that many of their important kinematical and dynamical properties can be more clearly understood by describing the flows in terms of individual events or streamline patterns. These events or flow regions are studied because they are associated with relatively large contributions to certain average properties of the flow, for example kinetic energy, Reynolds stress, or to particular processes in the flow, such as mixing and chemical reactions, which may be concentrated at locations where streamlines converge for fast chemical reactions (referred to as convergence or C regions), or in recirculating eddying regions for slow chemical reactions. The aim of this project was to use the numerical simulations to develop suitable criteria for defining these eddying or vortical zones. The C and streaming (S) zones were defined in order to define the whole flow field. It is concluded that homogeneous and sheared turbulent flow fields are made up of characteristic flow zones: eddy, C, and S zones. A set of objective criteria were found which describe regions in which the streamlines circulate, converge or diverge, and form high streams of high velocity flow.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Studying Turbulence Using Numerical Simulation Databases, 2. Proceedings of the 1988 Summer Program; p 193-208
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The subharmonic resonance phenomenon in a spatially evolving mixing layer is studied using direct simulations of the 2-D Navier-Stokes equations. The computational domain extends to + or - infinity in the cross-stream direction with U(1) = 1.25 and U(2) = 0.25 imposed at + infinity and - infinity respectively. The domain is finite in the streamwise direction with inflow and outflow boundary conditions imposed at x/delta sub omega = 0 and 100, respectively. A hyperbolic-tangent mean velocity profile is assumed at the inlet and the Reynolds number based on the inlet vorticity thickness and velocity difference is Re = 600. It is observed that the phase angle between the fundamental and its subharmonic plays a key role in the spatial development of these modes. Contour plots of vorticity show that varying the phase will have a dramatic effect on the dynamics of the vortices. Pairing or shredding is observed depending on the phase. Fourier decomposition of the time traces show that the fundamental grows, saturates and decays with the downstream distance. The subharmonic has a similar behavior. However, the level at which the modes will saturate is affected by the phase. At 0 deg phase, it was found that as the fundamental saturates, the growth rate of the subharmonic is enhanced. At 90 deg phase, it was found that as the fundamental saturates, the growth rate of the subharmonic is inhibited. In the later case, the growth rate of the subharmonic recovers after saturation of the fundamental. These results are in qualitative agreement with experimental data.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Stanford Univ., Studying Turbulence Using Numerical Simulation Databases, 2. Proceedings of the 1988 Summer Program; p 57-68
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The numerical simulation of incompressible spatially-developing shear flows poses a special challenge to computational fluid dynamicists. The Navier-Stokes equations are elliptic and boundary equations need to be specified at the inflow and outflow boundaries in order to compute the fluid properties within the region of interest. It is, however, difficult to choose inflow and outflow conditions corresponding to a given experimental situation. Furthermore the effects that changes in the boundary conditions or in the size of the computational domain may induce on the global dynamics of the flow are presently unknown. These issues are examined in light of recent developments in hydrodynamic stability theory. The particular flow considered is the spatial mixing layer but it was expected that similar phenomena were bound to occur in other cases such as channel flow, the boundary layer, etc. A short summary of local/global and absolute/convective instability concepts is given. The results of numerical simulations are presented which strongly suggest that global resonances may be triggered in domains of finite streamwise extent although the evolution of the perturbation vorticity field is everywhere locally convective. A relationship between finite domains and pressure sources which might help in devising a scheme to eliminate these difficulties is discussed.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Stanford Univ., Studying Turbulence Using Numerical Simulation Databases, 2. Proceedings of the 1988 Summer Program; p 19-27
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A spatially-developing plane mixing layer was analyzed for chaotic behavior. A direct numerical simulation of the Navier-Stokes equations in a 2-D domain infinite in y and having inflow-outflow boundary conditions in x was used for data. Spectra, correlation dimension and the largest Lyapunov exponent were computed as functions of downstream distance x. When forced at a single (fundamental) frequency with maximum amplitude, the flow is periodic at the inflow but becomes aperiodic with increasing x. The aperiodic behavior is caused by the presence of a noisy subharmonic caused by the feedback between the necessarily nonphysical inflow and outflow boundary conditions. In order to overshadow this noise the flow was also studied with the same fundamental forcing and added random forcing of amplitude upsilon prime sub R/delta U = 0.01 at the inlet. Results were qualitatively the same in both cases: for small x, spectral peaks were sharp and dimension was nearly 1, but as x increased a narrowband spectral peak grew, spectra decayed exponentially at high frequencies and dimension increased to greater than 3. Based on these results, the flow appears to exhibit deterministic chaos. However, at no location was the largest Lyapunov exponent found to be significantly greater than zero.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Stanford Univ., Studying Turbulence Using Numerical Simulation Databases, 2. Proceedings of the 1988 Summer Program; p 3-18
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  • 84
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Experiments on wall-bounded shear flows (channel flows and boundary layers) have indicated that the turbulence in the region close to the wall exhibits a characteristic intermittently formed pattern of coherent structures. For a quantitative study of coherent structures it is necessary to make use of conditional sampling. One particularly successful sampling technique is the Variable Integration Time Averaging technique (VITA) first explored by Blackwelder and Kaplan (1976). In this, an event is assumed to occur when the short time variance exceeds a certain threshold multiple of the mean square signal. The analysis presented removes some assumptions in the earlier models in that the effects of pressure and viscosity are taken into account in an approximation based on the assumption that the near-wall structures are highly elongated in the streamwise direction. The appropriateness of this is suggested by the observations but is also self consistent with the results of the model which show that the streamwise dimension of the structure grows with time, so that the approximation should improve with the age of the structure.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Stanford Univ., Studying Turbulence Using Numerical Simulation Databases, 2. Proceedings of the 1988 Summer Program; p 209-220
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Effects of organized turbulent structures on the propagation of an optical beam in a homogeneous shear flow were studied. A passive-scalar field in a computed turbulent shear flow is used to represent index-of-refraction fluctuations, and phase errors induced in a coherent optical beam by turbulent fluctuations are computed. The organized vortical structures produce a scalar distribution with elongated regions of intense fluctuations which have an inclination with respect to the mean flow similar to that of the characteristic hairpin eddies. It is found that r.m.s. phase error is minimized by propagating approximately normal to the inclined vortical structures. Two-point correlations of vorticity and scalar fluctuation suggest that the regions of intense scalar fluctuation are produced primarily by the hairpin eddies.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Studying Turbulence Using Numerical Simulation Databases, 2. Proceedings of the 1988 Summer Program; p 311-320
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: An analysis is presented of how a plane boundary affects the structure of turbulence in a sheared free stream. A uniform-shear boundary layer (USBL) is formulated with slip velocity condition at the surface, and inhomogeneous rapid distortion theory is applied. The effects of blocking by the surface on the turbulence structure in USBL is compared with those in the shear-free boundary layer (SFBL). Shear produces highly anisotropic eddies elongated in the flow direction. The vertical velocity variance is reduced with shear at all heights, roughly in proportion to the reduction in the homogeneous value, but the shape of the profile remains unchanged only near the surface. The streamwise integral scales increase with shear, indicating elongation of the streamwise extent of eddies.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Studying Turbulence Using Numerical Simulation Databases, 2. Proceedings of the 1988 Summer Program; p 221-241
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: In wall-bounded shear flows the transition to turbulence through localized disturbances goes through a pattern starting with a development of shear layers. The localized normal velocity fluctuations induce normal vorticity through the lift-up effect. These shear layers become unstable to secondary disturbances, and if the amplitudes of the disturbances are large enough, a turbulent spot develops. Investigations of the spot in boundary layers has shown that the turbulent part of the spot is very similar to a fully developed boundary layer. Wygnanski et al. (1976) showed that the mean profile at the center-symmetry plane has a logarithmic region and Johansson et al. (1987) showed that both the higher-order statistics and flow structures in the spot were the same as in the corresponding fully developed flow. In what respects the turbulence inside the Poiseuille spot is similar to fully developed turbulent channel flow is studied. The numerically simulated spot is used, where the characteristics inside the spot are compared to those of the wave packet in the wingtip area. A recent experimental investigation of the velocity field associated with the Poiseuille spot by Klingmann et al. is used for comparison.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Stanford Univ., Studying Turbulence Using Numerical Simulation Databases, 2. Proceedings of the 1988 Summer Program; p 179-192
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Space-time evolution of near wall flow structures is described by conditional sampling methods, in which conditional averages are formed at various stages of development of shear layer structures. The development of spanwise asymmetry of the structures was found to be important in the creation of the structures and for the process of turbulence production.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Stanford Univ., Studying Turbulence Using Numerical Simulation Databases, 2. Proceedings of the 1988 Summer Program; p 131-141
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: It is well known that turbulent mixing layers are dominated by large scale, fairly coherent structures, and that these structures are related to the stability characteristics of the flow. These facts have led researchers to attempt controlling such flows by selectively forcing certain unstable modes, which can in addition have the effect of suppressing other modes. Much of the work on controlling the mixing layer has relied on forcing 2-D instabilities. The results of forcing 3-D instabilities are addressed. The objectives of the work are twofold: to understand how a mixing layer responds to 3-D perturbations, and to test the validity of an amplitude expansion in predicting the mixing layer development. The amplitude expansion could be very useful in understanding and predicting the 3-D response of the flow to a variety of initial conditions.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Stanford Univ., Studying Turbulence Using Numerical Simulation Databases, 2. Proceedings of the 1988 Summer Program; p 91-116
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Data obtained from the numerical simulation of a 2-D mixing layer were used to study the feasibility of using the instantaneous concentration of a passive scalar for detecting the typical coherent structures in the flow. The study showed that this technique works quite satisfactorily and yields results similar to those that can be obtained by using the instantaneous vorticity for structure detection. Using the coherent events educed by the scalar conditioning technique, the contribution of the coherent events to the total turbulent momentum and scalar transport was estimated. It is found that the contribution from the typical coherent events is of the same order as that of the time-mean value. However, the individual contributions become very large during the pairing of these structures. The increase is particularly spectacular in the case of the Reynolds shear stress.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Studying Turbulence Using Numerical Simulation Databases, 2. Proceedings of the 1988 Summer Program; p 77-89
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: An incompressible, time developing 3-D mixing layer with idealized initial conditions was simulated numerically. Consistent with the suggestions from experimental measurements, the braid region between the dominant spanwise vortices or rolls develops longitudinal vortices or ribs, which are aligned upstream and downstream of a roll and produce spanwise distortion of the rolls. The process by which this distortion occurs is explained by studying a variety of quantities of dynamic importance (e.g., production of enstrophy, vortex stretching). Other quantities of interest (dissipation, helicity density) are also computed and discussed. The currently available simulation only allows the study of the early evolution (before pairing) of the mixing layer. New simulations in progress will relieve this restriction.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Studying Turbulence Using Numerical Simulation Databases, 2. Proceedings of the 1988 Summer Program; p 49-55
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Two dimensional problems are solved using numerical techniques. Navier-Stokes equations are studied both in the vorticity-stream function formulation which appears to be the optimal choice for two dimensional problems, using a storage approach, and in the velocity pressure formulation which minimizes the number of unknowns in three dimensional problems. Analysis shows that compact centered conservative second order schemes for the vorticity equation are the most robust for high Reynolds number flows. Serious difficulties remain in the choice of turbulent models, to keep reasonable CPU efficiency.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: VKI, Unsteady Aerodynamics, Volume 2; 120 p
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Supersonic external compression inlets are introduced, and the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes and tests needed to study flow associated with these inlets are outlined. Normal shock wave turbulent boundary layer interaction is discussed. Boundary layer control is considered. Glancing sidewall shock interaction is treated. The CFD validation of hypersonic inlet configurations is explained. Scramjet inlet modules are shown.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: VKI, Intake Aerodynamics, Volume 2; 62 p
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The fluid dynamics of curved diffuser duct flows of military aircraft is discussed. Three-dimensional parabolized Navier-Stokes analysis, and experiment techniques are reviewed. Flow measurements and pressure distributions are shown. Velocity vectors, and the effects of vortex generators are considered.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: VKI, Intake Aerodynamics, Volume 2; 59 p
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Fundamental equations encountered in computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and analyses used for internal flow are introduced. Irrotational flow; Euler equations; boundary layers; parabolized Navier-Stokes equations; and time averaged Navier-Stokes equations are treated. Assumptions made and solution methods are outlined, with examples. The overall status of CFD in propulsion is indicated.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: VKI, Intake Aerodynamics, Volume 2; 43 p
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: To unravel the liquid-jet breakup process in the nondilute region, a newly developed system of real-time X-ray radiography, an advanced digital image processor, and a high-speed video camera were used. Based upon recorded X-ray images, the inner structure of a liquid jet during breakup was observed. The jet divergence angle, jet breakup length, and fraction distributions along the axial and transverse directions of the liquid jets were determined in the near-injector region. Both wall- and free-jet tests were conducted to study the effect of wall friction on the jet breakup process.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA, Marshall Space Flight Center, Mixing and Demixing Processes in Multiphase Flows with Application to Propulsion Systems; p 125-133
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A review of the application of single particle hydrodynamics in models for the exchange of interphase momentum in continuum models of multiphase flow is presented. Considered are the equations of motion for a laminar, mechanical two phase flow. Inherent to this theory is a model for the interphase exchange of momentum due to drag between the dispersed particulate and continuous fluid phases. In addition, applications of two phase flow theory to de-mixing flows require the modeling of interphase momentum exchange due to lift forces. The applications of single particle analysis in deriving models for drag and lift are examined.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Mixing and Demixing Processes in Multiphase Flows With Application to Propulsion Systems; p 3-13
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Experimental evidence for the existence of shear induced migration processes is reviewed and the mechanism by Leighton and Acrivos (1987b) is described in detail. The proposed mechanism is shown to lead to the existence of an additional shear induced migration in the presence of gradients in shear stress such as would be found in Poiseuille flow, and which may be used to predict the amplitude of the observed short-term viscosity increase. The concentration and velocity profiles which result from such a migration are discussed in detail and are compared to the experimental observations of Karnis, Goldsmith and Mason (1966).
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA, Marshall Space Flight Center, Mixing and Demixing Processes in Multiphase Flows with Application to Propulsion Systems; p 109-124
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  • 99
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    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: In order to achieve prescribed experimental conditions in wind tunnels, the nitrogen-oxygen mixture is enriched by injection of liquid oxygen (LOX) upstream of methane burners. The objective of the study is to determine the LOX drop evaporation rate, which is dominated by heat transfer from the air stream (mass transfer mechanism can be later coupled with the solution from the present work). Since the concentration of drops in the surrounding gas is quite high, the concept of infinite medium cannot be utilized. Drop evaporation, as part of system's mass balance, is an important source-term in the finite-difference 2/3-dimensional network terms of laboratory-system (Eulerian) coordinates, while individual drop behavior, including its thermal history, is analyzed in Lagrangian coordinates.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Hampton Inst., NASA/American Society for Engineering Educ; Hampton Inst., NASA(
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  • 100
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The accuracy to which a turbulent boundary layer or wake can be predicted numerically depends on the validity of the turbulence closure model used. The modeling of turbulence physics is one of the most difficult problems in computational fluid dynamics (CFD). In fact, it is one of the pacing factors in the development of CFD. In general, there are three main approaches to the description of trubulence physics. First is turbulence modeling in which the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations are used and some closure approximation is made for the Reynolds stresses. A second approach to turbulence is large eddy simulation (LES) in which the computational mesh is taken to be fine enough that the large scale structure of the turbulence can be calculated directly. An empirical assumption must be made for the small scale sub-grid turbulence. The third approach is direct simulation. In this technique the Navier-Strokes equations are solved directly on a mesh which if fine enough to resolve the smallest length scale of the turbulence. The Reynolds averaged equations are not used and no closure assumption is required. These last two approaches require extensive computer resources and as such are not engineering tools. The purpose of the work was to investigate the various engineering turbulence models for accuracy and ease of programming. This involved comparison of the models with each other and with experimental data.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Hampton Inst., NASA/American Society for Engineering Educ; Hampton Inst., NASA(
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