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  • Chemical Engineering  (658)
  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY  (470)
  • 1985-1989  (1,128)
  • 1985  (1,128)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1985-1989  (1,128)
Year
  • 1
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    ISCCP global radiance data set - A new resource for climate research (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The operational data-collection phase of the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) began in July 1983 as an element of the World Climate Research Program (WCRP). Since then, raw images from an international network of operational geostationary and polar-orbiting meteorological satellites have been routinely processed to develop a global data set of calibrated radiances and derived cloud parameters for climate research. This report outlines the key steps involved in producing the basic ISCCP reduced-resolution global radiance (B3) data set, describes the main features of the data set, and indicates the principal point of contact for obtaining copies of the data tapes. A future paper will focus on the derived cloud properties and their utilization.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society, Bulletin (ISSN 0003-0007); 66; 1498-150
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    Contributions on the Subject of Longitudinal Movements of Aircraft in Wind Shears (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The effect of downburst-type wind shears on the longitudinal dynamic behavior of an unguided aircraft is simulated numerically on the basis of published meteorological data and the flight characteristics of an A300-B passenger jet. The nonlinear differential equations of the aircraft motion are linearized by conventional methods, and the wind effects are introduced via the linear derivatives of the wind components referred to the wind gradients to obtain simplified technical models of the longitudinal response to all possible types of constant-gradient wind shears during the first 20-60 sec. Graphs, maps, and diagrams are provided, and a number of accidents presumed to have involved wind shears are analyzed in detail.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-77837 , NAS 1.15:77837
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    Meteorological data fields 'in perspective' (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Perspective display techniques can be applied to meteorological data sets to aid in their interpretation. Examples of a perspective display procedure applied to satellite and aircraft visible and infrared image pairs and to stereo cloud-top height analyses are presented. The procedure uses a sophisticated shading algorithm that produces perspective images with greatly improved comprehensibility when compared with the wire-frame perspective displays that have been used in the past. By changing the 'eye-point' and 'view-point' inputs to the program in a systematic way, movie loops that give the impression of flying over or through the data field have been made. This paper gives examples that show how several kinds of meteorological data fields are more effectively illustrated using the perspective technique.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society, Bulletin (ISSN 0003-0007); 66; 795-801
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  • 4
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    Overview of NASA's programs (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: An overview of some of NASA's aviation related programs is presented. The areas discussed include: (1) severe storms; (2) clear air turbulence; (3) icing; (4) fog; and (5) landing systems.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 34-39
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  • 5
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    Formation, distribution and variability in snow cover on the Asian territory of the USSR (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: A description is given of maps compiled for annual and average multiple-year water reserves. The annual and average multiple-year maximum snow cover height for winter, extreme values of maximum snow reserves, and the average height and snow reserves at the end of each decade are shown. These maps were made for the entire Asian territory of the USSR, excluding Central Asia, Kamchatka Peninsula, and the Sakhalin Islands.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-77913 , NAS 1.15:77913
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  • 6
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    Variability of snow cover characteristics in the Transbaykal (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: The variations in snow cover characteristics in the Transbaykal were examined. Results are presented of an experimental verification of the Transbaykal theoretical developments to improve the efficiency of snow measurement photographs.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-77917 , NAS 1.15:77917
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  • 7
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    Generation of available potential energy and the energy cycle during the global weather experiment (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Two parallel sets of analyses, which in one case included and in the other omitted data observed by satellite based and other FGGE special observing systems are examined. The results of our previous work is extended in two separate, but not unrelated, ways. First, from these two parallel analyses, which are labeled FGGE (full FGGE system) and NOSAT (satellite omitted), it was discovered that the two sets of fields were quite close over much of the globe. Locally the influence of satellite based systems led to some differences, particularly over the Southern Hemisphere Oceans. The diabatic heating fields generated by the GLA FGGE analysis was also examined. From these fields, one can ascertain the role of total diabatic heating and of the various diabatic heating components in the atmospheric energy cycle, in particular in the generation of available potential energy.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-175301 , NAS 1.26:175301
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  • 8
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    Proceedings of the First National Workshop on the Global Weather Experiment: Current Achievements and Future Directions, volume 1 (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A summary of the proceedings in which the most important findings stemming from the Global Weather Experiment (GWE) are highlighted, additional key results and recommendations are comered, and the presentations and discussion are summarized. Detailed achievements, unresolved problems, and recommendations are included.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-176720 , NAS 1.26:176720 , Jul 09, 1984 - Jul 20, 1984; Woods Hole, MA; United States
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  • 9
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    Satellite microwave observations of a storm complex: A comparative analysis (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The hypothesis that cold events correspond to a particular stage in a class of thunderstorms was tested. That class is a storms class which updrafts are: (1) strong, broad and moist, and (2) extend well above the freezing level. Condition (1) implies strong mesoscale forcing. Condition (2) implies a tall updraft or a relatively low freezing level. Such storms should have big, intense radar echoes and cold, fast-growing anvils. The thunderstorm events were analyzed by radar, rain gauge and GOES infrared observations. Radar was the starting point for detection and definition of the hypothesized thunderstorms. The radar signature is compared to the signature of the storm in rain gauge observations, satellite infrared images and satellite microwave images.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-176430 , NAS 1.26:176430
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  • 10
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    The nature of symmetric instability and its similarity to convective and inertial instability (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: It is shown that there exists a local similarity among SI (Symmetric Instability), BI (Buoyancy or Convective Instability), and II (Inertial Instability) even for fully nonlinear viscous motion. The most unstable slope angles for SI and Moist SI motions are analyzed based on parcel energetics. These considerations also suggest qualitatively that CSI (Conditional SI) circulations will be slantwise and lie between the moist most unstable slope and dry least stable slope of the basic state.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-3945 , NAS 1.26:3945
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  • 11
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    Meteorological and Environmental Inputs to Aviation Systems (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: An overview of meteorological parameters effecting aircraft flight is presented.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CP-2388 , NAS 1.55:2388 , Meteorological and Environmental Inputs to Aviation Systems; Oct 26, 1983 - Oct 28, 1983; Tullahoma, TN; United States
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  • 12
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    The utilization of satellite data and dynamics in understanding and predicting global weather phenomena (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A two layer spectral quasi-geostrophic model is used to simulate the effects of topography on the equilibria, the stability, and the long term evaluation of incipient unstable waves. The flow is forced by latitudinally dependent radiational heating. The nature of the form drag instability of high index equilibria is investigated. The proximity of the equilibrium shear to a resonant value is essential for the instability, provided the equilibrium occurs at a slightly stronger shear than resonance. The properties of the steady Hadley and Rossby required for a thermally forced rotating fluid on a sphere are further explained. An objective parameterization technique is developed for general nonlinear hydrodynamical systems. The typical structure is one in which the rates of change of the dependent variables depend on homogeneous quadratic and linear forms, as well as on inhomogeneous forcing terms. Also documented is a steady, axisymmetric model of the general circulation developed as a basis for climate stability studies. The model includes the effects of heating, rotation, and internal friction, but neglects topography. Included is further research on cloud street phenomena. Orientation angles and horizontal wavelengths of boundary layer rolls and cloud streets are determined from an analysis of a truncated spectral model of three dimensional shallow moist Boussinesq convection in a shearing environment is further explained. Relatively broadly spaced roll clouds have orientations for which the Fourier component of the roll perpendicular shear is nearly zero, but the second corresponds to narrowly spaced rolls having orientations for which the Fourier coefficients of both the perpendicular and the parallel components of the shear are nearly equal.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-171577 , NAS 1.26:171577
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  • 13
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    Computer image processing of up-draft flow motion and severe storm formation observed from satellite (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Special rapid-scan satellite visible and infrared observations have been used to study the life cycle of the clouds from the initiation of updraft flow motion in the atmosphere, the condensation of humid air, the formation of clouds, the development of towering cumulus, the penetration of the tropopause, the collapsing of an overshooting turret, and the dissipation of cloud. The infrared image provides an indication of the equivalent blackbody temperature of the observed cloud tops. By referencing the temperature, height and humidity profiles from rawinsonde observations as the background meteorological data for the instability of the air mass to the satellite infrared data sets at different time periods, the development of convective clouds can be studied in detail.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Flow visualization III; Sep 06, 1983 - Sep 09, 1983; Ann Arbor, MI
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  • 14
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    Composite statistical method for modeling wind gusts for aircraft simulation (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This paper discusses the application of three statistical methods in combination to model wind gusts for use in aircraft flight simulation. The approach combines principal components analysis, time series analysis and probability distribution model to analyze and simulate wind gust components. Comparisons are given between wind gust components generated by the model and components measured onboard an aircraft.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: AIAA PAPER 85-1750 , Flight Simulation Technologies Conference; Jul 22, 1985 - Jul 24, 1985; St. Louis, MO
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  • 15
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    Conducting a wind sensing study (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Signal-to-noise requirements, and how signal-to-noise determines wind velocity measurement accuracy were studied. A Nd:YAG-based system was found to be competitive with a CO2-based system. Hardware was developed for a coherent Nd:YAG LIDAR system, and is being integrated into a functioning system. A diode-pumped monolithic rod laser to be used as a reference oscillator, a high-power, single-mode ring laser, for use as a master oscillator, and a high-gain, multipass amplifier were constructed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-175782 , JPL-9950-1098 , NAS 1.26:175782 , SU-GL-3821
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  • 16
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    A modeling analysis program for the JPL table mountain Io sodium cloud (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Progress and achievements in the first year are discussed in three main areas: (1) review and assessment of the massive JPL Table Mountain Io sodium cloud data set, (2) formulation and execution of a plan to perform further processing of this data set, and (3) initiation of modeling activities. The complete 1976-79 and 1981 data sets are reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed on the superior 1981 Region B/C images which provide a rich base of information for studying the structure and escape of gases from Io as well as possible east-west and magnetic longitudinal asymmetries in the plasma torus. A data processing plan is developed and is undertaken by the Multimission Image Processing Laboratory of JPL for the purpose of providing a more refined and complete data set for our modeling studies in the second year. Modeling priorities are formulated and initial progress in achieving these goals is reported.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-175851 , NAS 1.26:175851
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  • 17
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    Analysis of the NASA/MSFC airborne Doppler lidar results from San Gorgonio Pass, California (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The NASA/MSFC Airborne Doppler Lidar System was flown in July 1981 aboard the NASA/Ames Convair 990 on the east side of San Gorgonio Pass California, near Palm Springs, to measure and investigate the accelerated atmospheric wind field discharging from the pass. At this region, the maritime layer from the west coast accelerates through the pass and spreads out over the valley floor on the east side of the pass. The experiment was selected in order to study accelerated flow in and at the exit of the canyon. Ground truth wind data taken concurrently with the flight data were available from approximately 12 meteorological towers and 3 tala kites for limited comparison purposes. The experiment provided the first spatial data for ensemble averaging of spatial correlations to compute lateral and longitudinal length scales in the lateral and longitudinal directions for both components, and information on atmospheric flow in this region of interest from wind energy resource considerations.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-3901 , NAS 1.26:3901 , M-489
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 18
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    Application of nonlinear least squares methods to the analysis of solar spectra (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A fast method of retrieving vertical temperature profiles in the atmosphere and of determining the paths of the rays producing the ATMOS occultation spectra has been developed. The results from one set of occultation data appear to be consistent with other available data. A study of sources of error, a search for other suitable features for measurement in the spectra, and modification of the program to obtain mixing ratio profiles have been initiated.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-176122 , NAS 1.26:176122
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  • 19
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    Diagnostics of severe convection and subsynoptic scale ageostrophic circulations (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Diagnostics of severe convection and subsynoptic scale ageostrophic circulations are reported. Mesoscale circulations through forcing of ageostrophic motion by adiabatic, diabatic and frictional processes were studied. The development and application of a hybrid isentropic sigma coordinate numerical model was examined. The numerical model simulates mesoscale ageostrophic circulations associated with propagating jet streaks and severe convection. A complete list of publications and these completed through support of the NASA severe storms research project is included.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-171581 , NAS 1.26:171581
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  • 20
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    Rain volume estimation over areas using satellite and radar data (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The feasibility of rain volume estimation over fixed and floating areas was investigated using rapid scan satellite data following a technique recently developed with radar data, called the Area Time Integral (ATI) technique. The radar and rapid scan GOES satellite data were collected during the Cooperative Convective Precipitation Experiment (CCOPE) and North Dakota Cloud Modification Project (NDCMP). Six multicell clusters and cells were analyzed to the present time. A two-cycle oscillation emphasizing the multicell character of the clusters is demonstrated. Three clusters were selected on each day, 12 June and 2 July. The 12 June clusters occurred during the daytime, while the 2 July clusters during the nighttime. A total of 86 time steps of radar and 79 time steps of satellite images were analyzed. There were approximately 12-min time intervals between radar scans on the average.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-176050 , NAS 1.26:176050
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  • 21
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    A study of the adequacy of quasi-geostrophic dynamics for modeling the effect of frontal cyclones on the larger scale flow (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The validity of quasi-geostrophic (QG) dynamics were tested on compared to primitive equation (PE) dynamics, for modeling the effect of cyclone waves on the larger scale flow. The formation of frontal cyclones and the dynamics of occluded frontogenesis were studied. Surface friction runs with the PE model and the wavelength of maximum instability is described. Also fine resolution PE simulation of a polar low is described.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-176065 , NAS 1.26:176065
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  • 22
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    Comparison of wind and turbulence measurements from Doppler lidar and instrumented aircraft (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Wind fields were measured with the ground based lidar, NOAA Wave Propagation Laboratory and with the NASA B-57B instrumented aircraft. The remotely sensed winds are compared with the in situ aircraft measurements. Three flight plans were carried out during the two different field programs. At NASA/MSFC the aircraft circled while the lidar scanned conically and the aircraft flew 6 deg approach path along the fixed lidar beam. The aircraft flew an approach along the lidar beam directed south-north (parallel to the mountain range) and a climbout along the lidar beam which alternately shifted east-west (perpendicular to the mountain range). Turbulence intensities and spectra were calculated from the temporal fluctuations in the lidar-measured radial wind speed component. These field tests provided unique sets of data to examine the mean wind and turbulence measurements made by remote sensing instruments. The comparison of aircraft measured turbulence intensities and spectra with lidar time histories of radial wind speed were in good agreement.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-171535 , NAS 1.26:171535
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  • 23
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    Excitation of turbulence by density waves (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A nonlinear system describes the microdynamical state of turbulence that is excited by density waves. It consists of an equation of propagation and a master equation. A group-scaling generates the scaled equations of many interacting groups of distribution functions. The two leading groups govern the transport processes of evolution and eddy diffusivity. The remaining sub-groups represent the relaxation for the approach of diffusivity to equilibrium. In strong turbulence, the sub-groups disperse themselves and the ensemble acts like a medium that offers an effective damping to close the hierarchy. The kinetic equation of turbulence is derived. It calculates the eddy viscosity and identifies the effective damping of the assumed medium self-consistently. It formulates the coupling mechanism for the intensification of the turbulent energy at the expense of the wave energy, and the transfer mechanism for the cascade. The spectra of velocity and density fluctuations find the power law k sup-2 and k sup-4, respectively.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-3905 , NAS 1.26:3905 , QR-1
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  • 24
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    Convective storm downdraft outflows detected by NASA/MSFC's Airborne 10.6 micron pulsed Doppler Lidar System (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The capability of a unique Airborne Doppler Lidar System to measure the horizontal winds in the vicinity of severe storm activity is demonstrated. The Airborne Doppler Lidar System (ADLS), developed at NASA/MSFC, was flown on a CV990 research aircraft during the CCOPE (Cooperative Convective Precipitation Experiments, Montana, Summer 1981). Flown between 400 and 600 m AGL, the lidar probed the subcloud regions of several deep convection storms. ADLS data collected near storms on 21 and 23 July 1981 are presented along with satellite imagery, radar echo maps and surface station measurements. These case studies are evidence of the successful performance of an airborne remote wind sensing system and the advantages of two dimension flow visualization of storm outflow structures and interactions.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-3898 , NAS 1.26:3898
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  • 25
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    Functional and performance requirements of the next NOAA-Kasas City computer system (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The development of the Advanced Weather Interactive Processing System for the 1990's (AWIPS-90) will result in more timely and accurate forecasts with improved cost effectiveness. As part of the AWIPS-90 initiative, the National Meteorological Center (NMC), the National Severe Storms Forecast Center (NSSFC), and the National Hurricane Center (NHC) are to receive upgrades of interactive processing systems. This National Center Upgrade program will support the specialized inter-center communications, data acquisition, and processing needs of these centers. The missions, current capabilities and general functional requirements for the upgrade to the NSSFC are addressed. System capabilities are discussed along with the requirements for the upgraded system.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Wisconsin Univ. Centralized Storm Information System (CSIS); 69 p
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  • 26
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    CSIS test and evaluation (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This report covers the period from February 1982 when the Centralized Storm Information System CSIS was installed at NSSFC through June 1983. CSIS has had a dramatic and positive impact on the operations of the NSSFC. The value of CSIS in improving the level of severe storms forecasting is evaluated. The following CSIS components are examined: (1) hardware; (2) data acquisition; (3) data storage and retrieval; (4) forecaster-machine interface; (5) user training and requirement; (6) system relibility; and (7) software documentation.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Wisconsin Univ. Centralized Storm Information System (CSIS); 43 p
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  • 27
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    Empirical and modeled synoptic cloud climatology of the Arctic Ocean (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A daily climatology of the atmospheric circulation of the Arctic and the associated cloud conditions were determined. These are used for comparisons with the variability of general circulation model, generated circulation, and cloud cover for the same region.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-175628 , NAS 1.26:175628
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  • 28
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    Proceedings of the First National Workshop on the Global Weather Experiment: Current Achievements and Future Directions, volume 2, part 1 (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Topics covered include: data systems and quality; analysis and assimilation techniques; impacts on forecasts; tropical forecasts; analysis intercomparisons; improvements in predictability; and heat sources and sinks.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-176721 , NAS 1.26:176721 , PB86-139169 , Jul 09, 1984 - Jul 20, 1984; Woods Hole, MA; United States
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  • 29
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    Variational mesoscale satellite data assimilation and initialization (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The problems of mesoscale satellite data assimilation were examined. Assimilation of satellite data to improve the forecasts made by mesoscale forecast models was undertaken. Assimilation of high resolution satellite derived temperature data into a mesoscale model with horizontal resolution of 50 to 60 km is reported. Unlike global assimilation, in which a small portion of the forecast model domain is subject to data insertion at virtually every time step, the mesoscale assimilation virtually all of the forecast model domain is subject to data insertion at one time step. The mesoscale problem lends itself naturally to intermittent data assimilation and the forecast model is reinitialized whenever a new satellite pass covers its domain with data. The satellite data assimilation as an initialization problem are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-175704 , NAS 1.26:175704
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  • 30
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    Application of infrared radiometers for airborne detection of clear air turbulence and low level wind shear, airborne infrared low level wind shear detection test (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The feasibility of infrared optical techniques for the advance detection and avoidance of low level wind shear (LLWS) or low altitude wind shear hazardous to aircraft operations was investigated. A primary feasibility research effort was conducted with infrared detectors and instrumentation aboard the NASA Ames Research Center Learjet. The main field effort was flown on the NASA-Ames Dryden B57B aircraft. The original approach visualized a forward-looking, infrared transmitting (KRS-5) window through which signals would reach the detector. The present concept of a one inch diameter light pipe with a 45 deg angled mirror enables a much simpler installation virtually anywhere on the aircraft coupled with the possibility of horizontal scanning via rotation of the forward directed mirror. Present infrared detectors and filters would certainly permit ranging and horizontal scanning in a variety of methods. CRT display technology could provide a contoured picture with possible shear intensity levels from the infrared detection system on the weather radar or a small adjunct display. This procedure shoud be further developed and pilot evaluated in a light aircraft such as a Cessna 207 or equivalent.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-175725 , NAS 1.26:175725
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    Proceedings of the First National Workshop on the Global Weather Experiment: Current Achievements and Future Directions, volume 2, part 2 (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: An assessment of the status of research using Global Weather Experiment (GWE) data and of the progress in meeting the objectives of the GWE, i.e., better knowledge and understanding of the atmosphere in order to provide more useful weather prediction services. Volume Two consists of a compilation of the papers presented during the workshop. These cover studies that addressed GWE research objectives and utilized GWE information. The titles in Part 2 of this volume include General Circulation Planetary Waves, Interhemispheric, Cross-Equatorial Exchange, Global Aspects of Monsoons, Midlatitude-Tropical Interactions During Monsoons, Stratosphere, Southern Hemisphere, Parameterization, Design of Observations, Oceanography, Future Possibilities, Research Gaps, with an Appendix.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-176722 , NAS 1.26:176722 , PB86-139177 , Jul 09, 1984 - Jul 20, 1984; Woods Hole, MA; United States
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  • 32
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    Rain volume estimation over areas using satellite and radar data (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: An investigation of the feasibility of rain volume estimation using satellite data following a technique recently developed with radar data called the Arera Time Integral was undertaken. Case studies were selected on the basis of existing radar and satellite data sets which match in space and time. Four multicell clusters were analyzed. Routines for navigation remapping amd smoothing of satellite images were performed. Visible counts were normalized for solar zenith angle. A radar sector of interest was defined to delineate specific radar echo clusters for each radar time throughout the radar echo cluster lifetime. A satellite sector of interest was defined by applying small adjustments to the radar sector using a manual processing technique. The radar echo area, the IR maximum counts and the IR counts matching radar echo areas were found to evolve similarly, except for the decaying phase of the cluster where the cirrus debris keeps the IR counts high.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-174434 , NAS 1.26:174434
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  • 33
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    The nature of symmetric instability and its similarity to convective and inertial instability (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: It is presently noted that, even for the case of fully nonlinear viscous motion, there exists a local similarity among symmetric, buoyancy or convective, and inertial instabilities. The most unstable slope angles for symmetric instability are analyzed through consideration of parcel energetics; the results obtained suggest that qualitatively conditional symmetric instability circulations will be slantwise, and will lie between the moist and most unstable and the dry and least stable slopes of the basic state.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 42; 2880-288
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  • 34
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    Response of cloud supersaturation to radiative forcing (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Time-dependent solutions are obtained for droplet temperatures and supersaturation, in a study of the diffusional growth or evaporation of cloud droplets due to net emission or absorption of radiation, taking into account the partitioning of the net radiation budget between the droplets and the ambient air. Radiative perturbations are noted to result in very high rates of change in droplet temperatures. As the droplets evaporate or grow due to radiative effects, the saturation ratio of the ambient air adjusts in keeping with changes in the water vapor density and temperature of the air.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 42; 2820-282
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  • 35
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    Utilization of satellite-derived cloud cover to improve the estimation of latent heat release in a winter extratropical cyclone (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: A simple scheme for utilizing satellite cloud pattern information to improve the estimation of parameterized stable and convective latent heat release is proposed and tested for an extratropical cyclone occurring over the United States during January 9-11, 1975. Calculations are done over the standard North American rawinsonde data region and over a sparse data region simulated by ignoring one-third of the original rawinsonde stations. Results indicate 15 percent and 30 percent improvements in latent heating estimates derived from the total and sparse data sets, respectively. A larger improvement was found using the sparse data set because the parameterized latent heat release estimates obtained using these data were poorer than those obtained using the total data set.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 113; 1942-195
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  • 36
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    Moments of catchment storm area (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The portion of a catchment covered by a stationary rainstorm is modeled by the common area of two overlapping circles. Given that rain occurs within the catchment and conditioned by fixed storm and catchment sizes, the first two moments of the distribution of the common area are derived from purely geometrical considerations. The variance of the wetted fraction is shown to peak when the catchment size is equal to the size of the predominant storm. The conditioning on storm size is removed by assuming a probability distribution based upon the observed fractal behavior of cloud and rainstorm areas.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Water Resources Research (ISSN 0043-1397); 21; 1185-119
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  • 37
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    Influence of local land-surface processes on the Indian monsoon - A numerical study (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Integrations made with general circulation models to investigate the influence of changes in the land-surface fluxes, over the Indian subcontinent, on the monsoon circulation and rainfall are presented. The experiments conducted include: (1) a control, (2) increased land-surface albedo, (3) increased land-surface albedo and reduced land-surface roughness, and (4) increased land-surface albedo, reduced surface roughness, and no evapotranspiration. A comparison of ensemble means of the data is provided; a decrease in rainfall is observed when the surface albedo is increased and the surface roughness reduced. Low surface roughness makes the horizontal transport of planetary boundary layer (PBL) westerly, reducing cross-isobaric moisture and thereby rainfall. Evapotranspiration had no influence on rainfall because of the PBL motion and moisture convergence. The correlation between surface albedo, surface roughness and vegetation is examined.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0733-3021); 24; 1015-103
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  • 38
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    Transient growth of damped baroclinic waves (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: A solution of the linear initial value problem for the model of Eady with the inclusion of Ekman damping is presented. This model exhibits large transient growth of perturbations for synoptic cyclone spatial scales and a realistic value of the vertical turbulent viscosity coefficient despite the fact that all normal modes are exponentially decaying. Similar results are found for the model of Charney, implying that exponential instability cannot, in general, serve to explain the occurrence of cyclone scale disturbances in midlatiudes. Rather these are seen to arise additionally and perhaps predominantly from the release of mean flow potential energy by favorably configured initial perturbations. The Petterssen criterion for midlatitude cyclogenesis results naturally from this development as does its extension to the formation of subtropical monsoon depressions. Implications for the maintenance of midlatitude temperature gradients are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 42; 2718-272
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  • 39
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    Vector representation of trade cumulus thermodynamic fluxes (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: A tephigram of BOMEX averaged thermodynamic flux vectors, developed from two tradewind budgets, is presented. The parametric model, which is utilized to represent the fluxes in the tradewind layer of the product as a mass flux and a cloud-environment difference, is examined. A table of mean structure and fluxes of a dataset for the BOMEX ship array, and the Bowen ratio and convective mass flux for a nonmixing and a cloud-top mixing model is provided. The fluxes which are displayed in a simple vector format, using the saturation point notation of Betts (1982) reveal a coupling of fluxes and the relationship between Bowen ratio and height. It is concluded that with good tradewind budget data about the statistics of cloud mixing and radiative-convective coupling can be expressed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 113; 2173-217
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  • 40
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    Tomographic inversion of satellite photometry. II (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: A method for combining nadir observations of emission features in the upper atmosphere with the result of a tomographic inversion of limb brightness measurements is presented. Simulated and actual results are provided, and error sensitivity is investigated.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 24; 4134-414
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  • 41
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    The atmospheric heat source over the Tibetan plateau May-August 1979 (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Estimates of the time and space variability of the atmospheric heat source over Tibet are presented for the summer of 1979. These estimates rely on new data from the People's Republic of China allowing a better assessment of the surface heat fluxes, and on new satellite data from Nimbus-7 giving the radiation balance at the top of the atmosphere. The estimates of the atmospheric heat source turned out to be considerably smaller than those provided earlier in the literature, mainly because of different assumptions of the drag coefficient. The atmospheric heat source over Tibet is mainly modulated by the release of latent heat. Over the southeastern and southwestern plateau regions the heat source appears to be in phase with the precipitation yield of the Indian summer monsoon, whereas central Tibet reveals an out-of-phase behavior. Over western Tibet there appears to be hardly any net import of moisture from outside the region, whereas the maintenance of the hydrological cycle over eastern Tibet requires moisture flux convergence from outside the region of up to 40 percent of the mean rainfall, in agreement with what is known about the surface hydrology of Tibet.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 113; 1771-179
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  • 42
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    Variations in stratospheric aerosol optical depth during northern warmings (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: In this paper, the properties of the stratospheric aerosol optical depth (above 50 mbar) have been studied by using aerosol extinction profiles (at 1 micron) derived from the Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement and Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) during warming periods in the Northern Hemisphere. It is shown that, during the disturbed periods in winter, low values of aerosol optical depth (less than 0.0002) are found within the low-pressure system(s) (at the 30-mbar pressure surface), while high values are found outside. Similar characteristics are found to exist for the simultaneously observed SAGE O3 and NO2 columnar density distributions. Strong longitudinal gradients are shown with the low values within and wherever the vortex exists. This characteristic is maintained during and after the circumpolar vortex is disturbed, even after breakdown, indicating an isolation of the material within the vortex.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 90; 10
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  • 43
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    Satellite-derived synoptic climatology in data-sparse regions (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Synoptic-scale 'moisture bursts' are defined, based on infrared GOES imagery, and their synoptic climatology is developed. Quantitative analysis of satellite-derived individual channel radiance data and vertical eigenfunctions of complete channel data yield rich structural detail; these details do not appear in FGGE analyses in regions void of conventional meteorological data.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 5; 6 19
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  • 44
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    A diagnostic study of eddy-mean flow interactions during FGGE SOP-1 (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Eliassen-Palm (EP) diagrams have been shown to be very useful diagnostics in both the troposphere and the stratosphere. However, the idea that the EP flux divergence is the sole forcing of the mean wind by the eddies can be misleading. A time series of the time rate of change of the zonal mean wind and the EP flux divergence shows that the two quantities were not well correlated during the FGGE special observing period (SOP-1, winter 1979). Calculation of the residual in the zonal momentum equation reveals that considerable negative acceleration (drag) is required to complete the momentum balance in some regions. This residual indicates that not all terms are well represented in atmospheric data sets, and may be largely due to the breaking of vertically propagating gravity waves near the tropopause. Eliassen-Palm diagrams are presented for the FGGE data, as well as Oort's 11-year climatology. The Oort EP diagrams serve as a standard with which to compare other EP diagrams. The FGGE year is shown to be very similar to climatology. A consistent method of displaying the EP flux vectors and divergence is suggested, which has advantages over previous methods.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 42; 1838-184
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  • 45
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    On the uniqueness of space-time spectra and synoptic maps derived from polar-orbiting satellite data (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The frequency transform method of Hayashi (1983a) and the asynoptic space-time transform method of Salby (1982b) for deriving space-time spectra are compared. The comparison reveals that the Galilean transformation used by Hayashi and the asynoptic coordinate transformation used by Salby produce identical spectra. The mapping between asynoptic data and the space-time Fourier spectrum is examined. The operation which maps a series of asynoptic measurements into the correct sequence of synoptic maps is described. It is observed that this linear transformation is unique and recovers the correct spectrum over wavenumber and frequency for a satellite observed field.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Meteorological Society of Japan, Journal (ISSN 0026-1165); 63; 1067-107
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  • 46
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    A note on the finite differencing of the linearized primitive equations' lower boundary condition (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: This note examines the accuracy of finite difference solutions of the midlatitude primitive equations and the quasi-geostrophic equation. First order accurate forward differencing of the equations' lower boundary condition is shown to poorly simulate the radiating wave response to midlatitude heating. Forward differencing always exaggerates the magnitude of the radiating response. For a realistic heating height scale and for a reasonable mesh size this exaggeration is on the order of 50 percent. Central differencing of the lower boundary condition gives an error of only about 3 percent.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Pure and Applied Geophysics (ISSN 0033-4553); 123; 3 19
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  • 47
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    A radiative parameterization of stratocumulus cloud fields (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: A parameterization scheme is presented which allows the calculation of radiative reflected fluxes from a stratocumulus cloud field. The scheme is based upon plane-parallel calculations, such as delta-Eddington, and a simple procedure is outlined by which the plane-parallel fluxes may be transformed to those of the broken cloud case. This parameterization scheme has been tested for optical thicknesses ranging from tau = 3 to 49, solar zenith angles ranging from theta sub 0 = 0 to 72.5 deg, and all values of cloud cover. Plane-parallel calculations become increasingly more accurate as optical depth decreases. This suggests that calculations including broken cloudiness effects such as shadowing are probably unnecessary in thin cirrus or aerosol layers over water.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 42; 2888-289
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  • 48
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    Mixing line analysis of clouds and cloudy boundary layers (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The diagnostic study of the thermodynamic structure of nonprecipitating clouds and cloudy boundary layers is formulated using a mixing line and saturation point approach. A parametric model for the mean structure is developed as a tool for diagnostic and prognostic modeling. Cloud-scale mixing processes are analyzed in the same framework, together with the energies of the evaporative instability in cumulus clouds. A velocity scale emerges for this evaporative instability. The statistical study of saturation level distribution in partially cloudy boundary layers is proposed to related cloud fraction to the mean thermodynamic mixing processes.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 42; 2751-276
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  • 49
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    The atmospheric heat budget over the western part of the Tibetan plateau during MONEX, 1979 (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The heat sources over the western part of the Tibetan Plateau for the period from May 19-August 31, 1979 are calculated. The use of the direct method to compute the total atmospheric heat source is examined. The values for the heat source over western, northwestern, and southwestern Tibet are presented. It is concluded that the atmospheric heat source is smaller during the summer than had been previously estimated; this difference is due to reduced drag coefficients. The northwestern and southwestern heat source values are compared, and it is observed that the northwestern heat source is independent on sensible heating and the southwestern heat source relates to the latent heat (LH). The calculated values correlate with the surface hydrology of these two regions. Time series analyses of the heat source components over the southwestern region reveal that LH is the primary modulator of the total atmospheric heat sources. The relation between the vertical heat distribution and Indian summer monsoons is studied.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: AD-A172028 , AFOSR-TR-86-0740 , Advances in Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0256-1530); 2; 455-468
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    Anomalous light output from lightning dart leaders (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: About 5 percent of the multiple-stroke cloud-to-ground lightning discharges recorded at the NASA Kennedy Space Center during the summer of 1981 contained dart leaders that produced an unusually large light output. An analysis of these cases indicates that the average peak light output per unit length in the leader may be comparable to or even exceed that of the return stroke that follows.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 90; 13
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    The subtropical mesospheric jet observed by the Nimbus 7 Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Nimbus 7 Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere observations of wave-mean flow interactions in the winter 1978-1979 middle atmosphere are surveyed, extending up to 0.05 mbar. These observations describe the evolution of the subtropical mesospheric jet and its polar mixed layer. Quasi-steady mean wind patterns are disrupted by three transitions in this winter: one primarily affecting the mesosphere (December 15, 1978), a minor warming affecting both regions (January 26-February 8, 1979), and a major warming largely confined to the stratosphere (February 22, 1979). The zonally averaged flow is barotropically unstable in the wings of the subtropical mesospheric jet. All the major decelerations of the mean flow are correlated with D(F), the body force per unit mass directly attributable to planetary Rossby waves, indicating that these waves make a significant contribution to the momentum budget in the lower half of the mesosphere.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 90; 10
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    Results from a limited area mesoscale numerical simulation for 10 April 1979 (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Results are presented from a nine-hour limited area fine mesh (35-km) mesoscale model simulation initialized with SESAME-AVE I radiosonde data for Apr. 10, 1979 at 2100 GMT. Emphasis is on the diagnosis of mesoscale structure in the mass and precipitation fields. Along the Texas/Oklahoma border, independent of the short wave, convective precipitation formed several hours into the simulation and was organized into a narrow band suggestive of the observed April 10 squall line.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 113; 1644-166
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    A case study of the effects of random errors in rawinsonde data on computations of ageostrophic winds (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Data input for the AVE-SESAME I experiment are utilized to describe the effects of random errors in rawinsonde data on the computation of ageostrophic winds. Computer-generated random errors for wind direction and speed and temperature are introduced into the station soundings at 25 mb intervals from which isentropic data sets are created. Except for the isallobaric and the local wind tendency, all winds are computed for Apr. 10, 1979 at 2000 GMT. Divergence fields reveal that the isallobaric and inertial-geostrophic-advective divergences are less affected by rawinsonde random errors than the divergence of the local wind tendency or inertial-advective winds.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 113; 1633-164
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  • 54
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    Comments on 'The parameterization of radiation for numerical weather prediction and climate models' (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 113; 1832
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  • 55
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    Development and testing of a simple assimilation technique to derive average wind fields from simulated scatterometer data (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: A simple algorithm is developed and tested to derive a regularly spaced wind field in a limited area from simulated multiorbit scatterometer data. The data are generated by sampling a time-varying known wind field, the 1000-mb FGGE data, from a simulated scatterometer. A simple assimilation technique is used to derive a regularly spaced (100-km grid) wind field representation of two-day averages from the simulated data. Several test cases are considered, and it is noted that the assimilation technique might be applicable to large-scale ocean or atmospheric models.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 113; 1791-180
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  • 56
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    The influence of surface roughness of deserts on the July circulation - A numerical study (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The effect of the low surface roughness characteristics of deserts on atmospheric circulation in July is examined using numerical simulations with the GCM of the Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheric Science (GLAS). Identical sets of simulations were carried out with the model starting from the initial state of the atmosphere on June 15, for the years 1979 and 1980. The first simulation included a surface roughness factor of 45 cm, and the second set had a surface roughness factor of 0.02 cm for desert regions, and 45 cm for all other land. A comparative analysis of the numerical data was carried out in order to study the variations for the desert regions. It is shown that rainfall in the Sahara desert was reduced significantly in the data set with the nonuniform surface roughness factor in comparison with the other data set. The inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ) moved southward to about 15 degrees, which was close to its observed location at about 10 degrees N. In other deserts, the North American Great Plains, Rajputana in India, and the Central Asian desert, no similar changes were observed. Detailed contour maps of the weather conditions in the different desert regions are provided.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Boundary-Layer Meteorology (ISSN 0006-8314); 33; 15-49
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    Hemispheric differences in the earth radiation budget derived from Nimbus-7 related to climate studies (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) data from Nimbus-7 over the period November 1978-June 1980 has consistently shown strong hemispheric differences when analyzed over different temporal and spatial scales. Hemispheric variations in time latitude cross sections of net and emitted radiation were found to be caused by changes in the earth-sun distance and continental effects. Maps of annual range for the entire earth calculated from monthly averages showed areas of high and low variability of the different ERB parameters. The ERB of these regional areas were examined and most of the variability was found to lay in the large amplitude of the annual solar cycle. Variations in the global annual cycle of albedo (Campbell et al. 1980) are studied with respect to differences in latitudinal averaged albedo. The anomaly in the annual cycle of global averaged albedo was found to be caused by tropical albedo changes.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 5; 6 19
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    Cloud optical thickness feedbacks in the CO2 climate problem (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: A radiative-convective equilibrium model is developed and applied to study cloud optical thickness feedbacks in the CO2 climate problem. The basic hypothesis is that in the warmer and moister CO2-rich atmosphere, cloud liquid water content will generally be larger than at present, so that cloud optical thickness will be larger too. For clouds other than thin cirrus, the result is to increase the albedo more than to increase the greenhouse effect. Thus the sign of the feedback is negative: cloud optical properties alter in such a way as to reduce the surface and tropospheric warming caused by the addition of CO2. This negative feedback can be substantial. When observational estimates of the temperature dependence of cloud liquid water content are employed in the model, the surface temperature change due to doubling CO2 is reduced by about one half.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 5; 6 19; 209-212
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    Observing the earth radiation budget from satellites - Past, present, and a look to the future (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Satellite measurements of the radiative exchange between the planet earth and space have been the objective of many experiments since the beginning of the space age in the late 1950's. The on-going mission of the Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) experiments has been and will be to consider flight hardware, data handling and scientific analysis methods in a single design strategy. Research and development on observational data has produced an analysis model of errors associated with ERB measurement systems on polar satellites. Results show that the variability of reflected solar radiation from changing meteorology dominates measurement uncertainties. As an application, model calculations demonstrate that measurement requirements for the verification of climate models may be satisfied with observations from one polar satellite, provided there is information on diurnal variations of the radiation budget from the ERBE mission.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 5; 6 19
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    Global view of the upper level outflow patterns associated with tropical cyclone intensity changes during FGGE (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The characteristics of the upper tropospheric outflow patterns which occur with tropical cyclone intensification and weakening over all of the global tropical cyclone basins during the year long period of the First GARP Global Experiment (FGGE) are discussed. By intensification is meant the change in the tropical cyclone's maximum wind or central pressure, not the change of the cyclone's outer 1 to 3 deg radius mean wind which we classify as cyclone strength. All the 80 tropical cyclones which existed during the FGGE year are studied. Two-hundred mb wind fields are derived from the analysis of the European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) which makes extensive use of upper tropospheric satellite and aircraft winds. Corresponding satellite cloud pictures from the polar orbiting U.S. Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) and other supplementary polar and geostationary satellite data are also used.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-174407 , NAS 1.26:174407 , AS-PAPER-392 , (ISSN 0067-0340)
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    A correction for the errors in ship reports of light winds (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The errors in ship wind reports of light wings tend to significantly bias their mean. This occurs because wind speed is a scalar quantity that is constrained to zero or positive values. Therefore, observations tend to overestimate the light winds because of the one-sided distribution of errors, but the bias disappears under stronger winds. A method for removing this bias from ship data is presented. In particular, the method is applied to interpreting the ratios of wind speeds observed by ships to those obtained from tracking low level clouds. Corrected ratios allow low cloud speeds to serve as proxy data for surface based observations.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology (ISSN 0739-0572); 2; 353-356
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    Extinction of visible and infrared radiation in rain Comparison of theory and experiment (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: A critical review is given of the experimental and theoretical results concerning the measurement of rainfall using optical extinction, i.e., the attenuation of radiation with wavelength less than or equal to that of the infrared band. It is shown that rainfall rates found from an empirical relation involving optical extinction generally display average deviations without regard for sign of only 25 percent when compared with those measured by raingages directly beneath the optical beam. It is also shown that the differences between experimental and theoretical results can be explained in terms of variations of the shape of the raindrop size distribution, i.e., deviations from exponentiality.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology (ISSN 0739-0572); 2; 331-339
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    On Wahlin's mechanism of cloud electrification (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Computations were performed to explore the consequences of Wahlin's suggestion that a powerful mechanism of thundercloud electrification is provided, in the presence of a substantial updraft, by the preferential capture of negative ions on the water droplets of a cloud. The mechanism seems capable of providing, on time scales of 10-15 min, electric fields of several tens of kV/m.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Annales Geophysicae (ISSN 0755-0685); 3; 755-759
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    Infrared remote sensing of convective clouds and amount of rainfall over the Tibet Plateau area (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The pattern of heavy rainfall in the Tibet Plateau area is usually preceded by a high growth rate of the convective clouds followed by a rapid collapse of the cloud top as observed on satellite infrared remote images. This study shows that the amount of rainfall can be estimated from the volumetric dissipation of clouds per unit area passing through the area of interest. This study also shows that the ratio of ground observed rainfall over the volumetric dissipation of clouds per unit area is constant for relatively heavier rainfall, and is smaller for very light rainfall. This is due to the fact that the lighter rainfall consumes higher percentage of rain drops in evaporation before they reach the ground.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Annales Geophysicae (ISSN 0755-0685); 3; 767-775
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    Cirrus clouds. I - A cirrus cloud model. II - Numerical experiments on the formation and maintenance of cirrus (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: A simplified cirrus cloud model is presented which may be used to investigate the role of various physical processes in the life cycle of a cirrus cloud. The model is a two-dimensional, time-dependent, Eulerian numerical model where the focus is on cloud-scale processes. Parametrizations are developed to account for phase changes of water, radiative processes, and the effects of microphysical structure on the vertical flux of ice water. The results of a simulation of a thin cirrostratus cloud are given. The results of numerical experiments performed with the model are described in order to demonstrate the important role of cloud-scale processes in determining the cloud properties maintained in response to larger scale forcing. The effects of microphysical composition and radiative processes are considered, as well as their interaction with thermodynamic and dynamic processes within the cloud. It is shown that cirrus clouds operate in an entirely different manner than liquid phase stratiform clouds.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 42; 2663-269
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    On the adequacy of meridional resolution of linear and quasi-linear barotropic models (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The minimum meridional resolution needed for an adequate numerical simulation of the linear and 'quasi-linear' barotropic vorticity dynamics in the vicinity of a critical latitude (CL) is determined by using a semispectral nondivergent barotropic model on a sphere. The behavior of the analytic as well as the meridionally finite differenced form of the refractive index in the vicinity of a CL is discussed. An estimation of an upper bound on the latitudinal gridsize to be used in linear calculations is given, and constraint on the latitudinal grid size are considered. The dynamical model utilized is briefly described.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 42; 2493-250
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    Effects of dynamic heat fluxes on model climate sensitivity Meridional sensible and latent heat fluxes (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The high- and low-latitude radiative-dynamic (HLRD) climatic model of Wang et al. (1984) was used to study the effect of meridional heat (MH) fluxes on climate changes caused by increases of CO2 abundance and solar constant variations. However, the empirical MH parameterization of the HLRD model was replaced by physically based parameterization, which gives separate meridional sensible and latent heat fluxes and provides a complete representation of the dependence of the flux on the mean temperature field. Both parameterization methods yielded about the same changes in global mean surface temperature and ice line, and both produced only small changes in meridional temperature gradient, although the latter were even smaller with the physically based parameterizations. At any latitude, the hemispheric mean surface temperature, rather than MH fluxes, dominates the surface temperature changes.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 90; 13
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    The error associated with use of various forms of the divergence equation to diagnose geopotential and temperature (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An experimental study was made of errors arising from diagnosing the geopotential and temperature for numerical weather prediction models by means of an inviscid divergence equation (DE). The experiment consisted of a simulation of a snow storm which occurred in 1979, with observational data being input for every point of the model grid and for the geopotential boundary condition, thereby eliminating errors in the horizontal and vertical analysis. The DE terms were recorded at each grid point, and were found to include synoptic-scale geopotential height errors up to 23 m and rms temperature errors exceeding 26 C in the PBL. The errors were minimal above 800 mb. The various unsuccessful attempts to reduce or eliminate the errors are described.
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    A diagnosis of two cyclones in the South Pacific Convergence Zone (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The evolution of three cyclones which originated in the South Pacific Convergence Zone, two of which propagated into middle latitudes, are traced. The analysis is based on IR imagery from GOES-W, island meteorological station data, and estimates of heat and moisture budget residuals. A European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasting Level III-b analysis was used to model the cyclones. The northward-propagating storms exhibited strong vertical shear of the horizontal wind, implicating baroclinic effects in the development of the storms. The processes which enhanced storm intensification are discussed. Attention is given to the spatial and temporal behavior of dynamic atmospheric components which were significant to baroclinicity and latent heat release, which the analysis demonstrates were coupled processes.
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    Sensitivity of a mesoscale model to initial specification of relative humidity, liquid water and vertical motion (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The influence of synoptic scale initial conditions on the accuracy of mesoscale precipitation modeling is investigated. Attention is focused on the relative importance of the water vapor, cloud water, rain water, and vertical motion, with the analysis carried out using the Limited Area Mesoscale Prediction System (LAMPS). The fully moist primitive equation model has 15 levels and a terrain-following sigma coordinate system. A K-theory approach was implemented to model the planetary boundary layer. A total of 15 sensitivity simulations were run to investigate the effects of the synoptic initial conditions of the four atmospheric variables. The absence of synoptic cloud and rain water amounts in the initialization caused a 2 hr delay in the onset of precipitation. The delay was increased if synoptic-scale vertical motion was used instead of mesoscale values. Both the delays and a choice of a smoothed moisture field resulted in underestimations of the total rainfall.
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    Tuning of cloud parameterizations for radiative heating calculations in GCMs using satellite IR sounding data (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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    A fully implicit scheme for global numerical weather prediction (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A fast-slow factored scheme is presented for use with shallow-water primitive equation numerical weather prediction models. The technique was developed to reduce the rotational mode errors which arise when the fast and slow terms of the governing differential equations are treated simultaneously. The method factors out the fast and slow terms along the coordinate directions by means of a modified Crank-Nicolson scheme. A finite-difference spatial discretization is carried out in the zonal and meridional directions to reduce the factorization error to near-zero, and that time steps of 60-90 min can be used to obtain acceptably accurate results, even in the presence of fine spatial structures in the flow.
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    A new convective parameterization scheme for global models (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A convective adjustment scheme is presented for parameterization of the vertical temperature and moisture structure for large-scale numerical weather models. The temperature and moisture structure is adjusted toward observed quasi-equilibrium structures to maintain a realistic vertical temperature and moisture structure in grid-scale global models during convection. Two reference thermodynamic structures are modeled analytically to account for shallow and deep convection. The thermodynamic structure obtained is permitted to change as a function of large-scale advective terms, radiation and surface fluxes. The reference profiles are applied when an energy integral provides a description of the shallow or deep convective processes occurring. Comparisons with GATE, BOMEX and ATEX data and a 10 day forecast for weather over the tropical ocean illustrate the climate and precipitation forecast accuracy improvements available with the adjustment scheme relative to standard parameterization schemes.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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    A surface temperature and moisture parameterization for use in mesoscale numerical models (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A modified multi-level soil moisture and surface temperature model is presented for use as in defining lower boundary conditions in mesoscale weather models. Account is taken of the hydraulic and thermal diffusion properties of the soil, their variations with soil type, and the mixing ratio at the surface. Techniques are defined for integrating the surface input into the multi-level scheme. Sample simulation runs were performed with the modified model and the original model defined by Pielke, et al. (1977, 1981). The models were applied to regional weather forecasting over soils composed of sand and clay loam. The new form of the model avoided iterations necessary in the earlier version of the model and achieved convergence at reasonable profiles for surface temperature and moisture in regions where the earlier version of the model failed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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    Application of radiative boundary conditions to nonhydrostatic primitive equation models (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A procedure is presented for applying a radiative boundary condition to the lateral boundary of a limited domain model. The model considered, the Terminal Area Simulation System (TASS), has nonhydrostatic compressible and unsteady governing equations. The primary applications to date have been studies of downbursts, wind shear, thunderstorms and mass fires. A time-splitting integration is used with TASS, with the acoustic terms being integrated separately with a smaller time step. A first-order closure approximation is employed to ensure subgrid turbulence closure. TASS applications for two-dimensional axisymmetric and three-dimensional simulations are described. The radiative boundary conditions were applied in the two-dimensional case to the temperature, pressure and non-normal velocity components. Solutions in both cases avoided runaway circulations and experienced minimal domain-wide mass loss. Also, distorsion was minimized at the boundaries.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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    Physical processes in prediction of explosive maritime cyclogenesis (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Explosive maritime cyclogenetic events are usually aligned with the warm currents off the east coasts of Japan and the U.S. One such event occurred during FGGE in an area which featured good instrumented ship and aircraft coverage. The UCLA 4th order GMC was employed to generate predictions of the event for comparisons with the real-world data. FGGE III-b data were used to initialize the model calculations. Attention was directed to the physical processes causing the onset of the cyclogenesis, particularly the heat budgets of the fluxes involved. The diabatic heating was observed to be equivalent to the horizontal temperature advection. The main source of energy around the cyclone center was identified as the conversion of energy from static energy to kinetic energy. Further analyses of similar events are required if the present results are to be validated.
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    Dynamic and static initialization of a mesoscale model using VAS satellite data (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Various mesoscale weather forecast model initialization procedures were tested in seven simulation forecasts for a 12 hr period in July 1981. Attention was given to the impacts of using as input radiosonde data, VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) data and a combination of VAS and data from a smoothed global analysis. The data were assimilated with successive correction objective analysis procedures. The model had a 60 km horizontal grid-length resolution, 14 layers in the vertical, and accounted for short- and long-wave energy in the surface energy budget but not in the atmosphere. Conventional data were used for the mass and moisture fields. The trials showed that VAS data enhanced the predictions of the temperature and mass variables, while winds were least accurately predicted when VAS data were entered in the initializations. Finally, statically initialized precipitation forecasts from radiosonde and/or VAS data exhibited equal skill.
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    The impact of data density and data error on the evolution of mesoscale forecast error (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The effects of data density and data errors on the accuracy of mesoscale weather forecasts were assessed by simulations of a period in February 1979 when a snowstorm occurred along the U.S. eastern seaboard. The simulations were initiated every 12 hr and the growth of the rms error was tracked as a function of time and varying data densities. A uniform grid of instrumentation separation and perfect boundary conditions were assumed for all the simulations. A bias error representation was defined to account for systematic measurement errors. A brief summary of features of the somewhat complex storm is provided, together with the parameters of the 11 different simulations with high, medium and low data densities. The accuracy of the forecasts were proportional to the data density, although the error decreased for all the simulations over a 24 hr period. The density of the vertical data had a significant impact on the accuracy of the forecast, whereas the horizontal data density did not. Finally, pathways by which errors were transferred among variables were identified.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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    Systematic estimation of forecast and observation error covariances in four-dimensional data assimilation (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A two-part algorithm is presented for reliably computing weather forecast model and observational error covariances during data assimilation. Data errors arise from instrumental inaccuracies and sub-grid scale variability, whereas forecast errors occur because of modeling errors and the propagation of previous analysis errors. A Kalman filter is defined as the primary algorithm for estimating the forecast and analysis error convariance matrices. A second algorithm is described for quantifying the noise covariance matrices of any degree to obtain accurate values for the observational error covariances. Numerical results are provided from a linearized one-dimensional shallow-water model. The results cover observational noise covariances, initial instrumental errors and erroneous model values.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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    A Kalman filter for a two-dimensional shallow-water model (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A two-dimensional Kalman filter is described for data assimilation for making weather forecasts. The filter is regarded as superior to the optimal interpolation method because the filter determines the forecast error covariance matrix exactly instead of using an approximation. A generalized time step is defined which includes expressions for one time step of the forecast model, the error covariance matrix, the gain matrix, and the evolution of the covariance matrix. Subsequent time steps are achieved by quantifying the forecast variables or employing a linear extrapolation from a current variable set, assuming the forecast dynamics are linear. Calculations for the evolution of the error covariance matrix are banded, i.e., are performed only with the elements significantly different from zero. Experimental results are provided from an application of the filter to a shallow-water simulation covering a 6000 x 6000 km grid.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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    Some aspects of stratospheric dynamics (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Observations of the stratosphere are analyzed. The behavior of the wind and temperature in the stratosphere is compared to that of the troposphere. Techniques for observing the circulation and temperatures of the stratosphere and the basic circulation and temperature characteristics are described. The propagation of tropospheric planetary waves to the stratosphere and their interaction with the mean flow are studied. The stability of the zonal-mean state in the stratosphere is investigated by calculating the meridional gradient of zonal-mean quasi-geostrophic potential vorticity.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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    Dynamic and static initialization of a mesoscale model using VAS satellite data (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Various combinations of temperature and moisture data from the VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS), conventional radiosonde data, and National Meteorological Center (NMC) global analysis, were used in a successive-correction type of objective-analysis procedure to produce analyses for 1200 GMT. The NMC global analyses served as the first-guess field for all of the objective analysis procedures. The first-guess field was enhanced by radiosonde data alone, VAS data alone, both radiosonde and VAS data, or by neither data source. In addition, two objective analyses were used in a dynamic initialization: one included only radiosonde data and the other used both radiosonde and VAS data. The dependence of 12 hour forecast skill on data type and the methods by which the data were used in the analysis/initialization were then investigated. This was done by comparison of forecast and observed fields, of sea-level pressure, temperature, wind, moisture, and accumulated precipitation. The use of VAS data in the initial conditions had a slight positive impact upon forecast temperature and moisture but a negative impact upon forecast wind. This was true for both the static and dynamic initialization experiments. Precipitation forecasts from all of the model simulations were nearly the same.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-179987 , NAS 1.26:179987
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    NASA/MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The two main areas of focus for the research program are global scale processes and mesoscale processes. Geophysical fluid processes, satellite doppler lidar, satellite data analysis, atmospheric electricity, doppler lidar wind research, and mesoscale modeling are among the topics covered.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CP-2402 , M-503 , NAS 1.55:2402
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    Thunderstorm currents and lightning charges at the NASA Kennedy Space Center (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The NASA Kennedy Space Center, (KSC) and the U.S. Air Force are currently operating an extensive network of ground-based electric-field mills in order to detect atmospheric electrical hazards to ground operations, launches, and landings of spacecraft. Over the past 10 years, the University of Arizona has utilized data provided by this network, and other instrumentation, to investigate the electrical structure of thunderstorms and lightning in Florida. Recent analyses have included estimates of the Maxwell current density that thunderstorms produce at the ground and computations of the locations and magnitudes of lightning-caused changes in the cloud charge distribution. This work is reviewed, and an example of how thunderstorm current patterns and lightning charges develop in both space and time is presented.
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    Transient convection over the Amazon-Bolivia region and the dynamics of drought over Northeast Brazil (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A two layer, nonlinear, equatorial beta-plane model, in p-coordinates is used to study the atmospheric response to a large scale prescribed heat source varying in time. The heat source is meant to represent a convective burst with total duration of approximately 48 hours over the Amazon/Bolivia region. The boundary conditions used are meridional velocity zero at 60 deg S, omega w = 0 at the top and zero geometric velocity at the lower boundary. Sensitivity study was done which includes initial state at rest, compared with realistic initial flow. The scale of the heat source is 1500 km in latitude and longitude and it is centered at 10 deg S. Special attention is paid to the distribution and intensity of the induced vertical motion. The model is integrated for two days and the preliminary results show agreement with the observed 200 mb flow. Of interest is the establishment of a trough and descending motion to the northeast of the heat source. A conjucture is thus made that the Amazon heat source and its fluctuations bear some relationship with the drought problem over Northeast Brazil.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-176617 , NAS 1.26:176617 , INPE-3723-RPE/497
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    A study of severe storm electricity via storm intercept (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Storm electricity data, radar data, and visual observations were used both to present a case study for a supercell thunderstorm that occurred in the Texas Panhandle on 19 June 1980 and to search for insight into how lightning to ground might be related to storm dynamics in the updraft/downdraft couplet in supercell storms. It was observed that two-thirds of the lightning ground-strike points in the developing and maturing stages of a supercell thunderstorm occurred within the region surrounding the wall cloud (a cloud feature often characteristic of a supercell updraft) and on the southern flank of the precipitation. Electrical activity in the 19 June 1980 storm was atypical in that it was a right-mover. Lightning to ground reached a peak rate of 18/min and intracloud flashes were as frequent as 176/min in the final stages of the storm's life.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-180170 , NAS 1.26:180170
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  • 87
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    The area-time-integral technique to estimate convective rain volumes over areas applied to satellite data - A preliminary investigation (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 88
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    Numerical simulation of precipitation induced downbursts (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Using the Terminal Area Simulation System (TASS), numerical simulations of downburst structure and sensitivity, based on vertical profiles of environmental temperature, humidity and wind velocity observed during the June and August 1982 JAWS project, are presented. Two-dimensional axisymmetric simulations examining downburst evolution, structure and sensitivity, assume a 40-m constant grid size on a 10-km diameter 5-km deep cylindrical domain. The three-dimensional experiment, examining the effects of vertical wind shear and other asymmetrical aspects of the downpour, assumed a 500-m constant horizontal grid size and a 35 x 35 x 18.5-km area. In the downburst primary structure depicted, outflow speeds were found to be sensitive to environmental temperature and humidity, as well as to precipitation radius and intensity. A vortex ring was found to propagate downwards, and maximum outflow winds occur when the vortex ring first reaches the surface.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 89
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    Doppler lidar wind measurement on Eos (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A polar-orbiting platform segment of the Earth Observing System (EOS) could carry a CO2-laser based Doppler lidar for recording global wind profiles. Development goals would include the manufacture of a 10 J laser with a 2 yr operational life, space-rating the optics and associated software, and the definition of models for global aerosol distributions. Techniques will be needed for optimal scanning and generating computer simulations which will provide adequately accurate weather predictions.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: AIAA PAPER 85-3003
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  • 90
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    Modeling sea-surface temperature and its variability (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A brief review is presented of the temporal scales of sea surface temperature variability. Progress in modeling sea surface temperature, and remaining obstacles to the understanding of the variability is discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NAS-NRC Proceedings of the First National Workshop on the Global Weather Experiment, Vol. 2, Pt. 2; p 765-778
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  • 91
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    Future possibilities in objective analysis and data assimilation for atmospheric dynamics (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The role that dynamics plays in estimating the state of the atmosphere from incomplete and noisy data is reviewed. Objective analysis represents an attempt at relying mostly on the data and minimizing the role of dynamics in the estimation. Data assimilation tries to balance properly the roles of dynamical and observational information. Sequential estimation is presented as the proper framework for understanding this balance, and the Kalman filter as the ideal, optimal procedure for data assimilation. The optimal filter computes forecast error covariances of a given atmospheric model exactly, and hence data assimilation should be closely connected with predictability studies. This connection is described, and consequences drawn for currently active areas of the atmospheric and related sciences, namely, mesoscale meteorology, long range forecasting, and upper ocean dynamics. Possibilities offered by judicious data assimilation in understanding barotropic adjustment, a phenomenon that appears to play a crucial role in atmospheric behavior on the scale of weeks to months, and hence in long range forecasting are addressed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NAS-NRC Proceedings of the First National Workshop on the Global Weather Experiment, Vol. 2, Pt. 2; p 794-802
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  • 92
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    A new convective adjustment scheme (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A marked divergence in philosophy is presented. The primary objective of the proposed parameterization scheme is to ensure that the local vertical temperature and moisture structures, which in nature are strongly constrained by convection, be realistic in the large scale model. The concept of a quasi-equilibrium between the cloud field and the large-scale forcing has been well established. This means that convective regions have characteristic temperature and moisture structures that can be documented observationally and used as the basis of a convective adjustment procedure. In the scheme proposed here, the temperature and moisture structures will be adjusted simultaneously toward observed quasi-equilibrium structures. This ensures that on the grid scale a global model always maintains a realistic vertical temperature and moisture structure in the presence of convection. The saturation point formulation of moist thermodynamics will be used to introduce the observational and theoretical basis of the proposed convective adjustment. The scheme is then applied to a series of data sets from GATE, BOMEX, ATEX and an Arctic air-mass transformation to show the sensitivity of the scheme to different parameters and develop a parameter set suitable for both shallow and deep convection in a global model.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NAS-NRC Proceedings of the First National Workshop on the Global Weather Experiment, Vol. 2, Pt. 2; p 706-724
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  • 93
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    Response of cumulus clouds to large-scale forcing and cumulus parameterization (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Using the cumulus ensemble model (Soong and Ogura, 1980), statistical properties of cumulus clouds that occur in response to the imposed large scale forcing were investigated both in the tropical and midlatitude situtations. A strong drying process was found to occur in the boundary layer in association with deep convection in a midlatitude case. The Arakawa-Schubert (1974) cumulus parameterization scheme was tested semi-prognostically against both the model result and the observation in a tropical rain event that occurred in GATE. The Cloud heating and drying effects predicted by the Arakawa-Schubert scheme were found to agree well both with the observation and the model result. However, it was also found that the Arakawa-Schuber scheme underestimates both condensation and evaporation rates substantially. An inclusion of the downdraft effect, as formulated by Johnson (1976), appears to alleviate this deficiency. This downdraft effect may be important in predicting the behavior of the boundary accurately.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NAS-NRC Proceedings of the First National Workshop on the Global Weather Experiment, Vol. 2, Pt. 2; p 671-688
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  • 94
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    Dynamical phenomena in the equatorial middle atmosphere during northern winter 1978-1979 (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Data from the Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere (LIMS) on the Nimbus-7 spacecraft were used to calculate the temperature and zonal wind structure of the equatorial stratosphere and lower mesosphere during the period October 25, 1978 to May 28, 1979. Interactions between the descending westerly shear zone of the semiannual oscillation and upward propagating Kelvin waves are described. Inertial instability may be influencing the zonal wind in midwinter.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NAS-NRC Proceedings of the First National Workshop on the Global Weather Experiment, Vol. 2, Pt. 2; p 581-594
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  • 95
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    The Southern Hemisphere circulation during the FGGE and its representativeness (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An analysis of the global redistribution of mass during the FGGE year indicates that the global circulation was highly anomalous in several respects, especially from April to July 1979. For the 56 to year period 1924-1980, sea-level pressures over the northern hemisphere during the FGGE year were second highest in spring and highest in summer. In April and June, the anomalies were 1-in-100-year events. At the same time, sea-level pressure deficits and an exceptionally deep circumpolar trough were recorded over the Southern Hemisphere. Such compensation between the hemispheres, through the constraint of conservation of mass, provides support for the highly typical nature of the circulation analyzed to exist over the Southern Hemisphere throughout the FGGE year. The Southern Hemisphere circulation was characterized by an exceptionally deep circumpolar trough, an increase in westerlies from 40 deg to 70 deg S, and a decrease in westerlies to the north. In winter, the subtropical jet was weaker and the polar jet stronger than normal, so that a pronounced double jet structure prevailed. In summer, the jet was shifted south by 3 deg latitude. A southward shift in storm tracks accompanied these changes year round in a manner consistent with theory.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NAS-NRC Proceedings of the First National Workshop on the Global Weather Experiment, Vol. 2, Pt. 2; p 646-668
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  • 96
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    Cross-equatorial and boundary layer exchange: A FGGE review (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The Global Weather Experiment (FGGE) provided unique data on the interesting phenomenon of cross-equatorial flow. Such motion is a key element of the seasonal cycle of the tropics, especially in monsoonal regions. The IIb obserations, IIIb assimilations, and implied dynamics of the flows are reviewed. Additional emphasis is given to the low level branches concentrated in the planetary boundary layer, including air sea interaction and vertical turbulence processes. The results of a recent MONEX Boundary Layer Workshop are summarized.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NAS-NRC Proceedings of the First National Workshop on the Global Weather Experiment, Vol. 2, Pt. 2; p 495-516
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  • 97
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    Planetary wave prediction: Benefits of tropical data and global models (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Skillful numerical predictions of midlatitude atmospheric planetary waves generally require both tropical data for the initial conditions and a global domain for the forecast model. The lack of either adequate tropical observations or a global domain typically leads to a significant degradation of forecast skill in middle latitudes within the first one to three days of the forecast period. These effects were first discovered by numerical experimentation. They were subsequently explained theoretically, and their importance for practical forecasting was confirmed in a series of prediction experiments using FGGE data.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NAS-NRC Proceedings of the First National Workshop on the Global Weather Experiment, Vol. 2, Pt. 2; p 469-472
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  • 98
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    Interhemispheric interactions (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Diagnoses of global data sets are presented that indicate strong coupling between the regions of enhanced tropical convection of the summer hemisphere and subtropical jet stream maxima of the winter hemisphere. One curious aspect of this coupling is that it tends to occur through zones of easterly winds at upper tropospheric levels. This characterizes the El Nino event of 1983, an upper connection of the Asian monsoon to the Australian jet in FGGE and DST data and shorter term transitions during the First Special Observing Period of FGGE. The reasons for the apparent propagation through easterly wind zones remain to be clarified.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NAS-NRC Proceedings of the First National Workshop on the Global Weather Experiment, Vol. 2, Pt. 2; p 453-468
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  • 99
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    Impact of FGGE on diagnoses of the general circulation (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Several studies have pointed out that a number of significant differences exist in circulation fields derived from the various Level IIIb analyses. For example, differences in the strength of the January Hadley cell between the GFDL and ECMWF analyses are as large as 35 percent, and there are some locations over the Northern Hemisphere where the 200 mb zonal wind in January differs by 10 m/s between these two analyses. Calculations of the global energy cycle based on the GFDL and ECMWF analyses are significantly different as well. In addition, the uncertain quality of some of the FGGE IIIb moisture and vertical motion fields raises doubts about whether new insights into the role of these fields in the general circulation will be gained from the FGGE data. Overall, therefore, a sense of disappointment emerges that the FGGE analyses have thus far failed to live up to the expectation that they would yield more definitive general circulation statistics. The shortcomings in the Level IIIb analyses need to be rectified before full confidence can be placed in results pertaining to the general circulation that are based on such modern data assimilation approaches.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NAS-NRC Proceedings of the First National Workshop on the Global Weather Experiment, Vol. 2, Pt. 2; p 398-421
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  • 100
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    FGGE and atmospheric predictability (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: FGGE data and its analyses have made significant impact on the prediction community and its understanding of the atmosphere. The detail available from the FGGE data makes understanding of specific issues more precise and opens up new questions not previously recognized. The spectrum of issues to which FGGE data may be addressed includes time scales (stationary and transient), space scales (global versus local), regionality (tropics and oceans), specific weather phenomena (blocking and monsoons), and energetics. In addition to identifying and highlighting atmospheric processes, FGGE data can and were applied to improved atmospheric predictability. This was achieved through model initialization, improved parameterization of model forcing, and more thorough validation of model forecasts. Of particular interest is the increased understanding of the atmosphere and subsequently its predictability, which may be obtained through an assessment of the statistical characteristics of the FGGE data.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NAS-NRC Proceedings of the First National Workshop on the Global Weather Experiment, Vol. 2, Pt. 2; p 387-397
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