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  • AERODYNAMICS  (552)
  • 550 - Earth sciences
  • Animals
  • Ertrag
  • Niederschlag
  • 2010-2014
  • 1985-1989  (923)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1945-1949
  • 1925-1929
  • 1986  (923)
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  • 2010-2014
  • 1985-1989  (923)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1945-1949
  • 1925-1929
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  • 1
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    In:  Gerlands Beiträge zur Geophysik
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: The analysis of crustal stresses is a prerequisite for a detailed investigation of intraplate tectonic processes. This study restricts to the interpretation of the directions of maximum horizontal stresses, both from earthquake fault plane solutions (direction of pressure axes) and sigma-1 axes of in situ stress-measurements. In the W part of Central Europe the well-known NNW-SSE-directed compressive stresses are dominant. But other directions characterize the region joining eastward in the forefield of the East European platform. Numerical model calculations were carried out to interpret the collected stress features. Therefore, the plane stress state of the investigated region was simulated by an elastic plate under prescribed boundary loading. The governing equilibrium equations have been solved by a finite element procedure.-Authors
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 2
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    In:  7th International Training Course on Seismology, Tectonics and Seismic Hazard Assessment. Lectures and exercises I
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 3
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    In:  Fortschritte der Mineralogie : Beiheft ; Bd. 64, 1
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 4
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    In:  Journal of Materials Sciences Letters
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 5
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    In:  Water, Air and Soil Pollution
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: In recent years more and more data has become available about focal depth of intra-crustal earthquakes as well as structure and distribution of physical and geologic-petrological parameters as a function of depth. This allows us to study the causes for increased earthquake occurrence at certain depth intervals. Besides structural and material inhomogeneities this is mainly controlled by depth and temperature-dependent variations of rheological properties of crustal materials. Intra-crustal earthquakes occur in an intraplate environment almost exclusively in the depth-range 2km 〈 h 〈 20km with a clear maximum of activity between some 5 to 15km. The petrophysical as well as possible geologic-petrological reasons are discussed. The brittle fracture behaviour of crustal material is strongly controlled by the v"SUB p"/v"SUB s"-ratio. In crustal regions with v"SUB p"/v"SUB s" = or 〉 1.8 there is obviously no seismic activity. -from Authors
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 8
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    In:  Beiträge zur Untersuchung von Einschlüssen in Mineralen | Freiberger Forschungshefte : C ; 402 : Geowissenschaften, Lagerstättenlehre
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 9
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    In:  7th International Training Course on Seismology, Tectonics and Seismic Hazard Assessment. Lectures and exercises II
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 10
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    In:  Exkursionsführer
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 11
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    In:  Zeitschrift für geologische Wissenschaften
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 13
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    In:  International Symposium on Fuzzy Mathematics in Earthquake Research (Beijing 1985)
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 16
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    In:  Exkursionsführer zur Tagung vom 12. bis 14. November 1986 in Mulda/Erzgebirge: 'Gefüge im Kristallin'
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 17
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    In:  Beiträge zur Untersuchung von Einschlüssen in Mineralen | Freiberger Forschungshefte : C ; 402 : Geowissenschaften, Lagerstättenlehre
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 18
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    In:  Initial reports DSDP
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 19
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    In:  Beiträge zur Untersuchung von Einschlüssen in Mineralen | Freiberger Forschungshefte : C ; 402 : Geowissenschaften, Lagerstättenlehre
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 20
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Additional keywords: refraction seismic, tectonic stress
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 21
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    In:  7th International Training Course on Seismology, Tectonics and Seismic Hazard Assessment. Lectures and exercises II
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 22
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    In:  Veröffentlichungen des Zentralinstituts für Physik der Erde ; 92
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2022-09-23
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 25
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    In:  Journal of geophysics = Zeitschrift für Geophysik
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Potato research 29 (1986), S. 501-508 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Ertrag ; Frühreife ; genotypische Selektion ; allgemeine und spezielle Kombinationseignung ; Homozygotie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Breeding for early maturity was achieved by recurrent selection for General Combining Ability (GCA) of the early maturity character. The cultivar Karat was obtained in two cycles in the early maturity breeding programme (Fig. 1). Selected results for the population test in 1984 with Karat as tester are shown in Table I. The percentages of the F1 progenies in the various maturity classes differed signifcantly for parents with comparable vegetative periods, thereby emphasising the importance of selecting an appropriate crossing partner. As the degree of homozygosity for early maturity was increased by recurrent selection, progenies were observed in the third cycle that surpassed both the parents in this regard; they matured about 10 days before the very early maturing cultivars. The most important criteria for obtaining very early forms in the breeding process are: harvesting of small tubers too in the seedling stage, wider spacing in the first clonal generation to prevent competition and no selection for yield in this generation. The characters of the new selection (NZ30), until now the best of the extremely early forms, are shown in Fig. 2 and Table 2. Its higher marketable yield 40–50 days after emergence, as compared with very early cultivars, is associated with better skin set. Earlier physiological maturity helps to preserve good quality in modern harvesting and marketing technologies.
    Abstract: Résumé La sélection de variétés précoces a été effectuee sur leur aptitude générale de combinaison (GCA) pour la précocité, selon la méthode récurrente. La variété Karat a été obtenue par le programme de sélection basé sur la précocité dans le second cycle (fig. 1). Des résultats choisis sur les épreuves des populations 1984 avec Karat comme variété test sont présentés dans le tableau 1. Dans la proportion des classes de maturité des descendants F1, on observe des différences significatives pour des parents avec des durées de végétations comparables. Cela démontre de l'importance du choix des parents selon leur génotype. Avec l'augmentation de l'homozygotie pour la précocité, par la sélection récurrente il a été obtenu dans le 3ème cycle quelques clones plus précoces que leurs parents, et environ 10 jours d'avance de maturité sur les variétés très précoces. On peut relever les pratiques les plus importantes pour obtenir des variétés très précoces: récolte aussi des petits tubercules issus des semis, peuplement très faible lors de la première multiplication végétative afin d'éviter la concurrence, et ne pas faire de sélection sur le rendement lors de la première multiplication végétative. La meilleure obtention très précoce ‘NZ30’ dans le complexe de tous les caractères est présentée sur la figure 2 et le tableau 2. Cette variété permet d'obtenir dans un délai de 40 à 50 jours après la levée, un rendement commercial supérieur combiné avec un épiderme miexu formé que chez les variétés trés précoces. La maturation physiologique plus avancée contribue à augmenter la qualité, en particulier avec les techniques modernes de récolte et de commercialisation.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Züchtung auf Frühreife erfolgte durch rekurrente Selektion auf allgemeine Kombinationseignung für das Merkmal Frühreife. Im dritten Zyklus wurden in einigen Nachkommenschaftten Formen beobachtet, die 10 Tage vor den sehr frühen Sorten abreifen. Mit dem bisher besten extrem frühen Stamm können im Zeitraum von 40–50 Tagen nach Aufgang höhere Marktwareerträge, verbunden mit besserer Schalenfestigkeit, erzielt werden als mit anderen sehr frühen Sorten.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 1986
    Keywords: Rheinpfalz ; 16. Jahrhundert ; Ertrag ; Klima ; Vegetationsperiode ; Wein
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  • 28
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    In:  Zeitschrift Meteorologie 36:322-324.
    Publication Date: 1986
    Description: Auflistung verschiedenster Quellen der Beziehung von Erträgen und Witterung in Bezug zum Klima KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Temperatur und des Niederschlags im Jahresverlauf auf den Ertrag KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta Nied (Herbst, Winter, Frühjahr) -, dann Erträge +; Delta Nied (März) - und Delta T (März) +, dann Erträge +; Delta T (April) -, dann Erträge +; Delta Nied (Mai) + und Delta T (Mai) -, dann Erträge +; Delta Nied (Juni) + und Delta T (Juni) -, dann Erträge +;
    Keywords: Europa ; Überblick über 2000 Jahre ; Ertrag ; Klima ; Landwirtschaft ; Temperatur ; Witterung
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 1986-10-17
    Description: The regulation of nerve growth factor (NGF) protein and NGF messenger RNA (mRNA) in the developing rat brain has been studied to assess the hypothesis that NGF supports the differentiation of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain. In the adult, the major targets of these neurons, the hippocampus and neocortex, contain the highest concentrations of NGF mRNA, but comparatively low ratios of NGF protein to its mRNA. In contrast, a high concentration of NGF protein and a low concentration of NGF mRNA were seen in the basal forebrain, consistent with retrograde transport of NGF protein into this region from the neocortex and hippocampus. In these two target regions NGF and NGF mRNA were barely detectable at birth, their concentrations increased to a peak at day 21, and then NGF mRNA, but not NGF protein, declined threefold by day 35. NGF accumulation in the basal forebrain paralleled that in the target regions and preceded an increase in choline acetyltransferase, suggesting that the differentiation of cholinergic projection neurons is indeed regulated by retrogradely transported NGF. In addition, high ratios of NGF protein to NGF mRNA, comparable to that in the basal forebrain, were seen in the olfactory bulb and cerebellum, suggesting that NGF may be transported into these regions by unidentified neurons.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Large, T H -- Bodary, S C -- Clegg, D O -- Weskamp, G -- Otten, U -- Reichardt, L F -- NS21824/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Oct 17;234(4774):352-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3764415" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/*growth & development/metabolism ; Brain Chemistry ; Cerebellum/analysis ; Cerebral Cortex/analysis ; Hippocampus/analysis ; Nerve Growth Factors/analysis/*biosynthesis/genetics ; RNA, Messenger/analysis ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred Strains
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 1986-10-03
    Description: Transducin is a guanyl nucleotide-binding protein that couples rhodopsin photolysis to hydrolysis of guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate in rod photoreceptor cells of vertebrate retinas. Several complementary DNA clones encoding transducin subunits have recently been characterized. One clone, isolated from a bovine retina complementary DNA library, encodes a previously unidentified polypeptide with an amino acid sequence 78% identical to the sequence of the alpha subunit of bovine rod outer segment transducin. Antibodies to a synthetic peptide with amino acid sequence derived specifically from this novel polypeptide recognize a 41-kilodalton polypeptide in homogenates of bovine retina. Localization of this polypeptide in bovine retina by indirect immunofluorescence demonstrates that it is expressed only in cone outer segments. Antibodies to specific sequences found only in the rod transducin alpha subunit recognize a polypeptide localized only in the rod outer segment. Therefore, bovine rod and cone cells each express structurally related yet significantly different forms of transducin.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lerea, C L -- Somers, D E -- Hurley, J B -- Klock, I B -- Bunt-Milam, A H -- EYO 1311/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- EYO 1730/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Oct 3;234(4772):77-80.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3529395" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cattle ; DNA/genetics ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Membrane Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Photoreceptor Cells/*metabolism ; Transducin
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 1986-04-04
    Description: A lectin in Giardia lamblia was activated by secretions from the human duodenum, the environment where the parasite lives. Incubation of the secretions with trypsin inhibitors prevented the appearance of lectin activity, implicating proteases as the activating agent. Accordingly, lectin activation was also produced by crystalline trypsin and Pronase; other proteases tested were ineffective. When activated, the lectin agglutinated intestinal cells to which the parasite adheres in vivo. The lectin was most specific to mannose-6-phosphate and apparently was bound to the plasma membrane. Activation of a parasite lectin by a host protease represents a novel mechanism of host-parasite interaction and may contribute to the affinity of Giardia lamblia to the infection site.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lev, B -- Ward, H -- Keusch, G T -- Pereira, M E -- P-1-P30-AM 39428-01/AM/NIADDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Apr 4;232(4746):71-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3513312" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agglutination ; Animals ; Duodenum/enzymology/parasitology ; Giardia/*metabolism ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Humans ; Intestine, Small/enzymology/*parasitology ; Lectins/*metabolism ; Mice ; Peptide Hydrolases/*metabolism ; Sheep ; Species Specificity ; Trypsin/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 1986-01-31
    Description: p-Chloromercuriphenylsulfonic acid (PCMS), a sulfhydryl inhibitor, prevented the mycelial-to-yeast transition of the dimorphic fungal pathogen, Histoplasma capsulatum. The effect of PCMS was specific for the mycelial-to-yeast transformation; it had no effect on growth of either the yeast or mycelial forms or on the yeast-to-mycelial transition. The failure of PCMS-treated mycelia to transform to yeast was permanent and irreversible. PCMS-treated mycelia could not infect mice but could stimulate resistance to infection by a pathogenic strain of Histoplasma capsulatum. These results suggest a new general strategy for vaccine development in diseases caused by dimorphic pathogens.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Medoff, G -- Sacco, M -- Maresca, B -- Schlessinger, D -- Painter, A -- Kobayashi, G S -- Carratu, L -- AI 07015/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI 07172/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI 16228/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Jan 31;231(4737):476-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3001938" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 4-Chloromercuribenzenesulfonate/pharmacology ; Animals ; Cytochromes/metabolism ; Energy Metabolism/drug effects ; Fungal Proteins/biosynthesis ; Histoplasma/drug effects/pathogenicity/*physiology ; Histoplasmosis/etiology ; Kinetics ; Mice ; Oxidative Phosphorylation/drug effects ; Oxygen Consumption/drug effects
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 33
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1986-02-21
    Description: Eight major episodes of biological extinction of marine families over the past 250 million years stand significantly above local background (P 〈 0.05). These events are more pronounced when analyzed at the level of genus, and generic data exhibit additional apparent extinction events in the Aptian (Cretaceous) and Pliocene (Tertiary) Stages. Time-series analysis of these records strongly suggests a 26-million-year periodicity. This conclusion is robust even when adjusted for simultaneous testing of many trial periods. When the time series is limited to the four best-dated events (Cenomanian, Maestrichtian, upper Eocene, and middle Miocene), the hypothesis of randomness is also rejected for the 26-million-year period (P 〈 0.0002).〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Raup, D M -- Sepkoski, J J Jr -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Feb 21;231:833-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11542060" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Fossils ; Geological Phenomena ; Geology ; Marine Biology ; Paleontology/*statistics & numerical data ; *Periodicity
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 1986-12-19
    Description: A strain of pigs bearing three immunogenetically defined lipoprotein-associated markers (allotypes), designated Lpb5, Lpr1, and Lpu1, has marked hypercholesterolemia on a low fat, cholesterol-free diet. Unlike individuals with familial hypercholesterolemia or WHHL rabbits, the affected pigs have normal low density lipoprotein receptor activity. The animals, by 7 months of age, have extensive atherosclerotic lesions in all three coronary arteries. This strain of pig represents an animal model for atherosclerosis and hypercholesterolemia associated with mutations affecting the structures of plasma lipoproteins. One of the variant apolipoproteins, Lpb5, is apolipoprotein-B. A second variant apolipoprotein (Lpr1), termed apo-R, is a 23-kilodalton protein present in both the very low density (d less than 1.006 g/ml) and the very high density (d greater than 1.21 g/ml) fractions of pig plasma. Isoforms of this protein correlate with two Lpr alleles, Lpr1 and Lpr2. The Lpr genes segregate independently of the Lpb5 and Lpu1 alleles. The Lpu1 allotype is a component of low density lipoprotein and is genetically linked to Lpb5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rapacz, J -- Hasler-Rapacz, J -- Taylor, K M -- Checovich, W J -- Attie, A D -- AG05-856/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- HL30594/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Dec 19;234(4783):1573-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3787263" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; Apolipoproteins B/genetics ; Arteriosclerosis/blood/*genetics ; Cholesterol/blood ; *Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; Genotype ; Hypercholesterolemia/blood/*genetics ; Immunologic Tests ; Lipoproteins/blood/*genetics ; Lipoproteins, LDL/blood/genetics ; Lipoproteins, VLDL/blood/genetics ; Male ; Mutation ; Receptors, LDL/metabolism ; Swine
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 1986-11-07
    Description: Binding of antibodies to effector cells by way of receptors to their constant regions (Fc receptors) is central to the pathway that leads to clearance of antigens by the immune system. The structure and function of this important class of receptors on immune cells is addressed through the molecular characterization of Fc receptors (FcR) specific for the murine immunoglobulin G isotype. Structural diversity is encoded by two genes that by alternative splicing result in expression of molecules with highly conserved extracellular domains and different transmembrane and intracytoplasmic domains. The proteins encoded by these genes are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family, most homologous to the major histocompatibility complex molecule E beta. Functional reconstitution of ligand binding by transfection of individual FcR genes demonstrates that the requirements for ligand binding are encoded in a single gene. These studies demonstrate the molecular basis for the functional heterogeneity of FcR's, accounting for the possible transduction of different signals in response to a single ligand.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ravetch, J V -- Luster, A D -- Weinshank, R -- Kochan, J -- Pavlovec, A -- Portnoy, D A -- Hulmes, J -- Pan, Y C -- Unkeless, J C -- AI 24322/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- GM 36306/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Nov 7;234(4777):718-25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2946078" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; DNA/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/genetics ; Immunoglobulin G ; Lymphocytes/*physiology ; Macrophages/*physiology ; Membrane Proteins ; Mice ; Protein Conformation ; *Receptors, Fc/genetics ; Receptors, IgG ; Transcription, Genetic ; Transfection
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 1986-02-28
    Description: Transgenic mice expressing a metallothionein-somatostatin fusion gene contain high concentrations of somatostatin in the anterior pituitary gland, a tissue that does not normally produce somatostatin. Immunoreactive somatostatin within the anterior pituitaries was found exclusively within gonadotrophs. Similarly, a metallothionein-human growth-hormone fusion gene was also expressed selectively in gonadotrophs. It is proposed that sequences common to the two fusion genes are responsible for the gonadotroph-specific expression.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Low, M J -- Lechan, R M -- Hammer, R E -- Brinster, R L -- Habener, J F -- Mandel, G -- Goodman, R H -- AM 01313/AM/NIADDK NIH HHS/ -- AM 30457/AM/NIADDK NIH HHS/ -- AM 31400/AM/NIADDK NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Feb 28;231(4741):1002-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2868526" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; DNA, Recombinant/metabolism ; Genes ; Genetic Engineering ; Humans ; Immunoenzyme Techniques ; Luteinizing Hormone/metabolism ; Metallothionein/*genetics ; Mice ; Pituitary Gland, Anterior/*metabolism ; Rats ; Somatostatin/*genetics/metabolism
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 1986-05-02
    Description: The development of simultaneous resistance to multiple structurally unrelated drugs is a major impediment to cancer chemotherapy. Multidrug resistance in human KB carcinoma cells selected in colchicine, vinblastine, or Adriamycin is associated with amplification of specific DNA sequences (the multidrug resistance locus, mdr1). During colchicine selection resistance is initially accompanied by elevated expression of a 4.5-kilobase mdr1 messenger RNA (mRNA) without amplification of the corresponding genomic sequences. During selection for increased levels of resistance, expression of this mRNA is increased simultaneously with amplification of mdr1 DNA. Increased expression and amplification of mdr1 sequences were also found in multidrug-resistant sublines of human leukemia and ovarian carcinoma cells. These results suggest that increased expression of mdr1 mRNA is a common mechanism for multidrug resistance in human cells. Activation of the mdr1 gene by mutations or epigenetic changes may precede its amplification during the development of resistance.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shen, D W -- Fojo, A -- Chin, J E -- Roninson, I B -- Richert, N -- Pastan, I -- Gottesman, M M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 May 2;232(4750):643-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3457471" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line ; Colchicine/pharmacology ; Cricetinae ; Cricetulus ; DNA, Neoplasm/genetics ; Doxorubicin/pharmacology ; *Drug Resistance ; Female ; *Gene Amplification ; Humans ; Leukemia, Lymphoid/drug therapy ; Neoplasms/*drug therapy/genetics ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Ovarian Neoplasms/drug therapy ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; Vinblastine/pharmacology
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 1986-02-21
    Description: Partial amino acid sequence analysis of a purified lymphocyte homing receptor demonstrates the presence of two amino termini, one of which corresponds precisely to the amino terminus of ubiquitin. This observation extends the province of this conserved polypeptide to the cell surface and leads to a proposed model of the receptor complex as a core polypeptide modified by glycosylation and ubiquitination. Independent antibodies to ubiquitin serve to identify additional cell surface species, an indication that ubiquitination of cell surface proteins may be more general. It is proposed that functional binding of lymphocytes to lymph node high endothelial venules might involve the ubiquitinated region of the receptor; if true, cell surface ubiquitin could play a more general role in cell-cell interaction and adhesion.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Siegelman, M -- Bond, M W -- Gallatin, W M -- St John, T -- Smith, H T -- Fried, V A -- Weissman, I L -- AI 19512/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- CA 09151/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM 31461/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Feb 21;231(4740):823-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3003913" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Cell Movement ; Endothelium/metabolism ; Glycoproteins/metabolism/*physiology ; Glycoside Hydrolases/metabolism ; High Mobility Group Proteins/*metabolism ; Lymphocytes/*physiology ; Mannosyl-Glycoprotein Endo-beta-N-Acetylglucosaminidase ; Membrane Proteins/metabolism/*physiology ; Mice ; Molecular Weight ; Protein Processing, Post-Translational ; Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism/*physiology ; Ubiquitins/immunology/*metabolism
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  • 39
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1986-03-14
    Description: The vocal organ, or syrinx, of oscine birds has two parts, each of which has generally been presumed to operate independently of the other. A significant counter-example is now demonstrated in the production of a common vocalization by the black-capped chickadee (Parus atricapillus), in which the two acoustic sources interact in a nonlinear fashion. This bird produces a sound with multiple frequency components that are heterodyne products resulting from cross-modulation between two signals, thus providing evidence that avian phonation can involve cooperative coupling between the two syringeal sources.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nowicki, S -- Capranica, R R -- 5 T32 MH 15793-05/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Mar 14;231(4743):1297-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3945824" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Birds/anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Sound Spectrography ; Vocalization, Animal/*physiology
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  • 40
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1986-03-14
    Description: The pattern of connections between the retina and midbrain has been determined with electrophysiological and neuroanatomical methods in bats representing the two major subdivisions of the Chiroptera. Megachiropteran fruit bats (megabats), Pteropus spp., were found to have an advanced retinotectal pathway with a vertical hemidecussation of the kind previously found only in primates. In contrast, the microchiropteran bat Macroderma gigas has the "ancestral" or symplesiomorphous pattern of retinotectal connections so far found in all vertebrates except primates. In addition to linking primates and megachiropteran bats, these findings suggest that flight may have evolved twice among the mammals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pettigrew, J D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Mar 14;231(4743):1304-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3945827" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cats ; Chiroptera/*anatomy & histology/physiology ; Electrophysiology ; Eye/innervation ; Mesencephalon/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Primates/physiology ; Retina/physiology ; Sciuridae ; Superior Colliculi/physiology ; Tupaiidae ; Visual Pathways/*anatomy & histology/physiology
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  • 41
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1986-09-26
    Description: Some Cnemidophorus exsanguis have mitochondrial DNA's (mtDNA's) that are 22.2 kilobases (kb) in size, whereas most have mtDNA's of 17.4 kb. Restriction site mapping, DNA transfer hybridization experiments, and electron microscopy show that the size increment stems from the tandem duplication of a 4.8-kb region that includes regulatory sequences and transfer and ribosomal RNA genes. This observation is notable in that sequences outside of the control region are involved in major length variation. Besides revealing a novel form of mtDNA evolution in animals, these duplications provide a useful system for investigating the molecular and evolutionary biology of animal mtDNA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Moritz, C -- Brown, W M -- GM30144/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Sep 26;233(4771):1425-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3018925" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; DNA Restriction Enzymes ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Lizards ; Microscopy, Electron ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; RNA, Ribosomal/*genetics ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 1986-08-22
    Description: Continuous measurement and imaging of the intracellular free calcium ion concentration ([Ca2+]i) of mitotic and interphase PtK1 cells was accomplished with the new fluorescent Ca2+ indicator fura-2. No statistically significant difference between basal [Ca2+]i of interphase and mitotic cells was detected. However, mitotic cells showed a rapid elevation of [Ca2+]i from basal levels of 130 nM to 500 to 800 nM at the metaphase-anaphase transition. The [Ca2+]i transient was brief, lasting approximately 20 seconds and the elevated [Ca2+]i appeared uniformly distributed over the entire spindle and central region of the cell. The close temporal association of the [Ca2+]i transient with the onset of anaphase suggests that calcium may have a signaling role in this event.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Poenie, M -- Alderton, J -- Steinhardt, R -- Tsien, R -- EY04372/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- GM31004/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Aug 22;233(4766):886-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3755550" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Anaphase ; Animals ; Benzofurans ; Calcium/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Fura-2 ; Mitosis
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 1986-04-04
    Description: Experiments were conducted to isolate and characterize the gene and gene product of a human hematopoietic colony-stimulating factor with pluripotent biological activities. This factor has the ability to induce differentiation of a murine myelomonocytic leukemia cell line WEHI-3B(D+) and cells from patients with newly diagnosed acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL). A complementary DNA copy of the gene encoding a pluripotent human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (hG-CSF) was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant form of hG-CSF is capable of supporting neutrophil proliferation in a CFU-GM assay. In addition, recombinant hG-CSF can support early erythroid colonies and mixed colony formation. Competitive binding studies done with 125I-labeled hG-CSF and cell samples from two patients with newly diagnosed human leukemias as well as WEHI-3B(D+) cells showed that one of the human leukemias (ANLL, classified as M4) and the WEHI-3B(D+) cells have receptors for hG-CSF. Furthermore, the murine WEHI-3B(D+) cells and human leukemic cells classified as M2, M3, and M4 were induced by recombinant hG-CSF to undergo terminal differentiation to macrophages and granulocytes. The secreted form of the protein produced by the bladder carcinoma cell line 5637 was found to be O-glycosylated and to have a molecular weight of 19,600.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Souza, L M -- Boone, T C -- Gabrilove, J -- Lai, P H -- Zsebo, K M -- Murdock, D C -- Chazin, V R -- Bruszewski, J -- Lu, H -- Chen, K K -- CA00966/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA20194/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA32516/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Apr 4;232(4746):61-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2420009" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Differentiation/drug effects ; Cell Line ; Colony-Forming Units Assay ; Colony-Stimulating Factors/genetics/*pharmacology ; DNA/metabolism ; Escherichia coli/genetics ; Genes ; Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor ; Granulocytes/*physiology ; Humans ; Leukemia/*pathology ; Leukemia, Myeloid/pathology ; Mice ; Plasmids ; Recombinant Proteins/*pharmacology
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 1986-05-23
    Description: Electrical stimulation of fibers in the stratum radiatum causes an excitatory postsynaptic potential in CA1 neurons of the hippocampus. Other excitatory inputs to or direct depolarization of these CA1 neurons during stimulation of the stratum radiatum caused a subsequent increase in the excitatory postsynaptic potential. This enhancement was characterized as a brief potentiation (2 to 3 minutes, similar to posttetanic potentiation) and a long-term potentiation (presumed to be involved in learning and memory). These potentiations are probably induced by an interaction of the postsynaptic cell or other presynaptic terminals with the test presynaptic terminals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sastry, B R -- Goh, J W -- Auyeung, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 May 23;232(4753):988-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3010459" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Brain Mapping ; Calcium/physiology ; Conditioning (Psychology)/physiology ; Electric Stimulation ; Hippocampus/*physiology ; In Vitro Techniques ; Learning/physiology ; Membrane Potentials ; Rats ; Synapses/physiology ; Synaptic Transmission
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 1986-12-12
    Description: Recombinant retroviruses containing the complete genomic human beta globin gene (under the control of its own promoter) and the bacterial neomycin phosphotransferase gene (under the control of the normal or enhancerless viral promoter) were used to derive transgenic mouse strains by infection of preimplantation embryos. Expression of the beta globin gene in hematopoietic tissues was observed in all transgenic strains. In addition, one strain showed ectopic expression of beta globin in the same tissues that also expressed high levels of RNA from the viral promoter. It is likely that expression from the long terminal repeat (LTR), in contrast to expression from the internal promoter, is dependent on the site of integration. Thus, retroviral vectors can be used for tissue-specific expression of foreign genes in transgenic mice, as well as for the identification of loci that allow developmental activation of a provirus.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Soriano, P -- Cone, R D -- Mulligan, R C -- Jaenisch, R -- HD-19105/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- P01-CA38497/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Dec 12;234(4782):1409-13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3024318" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Globins/genetics ; Humans ; Kanamycin Kinase ; Mice/genetics ; Phosphotransferases/genetics ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; RNA, Viral/immunology ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Retroviridae/*genetics
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  • 46
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1986-10-31
    Description: When pulsed, ultraviolet laser radiation falls on the surface of an organic polymer or biological tissue, the material at the surface is spontaneously etched away to a depth of 0.1 to several micrometers. In the process, the depth of etching is controlled by the width of the pulse and the fluence of the laser, and there is no detectable thermal damage to the substrate. The material that is removed by etching consists of products ranging from atoms to small fragments of the polymer. They are ejected at supersonic velocities. This dry photoetching technique is useful in patterning polymer films. It is also under serious investigation in several areas in surgery.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Srinivasan, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Oct 31;234(4776):559-65.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3764428" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aorta/surgery ; Cornea/surgery ; Humans ; *Laser Therapy ; *Lasers ; Polymers/*radiation effects ; Rabbits ; Ultraviolet Rays
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 1986-02-07
    Description: Comparison of HTLV-III, the putative AIDS virus, with other related viruses, may help to reveal more about the origin of AIDS in humans. In this study, the nucleotide sequence of the gag and pol genes of an equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) proviral DNA clone was determined. The sequence was compared with that of HTLV-III and of visna, a pathogenic lentivirus of sheep. The results show that these viruses constitute a family clearly distinct from that of the type C viruses or the BLV-HTLV-I and -II group. Within the family, EIAV, HTLV-III, and visna appear to be equally divergent from a common evolutionary ancestor.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stephens, R M -- Casey, J W -- Rice, N R -- N0I-C-23909/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Feb 7;231(4738):589-94.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3003905" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Codon ; DNA, Viral/genetics ; Deltaretrovirus/*genetics ; *Genes, Viral ; Horses ; Humans ; Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine/*genetics ; Mice ; Visna-maedi virus/*genetics
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  • 48
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1986-12-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Strum, D P -- Johnson, B H -- Eger, E I 2nd -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Dec 19;234(4783):1586-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3787265" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adipose Tissue/metabolism ; Animals ; Brain/*metabolism ; Halothane/*metabolism ; Isoflurane/*metabolism ; Kinetics ; Muscles/metabolism ; Rabbits
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  • 49
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1986-07-18
    Description: The historical background of studies in Japan on chemical carcinogenesis from environmental sources is described from personal experience.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sugimura, T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Jul 18;233(4761):312-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3088728" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide/analysis ; Animals ; Biotransformation ; Carcinogens/*analysis ; Cyanobacteria/analysis ; Environmental Pollution/*analysis ; Food Additives ; Food Handling ; Furylfuramide/toxicity ; Health Policy ; Humans ; Indoles/metabolism ; Japan ; Lyngbya Toxins/toxicity ; Methods ; Methylnitronitrosoguanidine/toxicity ; Mutagenicity Tests ; Oncogenes ; Primary Prevention ; Rats ; Risk ; Stereoisomerism ; Stomach Neoplasms/chemically induced ; Streptomyces/analysis ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/chemically induced
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  • 50
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1986-07-25
    Description: Electrophysiological recordings of inward currents from whole cells showed that vascular muscle cells have one type of sodium channel and two types of calcium channels. One of the calcium channels, the transient calcium channel, was activated by small depolarizations but then rapidly inactivated. It was equally permeable to calcium and barium and was blocked by cadmium, but not by tetrodotoxin. The other type, the sustained calcium channel, was activated by larger depolarizations, but inactivated very little; it was more permeable to barium than calcium. The sustained calcium channel was more sensitive to block by cadmium than the transient channel, but also was not blocked by tetrodotoxin. The sodium channel inactivated 15 times more rapidly than the transient calcium channel and at more negative voltages. This sodium channel, which is unusual because it is only blocked by a very high (60 microM) tetrodotoxin concentration but not by cadmium, is the first to be characterized in vascular muscle, and together with the two calcium channels, provides a basis for different patterns of excitation in vascular muscles.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sturek, M -- Hermsmeyer, K -- HL 16328/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL 32295/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Jul 25;233(4762):475-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2425434" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Calcium/*physiology ; Ion Channels/*physiology ; Membrane Potentials ; *Muscle Contraction ; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/*physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred WKY ; Sodium/*physiology
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 1986-05-09
    Description: The human N-myc gene is related to the c-myc proto-oncogene, and has been shown to have transforming potential in vitro. Many studies have reported amplification of N-myc in human neuroblastoma and retinoblastoma cell lines. In primary tumors, amplification of the gene was found to correlate directly with behavior of the tumor. Specific restriction fragments of a partial complementary DNA clone of N-myc from LA-N-5 human neuroblastoma cells were placed into a bacterial expression vector for the purpose of producing antigens representative of the N-myc protein. Rabbits immunized with these antigens produced antisera that recognized a protein of 62-64 kilodaltons in neuroblastoma cells. By several criteria, this protein appears to be part of the same proto-oncogene family as the c-myc protein. Moreover, the antisera to fragments of this protein were capable of histochemically identifying malignant cells in clinical specimens.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Slamon, D J -- Boone, T C -- Seeger, R C -- Keith, D E -- Chazin, V -- Lee, H C -- Souza, L M -- CA 16042/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA 36827/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 May 9;232(4751):768-72.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3008339" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Carcinoma, Small Cell/metabolism ; Immune Sera/immunology ; Immunoenzyme Techniques ; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism ; Lung Neoplasms/metabolism ; Neoplasm Proteins/genetics/*isolation & purification/physiology ; Neuroblastoma/metabolism ; *Oncogenes ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics/*isolation & purification/physiology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc ; Proto-Oncogenes ; Rabbits/immunology
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 1986-05-23
    Description: Infection of the central nervous system by mouse hepatitis virus strain A59, a murine neurotropic coronavirus, induces class I major histocompatibility complex antigens on mouse oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, cells that do not normally express these antigens on their surfaces. This induction, which occurs through soluble factors elaborated by infected glial cells, potentially allows immunocytes to interact with the glial cells and may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of virus-induced, immune-mediated demyelination in the central nervous system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Suzumura, A -- Lavi, E -- Weiss, S R -- Silberberg, D H -- NS11037/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS21954/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 May 23;232(4753):991-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3010460" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Astrocytes/*immunology ; Cells, Cultured ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; H-2 Antigens/*immunology ; Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/*immunology ; Macrophages/immunology ; Mice ; Murine hepatitis virus/immunology ; Neuroglia/*immunology ; Oligodendroglia/*immunology
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  • 53
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1986-01-31
    Description: Contrary to the orthodox view that optical image quality should "match" the photoreceptor grain, anatomical data from the eyes of various animals suggest that the image quality is significantly superior to the potential resolution of the cone mosaic in most retinal regions. A new theory is presented to explain the existence of this relation and to better appreciate eye design. It predicts that photoreceptors are potentially visible through the natural optics.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Snyder, A W -- Bossomaier, T R -- Hughes, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Jan 31;231(4737):499-501.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3941914" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cats ; Humans ; Models, Neurological ; Photoreceptor Cells/*anatomy & histology ; Rats ; Snakes ; Species Specificity ; *Vision, Ocular ; *Visual Perception
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 1986-08-15
    Description: The genetic and molecular mechanisms that determine the capacity of a virus to utilize distinct pathways of spread in an infected host were examined by using reoviruses. Both reovirus type 1 and reovirus type 3 spread to the spinal cord following inoculation into the hindlimb or forelimb footpad of newborn mice. For type 3 this spread is through nerves and occurs via the microtubule-associated system of fast axonal transport. By contrast, type 1 spreads to the spinal cord through the bloodstream. With the use of reassortant viruses containing various combinations of double-stranded RNA segments (genes) derived from type 1 and type 3, the viral S1 double-stranded RNA segment was shown to be responsible for determining the capacity of reoviruses to spread to the central nervous system through these distinct pathways.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tyler, K L -- McPhee, D A -- Fields, B N -- 2 P01 NS16998/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- 5 R01 AI13178/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- K11-AI00610/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Aug 15;233(4765):770-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3016895" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Forelimb ; *Genes, Viral ; Hindlimb ; Mammalian orthoreovirus 3/*genetics/pathogenicity ; Mice ; Reoviridae/*genetics/pathogenicity ; Reoviridae Infections/microbiology ; Sciatic Nerve/physiology ; Species Specificity ; Spinal Cord/*microbiology
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 1986-04-18
    Description: In situ hybridization of an oligonucleotide probe complementary to vasopressin messenger RNA (mRNA) in sections from normal or Brattleboro rat hypothalami revealed hybridization densities in each of three vasopressin-rich nuclei: the supraoptic, paraventricular, and suprachiasmatic. When entrained to a daily light-dark cycle, each rat strain displayed diurnal variation in hybridizable mRNA in the suprachiasmatic, but not in the supraoptic or paraventricular nuclei. The higher values for suprachiasmatic mRNA in the morning correlate well with previously elucidated morning increases in vasopressin immunoreactivity in the cerebrospinal fluid. These results support the utility of in situ hybridization techniques for elucidating physiological influences on regional peptidergic function, are consistent with a prominent role for vasopressinergic suprachiasmatic neurons in generating the cerebrospinal fluid vasopressin rhythm, and suggest that regulation of this mRNA rhythm is not dependent on release of intact peptide.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Uhl, G R -- Reppert, S M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Apr 18;232(4748):390-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3961487" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Autoradiography ; *Circadian Rhythm ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus/analysis/physiology ; RNA, Messenger/*analysis/isolation & purification ; Rats ; Rats, Brattleboro ; Rats, Inbred Strains ; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus/*analysis/physiology ; Supraoptic Nucleus/analysis/physiology ; Vasopressins/genetics/*physiology
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  • 56
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1986-07-25
    Description: Neurons that accumulate the transmitter serotonin have been identified in the living retina by being labeled with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-HT), an autofluorescent serotonin analog. Iontophoretic injection of Lucifer yellow into the labeled cells under microscopic control revealed that the serotonin-accumulating neurons in rabbit retina constitute two morphological types of amacrine cells, termed S1 and S2, whose distal dendrites are stratified at the inner margin of the inner plexiform layer. The dendritic overlap of the S1 type is extraordinarily large: each point on the retina is covered by the fields of 550 to 900 S1 amacrines, and 6 to 8 meters of their dendrites are packed into each square millimeter of retina. Such a pervasive neuropil may provide an effective substrate for diffuse transmitter release, as proposed for serotonergic fibers elsewhere in the central nervous system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vaney, D I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Jul 25;233(4762):444-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3726538" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine ; Animals ; Dendrites/physiology/ultrastructure ; Neurons/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Rabbits ; Retina/*anatomy & histology/cytology/physiology ; Serotonin/*physiology
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 1986-04-25
    Description: The Syrian cardiomyopathic hamster has a hereditary disease in which a progressive myocardial necrosis mimics human forms of cardiac hypertrophy. Lesions are associated with calcium overload and can be prevented with the calcium antagonist verapamil. Numbers of receptor binding sites for calcium antagonists in heart, brain, skeletal muscle, and smooth muscle were markedly increased in cardiomyopathic hamsters. The uptake of calcium-45 into brain synaptosomes was also increased in cardiomyopathic hamsters. The increase in calcium antagonist receptors and related voltage-sensitive calcium channels may be involved in the pathogenesis of this cardiomyopathy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wagner, J A -- Reynolds, I J -- Weisman, H F -- Dudeck, P -- Weisfeldt, M L -- Snyder, S H -- HL-17655/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- MH-18501/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- NS-16375/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Apr 25;232(4749):515-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3008330" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/metabolism/physiopathology ; *Brain Chemistry ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calcium Channels ; Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/*physiopathology ; Cricetinae ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; Heart/physiopathology ; Male ; Mesocricetus ; Muscle, Smooth/analysis/metabolism ; Muscles/*analysis/metabolism/physiopathology ; Myocardium/*analysis/metabolism ; Nifedipine/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Nitrendipine ; Receptors, Nicotinic/*analysis/metabolism/physiology ; Synaptosomes/metabolism ; Verapamil/metabolism
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  • 58
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1986-02-21
    Description: Expression of two monkey metallothioneins in yeast leads to complementation of both known functions of the endogenous yeast copperthionein gene, namely copper detoxification and autoregulation of transcription. The metallothionein-like proteins of higher and lower eukaryotes are therefore functionally analogous despite their dissimilar primary sequences.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thiele, D J -- Walling, M J -- Hamer, D H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Feb 21;231(4740):854-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3080806" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Copper/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Genetic Complementation Test ; Haplorhini ; Metallothionein/genetics/*physiology ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Transformation, Genetic
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 1986-01-03
    Description: Pf 155, a protein of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, is strongly immunogenic in humans and is believed to be a prime candidate for the preparation of a vaccine. Human monoclonal antibodies to Pf 155 were obtained by cloning B cells that had been prepared from an immune donor and transformed with Epstein-Barr virus. When examined by indirect immunofluorescence, these antibodies stained the surface of infected erythrocytes, free merozoites, segmented schizonts, and gametocytes. They bound to a major polypeptide with a relative molecular weight of 155K and to two minor ones (135K and 120K), all having high affinity for human glycophorin. The antibodies strongly inhibited merozoite reinvasion in vitro, suggesting that they might be appropriate reagents for therapeutic administration in vivo.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Udomsangpetch, R -- Lundgren, K -- Berzins, K -- Wahlin, B -- Perlmann, H -- Troye-Blomberg, M -- Carlsson, J -- Wahlgren, M -- Perlmann, P -- Bjorkman, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Jan 3;231(4733):57-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3510452" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/*immunology/therapeutic use ; Antigens, Protozoan/analysis/*immunology ; Humans ; Plasmodium falciparum/*immunology ; Vaccines/immunology
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 1986-06-13
    Description: Administration of cholecystokinin (CCK) to rats caused a dose-dependent increase in plasma levels of the neurohypophyseal hormone oxytocin (OT). The OT secretion was comparable to that found in response to nausea-producing chemical agents that cause learned taste aversions. The effect of CCK on OT secretion was blunted after gastric vagotomy, as was the inhibition of food intake induced by CCK. Food ingestion also led to elevated plasma OT in rats, but CCK and aversive agents caused even greater OT stimulation. Thus, after administration of large doses of CCK, vagally mediated activation of central nausea pathways seems to be predominantly responsible for the subsequent decrease in food intake. Despite their dissimilar affective states, both nausea and satiety may activate a common hypothalamic oxytocinergic pathway that controls the inhibition of ingestion.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Verbalis, J G -- McCann, M J -- McHale, C M -- Stricker, E M -- AM-16166/AM/NIADDK NIH HHS/ -- MH-25140/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Jun 13;232(4756):1417-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3715453" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Avoidance Learning/physiology ; Cholecystokinin/*pharmacology ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; Nausea/*physiopathology ; Oxytocin/*secretion ; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus/physiology ; Rats ; Satiation/*physiology ; Vagotomy
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  • 61
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1986-02-14
    Description: The praying mantis, thought to be deaf, possesses a sensitive and specialized acoustic sense. Neural recordings show that the auditory system responds primarily to ultrasound between 25 and 45 kilohertz with thresholds of 55 to 60 decibels. Other insects with auditory tympana possess paired, laterally placed ears; the mantis has only a single ear that is located in the ventral midline between the metathoracic legs. Some species of mantis abruptly and dramatically alter their flight path when stimulated with ultrasonic pulses, suggesting a behavioral response to insectivorous echo-locating bats.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yager, D D -- Hoy, R R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Feb 14;231(4739):727-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3945806" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Hearing/physiology ; Nervous System/anatomy & histology ; Nervous System Physiological Phenomena ; Orthoptera/anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Sensory Receptor Cells/physiology
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 1986-06-06
    Description: The Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbit, an animal with familial hypercholesterolemia, produces a mutant receptor for plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) that is not transported to the cell surface at a normal rate. Cloning and sequencing of complementary DNA's from normal and WHHL rabbits, shows that this defect arises from an in-frame deletion of 12 nucleotides that eliminates four amino acids from the cysteine-rich ligand binding domain of the LDL receptor. A similar mutation, detected by S1 nuclease mapping of LDL receptor messenger RNA, occurred in a patient with familial hypercholesterolemia whose receptor also fails to be transported to the cell surface. These findings suggest that animal cells may have fail-safe mechanisms that prevent the surface expression of improperly folded proteins with unpaired or improperly bonded cysteine residues.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4451858/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4451858/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yamamoto, T -- Bishop, R W -- Brown, M S -- Goldstein, J L -- Russell, D W -- HL 01287/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL 20948/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL 31346/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- P01 HL020948/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Jun 6;232(4755):1230-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3010466" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Biological Transport ; *Chromosome Deletion ; Cloning, Molecular ; Cysteine/genetics ; Dna ; DNA Restriction Enzymes ; Genes ; Humans ; Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II/*genetics ; Mutation ; RNA, Messenger ; Rabbits ; Receptors, LDL/*genetics
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 1986-12-05
    Description: Cortisol production requires the activity of only 17 alpha-hydroxylase, whereas the formation of sex steroids requires both 17 alpha-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activities. Studies in reconstituted enzyme systems have suggested that a single steroid hydroxylase, 17 alpha-hydroxylase cytochrome P-450 (P-450(17) alpha), catalyzes both activities. By expression of bovine adrenocortical P-450(17 alpha) in COS 1 (transformed monkey kidney) cells, which normally contain no detectable P-450(17) alpha, it has now been established in situ that a single polypeptide chain does catalyze both the 17 alpha-hydroxylase and the 17,20-lyase reactions. This heterologous system supports 17 alpha-hydroxylation of pregnenolone and progesterone with equal efficiency, but catalyzes about five times as much 17,20-lyase activity when 17 alpha-hydroxypregnenolone is the substrate than when 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone is the substrate. For these activities to be observed in COS 1 cells, newly synthesized apocytochrome P-450(17) alpha must bind heme and insert into the endoplasmic reticulum such that endogenous cytochrome P-450 reductase can support hydroxylation. Thus, COS 1 cells are a useful system for expression and study of various forms of cytochrome P-450.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zuber, M X -- Simpson, E R -- Waterman, M R -- 5-T 32HD07190/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- AM 238350/AM/NIADDK NIH HHS/ -- HD 13234/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Dec 5;234(4781):1258-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3535074" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cattle ; Cercopithecus aethiops ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/genetics/*metabolism ; DNA/*metabolism ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Kidney/cytology ; Multienzyme Complexes/genetics/metabolism ; Pregnenolone/metabolism ; Progesterone/metabolism ; Steroid 17-alpha-Hydroxylase/*metabolism ; Steroid Hydroxylases/genetics/*metabolism
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 1986-05-09
    Description: Antigenic or mitogenic stimulation of T cells induces the secretion of an array of protein hormones that regulate immune responses. Molecular cloning has contributed strongly to our present understanding of the nature of this regulation. A complementary DNA (cDNA) library prepared from a cloned concanavalin A-activated mouse T-helper cell line was screened for abundant and induction-specific cDNA's. One such randomly chosen cDNA was found to encode mouse preproenkephalin messenger RNA (mRNA). Preproenkephalin mRNA represented about 0.4 percent of the mRNA in the activated cell line but was absent in resting cells of this line. Other induced T-helper cell lines have 0.1 to 0.5 percent of their mRNA as preproenkephalin mRNA. Induced T-helper cell culture supernatants have [Met]enkephalin-immunoreactive material. The production by activated T cells of a peptide neurotransmitter identifies a signal that can potentially permit T cells to modulate the nervous system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zurawski, G -- Benedik, M -- Kamb, B J -- Abrams, J S -- Zurawski, S M -- Lee, F D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 May 9;232(4751):772-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2938259" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cattle ; Cell Line ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA/genetics ; Enkephalins/*biosynthesis/genetics ; Humans ; *Lymphocyte Activation ; Mice ; Protein Precursors/*biosynthesis/genetics ; RNA, Messenger/*biosynthesis ; Rats ; T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/drug effects/metabolism/*physiology
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 1986-09-05
    Description: Insect juvenile hormones are metabolized in numerous species of caterpillars by low abundance, highly specific esterases. Because of their role in regulating and possibly disrupting juvenile hormone titer and thus insect metamorphosis, they are of interest to developmental biologists as well as scientists interested in selective insect control. However, the enzymes have defied attempts to purify and characterize them. Juvenile hormone esterase activity can be inhibited by a variety of 3-substituted 1,1,1-trifluoropropanone sulfides. These apparent transition state analogs were used as ligands and eluting agents to purify juvenile hormone esterase from four insect species from 500-fold to over 1000-fold in high yield. After elution from the affinity column, the enzymes were radiolabeled with paraoxon and analyzed by electrophoresis, and the results demonstrate a high degree of purity. Transition state analogs may be useful for the affinity purification of other enzymes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Abdel-Aal, Y A -- Hammock, B D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Sep 5;233(4768):1073-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3738525" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetone/*analogs & derivatives ; Animals ; Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases/antagonists & inhibitors/*isolation & purification ; Chromatography, Affinity/*methods ; Fluorine ; Hemolymph/enzymology ; Juvenile Hormones/*metabolism ; Ligands ; Molecular Weight ; Moths ; Paraoxon/pharmacology
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 1986-08-15
    Description: The 2.8 A resolution three-dimensional structure of a complex between an antigen (lysozyme) and the Fab fragment from a monoclonal antibody against lysozyme has been determined and refined by x-ray crystallographic techniques. No conformational changes can be observed in the tertiary structure of lysozyme compared with that determined in native crystalline forms. The quaternary structure of Fab is that of an extended conformation. The antibody combining site is a rather flat surface with protuberances and depressions formed by its amino acid side chains. The antigen-antibody interface is tightly packed, with 16 lysozyme and 17 antibody residues making close contacts. The antigen contacting residues belong to two stretches of the lysozyme polypeptide chain: residues 18 to 27 and 116 to 129. All the complementarity-determining regions and two residues outside hypervariable positions of the antibody make contact with the antigen. Most of these contacts (10 residues out of 17) are made by the heavy chain, and in particular by its third complementarity-determining region. Antigen variability and antibody specificity and affinity are discussed on the basis of the determined structure.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Amit, A G -- Mariuzza, R A -- Phillips, S E -- Poljak, R J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Aug 15;233(4765):747-53.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2426778" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Antibodies, Monoclonal ; *Antigen-Antibody Complex ; Chickens ; Egg White ; Epitopes ; *Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments ; Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains ; Immunoglobulin Light Chains ; In Vitro Techniques ; Kinetics ; Models, Molecular ; Muramidase/*immunology ; Protein Conformation ; X-Ray Diffraction
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 1986-04-25
    Description: Heat shock protein (hsp) genes, a group of ubiquitous genes, are activated by various metabolic stresses. The suggestion that denaturation of intracellular proteins may be produced by the metabolic stresses and then signal the activation of the hsp genes was examined by co-injection of purified proteins and hsp genes into frog oocytes. Activation of hsp genes was observed if the proteins were denatured prior to injection but not if they were introduced in their native form. Furthermore, the activation of hsp genes by abnormal proteins and by heat shock appears to occur by a common mechanism. A model for the transcriptional regulation of the genes is based on competition for degradation between abnormal intracellular proteins and a labile regulatory factor.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ananthan, J -- Goldberg, A L -- Voellmy, R -- GM31125/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Apr 25;232(4749):522-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3083508" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Drosophila melanogaster ; Escherichia coli ; *Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects ; Genes ; Globins/pharmacology ; Heat-Shock Proteins/*genetics/physiology ; Hot Temperature ; Oocytes/metabolism ; Proteins/pharmacology/*physiology ; Xenopus laevis
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  • 68
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1986-05-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barnes, D M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 May 30;232(4754):1091-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3010462" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*complications/pathology ; Animals ; Brain/pathology ; Brain Diseases/*etiology/pathology ; Deltaretrovirus/metabolism ; Dementia/etiology ; Humans ; Pan troglodytes
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  • 69
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1986-05-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barnes, D M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 May 23;232(4753):930-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3704633" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chick Embryo ; Chickens ; Chimera ; Coturnix ; *Disease Models, Animal ; Immunity, Cellular ; Multiple Sclerosis/immunology/pathology/*physiopathology ; Nervous System/embryology/transplantation ; Neural Crest/physiology ; Spinal Cord/*embryology/immunology/pathology/transplantation
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  • 70
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1986-03-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barnes, D M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Mar 14;231(4743):1246-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2868527" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aplysia/*physiology ; Chickens ; Learning/*physiology ; Models, Neurological ; Neurons/physiology ; Neurotransmitter Agents/physiology ; Snails
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 1986-09-05
    Description: Expression of the ras oncogene is thought to be one of the contributing events in the initiation of certain types of human cancer. To determine the cellular activities that are directly triggered by ras proteins, the early consequences of microinjection of the human H-ras proteins into quiescent rat embryo fibroblasts were investigated. Within 30 minutes to 1 hour after injection, cells show a marked increase in surface ruffles and fluid-phase pinocytosis. The rapid enhancement of membrane ruffling and pinocytosis is induced by both the proto-oncogenic and the oncogenic forms of the H-ras protein. The effects produced by the oncogenic protein persist for more than 15 hours after injection, whereas the effects of the proto-oncogenic protein are short-lived, being restricted to a 3-hour interval after injection. The stimulatory effect of the ras oncogene protein on ruffling and pinocytosis is dependent on the amount of injected protein and is accompanied by an apparent stimulation of phospholipase A2 activity. These rapid changes in cell membrane activities induced by ras proteins may represent primary events in the mechanism of action of ras proteins.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bar-Sagi, D -- Feramisco, J R -- CA07896/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA39811/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM28277/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Sep 5;233(4768):1061-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3090687" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Cycle/drug effects ; Cell Membrane/*drug effects/ultrastructure ; Cells, Cultured ; Culture Media ; DNA/biosynthesis ; GTP-Binding Proteins/*pharmacology ; Humans ; Microinjections ; Oncogene Proteins, Viral/*pharmacology ; Phospholipases A/metabolism ; Phospholipases A2 ; Phospholipids/metabolism ; Pinocytosis/*drug effects ; Rats ; Time Factors
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  • 72
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1986-12-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barnes, D M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Dec 12;234(4782):1324-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2431480" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alzheimer Disease/*diagnosis/pathology ; Animals ; Brain/pathology ; Cells, Cultured ; Glutamates/pharmacology ; Glutamic Acid ; Humans ; Ion Channels/*physiology ; Mollusca ; Neurons/drug effects ; Neurotransmitter Agents/*physiology ; Time Factors
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  • 73
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1986-07-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barnes, D M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Jul 11;233(4760):155-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3726526" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/*anatomy & histology/growth & development ; Chickens ; Genes ; Humans ; Language Development ; Male ; Neurons/physiology ; Rats ; Synapses/physiology ; Visual Cortex/anatomy & histology/physiology
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  • 74
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1986-01-24
    Description: The dynamics of the attachment of lymphocytes to the endothelium of high endothelial venules in murine Peyer's patches were studied in vivo. Lymphocytes adhered readily to the endothelium lining these vessels, but most of the adhering cells detached within a few seconds. Many lymphocytes, however, experienced multiple collisions with the high endothelial venules, and this substantially increased the efficiency of lymphocyte collection by these vessels.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bjerknes, M -- Cheng, H -- Ottaway, C A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Jan 24;231(4736):402-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3941903" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Endothelium/physiology ; Female ; In Vitro Techniques ; Lymphocytes/*physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Peyer's Patches/*physiology
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 1986-05-30
    Description: During activation of visceral smooth muscle there is an increase in cytosolic-free calcium, but the source (intracellular calcium release or calcium influx), kinetics, and stoichiometry of this increase have not been determined. Here, the fluorescent indicator, quin2-acetoxymethyl ester, was used to measure directly cytosolic-free calcium during contraction of isolated stomach muscle cells induced by the two neuropeptides cholecystokinin-octapeptide and Met-enkephalin as well as acetylcholine. An increase in cytosolic-free calcium was seen that was (i) dependent on the concentration of contractile agonist, (ii) derived from intracellular sources (that is, not significantly affected by removal of ambient calcium or addition of a calcium channel blocker), and (iii) kinetically and stoichiometrically related to net calcium efflux and contraction. In contrast, the increase in cytosolic-free calcium induced by depolarizing concentrations of potassium was caused by influx of calcium through voltage-dependent calcium channels.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bitar, K N -- Bradford, P -- Putney, J W Jr -- Makhlouf, G M -- AM15564/AM/NIADDK NIH HHS/ -- AM28300/AM/NIADDK NIH HHS/ -- DE-05764/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 May 30;232(4754):1143-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3704641" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylcholine/pharmacology ; Animals ; Calcium/*analysis/physiology ; Cytosol/analysis ; Enkephalin, Methionine/pharmacology ; Guinea Pigs ; Humans ; *Muscle Contraction/drug effects ; Muscle, Smooth/*analysis/drug effects/physiology ; Potassium Chloride/pharmacology ; Sincalide/pharmacology ; Stomach
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 1986-08-08
    Description: The production and action of immunoregulatory cytokines, including interleukin-1 (IL-1), are inhibited by glucocorticoid hormones in vivo and in vitro. Conversely, glucocorticoid blood levels were increased by factors released by human leukocytes exposed to Newcastle disease virus preparations. This activity was neutralized by an antibody to IL-1. Therefore the capacity of IL-1 to stimulate the pituitary-adrenal axis was tested. Administration of subpyrogenic doses of homogeneous human monocyte-derived IL-1 or the pI 7 form of human recombinant IL-1 to mice and rats increased blood levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and glucocorticoids. Another monokine, tumor necrosis factor, and the lymphokines IL-2 and gamma-interferon had no such effects when administered in doses equivalent to or higher than those of IL-1. The stimulatory effect of IL-1 on the pituitary-adrenal axis seemed not to be mediated by the secondary release of products from mature T lymphocytes since IL-1 was endocrinologically active when injected into athymic nude mice. These results strongly support the existence of an immunoregulatory feedback circuit in which IL-1 acts as an afferent and glucocorticoid as an efferent hormonal signal.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Besedovsky, H -- del Rey, A -- Sorkin, E -- Dinarello, C A -- AI15614/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Aug 8;233(4764):652-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3014662" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/blood/physiology ; Animals ; Corticosterone/blood/physiology ; Female ; Glucocorticoids/blood/immunology/*physiology ; Humans ; Interleukin-1/immunology/pharmacology/*physiology ; Leukocytes/drug effects/physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred C3H ; Mice, Nude ; Newcastle disease virus/immunology ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred Strains
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 1986-06-27
    Description: Age-associated increases in collagen cross-linking and accumulation of advanced glycosylation products are both accelerated by diabetes, suggesting that glucose-derived cross-link formation may contribute to the development of chronic diabetic complications as well as certain physical changes of aging. Aminoguanidine, a nucleophilic hydrazine compound, prevented both the formation of fluorescent advanced nonenzymatic glycosylation products and the formation of glucose-derived collagen cross-links in vitro. Aminoguanidine administration to rats was equally effective in preventing diabetes-induced formation of fluorescent advanced nonenzymatic glycosylation products and cross-linking of arterial wall connective tissue protein in vivo. The identification of aminoguanidine as an inhibitor of advanced nonenzymatic glycosylation product formation now makes possible precise experimental definition of the pathogenetic significance of this process and suggests a potential clinical role for aminoguanidine in the future treatment of chronic diabetic complications.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brownlee, M -- Vlassara, H -- Kooney, A -- Ulrich, P -- Cerami, A -- AM 19655/AM/NIADDK NIH HHS/ -- R01-AM 33861/AM/NIADDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Jun 27;232(4758):1629-32.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3487117" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arteries/*drug effects/metabolism ; Collagen/metabolism ; Connective Tissue/drug effects/metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/*drug therapy/metabolism ; Glucose/metabolism ; Guanidines/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred Lew ; Serum Albumin, Bovine/metabolism
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 1986-01-17
    Description: T lymphocytes recognize foreign antigen together with allele-specific determinants on membrane-bound class I and class II (Ia) gene products of the major histocompatibility complex. To identify amino acids of class II molecules critical to this recognition process, the genes encoding the beta chains of the I-Ak molecule were cloned from a wild-type B-cell hybridoma and from an immunoselected variant subline showing distinct serological and T-cell stimulatory properties. Nucleotide sequencing and DNA-mediated gene transfer established that a single base transition (G----A) encoding a change from glutamic acid to lysine at position 67 in the I-Ak beta molecule accounted for all the observed phenotypic changes of the variant cells. These results confirm the importance of residues 62 to 78 in the amino terminal domain of I-A beta for class II-restricted T-cell recognition of antigen and demonstrate the ability of a single substitution in this region to alter this recognition event.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brown, M A -- Glimcher, L A -- Nielsen, E A -- Paul, W E -- Germain, R N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Jan 17;231(4735):255-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3484558" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics/immunology ; Base Sequence ; Cloning, Molecular ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/*immunology ; Humans ; Hybridomas/immunology ; Major Histocompatibility Complex ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; T-Lymphocytes/*immunology
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 1986-04-25
    Description: Nerve growth factor (NGF) and its receptor are important in the development of cells derived from the neural crest. Mouse L cell transformants have been generated that stably express the human NGF receptor gene transfer with total human DNA. Affinity cross-linking, metabolic labeling and immunoprecipitation, and equilibrium binding with 125I-labeled NGF revealed that this NGF receptor had the same size and binding characteristics as the receptor from human melanoma cells and rat PC12 cells. The sequences encoding the NGF receptor were molecularly cloned using the human Alu repetitive sequence as a probe. A cosmid clone that contained the human NGF receptor gene allowed efficient transfection and expression of the receptor.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chao, M V -- Bothwell, M A -- Ross, A H -- Koprowski, H -- Lanahan, A A -- Buck, C R -- Sehgal, A -- NS-17551/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS-23343-01/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS21072/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Apr 25;232(4749):518-21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3008331" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/drug effects ; *Cloning, Molecular ; DNA, Recombinant ; Genes ; Humans ; Melanoma/metabolism ; Mice ; Oncogenes ; Rats ; Receptors, Cell Surface/*genetics ; Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Tunicamycin/pharmacology
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  • 80
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1986-11-21
    Description: Salmonellosis poses a health problem of large proportions in the United States. Annually, it accounts for more than 40,000 reported cases, 500 deaths, and financial costs well in excess of $50 million. Antimicrobial resistance is increasing in Salmonella strains, a finding that has important public health implications. Although the chain of transmission of the bacteria is often complex, combined epidemiologic and laboratory studies with the use of new methods in molecular biology make it possible to trace antimicrobial-resistant salmonellae to their primary source--foods of animal origin. These studies suggest that the antimicrobial drugs to which food animals are exposed provide selective pressure that leads to the appearance and persistence of resistant strains.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, M L -- Tauxe, R V -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Nov 21;234(4779):964-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3535069" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Chloramphenicol/pharmacology ; Disease Outbreaks/*epidemiology ; *Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Gastroenteritis/etiology ; Humans ; Meningitis/drug therapy ; Salmonella/*drug effects ; Salmonella Food Poisoning ; Salmonella Infections/epidemiology ; Salmonella Infections, Animal/transmission ; Sepsis/drug therapy ; United States
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 1986-10-31
    Description: The anopheline mosquito is the target in most malaria control programs, primarily through the use of residual insecticides. A mosquito was studied that is refractory to most species of malaria through a genetically controlled mechanism. A strain of Anopheles gambiae, which was selected for complete refractoriness to the simian malaria parasite Plasmodium cynomolgi, also has varying degrees of refractoriness to most other malaria species examined, including the human parasites P. falciparum, P. ovale, and P. vivax for which this mosquito is the principal African vector. Furthermore, the refractoriness extends to other subhuman primate malarias, to rodent malaria, and to avian malaria. Refractoriness is manifested by encapsulation of the malaria ookinete after it completes its passage through the mosquito midgut, approximately 16 to 24 hours after ingestion of an infective blood meal. Fully encapsulated ookinetes show no abnormalities in parasite organelles, suggesting that refractoriness is due to an enhanced ability of the host to recognize the living parasite rather than to a passive encapsulation of a dead or dying parasite. Production of fully refractory and fully susceptible mosquito strains was achieved through a short series of selective breeding steps. This result indicates a relatively simple genetic basis for refractoriness. In addition to the value these strains may serve in general studies of insect immune mechanisms, this finding encourages consideration of genetic manipulation of natural vector populations as a malaria control strategy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Collins, F H -- Sakai, R K -- Vernick, K D -- Paskewitz, S -- Seeley, D C -- Miller, L H -- Collins, W E -- Campbell, C C -- Gwadz, R W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Oct 31;234(4776):607-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3532325" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anopheles/genetics/*parasitology ; Humans ; Insect Vectors/parasitology ; Malaria/parasitology/prevention & control ; Plasmodium/*physiology ; Plasmodium falciparum/physiology ; Plasmodium vivax/physiology ; *Selection, Genetic
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 1986-07-25
    Description: Rat thyroid cells in culture, rendered quiescent by hormone deprivation, can be stimulated to undergo DNA synthesis in the absence of serum by the addition of purified thyrotropin. The primary effect in response to thyrotropin action in thyroid cells is the induction of the c-fos oncogene, followed by c-myc expression. This suggests that thyrotropin acts as a competence growth factor.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Colletta, G -- Cirafici, A M -- Vecchio, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Jul 25;233(4762):458-60.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3726540" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cattle ; Cell Division/drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Cycloheximide/pharmacology ; DNA/biosynthesis ; Oncogenes/*drug effects ; Rats ; Thyroid Gland/*cytology/drug effects/metabolism ; Thyrotropin/*pharmacology
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 1986-02-28
    Description: Methylphenyltetrahydropyridine (MPTP) selectively destroys neuronal cell bodies in the melanin-containing substantia nigra of humans and other primates. We show that methylphenylpyridine (MPP+), an active metabolite of MPTP which is accumulated intraneuronally by the catecholamine uptake system, binds with high affinity to melanin and neuromelanin. MPP+ bound intracellularly to neuromelanin may be released gradually, resulting in subsequent damage to the neurons of the substantia nigra.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉D'Amato, R J -- Lipman, Z P -- Snyder, S H -- GM-07309/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- MH-18501/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- NS-16375/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Feb 28;231(4741):987-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3080808" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine ; 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ; Animals ; Dopamine/metabolism ; Epinephrine/metabolism ; Haplorhini ; Humans ; Locus Coeruleus/metabolism ; Melanins/*metabolism ; Neurotoxins/*metabolism ; Norepinephrine/metabolism ; Parkinson Disease/metabolism ; Pyridines/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Pyridinium Compounds/*metabolism ; Substantia Nigra/drug effects/metabolism
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  • 84
    Publication Date: 1986-03-14
    Description: Approximately 80 percent of all human sera that react with antigens of HTLV-III, the etiologic agent of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), recognize protein bands at 66 and 51 kilodaltons. A mouse hybridoma was produced that was specific to these proteins. Repeated cloning of the hybridoma did not separate the two reactivities. The p66/p51 was purified from HTLV-III lysates by immunoaffinity chromatography and subjected to NH2-terminal Edman degradation. Single amino acid residues were obtained in 17 successive degradation cycles. The sequence determined was a perfect translation of the nucleotide sequence of a portion of the HTLV-III pol gene. The purified p66/51 had reverse transcriptase activity and the monoclonal immunoglobulin G specifically removed the enzyme activity from crude viral extract as well as purified enzyme.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉di Marzo Veronese, F -- Copeland, T D -- DeVico, A L -- Rahman, R -- Oroszlan, S -- Gallo, R C -- Sarngadharan, M G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Mar 14;231(4743):1289-91.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2418504" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology ; Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Antigens, Viral/genetics/immunology/isolation & purification ; Base Sequence ; Chromatography, Affinity ; Deltaretrovirus/*enzymology/genetics/immunology ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Genes, Viral ; Humans ; Hybridomas/immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase/genetics/*immunology/isolation & purification
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 1986-07-25
    Description: The hepatitis B virus (HBV) envelope protein carrying the surface antigen (HBsAg) is assembled with cellular lipids in mammalian cells into empty viral envelopes. In a study to evaluate the capacity of such particles to present foreign peptide sequences in a biologically active form, in-phase insertions were created in the S gene encoding the major envelope protein. One of the sequences inserted was a synthetic DNA fragment encoding a poliovirus neutralization epitope. Mammalian cells expressing the modified gene secreted hybrid particles closely resembling authentic 22-nanometer HBsAg particles. These particles reacted with a poliovirus-specific monoclonal antibody and induced neutralizing antibodies against poliovirus. The results indicate that empty viral envelopes of HBV may provide a means for the presentation of peptide sequences and for their export from mammalian cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Delpeyroux, F -- Chenciner, N -- Lim, A -- Malpiece, Y -- Blondel, B -- Crainic, R -- van der Werf, S -- Streeck, R E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Jul 25;233(4762):472-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2425433" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, Viral/genetics/*immunology ; Epitopes/genetics/*immunology ; Genetic Engineering ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/genetics/*immunology ; Mice ; Neutralization Tests ; Poliovirus/*immunology ; Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics/immunology
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  • 86
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1986-03-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Easton, T A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Mar 14;231(4743):1235.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3945820" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Female ; Homosexuality ; Humans ; Male ; *Perfume ; Rats ; *Sexual Behavior
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 1986-06-20
    Description: The hormone 17 beta-estradiol acts through its receptor system to induce MCF-7 human breast cancer cells to form tumors in athymic mice. In vitro studies have identified the production of estrogen-induced growth factors from MCF-7 cells that may have a role in growth control. These induced growth factors were sufficient to stimulate MCF-7 tumor growth in ovariectomized athymic mice, thus partially replacing estradiol. Growth factors may act as estrogen-induced "second messengers" in estrogen-responsive growth of human breast cancer.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dickson, R B -- McManaway, M E -- Lippman, M E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Jun 20;232(4757):1540-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3715461" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Breast Neoplasms/*pathology ; Cell Division ; Cell Line ; Culture Media ; Estradiol/*physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Nude ; Neoplasm Transplantation ; Ovariectomy ; Receptors, Estradiol/*physiology ; Receptors, Estrogen/*physiology ; Transplantation, Heterologous
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 1986-03-07
    Description: Several molecular theories of aging postulate that there are age-dependent changes in gene expression and that these changes contribute to the reduction in the viability of senescent cells. High-resolution, semiautomated, quantitative two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of many soluble proteins was used to test this hypothesis in Drosophila. Two-dimensional protein gel patterns were analyzed for each of three age groups of [(35)S]methionine-labeled adult male Drosophila melanogaster, which, except for their spermatocytes, consist entirely of fixed postmitotic cells. Seven relatively abundant polypeptides expressed in middle-aged (28-day-old) flies were absent in both young(10-day-old) and old (44-day-old) flies. Quantitative analyses of an additional 100 polypeptides were carried out by computer-assisted microdensitometry of fluorograms of the gel preparations. These analyses revealed a significant age-related heterogeneity in the quantitative distribution of radiolabel in these proteins. The data indicate that the qualitative pattern of gene expression is identical in young and old flies, but that profound quantitative changes occur in the expression of proteins during the Drosophila life-span.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fleming, J E -- Quattrocki, E -- Latter, G -- Miquel, J -- Marcuson, R -- Zuckerkandl, E -- Bensch, K G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Mar 7;231(4742):1157-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3080809" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Aging ; Animals ; Drosophila melanogaster/*metabolism ; Electrophoresis ; Male ; Molecular Weight ; Proteins/*metabolism
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 1986-07-25
    Description: The H-2 histocompatibility complex of the mouse is a multigene family, some members of which are essential for the immune response to foreign antigens. The structure and organization of these genes have been established by molecular cloning, and their regulation and function is being defined by expression of the cloned genes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Flavell, R A -- Allen, H -- Burkly, L C -- Sherman, D H -- Waneck, G L -- Widera, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Jul 25;233(4762):437-43.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3726537" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chromosome Mapping ; H-2 Antigens/*genetics ; *Major Histocompatibility Complex ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Polymorphism, Genetic
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  • 90
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1986-08-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Aug 15;233(4765):704-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3461560" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Genetic Engineering ; Government Agencies ; Pseudorabies/prevention & control ; Swine ; Swine Diseases/prevention & control ; United States ; Viral Vaccines
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 1986-05-02
    Description: Cardiocytes in the atria contain a prohormone that gives rise to atrial natriuretic peptides (ANP's), which have intrinsic hemodynamic regulatory activity. The distribution of ANP's in the brain suggests the involvement of these peptides in central cardiovascular regulation. In conscious rats with chronic indwelling catheters, volume loading with isotonic saline or glucose increased the amount of circulating immunoreactive ANP's by a factor of 4 to 5, as determined by radioimmunoassay. Hyperosmotic challenge with a hypertonic NaCl solution or anesthesia with halothane caused similar increases in plasma ANP's. Results obtained with the denervated-heart preparation indicate that neuronal influences are important in the release of ANP's induced by volume loading. As judged from reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of extracted plasma and radioimmunoassay of collected fractions, the circulating physiologically important ANP's in the conscious rodent appear to be alpha-rANP(5-28) (atriopeptin III) and either alpha-rANP(3-28) [ANF(8-33)] or alpha-rANP(1-28) (ANF).〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Eskay, R -- Zukowska-Grojec, Z -- Haass, M -- Dave, J R -- Zamir, N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 May 2;232(4750):636-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2938258" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anesthesia ; Animals ; Atrial Natriuretic Factor/blood/isolation & purification/physiology/*secretion ; Blood Volume ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Consciousness/physiology ; Halothane/pharmacology ; Heart/innervation ; Heart Atria/drug effects/secretion ; Male ; Osmotic Pressure ; Pentobarbital/pharmacology ; Peptide Fragments/isolation & purification ; Radioimmunoassay ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred Strains
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 1986-05-16
    Description: Two human T-cell leukemias carrying a t(8;14)(q24;q11) chromosome translocation were studied for rearrangements and expression of the c-myc oncogene. For one leukemia, rearrangement was detected in a region immediately distal (3') to the c-myc locus; no rearrangements of c-myc were observed in the second case (DeF). However, studies with hybrids between human and mouse leukemic T cells indicated that in the leukemic cells of DeF, the breakpoint in chromosome 14 occurred between genes for the variable (V alpha) and the constant (C alpha) regions for the alpha chain of the T-cell receptor. The C alpha locus had translocated to a region more than 38 kilobases 3' to the involved c-myc oncogene. Since human c-myc transcripts were expressed only in hybrids carrying the 8q+ chromosome but not in hybrids containing the normal chromosome 8, it is concluded that the translocation of the C alpha locus 3' to the c-myc oncogene can result in its transcriptional deregulation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Erikson, J -- Finger, L -- Sun, L -- ar-Rushdi, A -- Nishikura, K -- Minowada, J -- Finan, J -- Emanuel, B S -- Nowell, P C -- Croce, C M -- CA10815/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA25875/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA39860/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 May 16;232(4752):884-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3486470" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Burkitt Lymphoma/genetics ; Chromosomes, Human, 13-15 ; Chromosomes, Human, 6-12 and X ; Humans ; Hybrid Cells ; Karyotyping ; Leukemia/*genetics ; Male ; Mice ; Middle Aged ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; *Oncogenes ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/*genetics ; *T-Lymphocytes ; *Translocation, Genetic
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 1986-11-07
    Description: Intracellular electrical recordings in an in vitro slice preparation of the brainstem medial pontine reticular formation, a region thought to be important in mediation of desynchronized sleep phenomena, demonstrate a population of neurons that have a calcium-dependent, low threshold spike. This low threshold spike was inactivated at relatively depolarized membrane potential levels and, when this spike was deinactivated, it induced a burst of action potentials. The membrane potential dependence of the spike may underlie changes in action potential firing patterns associated with behavioral state change because the baseline membrane potential in neurons of the medial pontine reticular population depolarizes during passage from waking and slow wave sleep to desynchronized sleep, which is characterized by the absence of burst firing.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Greene, R W -- Haas, H L -- McCarley, R W -- MH 39,683/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Nov 7;234(4777):738-40.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3775364" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Calcium/physiology ; Electric Stimulation ; In Vitro Techniques ; Membrane Potentials ; Pons/cytology/*physiology ; Rats
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 1986-08-15
    Description: Transplantation of normal, immature, fetal hematopoietic cells into a preimmune fetal recipient with a congenital hemoglobinopathy may allow partial reconstitution of normal hemoglobin production without the complications associated with postnatal bone marrow transplantation (immunosuppression and the occurrence of graft versus host disease). In order to test this hypothesis the naturally occurring polymorphism at the beta-hemoglobin locus of the sheep was used as a marker for engraftment and hematopoietic chimerism. Intraperitoneal injection of allogeneic fetal stem cells into normal fetal lambs resulted in hematopoietic chimerism in three of four surviving recipients. This chimerism has been sustained for 6 months after birth and 9 months after engraftment, without evidence of graft versus host disease, and without the use of immunosuppressive therapy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Flake, A W -- Harrison, M R -- Adzick, N S -- Zanjani, E D -- AM-24027/AM/NIADDK NIH HHS/ -- AM-29890/AM/NIADDK NIH HHS/ -- AM-30914/AM/NIADDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Aug 15;233(4765):776-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2874611" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Chimera ; Female ; Fetus ; Graft vs Host Disease ; *Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation ; Hemoglobin A/*analysis ; Hemoglobins/*analysis ; Pregnancy ; Sheep ; Transplantation, Homologous
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 1986-05-16
    Description: A specific DNA probe was used to study the effect of recombinant rat, mouse, and human gamma-interferon (gamma-IFN) on the course of sporozoite-induced malaria infections. In mice and rats infected with sporozoites of Plasmodium berghei, mouse and rat gamma-IFN's strongly inhibited the development of the exoerythrocytic forms in the liver liver cells of the hosts, but not the development of the erythrocytic stages. The degree of inhibition of the exoerythrocytic forms was proportional to the dose of gamma-IFN administered, but was independent of the number of sporozoites used for challenge. A 30 percent reduction in the development of exoerythrocytic forms in rat liver was achieved when 150 units (about 15 nanograms of protein) of rat gamma-IFN were injected a few hours before sporozoite challenge; the reduction was 90 percent or more with higher doses of gamma-IFN. The effect was less pronounced if the gamma-IFN was administered 18 hours before or a few hours after challenge. Human gamma-IFN also diminished the parasitemia in chimpanzees infected with sporozoites of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax. The target of gamma-IFN activity may be the infected hepatocytes themselves, as shown by in vitro experiments in which small doses of the human lymphokine inhibited the development of exoerythrocytic forms of Plasmodium berghei in a human hepatoma cell line. These results suggest that immunologically induced interferon may be involved in controlling malaria infection under natural conditions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ferreira, A -- Schofield, L -- Enea, V -- Schellekens, H -- van der Meide, P -- Collins, W E -- Nussenzweig, R S -- Nussenzweig, V -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 May 16;232(4752):881-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3085218" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line ; Humans ; Interferon-gamma/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Liver/cytology ; Malaria/*drug therapy ; Mice ; Pan troglodytes ; Plasmodium berghei/drug effects ; Plasmodium vivax/drug effects ; Toxoplasma/drug effects
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 1986-01-24
    Description: Steady-state cellular levels of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG), and inositol phosphates have been measured in two different fibroblast cell lines (NIH 3T3 and NRK cells) before and after transformation with three different ras genes. At high cell density the ratio of DAG to PIP2 was 2.5- to 3-fold higher in the ras-transformed cells than in their untransformed counterparts. The sum of the water-soluble breakdown products of the polyphosphoinositides, inositol-1,4-bisphosphate and inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate, was also elevated in ras-transformed NRK cells compared with nontransformed NRK cells. These findings suggest that the ras (p21) protein may act by affecting these levels, possibly as a regulatory element in the PIP2 breakdown pathway.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fleischman, L F -- Chahwala, S B -- Cantley, L -- GM 36133/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Jan 24;231(4736):407-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3001936" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/*analysis ; Diglycerides/analysis ; Humans ; Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate ; Inositol Phosphates/analysis ; *Oncogenes ; Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Diphosphate ; Phosphatidylinositols/*analysis ; Rats
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 1986-12-05
    Description: Clonal cell lines derived from specific types of central neurons can be used to identify and characterize properties specific to those neurons. With somatic cell fusion techniques, nine clonal hybrid cell lines have been developed from the septal region of the mouse basal forebrain. Two lines express characteristics typical of cholinergic neurons--choline acetyltransferase activity and immunoreactivity, neurite formation with neurofilament protein immunoreactivity, and aggregation in rotation-mediated cell culture. These cell lines may be useful for studying the trophic interactions that support the development and maintenance of central cholinergic connections.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hammond, D N -- Wainer, B H -- Tonsgard, J H -- Heller, A -- HD04583/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- NS07195/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS17661/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Dec 5;234(4781):1237-40.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3775382" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/cytology ; Cell Line ; Choline O-Acetyltransferase/metabolism ; Cholinergic Fibers/*physiology ; Clone Cells ; Hybrid Cells ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neuroblastoma/metabolism ; Neurons/*physiology
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 1986-05-30
    Description: Primary Sjogren's syndrome is an autoimmune disorder characterized by dryness of the mouth and eyes. The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) locus DQ is related to the primary Sjogren's syndrome autoantibodies that bind the RNA proteins Ro/SSA and La/SSB. Both DQ1 and DQ2 alleles are associated with high concentrations of these autoantibodies. An analysis of all possible combinations at DQ has shown that the entire effect was due to heterozygotes expressing the DQ1 and DQ2 alleles. These data suggest that gene interaction between DQ1 and DQ2 (or alleles at associated loci), possibly from gene complementation of trans-associated surface molecules, influences the autoimmune response in primary Sjogren's syndrome.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Harley, J B -- Reichlin, M -- Arnett, F C -- Alexander, E L -- Bias, W B -- Provost, T T -- AM 31133/AM/NIADDK NIH HHS/ -- AM 34159/AM/NIADDK NIH HHS/ -- HL 30748/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 May 30;232(4754):1145-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3458307" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; Autoantibodies/*biosynthesis/genetics ; HLA-DQ Antigens ; HLA-DR Antigens ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/*genetics/immunology ; Mice ; Sjogren's Syndrome/*genetics/immunology
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  • 99
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1986-05-16
    Description: A new serine protease was encoded by a clone isolated from a murine cytotoxic T-lymphocyte complementary DNA library by an RNA-hybridization competition protocol. Complementary transcripts were detected in cytotoxic T lymphocytes, spleen cells from nude mice, a rat natural killer cell leukemia, and in two of eight T-helper clones (both cytotoxic), but not in normal mouse kidney, liver, spleen, or thymus, nor in several tested T- and B-cell tumors. T-cell activation with concanavalin A plus interleukin-2 induced spleen cells to express this gene with kinetics correlating with the acquisition of cytolytic capacity. The nucleotide sequence of this gene encoded an amino acid sequence of approximately 25,700 daltons, with 25 to 35 percent identity to members of the serine protease family. The active site "charge-relay" residues (His57, Asp102, and Ser195 of the chymotrypsin numbering system) are conserved, as well as the trypsin-specific Asp (position 189 in trypsin). A Southern blot analysis indicated that this gene is conserved in humans, mouse, and chicken. This serine protease may have a role in lymphocyte lysis and a "lytic cascade."〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gershenfeld, H K -- Weissman, I L -- AI 19512/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- CA09032/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 May 16;232(4752):854-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2422755" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cloning, Molecular ; Concanavalin A/pharmacology ; DNA/genetics ; Endopeptidases/*genetics ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Inbred CBA ; Mice, Nude ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; RNA/genetics ; Serine Endopeptidases ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects/*metabolism
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 1986-06-27
    Description: Previous studies have suggested that the retinotectal system of the goldfish contains a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) that is sensitive to alpha-bungarotoxin. Extracellularly recorded field potentials elicited in response to visual stimulation can be blocked by alpha-bungarotoxin, and alpha-bungarotoxin can interfere with the maintenance of retinotectal synaptic connections. Whether the transmission between the retinal ganglion cells and the tectal cells is mediated by acetylcholine and whether nAChR's exist on the dendrites of tectal cells are questions that remain. The experiments described in this report were designed to determine the site of synthesis of the nAChR's associated with the goldfish retinotectal projection. Radioactive (35S-labeled) methionine was injected into either the eye or the tectal ventricle, and the incorporation of radioactivity into the nAChR was measured by immunoprecipitation. The use of this technique provides evidence that an nAChR associated with the goldfish retinotectal projection is synthesized in the retina and transported to the optic tectum, which suggests a presynaptic site of acetylcholine action on retinal terminals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Henley, J M -- Lindstrom, J M -- Oswald, R E -- NS11323/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Jun 27;232(4758):1627-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3715468" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Electrophorus ; Goldfish/metabolism/physiology ; Ranidae ; Receptors, Cholinergic/*biosynthesis/metabolism ; Retina/metabolism/*physiology ; Superior Colliculi/metabolism/*physiology ; Torpedo ; Turtles
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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