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  • Springer  (52,321)
  • 2020-2024
  • 1990-1994
  • 1985-1989  (52,321)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1986  (52,321)
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  • 2020-2024
  • 1990-1994
  • 1985-1989  (52,321)
  • 1965-1969
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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the numerical integration of second-order initial value problems with a periodic forcing function (1986)
    Springer
    Computing 37 (1986), S. 195-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 65L05 ; G.1.7 ; G.1.8 ; Numerical analysis ; ordinary differential equations ; Runge-Kutta methods ; predictorcorrector methods ; periodic solutions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Für die numerische Behandlung von Differentialgleichungen zweiter Ordnung, bei dennen die Lösung im wesentlichen durch die von einer äußeren periodischen Kraft erzwungenen Schwingung bestimmt wird, werden Diskretisierungsmethoden vom Runge-Kutta-Nyström Typ und spezielle Prädiktor-Korrektor Methoden konstruiert. Für eine Klasse expliziter und linear-impliziter Runge-Kutta-Nyström Methoden der Ordung zwei zeigen wir, daß die erzwungene Schwingung keinen Phasenfehler aufweist. Für eine Klasse von Prädiktor-Korrektor Methoden vierter Ordnung wird nachgewiesen, daß die Phasen- und Dissipationsfehlerordnung beliebig groß gemacht werden kann. Numerische Beispiele bestätigen die Wirksamkeit unserer Methoden mit reduziertem Phasenfehler.
    Notes: Abstract Runge-Kutta-Nyström type methods and special predictor-corrector methods are constructed for the accurate solution of second-order differential equations of which the solution is dominated by the forced oscillation originating from an external, periodic forcing term. For a family of second-order explicit and linearly implicit Runge-Kutta-Nyström methods it is shown that the forced oscillation is represented with zero phase lag. For a family of predictor-corrector methods of fourth-order, it is shown that both the phase lag order and the dissipation of the forced oscillation can be made arbitrarily high. Numerical examples illustrate the effectiveness of our reduced phase lag methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02252512
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  • 102
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    On the R-order of some recurrences with applications to inclusion-methods II (1986)
    Springer
    Computing 37 (1986), S. 255-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 65 G 10 ; 65 H 05 ; 65 F 30 ; Order of convergence ; interval methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wir betrachten hier eine Klasse von Rekursionsfolgen, die eine Verallgemeinerung von den in [3] behandelten ist. Dazu werden Abschätzungen für dieR-Ordnung hergeleitet und dann auf eine Klasse von Iterationsverfahren zur Einschließung der Inversen einer Matrix angewendet.
    Notes: Abstract In this note we are considering a class of recurrences which is a generalization of those in [3]. Estimates for theirR-order are derived and the results are then applied to a family of higher-order interval methods for the inclusion of the inverse of a matrix. An efficient algorithm is determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02252516
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  • 103
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    Check character systems (1986)
    Springer
    Computing 37 (1986), S. 277-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wir geben einen möglichst vollständigen Überblick über alle gebräuchlichen Prüfziffern-Verfahren. Der gruppentheoretische Hintergrund aller dieser Verfahren wird erklärt, und es wird gezeigt, wie sich auf dieser Basis neue Prüfzeichen-Verfahren konstruieren lassen. Mit Hilfe lateinischer Quadrate (oder Quasigruppen) werden neue Prüfzeichen-Verfahren gefunden, speziell ein guter dezimaler Shift-Code.
    Notes: Abstract A hopefully complete review is given of different decimal codes that are in use. The grouptheoretical background of those methods is explained and applied to the construction of new error detecting codes. With the help of Latin squares (or quasi-groups) new error codes are found, especially a good decimal shift-code.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02251088
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  • 104
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    Solution of the matrix equation AX−XB=C (1986)
    Springer
    Computing 37 (1986), S. 351-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 65F10 ; Matrix equation ; algebraic formula
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Angegeben wird eine algebraische Formel für die Lösung der GleichungAX−XB=C und ein auf ihr basierender Lösungsalgorithmus.
    Notes: Abstract In this paper a finite algebraic formula for the solution of the matrix equationAX−XB=C is derived. Based on it, a new direct algorithm is given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02251092
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  • 105
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    Approximation of double integrals of analytic functions of two complex variables (1986)
    Springer
    Computing 37 (1986), S. 357-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: (1970) Primary 65D30 ; Analytic function ; double integral ; approximation ; degree of precision
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine 9punktige Formel vom Grad 5 zur numerischen Approximation von Doppelintegralen komplexer Variablen samt Fehlerschranke hergeleitet.
    Notes: Abstract A nine-point degree five rule for the numerical approximation of double integrals of analytic functions of complex variables and its error bound have been derived.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02251093
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  • 106
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    An appraisal of the performance of the MMSC subgraph generation algorithm on a Cyber System 170/720 (1986)
    Springer
    Computing 37 (1986), S. 365-370 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: Maximal minimally strongly connected (MMSC) subgraphs ; cliques ; performance ; complexities ; cluster analysis ; maximal compatibles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einer kürzlich erfolgten Veröffentlichung von Daset al. wurde ein Algorithmus zur Erzeugung maximaler minimal stark zusammenhängender (MMSC) Untergraphen oder Cliquen in ungerichteten Graphen vorgeschlagen. Dieser Algorithmus basiert auf einer Verfeinerung der Technik der sukzessiven Aufspaltung, der von Paull und Unger eingeführt wurde. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird das Leistungsverhalten dieses Algorithmus bei Implementierung in FORTRAN IV mit dem System Cyber 170/720 untersucht.
    Notes: Abstract An algorithm for generating maximal minimally strongly connected (MMSC) subgraphs or cliques in undirected graphs has been suggested by Daset al. in a recent paper. The proposed algorithm is based on a refinement of the technique of successive splitting described by Paull and Unger in the determination of maximal compatibles of states in the context of minimization of incomplete sequential machines. The present paper discusses the performance of the aforementioned subgraph generation algorithm in an implementation on Cyber System 170/720 using FORTRAN IV, in particular reference to cluster analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02251094
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  • 107
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    Ernährungsphysiologische Evaluierung von Säuglingsvollnahrungen auf Sojabasis (1986)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 25 (1986), S. 129-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: soybean-based formula ; infant feeding ; cow's milk intolerance ; allergic diseases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The purpose of this review is to evaluate the nutritional quality of soybean-based infant diets on the basis of results published in the scientific literature. Special consideration has been given to the use of soybean protein formulas for infants with reduced intestinal digestion and absorption capacity as well as in cases of cow's milk intolerance and allergic diseases.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zweck dieser Arbeit ist es, eine Evaluierung der ernährungsphysiologischen Qualität von Säuglingsfertignahrungen auf Sojabasis unter Berücksichtigung der einschlägigen wissenschaftlichen Literatur vorzunehmen. Bei dieser Beurteilung findet die Indikation von Sojanahrungen bei verminderter Resorptionskapazität des Darmes und Unverträglichkeitserscheinungen besondere Berücksichtigung.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02021246
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  • 108
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    Oral intake of glucose plus galactose and erythrocyte galactose-1-phosphate A nutritional evaluation of hydrolyzed lactose (1986)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 25 (1986), S. 171-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: risk ; galactose ; hydrolyzed lactose ; toxicity ; galactose-1-phosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wir haben die Wirkung einer Glukose-Galaktose-Zufuhr, wie sie bei Aufnahme von Lebensmitteln mit hydrolysierter Laktose auftreten kann, untersucht. Dazu erhielten 5 gesunde erwachsene Versuchspersonen morgens nüchtern je 32,3 g Glukose plus 32,3 g Galaktose (entsprechend 125 g eines Magermilchpulvers mit hydrolysierter Laktose). Die postprandialen erythrozytären Galaktose-1-Phosphat-(Gal-1-P-)Spiegel stiegen bei keinem der Probanden höher als 22,3 Μmol/l gepackter Erythrozyten an. Damit erreichten die Konzentrationen dieses Indikatormetaboliten lediglich 22 % der Spiegel, die sich bei galaktosämischen Kindern als sicher herausgestellt haben, was die Entstehung von Leberoder Hirnschäden bzw. Katarakten angeht. Wir schließen daraus, daß das Kriterium der erythrozytären Gal-1-P-Spiegel kein Stoffwechselrisiko beim Konsum von hydrolysierter Laktose erkennen läßt. Hingegen ist die Aufnahme von Galaktose allein ohne Glukose von 17fach höheren Plasma-Galaktosespiegeln und einer ca. 8fach höheren erythrozytären Gal-1-P-Konzentration begleitet. Die Zufuhr von Galaktose allein dürfte daher ein erheblich höheres Stoffwechselrisiko verursachen.
    Notes: Summary This study deals with the metabolic effects of hydrolyzed lactose: After an overnight fast 5 healthy adult volunteers consumed a glucose-galactose mixture equivalent to 61.4g of lactose (or 125g of a dried skim milk powder with hydrolyzed lactose). The postprandial rise of erythrocyte galactose-1-phosphate (gal-1-P) never exceeded 22.3 Μmol per liter packed red blood cells. This amounts to no more than 22 % of the levels known from galactosemic children to be safe, concerning ocular, neural or hepatic damage. We conclude that the consumption of the hydrolyzed lactose does not cause a risk for consumer's health as judged from this galactose metabolite. A considerably higher risk, however, may accompany the consumption of galactose alone which causes around 17-fold higher plasma galactose levels and around 8-fold higher erythrocyte gal-1-P concentrations for more extended time periods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02021249
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  • 109
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    Mechanismen der intestinalen Nährstoffresorption (1986)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 25 (1986), S. 209-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: intestinale Transfersysteme ; epitheliale H+-Sekretion ; „saures Mikroklima“ ; Resorption schwacher Elektrolyte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The nutrient uptake from the intestinal lumen into the distributing blood circulation is mediated by the epithelial cell of the small intestine. The transfer process through this distinctly polar cell consists of three partial events: entrance of substances through the brush-border membrane, traversal of a metabolic active intracellular space and exit through the baso-lateral membrane. The fundamental transfer mechanisms — simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, antiport and symport systems, electroneutral and electrogenic processes — are described. The significance of nutrient metabolization for transport processes is discussed: proton secretion by the epithelial cell coupled to the glucose and lactate metabolization is quoted as an illustration. The “acid microclimate” resulting from this proton secretion on the mucosal surface has a significant influence on weak-electrolyte absorption. This effect was clearly demonstrated for in vitro uptake of nicotinic acid into the intestinal tissue. It can be assumed that — similar to the role of a Na+-gradient — the proton gradient on the surface of absorptive epithelia is highly significant as a driving force of nutrient absorption.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Epithelzelle der Dünndarmschleimhaut vermittelt die Nährstoffaufnahme aus dem intestinalen Lumen in das Verteilersystem des Blutkreislaufs. Der Transferprozeß durch diese ausgeprägt polare Zelle setzt sich aus drei Teilvorgängen zusammen: dem Eintritt von Substanzen durch die Bürstensaummembran, dem Durchqueren eines metabolisch aktiven Intrazellularraumes und dem Austritt an der basolateralen Membran. Es werden die grundsätzlichen Transfermechanismen — einfache Diffusion, erleichterte Diffusion, Antiport- und Symportsysteme, elektroneutrale und elektrogene Vorgänge — beschrieben. Welche Bedeutung die Metabolisierung von Nährstoffen in der Epithelzelle für Transportvorgänge haben kann, wird am Beispiel des Glucose- und Lactatstoffwechsels und der daran gekoppelten H+-Ionen-Sekretion der Epithelzelle erörtert. Das durch die Protonensekretion erzeugte „saure Mikroklima“ an der mukosalen Oberfläche des Epithels hat seinerseits einen bisher wenig beachteten Einfluß insbesondere auf die Resorption schwacher Elektrolyte, wie dies am Beispiel der Nicotinsäureresorption überzeugend nachgewiesen wurde. Es kann angenommen werden, daß dem H+-Ionen-Gradienten an der Oberfläche resorbierender Epithelien eine dem Na+-Gradienten vergleichbare Bedeutung als treibende Kraft der Nährstoffresorption zukommt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02019571
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  • 110
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    The application of protein concentrates from locally available legumes in the development of weaning foods (1986)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 25 (1986), S. 220-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: vegetable proteins ; weaning foods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Hauptziel dieser Arbeit ist es, den Einfluß von pflanzlichem Eiweiß aus verschiedenen Hülsenfrüchten in der Ernährung von Kleinkindern aufzuzeigen. In parallelen Versuchen wurden Proteine aus der Melone, aus Raps und Sojabohnen sowie aus einer Mischung derselben insgesamt 60 Albinoratten verfüttert, um das Wachstum und den Stickstoffmetabolismus im Gewebe zu bestimmen. Cerelac® diente als Kontrollsubstanz. Mit der Proteinmischung wurden hinsichtlich des Proteinwirkungsverhältnisses (Protein efficiency ratio, PER) und des Nettoproteinverhältnisses (net protein ratio, NPR) Ergebnisse erzielt, die gut mit der Kontrollgruppe korrelieren. Wird jedoch das jeweilige Protein allein verabreicht, sinkt die Stickstoffretention in der Zelle, und das Wachstum der Tiere ist geringer. Deshalb sollten vor allem in Entwicklungsländern pflanzliche Eiweiße in Form von Mischungen zur Herstellung von Babynahrung eingesetzt werden.
    Notes: Summary The effect of mixing different sources of vegetable proteins from legumes in the preparation of infant weaning foods was investigated. Melon, cowpea and soya as sole protein sources or as a mixture were fed to 60 albino rats. A milk powder-based commercial product (Cerelac) was used as control diet. The mixture of the vegetable protein diet compared favourably with the control diet in terms of growth rate, protein efficiency ratio (PER) and net protein ratio (NPR) and also ensured optimum nitrogen content in liver, kidney and muscle tissues. In contrast the use of individual protein sources failed to support satisfactory growth and were inferior to those in animals fed with the control or mixed diets. It was thus concluded that in the developing countries an application of such a mixture of vegetable proteins may be suitable in the preparation of weaning foods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02019572
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  • 111
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    Effect of proteins on availability of zinc II. Bioavailability of zinc from casein and whey protein — retention study in young rats (1986)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 25 (1986), S. 233-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: zinc availability ; casein ; whey protein ; retention study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ziel der Untersuchung war es, die Verfügbarkeit von Zink aus zwei semisynthethischen Kostformen, die isoliertes Molkenprotein (Wp D) bzw. isoliertes Casein (Cas D) als Proteinkomponente (20 Gew.%) enthielten, zu vergleichen. Je 14 wachsende männliche Ratten pro Gruppe (Anfangsgew. 40 g) wurden mit diesen Diäten 21 Tage lang ad libitum gefüttert. Die Kostformen enthielten mit 18 ppm eine bedarfsdeckende Zinkdosis. Zur radioaktiven Markierung des Zinks wurden jedem Tier täglich ∼ 13 μg65Zn (=4 μ Ci) intragastral gesondet. Die Untersuchung war hauptsächlich als Retentionsstudie angesetzt, es wurden jedoch auch allgemeine Parameter wie Gewichtsentwicklung, Futter- und Trinkwasseraufnahme, Organgewichte u. a. erfaßt und die Aktivität der alk. Phosphatase in Serum und Femurgewebe bestimmt. Während der Versuchsperiode wurde aus der Wp D signifikant mehr65Zn (36,5%) im Ganzkörper retiniert als aus der Cas D (31,6%). Analoges gilt für die65Zn-Retention im Femur und für die65Zn-Konzentration im Femur und Haar sowie für die Gesamt-Zink-Konzentration (65Zn und nicht markiertes Zink) im Femur. Bei den sonstigen Parametern war kein eindeutiger Einfluß der Proteinkomponente festzustellen. Die Untersuchung hat eindeutig bewiesen, daß das Zink aus einer Kostform mit Molkenprotein besser verfügbar ist als aus einer Diät mit Casein als Proteinkomponente. Den Grund hierfür sollen weitere Experimente klären.
    Notes: Summary The availability of zinc from two semi-synthetic diets with isolated whey protein (Wp D) or with isolated casein (Cas D) as protein component (20% W/ W) was compared in a 21-day study with growing male rats (initial weight 40 g; 14 animals/group). Zinc concentration in both diets (18 ppm) was adequate to meet the requirements of the animals fed ad libitum. For radiolabeling ∼ 13μg65Zn (=4 μ Ci) was given daily by intragastric intubation to each animal. The investigation was designed primarily as a retention study, but also general parameters like weight development, food and water intake, organ weights etc. were registered and the activity of alkaline phosphatase was determined in serum and femur tissue. A significantly higher percentage of65Zn was retained in the whole body from the Wp D (36.5%) than from the Cas D (31.6%) during the experimental period. The same is valid for the percentage retention of65Zn in the femur and for the65Zn concentration in femur and hair as well as for the total zinc concentration (65Zn and non-labeled zinc) of the femur. The other parameters determined were not unequivocally influenced by the protein component of the diet. The study clearly demonstrated that the availability of zinc by the growing rat was better from a diet with whey protein than from one with casein as the protein component. The reason on this phenomenon has to be elucidated by further investigations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02019574
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  • 112
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    Relevanzbaumanalyse in der strategischen Planung der Landesregierung von Rheinland-Pfalz (1986)
    Springer
    OR spectrum 8 (1986), S. 41-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary It will be discussed the application of the “relevance tree analysis” (RTA) within the “Integrated Planning-, Decision- and Controlsystem” of the government of Rheinland-Pfalz from 1972–1976. It was intented to generate a sequence of priorities of goals and means. About 1200 resp. 600 evaluation steps were performed by members of the administration. A pyramid structure of relevance numbers was developed. Additional analysis followed. The results are described in the “goal memorandum of the government”. But we can find a disappointment about the opportunities of the RTA: The implementation of RTA failured; nowadays we can't see any use of the method.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es geht um den Einsatz der Relevanzbaumanalyse (RBA) innerhalb des „Integrierten Planungs-, Entscheidungs- und Kontrollsystems“ (IPEKS) in der Landesregierung von Rheinland-Pfalz in den Jahren 1972 bis 1976. Innerhalb der strategischen Zielrahmenplanung beabsichtigt man, mit Hilfe der RBA eine Prioritätsreihenfolge von Zielen bzw. Maßnahmen zu entwickeln. In zwei Bewertungsrunden wurden innerhalb der rheinland-pfälzischen Ministerialverwaltung ca. 1200 bzw. 600 Bewertungsschritte durchgeführt. Mit Hilfe der EDV wurde eine komplexe Hierarchie von Relevanzzahlen entwickelt. Sonderauswertungen führten zu spezifischen Kennzahlen. Beides schlug sich in dem „Zielrahmen der Landesregierung“ nieder. Allerdings hat der Einsatz der RBA die ursprünglich gehegten Erwartungen nicht erfüllt: er ist als gescheitert zu betrachten.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01720772
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  • 113
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    Buchbesprechungen (1986)
    Springer
    OR spectrum 8 (1986), S. 88-88 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01719739
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  • 114
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    Spicher's SB-Algorithmus Revisited — Feedback versus Feedforeward — Steuerung in der Lagerhaltung (1986)
    Springer
    OR spectrum 8 (1986), S. 89-98 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary There exist different approaches to calculate the reorderpoint for inventory problems having stochastic lead times. On the one hand lead times can explicitly be forecasted whereas on the other hand one can measure fullfilled demand without any reference to lead times. These approaches can be considered as feedforeward and feedback procedures respectively. The main object of the paper is a comparison of both methods for different scenarios and criteria.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In Lagerhaltungsproblemen mit stochastischen Lieferfristschwankungen kann der Bestellpunkt grundsätzlich nach zwei unterschiedlichen Verfahren berechnet werden; entweder durch explizites Bilden von Lieferfristprognosen oder durch die Erfassung nicht befriedigter Nachfrage. Diese grundsätzlich unterschiedlichen Vorgehensweisen stellen Feedforeward- bzw. Feedbackverfahren dar. Gegenstand der Arbeit ist ein Vergleich beider Verfahren in unterschiedlichen Problem-situationen hinsichtlich verschiedener Kriterien.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01719740
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  • 115
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    Bedienungstheorie: Tendenzen und neuere Entwicklungen (1986)
    Springer
    OR spectrum 8 (1986), S. 1-24 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This paper gives some information concerning recent developments of queueing theory. In view of the enormous extent of this field we proceed not systematically but by significant examples. From the area of special techniques three are presented briefly: piecewise deterministic Markov processes, reversible Markov chains and marked point processes. As a general strategy approximation methods receive still growing interest. After a general overview two of them are outlined in more detail, viz asymptotic methods and the idea of transformations which are induced by stochastic models. In a concluding chapter some further tendencies, projects and techniques are indicated.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Arbeit soll Auskunft über neuere Entwicklungen der Bedienungstheorie geben. Angesichts der enormen Breite des Gebietes wird dabei nicht systematisch, sondern mittels signifikanter Beispiele vorgegangen. Aus dem Bereich der speziellen Methoden werden drei kurz vorgestellt: stückweise deterministische Markovprozesse, reversible Markovketten und markierte Punktprozesse. Als generelle Strategie gewinnen Approximationsmethoden zunehmend an Bedeutung. Nach einem allgemeinen Überblick werden zwei davon eingehender vorgestellt, nämlich Großzahlasymptotik und Verfahren, die auf der Idee der Transformation durch ein stochastisches Modell beruhen. In einem abschließenden Kapitel finden sich weitere Hinweise auf Tendenzen und Projekte.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01720768
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  • 116
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    A polynomial time bound for Howard's policy improvement algorithm (1986)
    Springer
    OR spectrum 8 (1986), S. 37-40 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wir betrachten einen Markoffschen Entscheidungsprozeß mit endlichem Zustands- und Aktionenraum. Bei festgehaltenem Diskontierungsfaktor bestimmen wir eine Grenze für die Anzahl der Schritte in Howards Politikverbesserungsverfahren, die im wesentlichen polynomial in der Anzahl der Zustände und Aktionen ist. Die Haupthilfsmittel sind dabei die Kontraktionseigenschaft des Algorithmus und eine untere
    Notes: Summary We consider a discounted Markovian Decision Process (MDP) with finite state and action space. For a fixed discount factor we derive a bound for the number of steps, taken by Howard's policy improvement algorithm (PIA) to determine an optimal policy for the MDP, that is essentially polynomial in the number of states and actions of the MDP. The main tools are the contraction properties of the PIA and a lower bound for the difference of the value functions of a MDP with rational data.
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    Fachtagung (1986)
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    OR spectrum 8 (1986), S. 53-53 
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01720775
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    Buchbesprechungen (1986)
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    OR spectrum 8 (1986), S. 54-58 
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01720777
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    Shadow prices and sensitivity analysis in linear programming under degeneracy (1986)
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    OR spectrum 8 (1986), S. 59-71 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei den Anwendungen der linearen Optimierung ist der ökonomische Inhalt der Schattenpreise von Bedeutung. Falls eine optimale Lösung primal entartet ist, sind die Werte der dualen Strukturvariablen im allgemeinen nicht identisch mit den entsprechenden Schattenpreisen, oder — anders ausgedrückt — diese Werte kann man nicht so interpretieren wie bei nichtentarteten optimalen Lösungen eines linearen Optimierungsproblems. Es gibt in der Literatur verschiedene Vorschläge, wie diese Werte interpretiert werden sollen oder wie der „richtige“ Schattenpreis bestimmt werden soll. Dabei werden Bezeichnungen wie „vielseitige“ bzw. „zweiseitige Schattenpreise“ eingeführt. Auch bei der Durchführung einer Sensitivitätsanalyse können im Falle einer primalen Entartung die kritischen Bereiche für Parameter in der rechten Seite oder in den Zielkoeffizienten nicht auf die übliche Weise bestimmt werden. In diesem Artikel ist eine Übersicht des gegenwärtigen Standes zu den obigen Problemen gegeben.
    Notes: Summary In linear programming applications the economic meaning of shadow prices is important. In the case primal degeneracy occurs in the optimal solution, the values of the dual real variables are not, in general, identical with the corresponding shadow prices, or, in other words, these values have not the usual meaning in comparison with LP optimal solutions without primal degeneracy. Several proposals on how to interpret such values or how to find the “true” shadow prices have been made and terms like “many-sided-” or “two-sided-shadowprices” have been coined. Also, when performing sensitivity analysis in the case primal degeneracy occurs, the so called critical ranges of the right hand side or of the objective function coefficients cannot be determined in the usual way. In this paper, a state-of-the-art-survey on these questions is given.
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    Tagungen (1986)
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    OR spectrum 8 (1986), S. 117-117 
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    Das interaktive Multikriteria-Verfahren von Fandel: Implementierungstechniken und Testergebnisse (1986)
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    OR spectrum 8 (1986), S. 109-116 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This paper describes an implementation of Fandel's multiobjective programming method for problems with linear constraints and objective functions. The system is first described from the user's point of view with special emphasis on the interaction structure. Then the internal structure of the implementation is described. We show that by taking advantage of close similarities between linear programming problems solved during the algorithm, a substantial reduction of computing time can be achieved. The actual performance of the implementation is measured using test problems to yield a quantitative estimate of the reduction in computing time achieved, which is shown to be substantial.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Arbeit beschreibt eine Implementierung des interaktiven Mehrziel-Programmierungsverfahrens von Fandel für Probleme mit linearen Zielfunktionen und Nebenbedingungen. Das System wird zunächst aus der Sicht des Benutzers dargestellt, wobei auf den Dialogaufbau besonders eingegangen wird. In der darauf folgenden Beschreibung der Systemstruktur wird gezeigt, wie durch Berücksichtigung von Ähnlichkeiten zwischen den einzelnen im Verfahrensablauf zu lösenden linearen Optimierungsproblemen erhebliche Einsparungen an Rechenzeit erzielt werden können. Eine quantitative Abschätzung der mit diesen Techniken ]erzielten Beschleunigung des Rechenvorganges erfolgt anhand von Testbeispielen, wobei eine signifikante Reduktion des Rechenaufwandes nachgewiesen wird.
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    Buchbesprechungen (1986)
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    OR spectrum 8 (1986), S. 118-128 
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    Tagungen (1986)
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    OR spectrum 8 (1986), S. 185-185 
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01784715
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    Average linear least squares regression (1986)
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    OR spectrum 8 (1986), S. 181-184 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wir beschreiben einen Algorithmus und eine zugehörige FORTRAN-Subroutine zur Auffindung einesn-komponentigen Parametervektorsx derart daß $$F(x) = \sum\limits_{i = 1}^s {w_i \left\| {A_i x - b_i } \right\|}$$ minimiert wird, wobei ∥.∥ die Euklidische Norm bezeichnet,W i 〉0,A i Versuchsmatrizen mitm i Zeilen undn Spalten undb i Beobachtungsvektoren der Längem i (i= 1,...,s)sind.
    Notes: Summary We describe an algorithm and a corresponding FORTRAN subroutine for finding a regression vectorx withn components such that $$F(x) = \sum\limits_{i = 1}^s {w_i \left\| {A_i x - b_i } \right\|}$$ is minimized, where ∥.∥ denotes the Euclidean norm,W i 〉0,A i are design matrices withm i rows andn columns, andb i are observation vectors withm i components (i=1,...,s).
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    Buchbesprechungen (1986)
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    OR spectrum 8 (1986), S. 196-196 
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01721127
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    Buchbesprechungen (1986)
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    OR spectrum 8 (1986), S. 208-208 
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01721130
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    Saisonbereinigung mittels rekursiver Filter (1986)
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    OR spectrum 8 (1986), S. 229-246 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In this paper a definition of seasonal adjustment is given by means of the theory of linear time independent systems. From this idea two recursive filters are derived. Their effects are shown by some examples.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In diesem Artikel wird eine Definition von Saisonbereinigung gegeben, die auf Hilfsmittel aus der Theorie der linearen zeitinvarianten Filter zurückgreift. Darauf basierend werden zwei rekursive Filter zur Saisonbereinigung abgeleitet und deren Wirkungsweise an einigen Beispielen gezeigt.
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    Rangordnungsverfahren für unscharfe Mengen (1986)
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    OR spectrum 8 (1986), S. 219-228 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This paper deals with the problem of ranking fuzzy sets of the same intervalU ⊂ ℝ. The most important methods suggested in literature are reviewed and compared with empirical preference-statements. In simple cases all the methods are good, but in difficult cases only the Chen-criterion and theα-level-method suggested by Rommelfanger behave reasonably well.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Diese Arbeit behandelt das Problem, eine Rangfolge unscharfer Mengen über der gleichen GrundmengeU ⊂ ℝ aufzustellen oder zumindest die „optimale“ unscharfe Menge zu bestimmen. Die wichtigsten in der Literatur vorgeschlagenen Rangordnungsverfahren werden kurz dargestellt und anschließend mit empirisch ermittelten Präferenzaussagen verglichen. Dabei zeigt es sich, daß in unproblematischen Fällen alle Methoden zu vernünftigen Präferenzordnungen führen, in kritischen Fällen aber nur das Niveau-Ebenen-Verfahren von Rommelfanger und das Chen-Kriterium zufriedenstellende Ergebnisse liefern.
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    Ausschreibung eines Studentenpreises (1986)
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    OR spectrum 8 (1986), S. 248-248 
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    Buchbesprechungen (1986)
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    OR spectrum 8 (1986), S. 250-254 
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    Sulfit in Lebensmitteln — ein Gesundheitsrisiko? (1986)
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    European journal of nutrition 25 (1986), S. 146-164 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Sulfit ; Tagesaufnahme ; Stoffwechsel ; Toxikologie ; Unverträglichkeitsreaktionen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This short review summarizes properties, applications and effects of sulfite in food products, including sulfite residues in foods produced according to legal regulations. Sulfite metabolism and toxicology in the mammalian organism as well as appearance of adverse reactions following ingestion of sulfite-treated food are discussed. Although knowledge in this area is still incomplete, the continued use of sulfite in food technology can be justified.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine kurze übersicht über Eigenschaften, Verwendung und Wirkung von Sulfit bei der Lebensmittelproduktion und der unter Beachtung der gesetzlichen Vorschriften resultierenden Restmengen von Sulfit in Lebensmitteln gegeben. Nach Gegenüberstellung von Metabolisierung und Toxikologie des Sulfits im Säugetierorganismus und dem Auftreten von Unverträglichkeitsreaktionen nach dem Verzehr sulfitierter Lebensmittel wird ein potentiell vorhandenes Gesundheitsrisiko diskutiert. Es wird auf einige Kenntnislücken hingewiesen. Trotz dieser Lücken kann die kontrollierte Verwendung von Sulfit bei der Lebensmittelproduktion weiterhin gerechtfertigt werden.
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    Prefeeding-dependent anaerobic metabolization of xenobiotics by intestinal bacteria —methods for Acarbose metabolites in an artificial colon (1986)
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    European journal of nutrition 25 (1986), S. 189-195 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: intestinal bacteria ; colonic microflora ; Acarbose ; anaerobic metabolization ; microorganisms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Acarbose wurde mit einem künstlichen In-vitro-System auf Biotransformation durch lebensfähige intestinale Mikroflora geprüft, die aus den unteren Darmabschnitten von Probanden und Ratten stammte. Dazu wurde14C-Acarbose mit Darmkeimen, Nährstoffen und Spurenelementen inkubiert. Das Metabolitmuster von Acarbose setzt sich sowohl bei Menschen als auch bei der Ratte im wesentlichen aus Komponente 2, einem um Ring D ärmeren Homologen aus der Acarbose-Reihe, aus einem basischen Disaccharid, das aus den Ringen B und C des Ausgangsmoleküles besteht, und Komponente 1 zusammen. Letztere Verbindung entsteht durch spontane Umlagerung des nicht faßbaren Acarviosins (Ring A und B) in die trizyklische Verbindung mit Oxazolidin-Struktur. Acarviosin wird bei der Abspaltung von Ring C aus Komponente 2 gebildet. Das Metabolitmuster von Acarbose verändert sich durch eine mehrwöchige Einnahme dieser Substanz im Vergleich zum nicht adaptierten Menschen oder zur nicht adaptierten Ratte gravierend. Adaptierte intestinale Mikroflora liefert sowohl aus Acarbose als auch aus der trizyklischen Komponente 1 reichhaltigere Metabolitmuster. Neben den oben beschriebenen Produkten konnten methylierte, hexosylierte und n-butyrylierte Derivate von Acarbose und/oder Komponente 2 nachgewiesen werden.
    Notes: Summary The biotransformation of Acarbose (Bay g 5421) by an artificial in vitro system with viable intestinal microorganisms was investigated. The bacteria were obtained from the colon of man or from the caecum and colon of rats and were incubated anaerobically with14C-Acarbose in a nutrient solution. The metabolites were separated and purified by Chromatographic methods and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (1H;13C) spectrometry and by mass spectrometry. Metabolites in man and rat are component 2 (minus the terminal glucose of Acarbose), a basic disaccharide consisting of rings B and C, and component 1. This latter substance is formed, after hydrolytic cleavage of the internal glucose of Acarbose, by spontaneous rearrangement of rings A and B (Acarviosine) into a tricyclic oxazolidine. The metabolite pattern of Acarbose is changed profoundly after several weeks of pretreatment of man or rat with this compound. The microflora adapted in such a manner yields in addition methylated, hexosylated, and n-butyroylated derivatives of Acarbose and/or component 2.
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    Effect of carbon and nitrogen sources on the chemical composition of lipids ofRhizopus delemar (1986)
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    European journal of nutrition 25 (1986), S. 228-232 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Rhizopus delemar ; lipids production ; carbon and nitrogen sources ; composition of lipids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Extrakte aus Sojamehl mit Zusatz von Glucose bzw. Ölsäure dienten als Wachstumsmedium fürRhizopus delemar. Ein Einfluß der Zusätze auf die Produktion von Biomasse, Gesamtlipiden und Gesamtglyzeriden wurde beobachtet, wenn Ammoniumnitrat als Stickstoffquelle diente. Die größten Mengen an Biomasse (12,4 g/l) und an Gesamtlipiden (310 mg/g trockene Biomasse) wurden in auf Glucose gewachsenen Myzelien erhalten. Die großen Anteile an Gesamtglyzeriden und an ungesättigten Fettsäuren in den Lipiden vonRhizopus delemar legen nahe, solches Lipidmaterial für Ernährungs- und industrielle Zwecke zu verwenden.
    Notes: Summary Soy bean extract with glucose or oleic acid in the growth medium ofRhizopus delemar affected the production of higher values of biomass, total lipids and total glycerides than when ammonium nitrate was used as a source of nitrogen. The highest amounts of biomass (12.35 g/l) and total lipids (310 mg/g dry biomass) were attained in glucose-grown mycelia. The high proportions of total glycerides and unsaturated fatty acids in lipids ofRhizopus delemar suggest the utilization of such lipid material for nutritional and industrial purposes.
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    Stufenweises Prüfschema für Zuckeraustauschstoffe — Vorprüfung mittels Enzymen. 3. Carbohydrasen aus Jejunalmucosa des Menschen (1986)
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    European journal of nutrition 25 (1986), S. 253-258 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Jejunalmucosa ; Carbohydrasen ; Dünndarm ; Zuckeraustauschstoffe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Mixed carbohydrases from human jejunal mucosa were characterized by Michaelis constants and maximal velocities of hydrolysis of 15 disaccharides and disaccharide alcohols, mainly of the glucosylfructose series. The presumed fate of such substances after oral ingestion may be foreseen from the km and vmax data. There is principal agreement that wholesomeness in man and animals as well as energetic utilization of disaccharides and split products correlate well with the enzymological data. Therefore the metabolic fate of sugar substitutes in the human body is partially predictable from such enzymic studies.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Carbohydrasengemisch der Jejunalschleimhaut des Menschen ist durch Ermittlung von Michaelis-Konstanten und Maximalgeschwindigkeiten der Hydrolyse gegenüber 15 Disacchariden und Disacharidalkoholen — hauptsächlich der Glucosylfructose-Reihe — charakterisiert worden. Aus einer gemeinsamen Betrachtung von km-Wert und vmax werden Folgerungen für das Schicksal dieser Substanzen nach oraler Einnahme gezogen; am Menschen oder im Tierversuch erhaltene Daten zur Verträglichkeit und zur energetischen Verwertung von Disacchariden und ihren eventuellen Reduktionsprodukten stehen in prinzipieller Übereinstimmung mit den enzymologischen Daten, denen daher ein Vorhersagewert für das metabolische Verhalten von Zuckeraustauschstoffen zukommt.
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    DGOR-Jahrestagung 1986 (1986)
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    OR spectrum 8 (1986), S. 51-51 
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    Zur Besprechung eingegangene Bücher (1986)
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    OR spectrum 8 (1986), S. 53-53 
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    Buchbesprechungen (1986)
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    OR spectrum 8 (1986), S. 72-72 
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    On the completeness and constructiveness of parametric characterizations to vector optimization problems (1986)
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    OR spectrum 8 (1986), S. 73-87 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Angeregt durch neuere Übersichten der Charakterisierung von optimalen Lösungen von Vektoroptimierungsproblemen und durch Anwendungen auf Entscheidungsunterstützungssysteme wird in diesem Beitrag ein methodischer Ansatz zum Vergleich solcher Charakterisierungen dargestellt. Nach der Spezifizierung von Attributen der Konstruktivität werden alternative Klassen von Charakterisierungen betrachtet. Charakterisierungstheoreme werden entweder zitiert oder, in Ergänzung neuerer Übersichten, dargestellt. Eine der alternativen Klassen der Charakterisierungen wird näher diskutiert. Ein Unmöglichkeitstheorem einer vollständigen und robust berechenbaren Charakterisierung von effizienten (im Gegensatz zu schwach oder streng effizienten) Lösungen der Vektoroptimierungsprobleme wird dargelegt.
    Notes: Summary Motivated by recent reviews of characterizations of optimal solutions to vector optimization problems and by applications to decision support systems, this paper presents a methodological approach to comparing such characterizations. After specifying attributes of constructiveness, alternative classes of characterizations are reviewed. Characterization theorems are quoted or presented in more detail in cases that supplement those given in recent reviews. One of alternative classes of characterizations — by aspiration levels and order-consistent achievement functions — is discussed in more detail. An impossibility theorem of complete and robustly computable characterization of efficient (as opposed to weakly or properly efficient) solutions to vector optimization problems is presented.
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    Empirische Zielforschung und Operations Research (1986)
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    OR spectrum 8 (1986), S. 99-108 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The development of realistic models of corporate decisions implies among other things the necessity of a realistic determination of corporate goals. Thus, the results of empirical goal research are of high importance for Operations Research. This article presents findings of an empirical investigation of the goals of industrial firms. These findings have to be taken into account when developing models of corporate decisions. The results show for example, that the profit goal is not the dominant corporate goal, and that the significance of the corporate goals varies with different situations to a high degree. According to other results, corporate goals have little impact on the product innovation activities of the firms. The consequences of these empirical findings for the development of OR-models are discussed in detail.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Entwicklung realitätsbezogener Modelle von Unternehmensentscheidungen impliziert u. a. die Notwendigkeit einer möglichst realitätsnahen Bestimmung unternehmerischer Zielsetzungen. Aus diesem Grunde sind Ergebnisse der empirischen Zielforschung für das Operations Research prinzipiell von hoher Bedeutung. In diesem Beitrag werden Resultate einer empirischen Untersuchung der Ziele von Industrieunternehmen präsentiert, denen bei der Entwicklung von OR-Modellen unternehmerischer Entscheidungen Rechnung getragen werden sollte. Die Untersuchung belegt u.a., daß das Gewinnziel nur ein relevantes Unternehmensziel neben anderen ist und daß die Wichtigkeit der Unternehmensziele je nach eintretender Situation von den Unternehmen teilweise sehr unterschiedlich beurteilt wird. Darüber hinaus zeigt sich, daß Produktinnovationsaktivitäten der Unternehmen von den Unternehmenszielen in nur sehr begrenztem Maße beeinflußt werden. Die Konsequenzen dieser Untersuchungsergebnisse für die Formulierung von OR-Modellen werden detailliert erläutert.
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    Buchbesprechungen (1986)
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    OR spectrum 8 (1986), S. 150-150 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01784710
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    Systems analysis and mathematical modelling in arms control (1986)
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    OR spectrum 8 (1986), S. 129-141 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag erläutert die wesentlichen Ergebnisse einer internationalen Experten-Werkstatt zum ThemaModelle und quantitative Analysen in der Rüstungskontrolle, die die Autoren mit Unterstützung des Wissenschaftsrates der NATO und der VW-Stiftung im Oktober 1985 in Spitzingsee bei München veranstalteten. In drei Arbeitsgruppen wurde über die Rolle mathematischer Modelle und quantitativer Analysen bei der Untersuchung von Kräftegleichgewichten und ihrer Stabilität, Verhandlungsstrategien und Verifikation von Abkommen diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary This paper summarizes the findings of an international expert workshop onModelling and Analysis of Arms Control Problems organized by these authors last October in Spitzingsee near Munich under the sponsorship of the NATO Science Committee and the VW Foundation. Three working groups discussed the role of mathematical modelling and quantitative analysis in the area of force balance and stability assessment, negotiation strategies and verification of agreements.
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    Buchbesprechungen (1986)
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    OR spectrum 8 (1986), S. 186-190 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01784717
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    Global optimization on convex sets (1986)
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    OR spectrum 8 (1986), S. 197-202 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A number of algorithms were proposed to solve the multiextremal (global) optimization problem, when the set of feasible solutions is given by a finiten-dimensional interval. Here we show that a broad class of such methods can be applied to solve global optimization problems on compact convex sets.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zur Lösung des multiextremalen globalen Optimierungsproblems werden Algorithmen für den Fall vorgeschlagen, daß die Menge der zulässigen Lösungen durch einn-dimensionales Intervall gegeben ist. Es wird hier gezeigt, daß eine breite Klasse solcher Methoden zur Lösung globaler Optimierungsprobleme auf kompakten konvexen Mengen Anwendung finden kann.
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    A general class of Markov processes with explicit matrix-geometric solutions (1986)
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    OR spectrum 8 (1986), S. 209-218 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der Bedienungstheorie treten Markovketten auf, deren Übergangsmatrizen blocktridiagonal sind. Die stationären Verteilungen lassen sich unter zusätzlichen Voraussetzungen mit Hilfe einer ResolventenmatrixR ausdrücken. Sie ist im allgemeinen als Lösung einer inR quadratischen Matrixgleichung erhältlich. Wir beweisen, daß in zwei Sonderfällen die MatrixR jeweils einer linearen Gleichung genügt und leiten diese Gleichung her. Damit wird die ResolventenmatrixR leichter zugänglich. In beiden Fällen wird zugelassen, daß die MatrizenR keine endliche Reihenanzahl haben. Das Auftreten beider Sonderfälle wird durch Beispiele aus der Bedienungstheorie belegt.
    Notes: Summary We consider a class of Markov chains for which the stationary probability vector, when it exists, is of the matrix-geometric form. The essential step in the computational algorithm usually is the evaluation of a matrixR. We consider two general cases for which that matrix is explicitly determined.
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    Call for papers (1986)
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    OR spectrum 8 (1986), S. 247-247 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
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    Tagungen (1986)
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    OR spectrum 8 (1986), S. 249-249 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
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    Tagungen (1986)
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    OR spectrum 8 (1986), S. 52-52 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01720774
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    A natural language interpreter for plate girder design (1986)
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    Engineering with computers 1 (1986), S. 127-147 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract One of the major problems in developing computeraided design software is the establishment of effective man-machine communication. This paper describes a computer-aided plate girder design software package and its man-machine interface using natural language processing techniques. The natural language interpreter takes advantage of the user's communication and technical skills and accepts commands in the user's native language. The user can verify the correct interpretation of the commands from the responsive graphic display of the design.
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    Computer diagnosis system for thermal analysis by BEM aided with simple CAD (1986)
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    Engineering with computers 1 (1986), S. 175-191 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract With the aid of the supercomputer we have performed three-dimensional simulations in practical cpu time. At the same time, though, huge amounts of output data must be treated automatically by post processors, so that only necessary information will be extracted and changes of models, mesh subdivisions, or boundary conditions will be taken into account. This type of information processing cannot be attained by conventional postprocessors, and a new concept of postprocessing and system must be developed in the sense of computer-aided engineering or computer diagnosis. We present a computer tomographic system COMTOS-BEM based on three-dimensional boundary element analysis; it houses its own geometric modeling and automatic mesh generation. Furthermore, it supports design feedback reactions to change modeling or meshing, make recalculations, and renew boundary conditions. In this paper, we state the basic concept of the proposed computer diagnosis system and present the necessary geometric modeling and processing and boundary element formulations. Some numerical examples illustrate the validity and effectiveness of our system in practice.
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    On the symbolic manipulation and code generation for elasto-plastic material matrices (1986)
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    Engineering with computers 1 (1986), S. 205-215 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A computerized procedure for symbolic manipulations and FORTRAN code generation of elasto-plastic material matrix for finite element applications is presented. Special emphasis is placed on expression simplifications during intermediate derivations, optimal code generation, and interface with the main program. A systematic procedure is outlined to avoid redundant algebraic manipulations. Symbolic expressions of the derived material stiffness matrix are automatically converted to RATFOR code which is then translated into FORTRAN statements through a preprocessor. To minimize the interface problem with the main program, a template file is prepared so that the translated FORTRAN statements can be merged into the file to form a subroutine (or a submodule). Three constitutive models; namely, von Mises plasticity, the Drucker-Prager model, and a concrete plasticity model, are used as illustrative examples.
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    Lasers in medicine introducing the new journal (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 3-3 
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    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02030730
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    A high-efficiency, compact Nd-YAG laser for eye microsurgery (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 19-24 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Neodymium-YAG laser ; Optical microsurgery ; Optical breakdown ; Resonators
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We report the development of an efficient and compact neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd-YAG) laser for eye microsurgery. High efficiency and excellent multimode beam quality were obtained by use of a reflecting close-coupled cavity. Stable and unstable resonator configurations were compared. Some experiments performed with this laser are presented and discussed.
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    Porphyrin-sensitized photodynamic inactivation of cells: A review (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 5-12 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Photosensitization ; Porphyrins ; Cancer therapy ; Membrane damage
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    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract When mammalian cells are exposed to light in the presence of photosensitizers, such as porphyrins, a number of reactions takes place. The most important photoproduct is singlet oxygen, which reacts with and degrades a variety of biomolecules. This species can travel only about 0.1μm in a cell during its lifetime. Therefore, the structures most exposed to photodamage are those containing high concentrations of sensitizer. For porphyrins, membranes and mitochondria are such structures. Photosensitized damage to mitochondria and membranes has been observed by several techniques. The incubation time with sensitizers is critical since the rates of accumulation of sensitizer are different at different cellular locations. Several other aspects of the action of photosensitizers are reviewed: Have sublethal doses any effect on proliferation and DNA? How can photodynamic treatment act selectively on tumour tissue? Should photodynamic cancer treatment be combined with other therapies? Does photodynamic therapy work under low oxygen concentrations?
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    Initial experience with carbon dioxide laser laparoscopy (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 25-31 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Laser laparoscopy ; CO2 laser ; Endometriosis ; Adhesions ; Infertility
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    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Adhesions and endometriosis are commonly encountered among patients presenting with pelvic or lower abdominal pain and also in a significant proportion of infertile patients. Laparoscopic investigation is usual in patients with these problems, and it has been possible to perform endoscopic surgery with special scissors and electrodiathermy. These methods can cause troublesome bleeding, and the diathermy produces high temperatures which can be hazardous if used in the vicinity of the bowel. The carbon dioxide laser can be used endoscopically to vaporize deposits of endometriosis and adhesions with great precision and virtually no bleeding. One hundred consecutive patients with endometriosis or adhesions were treated with the CO2 laser laparoscope and followed up for at least a year. Seventy-five per cent of patients with pain due to endometriosis were cured, and 68% of patients were better after laser laparoscopic adhesiolysis. Pregnancy rate in the previously infertile group with endometriosis was 64%. There were no complications due to the intra-abdominal use of CO2 laser energy under endoscopic control, although there is a need for a controlled trial. It appears that in the hands of an experienced laparoscopist this technique is safe and effective.
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    A 580 nm emission in haematoporphyrin-derivative solution and in treated cells (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 33-39 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Haematoporphyrin derivative ; 580 nm emission ; Time-resolved fluorescence microscopy
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    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Continuous wave and time-resolved fluorescence microscopy have been extensively used to characterize the behaviour of haematoporphyrin derivative (HPD) both in solution and in single cells. In this work, we report experimental evidence for the presence of a 580 nm-emitting species, occurring as a consequence of modifications in HPD induced by the cellular microenvironment. The fact that the formation of this ‘modified’ species seems to be favoured in tumour cells might increase sensitivity in the diagnostic use of HPD for the localization of early-stage tumours.
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    New laser literature (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 81-84 
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02030740
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    Book reviews (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 85-86 
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02030741
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    Evaluation of photodynamic therapy in gastric cancer (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 67-74 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Argon dye laser ; Photodynamic therapy ; Gastric cancer ; Adenocarcinomas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Twenty-eight patients with gastric cancer were treated by photodynamic therapy. Haematoporphyrin derivative was used as a photosensitizer and an argon dye laser as a light source. Histologically, all tumours were adenocarcinomas. On the basis of endoscopy, 17 cases were categorized as early-stage cancer and were classified as type IIc (10 lesions), Ha (three lesions), combined type IIc and type III (three lesions) and type I (two lesions). In 11 patients with advanced-stage cancer, endoscopy showed one case of Borrmann I, three of Borrmann II, six of Borrmann III and a single case of Borrmann IV. In the 17 patients with early-stage cancers (18 lesions), complete remission was obtained in 10 patients (11 lesions). Of 13 resected cancers complete remission was confirmed in six lesions on the basis of detailed histological examination of resected specimens. In the advanced stage tumours all 11 patients showed incomplete remissions. It is considered that an incomplete response in the early-stage cancers is due to insufficient light dosage because of the wide area of tumour, because the site of the lesion is anatomically difficult to photoradiate and because the invasion extends to the muscular layer and serosa.
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    Excimer laser angioplasty: Quantitative comparison in vitro of three ultraviolet wavelengths on tissue ablation and haemolysis (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 91-100 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Laser angioplasty ; Excimer laser ; Photoablation ; Haemolysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of three ultraviolet excimer laser wavelengths on normal and atheromatous human cadaver aortic wall are presented. Ultraviolet radiation successfully ablates vessel wall; the dose response is greatest at 249 nm followed by 193 nm and 351 nm, where the effect is negligible for the equivalent energy dose. Wavelengths 249 and 193 nm have a selective effect on fibrous atheroma; ablation proceeds at a higher rate in this tissue. Non-linear effects observed at 249 nm may be due to thermal as well as photoablative mechanisms. In addition, blood samples were exposed to all three wavelengths and potassium concentrations were measured; the dose of energy required to produce tissue ablation may also produce significant haemolysis and hyperkalaemia at 249 and 193 nm but not with 351 nm. This finding may be important for coronary angioplasty but less so for peripheral work. The wavelength that produces the strongest dose response is 249 nm; this is the wavelength for which a fibre-optic delivery system should be developed.
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    Arborizing telangiectasia of the lower limb responds well to treatment with the argon laser; superficial venular dilatation does not (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 121-124 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Argon laser ; Superficial venular dilatation lower limb ; Arborizing telangiectasia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The response of vascular dilatation of the lower limb to treatment with the argon laser was found to correlate with clinical diagnosis. Nine patients with superficial venular dilatation of the lower limb associated with varicose veins were treated with the argon laser and the results were uniformly poor. However, two patients with the clinically distinct condition of arborizing telangiectasia (or essential progressive telangiectasia) of the legs responded well to treatment. No other satisfactory treatment is available for this cosmetically distressing condition, so that argon laser therapy appears to be the treatment of choice.
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    A micromanipulator to aid microsurgical removal of intracranial tumours with the Nd-YAG laser (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 131-133 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Neodymium-YAG laser ; Meningioma ; Microsurgery ; Micromanipulator
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The coagulation and tumour-shrinking properties of the Nd-YAG laser make it a useful tool in the treatment of vascular intracranial tumours, in particular meningiomas. The resection of many tumours such as base-of-skull meningiomas inevitably involves limited access, making precision work with the hand-held laser difficult. This paper presents the use of a special micromanipulator which allows coupling of the OPMILas YAG laser to the Zeiss OPMI operating microscope. The laser can be used in focused or defocused mode, with better precision than that obtained in the hand-held position. A built-in filter makes the instrument safe for the surgeon to use without goggles.
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    Laser exposure timer (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 221-224 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Lasers ; Exposure time ; Calibration ; Safety
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A hand-held unit has been constructed for routine measurement of exposure times of argon and krypton lasers. A small photodiode is used as the sensing element, and the measured exposure time in ms is observed on a liquid-crystal display. A series of measurements was made on a set of four lasers in use in ophthalmology departments in North Wales. Typically, the measured exposure times were observed to agree well with set values. Percentage errors were, however, often considerable at the shortest exposure settings. A small variation in values of exposure timings for a selected exposure time was found as a function of selected aiming-beam position. This presumably arises out of the design of the particular aiming-beam/shutter assembly. Although no serious shutter malfunction was detected, the ability to measure exposure times accurately was considered relevant to checking the delivered output of laser systems.
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 225-228 
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    Book reviews (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 229-230 
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    Conference report (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 231-231 
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    Courses (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 232-232 
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    Nd-YAG laser therapy for the anterior segment of the eye (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 139-142 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Capsulotomy ; Iridotomy ; Photodisruption ; Eye anterior segment ; Neodymium-YAG laser
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Since the introduction of microsurgery by the neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd-YAG) laser many conventional surgical procedures for the anterior segment of the eye have been superseded. We discuss the current indications, contraindications, techniques and complications encountered in pulsed Nd-YAG laser surgery of the anterior segment.
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    Clinical experience of non-contact and contact Nd-YAG laser therapy for inoperable malignant stenoses of the oesophagus and stomach (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 143-146 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Oesophageal cancer ; Gastric cancer ; Neodymium-YAG laser
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract For palliative treatment of tumours with the Nd-YAG laser, the non-contact method of applying laser energy has become established as a useful technique. However, it has certain disadvantages which include overdistension of the intestine, difficulty in calculating the amount of energy applied in each place, and the danger of destruction of the tip of the light guide if this makes contact with the tissue while the laser is being fired. The newly developed contact method of energy application by means of ceramic tips is free from such disadvantages. We report our results with the contact and the non-contact method in the treatment of stenosing inoperable tumours of the oesophagus and stomach. By the end of 1985 we had treated 76 patients with the non-contact method and 16 with the contact method. The relative advantages of the two methods in clinical use are discussed.
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    British Medical Laser Association Annual Conference: London, 22–23 January 1986 (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 158-159 
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    Partial splenectomy with the Nd-YAG laser in pigs (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 147-151 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Neodymium-YAG laser ; Splenic resection ; Cellular biostimulation ; Mast cells ; Splenic regeneration ; Pigs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Splénectomie partielle au laser YAG-Nd. Une série de 11 porcs (18–35 kg) subissent une splénectomie partielle à l'aide d'un laser YAG-Nd (80 W de puissance, 8° de divergence), après ligature de l'artère gastro-épiploique. On obtient une coupe et une hémostase simultanée rapide. La zone d'ischémie est limitée à 1 ou 2 mm d'épaisseur et se trouve rapidement remplacée par du tissue fibreux au 10e jour post-opératoire (J10). Aucune hémorragie secondaire n'est à déplorer. L'examen en microscopie semi-fine et électronique montre: à J 3 une activité macrophagique et polynucléaire intense dans la pulpe rouge à proximité de la coupe; à J 10 de nombreuses mitoses des cellules lymphoides de la pulpe blanche; à J 30 une forte densité de plasmocytes et de mastocytes répartis dans les centres germinaux situés à proximité de la fibrose de bordure. Les contrôles à J 180 et J 365 montrent une guérison totale du foyer de résection et une taille normale de la rate.
    Notes: Abstract Eleven pigs (18–35 kg) were submitted to partial splenic resection with an 8° divergent Nd-YAG laser beam (80 W). The gastroepiploic artery was ligated in 10 pigs. The laser provided both rapid cutting and haemostasis, and the ischaemic layer was limited to 1 or 2 mm in thickness. This was replaced by fibrous tissue by the tenth postoperative day and delayed bleeding was not observed. Semi-thin and electron microscopic examinations of the spleen on the third postoperative day showed intensive macrophage and polynuclear infiltration into the red pulp in the vicinity of the resection. At ten days mitotic figures of lymphoid cells and a few mast cells were present in the white pulp. By day 30 a large concentration of plasmocytes and mast cells were scattered in germinal centres underlying the new fibrotic capsule. Healing, with restoration of the size of the spleen, was found at six months and at twelve months postoperatively.
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    Methyl bromide inhibits ripening and ethylene production in tomato (lycopersicon esculentum mill.) fruit (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of plant growth regulation 5 (1986), S. 29-35 
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    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Tomato fruit ripening and ethylene production were inhibited following treatment with methyl bromide (MB). Methyl bromide significantly delayed ripening initiation in mature-green (MG) fruit and retarded the rate of ripening of turning (T) fruit as measured by color development and flesh softening. Treatment with MB caused an initial transient burst of ethylene production, but the subsequent ripening-associated increase in ethylene was delayed. Ethylene treatment partially overcame MB inhibition in MG fruit but had no affect on T fruit. The inhibition of ethylene production by MB appears to be due to lack of formation of 1-aminocycloprone-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) in MG fruit, whereas in T fruit lack of conversion of ACC to ethylene is indicated. A key feature of MB inhibition of ripening in tomato appears to be reduced sensitivity to ethylene.
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    The validity of using a single soybean variety to evaluate the growth regulatory activity of chemicals (1986)
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    Journal of plant growth regulation 5 (1986), S. 49-57 
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    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Forty six soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) varieties were evaluated for their vegetative response to a foliar application of abscisic acid, benzyladenine, or o-methoxyphenyl phosphinic acid (OMPA). Varietal responses to each chemical ranged from no effect to severe growth retardation. When the same varieties were evaluated for their response to water stress, the length of time required for severe wilting ranged from 48 h to 120 h. A cluster analysis was used to relate the coefficient of parentage of the varieties with their response to chemicals or water stress. The response of a variety to one of the chemicals did not predict the response to a different chemical. Further, the response of a variety to a chemical did not predict the response of a similar variety to the same chemical. The water stress rating was neither related to the chemical responses nor to the coefficient of parentage for the varieties in the test. The effects of night interruption and darkness were more pronounced on northern than on southern varieties, analogous with the pattern of reproductive regulation by photoperiod.
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    Analysis of growth patterns during gravitropic curvature in roots ofZea mays by use of a computer-based video digitizer (1986)
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    Journal of plant growth regulation 5 (1986), S. 73-83 
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    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A computer-based video digitizer system is described which allows automated tracking of markers placed on a plant surface. The system uses customized software to calculate relative growth rates at selected positions along the plant surface and to determine rates of gravitropic curvature based on the changing pattern of distribution of the surface markers. The system was used to study the time course of gravitropic curvature and changes in relative growth rate along the upper and lower surface of horizontally-oriented roots of maize (Zea mays L.). The growing region of the root was found to extend from about 1 mm behind the tip to approximately 6 mm behind the tip. In vertically-oriented roots the relative growth rate was maximal at about 2.5 mm behind the tip and declined smoothly on either side of the maximum. Curvature was initiated approximately 30 min after horizontal orientation with maximal (50°) curvature being attained in 3 h. Analysis of surface extension patterns during the response indicated that curvature results from a reduction in growth rate along both the upper and lower surfaces with stronger reduction along the lower surface.
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    Occurrence of (+)-7-iso-jasmonic acid inVicia faba L. and its biological activity (1986)
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    Journal of plant growth regulation 5 (1986), S. 91-100 
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    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The plant growth regulator (−)-jasmonic acid (JA) and its stereoisomer (+)-7-iso-jasmonic acid (7-iso-JA) have been isolated from young fruits ofVicia faba L. and identified by TLC, GC, GC-MS, and chemical transformation. Different isolation procedures gave different ratios of JA/7-iso-JA because of partial isomerization of (+)-7-iso-JA to (−)-JA. Optimal conditions, excluding artificial isomerization, were checked by the addition of [U-14C]-7-iso-JA. The naturally occurring isomer ratio was determined to be 65% (−)-JA: 35% (+)-7-iso-JA in immature broad bean fruits. The biological activities of both isomers of JA have been studied using several bioassays. Growth of wheat and GA3-stimulated dwarf rice seedlings is inhibited more effectively by (+)-7-iso-JA than by (−)-JA. In growing seedlings of barley and oat, both isomers caused a senescence-like bleaching effect characterized by chlorophyll and carotenoid decrease. The free acids are more active than their methyl esters in intact barley plants in contrast to results obtained in leaf segment tests. Highest activity was obtained with (+)-7-iso-JA.
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    Comparative effects of CGA-92194, cyometrinil, and flurazole on selected metabolic processes of isolated soybean leaf cells (1986)
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    Journal of plant growth regulation 5 (1986), S. 59-72 
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    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The potential adverse phytotoxic effects of the herbicide safeners CGA-92194 {α-[1,3-dioxolan-2-yl-methoxy)imino]benzeneacetonitrile}, cyometrinil [α-(cyanomethoxy)imino-benzeneacetonitrile] and flurazole [phenylmethyl 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-5-thiazole-carboxylate] on selected metabolic processes of enzymatically isolated leaf cells of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] were compared in time- and concentration-course studies. CO2 fixation, protein synthesis, RNA synthesis, DNA synthesis, and lipid synthesis were assayed by the incorporation of NaH14CO3, [14C]-leucine, [14C]-uracil, [3H]thymidine, and [14C]-acetate, respectively, into the isolated cells. CGA-92194 and cyometrinil behaved similarly, and at low concentrations (0.1, 1, and 10 μM) they stimulated rather than inhibited the five metabolic processes assayed, following incubation periods of up to 2 h. At the highest concentration of 100 μM, both safeners inhibited all metabolic processes of the soybean leaf cells but neither compound exhibited rapid and distinct inhibitions as might be expected in the case of inhibition of a primary target site by a potent inhibitor. At low concentrations and early incubation periods (30 and 60 min), flurazole effects on all metabolic processes were also stimulatory rather than inhibitory. However, the stimulation of CO2 fixation by 0.1 and 1.0 μM was highly significant. At 100 μM flurazole was extremely potent on all metabolic processes of soybean leaf cells examined. At the 2-h incubation period, flurazole also inhibited all metabolic processes at concentrations lower than 100 μM. The sensitivity of the five metabolic processes to flurazole decreased in the following order: photosynthesis = lipid synthesis 〉DNA synthesis〉protein synthesis〉RNA synthesis.
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    Effect of mefluidide on growth and heading ofTriticum aestivum L. (1986)
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    Journal of plant growth regulation 5 (1986), S. 85-89 
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    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Previous studies have shown that N-[2,4-dimethyl-5[[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]amino]phenyl]acetamide (mefluidide) represses seedhead formation in gramineae. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of mefluidide on growth and reproduction of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv TAM 105). Mefluidide was applied to field grown wheat at 140 and 280 g/ha on March 4, 1985 and at 70, 140, and 280 g/ha on March 18, 1985. Mefluidide suppressed heading to a greater extent when applied 6 weeks after the onset of spring growth than when applied 2 weeks earlier. Leaf area index was reduced by the higher application rates at the second date of application but not the first. Total biomass was reduced to a greater extent at the second application date. Both seed weight and number of seeds per spike were reduced with the higher rates of mefluidide especially at the second application date.
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    Announcement (1986)
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    Journal of plant growth regulation 5 (1986), S. 121-121 
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    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    A time series analysis of financial asset holdings for a developing country: Egypt, 1952–1973 (1986)
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    Empirical economics 11 (1986), S. 125-151 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01978124
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    A rate-of-return model of investment behavior for Switzerland (1986)
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    Empirical economics 11 (1986), S. 153-167 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses the estimates for post-war Swiss data of a simple time series regression model relating the investment ratio to the net-of-tax rate of return and a real activity variable. The results indicate that taxes exert a statistically significant but quantitatively small impact on investment while the ratio of the foreign to Swiss labor force turns out to be an important determinant of investment in Switzerland.
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    The demand for deposits and risk sensitivity: The case for Greece, 1955–1980 (1986)
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    Empirical economics 11 (1986), S. 197-206 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this paper is to estimate the demand for deposits in Greece, using a constrained simultaneous equation system similar in principle to the Linear Expenditure System. The procedure allows us to calculate both the wealth and interest rate elasticities of demand for the various types of deposits and to measure the relative risk associated with each category of deposits.
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    Measuring returns to scale and technological change in co-operative banks: A provincial analysis of Canadian credit unions and caisses populaires (1986)
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    Empirical economics 11 (1986), S. 207-222 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract In Canada economies of scale in credit unions come not only from large single office arrangements but from external economies realized from belonging to central provincial credit unions. Making use of aggregate provincial time series and cross-sectional data, this study begins by employing a sequential Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) test to select the most appropriate model. This procedure permits the isolation of economies of scale from technological change effects. For all provinces, economies of scale are discovered to be significantly different from 1, and for five of the eight provinces examined, technological change was statistically significant from zero. The larger the provincial organization, as illustrated by the Quebec caisses populaires, the higher we find estimates of returns to scale and technological change. An implication may be that both expansion and more centralization should be encouraged and that other provinces may be able to increase efficiency by imitating some of Quebec's operational and administrative practices.
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    Stochastic constraints on cost function parameters: Mixed and hierarchical approaches (1986)
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    Empirical economics 11 (1986), S. 69-80 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Symmetry and homogeneity constraints are imposed stochastically in a system of cost share equations. This is done using both mixed information and hierarchical representations. The approaches are compared in a Monte Carlo study and using data from U.S. manufacturing.
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    Allocation and the earnings function (1986)
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    Empirical economics 11 (1986), S. 97-110 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper stresses the view that earnings differentials should be interpreted in the light of allocation in the labor market. A model is developed that acknowledges the difference between individual levels of characteristics and the levels of such characteristics required in the job. It is applied to data sets for the Netherlands, with education as the most important variable. Neither the individual's education nor the requirements of the job alone are sufficient to determine earnings: they should be considered jointly. The earnings function containing allocation thus proves superior to the function derived from either human capital theory or from segmented labor market theory.
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    Firms responses to changes in demand: Some insight from survey-data (1986)
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    Empirical economics 11 (1986), S. 111-123 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents some empirical insight into the adjustment behaviour of individual firms that experience a change in demand. Section I briefly outlines recent theoretical approaches to explain the impact of demand variations on firms' price and output decisions. The next section gives a short description of the data used for the subsequent empirical analysis. In section III we explain our methodical procedure. Section IV presents a set of “response functions” that explicitly described the intensity and time pattern of firms' responses with prices, output, and order backlogs to variations of demand. Finally we comment on the limits of the study and summarize the main conclusions we derive from the empirical results.
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    The administered Bank rate and the Canada-U.S. spot exchange rate: 1975–1979 (1986)
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    Empirical economics 11 (1986), S. 169-179 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper analyzes, for the period 1975–1979, the announcement effect of the unanticipated Canadian administered Bank rate changes (the Bank rate is analogous to the discount rate in the U.S.) on the Canada-U.S. dollar spot exchange rate. Leading and/or lagged announcement effects are also investigated. By examining the behaviour of the residuals, on and surrounding the announced Bank rate changes, derived from an autoregressive equation of the daily changes (4:30 p.m. to noon the following day) in the logarithm of the spot $ Canadian/$ U.S. rate the evidence seems to indicate, on the average, a significant adjustment (appreciation of the Canadian dollar for Bank rate increases and depreciation for Bank rate decreases) of the exchange rate on the day of the effective unanticipated administered Bank rate changes regardless of the assumptions made with respect to the probability distribution of the residuals — whether it be normal, symmetric stable with a characteristic exponent of 1.8, or nonparametric.
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    Multilateral currency substitution and capital flows as sources of instability in the soe demand for money function — A case study (1986)
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    Empirical economics 11 (1986), S. 181-196 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Using monthly data for Ireland we test the hypothesis that the combined effects of currency substitution and capital mobility renders the demand for money function subject to instability over time. The empirical evidence supports the view that both “the” expected exchange rate change, giving rise to currency substitution, and the latter as a component, along with “the” foreign interest rate, of the gross yield on foreign currency-denominated assets, giving rise to capital mobility, are important determinants of the domestic demand for money. Their inclusion as arguments yields a money demand function which is more stable than if they are (incorrectly) excluded.
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    A note on estimating disequilibrium models with aggregation (1986)
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    Empirical economics 11 (1986), S. 223-242 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract When an aggregate disequilibrium is the result of disequilibrium in several submarkets, the usual maximum likelihood estimation, which is based on the min of aggregate demand and supply, represents a misspecification. The present paper compares ML with several nonlinear least squares methods that are appropriate for this situation. Monte Carlo experiments suggest that ML is robust with respect to the misspecification and may be preferable to the nonlinear least suqares methods in some situations.
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    Phase behavior of the ternary system solvent: poly(γ-benzyl L-glutemate) and polystyrene (1986)
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    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 517-524 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Phase equilibria were investigated at 80°C for a ternary system involving a solvent benzyl alcohol, a rodlike polymer poly(γ-benzyl L-glutamate) (PBLG), and a flexible polymer polystyrene (PS). The fairly dilute solution of the two polymers was isotropic and monophasic. At greater concentrations, it was separated into two isotropic phases. Above an even higher critical concentration of the two polymers, three phases, a cholesteric (A1) and two isotropic phases (I1 and I2), coexisted at equilibrium. PBLG was contained exclusively in the phases A1 and I1, while PS was in the phase I2. The more concentrated solution was separated into a cholesteric phase and an isotropic phase. The latter contained PS but excluded PBLG, These features were discussed on the ground of the Flory theory by considering the polymer compatibility.
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    Initiated oxidation of PE and PP in solution (1986)
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    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 531-537 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A study was made on the oxidation of a low density polyethylene and of an isotactic and an atactic polypropylene in solution. The solvent was 1,2, 4-trichlorobenzene and the process was investigated at different temperatures, with varying concentrations of the initiator and of the polymer. Under the experimental conditions, a non-accelerating chain reaction proceeds at the beginning of the process. The equation derived from the proposed simplified mechanism describes consistently the dependences of experimentally measured rates on the concentrations of the initiator and of the polymer.
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    End group analysis of commercial poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether's (1986)
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    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 547-549 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Analysis of the hydroxyl content of a series of commercial poly(ethylene glycol)monomethy1 ethers by means of 360 MHz 1H NMR spectroscopy of the trichloroacetyl isocyanate modified polymers has shown that some compounds contain considerable amounts of poly(ethylene glycol).
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    Aromatic polyureas and polythioureas by a new polycondensation reaction using ethylene chlorophosphite as reagent (1986)
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    Polymer bulletin 16 (1986), S. 143-146 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Aromatic polyureas and polythioureas are prepared from aromatic diamines and carbon dioxide or carbon disulfide, by a new direct polycondensation reaction with ethylene chlorophosphite as reagent in pyridine as solvent and acceptor for hydrochloric acid at 50–60° for 6–7 hours.
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    Towards an understanding of stacked base interactions: non-equilibrium phase transitions as a probable model (1986)
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    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 89-91 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The distances of stacked bases of DNA in different conformations can-not be calculated by equilibrium potentials, since they exhibit not more than only one minimum. However, a double potential minimum is obtained by considering the most simple semiclassical model of excitons that are coupled adiabatically to lattice vibrations, hence forming polaritons. By use of Danilov's extended Hückel approximation of DNA excitons, stacked base distances can be calculated that agree fairly well with the experimental data. The errors of this approach are small as compared to the differences of the distances in various conformations. Consequently, this model may work as a first base of understanding molecular interactions in DNA.
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    Reactive monomers and polymers containing chiral groups (1986)
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    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 491-495 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract N-(p-methylstyryl)-(1R,2S)-ephedrine is prepared by alkylation of p-chloromethylstyrene under conditions which do not favor quaternization. A series of Copolymerization reactions confirm that the new chiral monomer and styrene copolymerize in random fashion with r1=1.09 and r2=0.98. The optical rotation of the copolymers does not vary linearly with composition. Applications of the copolymer include its use as chiral ligand for asymmetric synthesis or as a separation medium.
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    Preparation and characterization of polymethoxymethylstyrenes1H-13C NMR studies (1986)
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    Polymer bulletin 16 (1986), S. 59-66 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary To study the influence of dipolar moments on the permittivity of polymers, three isomeric polymers ortho, meta and para polymethoxystyrenes have been synthesized. Physical properties and NMR studies1H and13C are described.
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    Functional Polymers (1986)
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    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 135-140 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Polycarbonates of Bisphenol A were prepared with 2 (2, 4-dihydroxyphenyl) 2H-4-hydroxybenzotriazole or 2 (2, 4-di-hydroxyphenyl) 2H-1,3-di (4-hydroxybenzotriazole) ultraviolet stabilizers permanently incorporated into the polycarbonate main chain. Direct polycarbonate formation from Bisphenol A and diphenyl carbonate or transesterification using previously prepared polycarbonate in the melt with ultraviolet stabilizers 2 (2, 4-dihydroxyphenyl) 2H-4-hydroxybenzotriazole or 2 (2, 4-dihydrophenyl) 2H-1,3-di (4-hydroxybenzotriazole) or the corresponding acetyl compounds gave the final polycarbonates which were characterized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263390
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  • 196
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    Electronic Resource
    Infra-red dichroism investigation of molecular viscoelasticity using isotopically labelled block copolymers (1986)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 165-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Infra-red dichroism has been used to measure the orientation of the different sequences of isotopically labelled block copolymers. We have determined the orientation from dichroic ratios of two bands of deuterated polystyrene, and compared in block copolymers the orientation of the central part of the chain with that of the ends. The relaxation of the ends is more rapid, than that of the center, which exhibits a “plateau”.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263395
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  • 197
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    Electronic Resource
    Thermoplastic elastomers by hydrogen bonding (1986)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 173-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary By reacting polybutadiene with 4-Phenyl-1, 2, 4-triazoline-3, 5-dione (PTD) urazole groups are added to the polymer. The formation of hydrogen bonds between different urazole groups is investigated by IR-spectroscopy at various temperatures. The carbonyl stretching vibrations at 1700 and 1723 cm−1 could be attributed to hydrogen bonded and free urazole groups. With increasing temperature the fraction of bonded groups decreases. From the overall change in the absorption the ratio of the extinction coefficients of bonded and free C=O is determined. The stability of the hydrogen bonds is explained by a chelate like complex between two urazole groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263396
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  • 198
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    Electronic Resource
    Pseudocrown ethers based on polyphosphazene as effective catalysts of nucleophilic substitution reactions (1986)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 303-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Polymer pseudocrownethers based on polyphosphazene are active catalysts of nucleophilic substitution reactions. With respect to the catalytic activity, polyphosphazene is a more suitable carrier of oligo(oxyethylenes) than poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene). With increasing length of oligo(oxyethylene) branches the catalytic activity of polymers increases. The favorable effect of the content of pseudocrownether structures is particularly visible in polymers having a longer oligo(oxyethylene) chain in those reactions in which the polymer acts as a solid cosolvent. The catalysts preserve their activity also if reused.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00254848
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  • 199
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Living carbocationic polymerization (1986)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 317-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new family of initiating systems has been discovered that efficiently induces the truly living polymerization of isobutylene (IB). The initiating systems are complexes of organic tertiary esters e.g., cumyl acetate, 2,4,4-trimethylpentane-2-acetate, with BCl3. Living polymerizations proceed very rapidly in a variety of solvents, i.e., CH3Cl, CH2Cl2, C2H5Cl, and mixtures of chlorinated solvents plus n-hexane, in the range from −10° to −50°C. The living nature of the polymerizations was demonstrated by linear ¯Mn versus WPIB (g of polymer formed) plots starting at the origin and horizontal N (number of PIB chains) versus WPIB plots. The DPn of the products obeys [Mo]/[Io] where [Mo] and [Io] are initial monomer and initiator concentrations, respectively. Conversions and initiator efficiencies are ∼100%. In carefully controlled experiments narrow molecular weight distribution polyisobutylenes (PIB) have been obtained, i.e., Mw/Mn=1.17 − 1.3. A mechanism is outlined that helps rationalize the findings. It is postulated that the living polymerization of IB initiated by organic tertiary ester·BCl3 complexes most likely proceeds by a two-component group transfer polymerization process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00254850
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  • 200
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    Optical biaxiality of nematic LC-side chain polymers with laterally attached mesogenic groups (1986)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 349-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Liquid crystalline polymers with mesogenic groups laterally attached to the polymer backbone were investigated by polarizing microscopy with respect to their optical properties. The nematic polymers were macroscopically oriented in a magnetic or electric field. Polarization microscopic investigations with convergent polarized light show optical biaxial behavior of the nematic phase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00254854
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