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  • Articles  (39)
  • nitrogen  (20)
  • Zinc  (17)
  • kinetics
  • Springer  (39)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • 1985-1989  (39)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1955-1959
  • 1950-1954
  • 1987  (26)
  • 1985  (13)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (39)
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  • Articles  (39)
Source
Keywords
Publisher
  • Springer  (39)
  • American Meteorological Society
Years
  • 1985-1989  (39)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1955-1959
  • 1950-1954
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Human vitamin C requirements (1987)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 26 (1987), S. 125-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: vitamin C ; functions ; kinetics ; pool ; saturation ; requirements ; RDA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Bedeutung von Vitamin C für den menschlichen Organismus wird aus den wichtigen Funktionen ersichtlich, an denen das Vitamin beteiligt ist, wie zum Beispiel Kollagen- und Karnitinsynthesen. In neuerer Zeit entdeckt wurde seine Rolle bei der Noradrenalinsynthese, der Inaktivierung von freien Radikalen sowie der Verhinderung der Nitrosaminbildung. Die Vielfalt dieser Vitamin-C-abhängigen Funktionen läßt erkennen, daß die Bedarfsfestsetzung für Vitamin C nicht nur die Verhütung der Mangelkrankheit Skorbut anvisieren, sondern auch berücksichtigen sollte, daß alle diese Funktionen jederzeit genügend Vitamin C zur Verfügung haben müßten, um optimal reagieren zu können. Das Konzept der Gewebesättigung kommt diesem Ziel am nächsten. Studien mit einem kinetischen Modell haben ergeben, daß eine Sättigung mit täglicher Einnahme von 100 mg Vitamin C bei Nichtrauchern und von 140 mg bei Rauchern eintritt, Mengen, die als optimale Werte gelten können. Bei verschiedenen Krankheiten dürfte der Bedarf höher sein; die genauen Mengen müssen jedoch erst noch ermittelt werden.
    Notes: Summary The importance of vitamin C is reflected in its multifunctional roles which include participation in collagen and carnitine syntheses, promotion of iron absorption and the more recently discovered participation in noradrenaline synthesis, inactivation of free radical chain reactions, prevention of N-nitroso compound formation and more. Given the many extra-antiscorbutic functions of the vitamin, the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) should not just prevent deficiency disease but should aim at providing sufficient amounts for all vitamin C-dependent functions to operate at full capacity. The concept of vitamin C tissue saturation is best able to meet this demand. The use of kinetic models has shown that the body pool is saturated with a daily intake of 100 mg vitamin C in non-smokers and 140 mg in smokers, amounts that may be regarded as optimal RDA values. Certain disease states may be accompanied by still higher vitamin C requirements but the exact amounts are not yet known.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02019608
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metal binding properties of high molecular weight soluble exudates from maize (Zea mays L.) roots (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 3 (1987), S. 165-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Root exudates ; Copper ; Cadmium ; Lead ; Zinc ; Dialysis ; ISE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A high molecular weight (MW 〉 1000) soluble root exudate fraction (HS) was isolated from hydroponic axenic maize cultures in order to investigate its metal-binding properties. Measurements of the maximum binding ability (MBA) and the overall stability constants (log K) for cadmium-, copper-, lead- and zinc-HS associations were obtained from dialysis and ion-selective electrode titrations. All results showed the occurrence of organometallic bindings. Data fitted to linear Langmuir isotherms. The MBA, measured by dialysis titration, varied from 160 to 206 mEq/100 g HS according to the nature of the metal. log K values, following the series Pb 〉 Cu 〉 Cd 5 Zn, varied from 3.15 to 3.65. Due to these metal-binding properties, soluble root products could play a role in the transfer of metal into the rhizosphere.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00255778
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Displacement of frequently occurring heacy metals in autumn leaves of beech (Fagus sylvatica) (1987)
    Springer
    Trees 1 (1987), S. 164-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Deciduous trees ; Fagus sylvatica ; Autumn leaves ; Iron ; Lead ; Manganese ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary By utilizing energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis the heavy metals manganese, iron, zinc and lead were determined in different tissues of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) autumn leaves. It was observed that all four metals were accumulated in sieve element-companion cell complexes of the leaf veins in the period from the green (2 October) to the brown (23 October) leaf coloration. Concomitantly, the concentration of these metals decreased in certain tissues of the stems subtending the leaves. The major reservoirs of heavy metals in the stems were periderm, cortex, pith and xylem rays. Since sieve element-companion cell complexes of the stems showed increasing metal concentrations during the transition from the green to the brown leaf stage, and since this temporary increase also occurred in the petiole phloem, it is inferred that symplastic transport can be used in addition to apoplastic transport for the displacement of heavy metals. It is assumed that the accumulation of heavy metals in the veins of autumn leaves indicates the deposition of surplus ions which are excluded when leaves are cast off.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00193559
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of winter wheat to N-fertiliser: Quantitative relations for components of growth (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 12 (1987), S. 119-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertiliser ; nitrogen ; regression ; response ; winter wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Measurements were made of yield of dry matter, plant-N content, and the distribution of mineral-N down the soil profile in 10 fertiliser-N experiments. In one of them detailed measurements were made throughout growth. Rate of N-uptake by the crop was unaffected by the amount of mineral-N in the upper 90 cm of soil when it was above about 30 kg N ha−1. The %N in plants that received ample N-fertiliser declined with increase in plant mass according to a previously derived equation. During senescence there was an apparent loss of N from the crop. N-nutrition in the different experiments had little effect on the partition of assimilate between grain and straw. At harvest grain and straw weights were well related by a linear model which had the same gradient but different intercepts for each experiment. Grain %N was about four times greater than straw %N. Regression analysis supported the view that high evaporative conditions or temperatures during the growing period induced earlier harvest dates, less grain relative to straw, and a higher %N in the plant when ample N-fertiliser was applied but not when N-fertiliser was withheld. Other analyses indicated that cereal roots were generally unable to extract mineral nitrogen from the soil when the concentration was less than about 0.18 kg N ha−1 cm−1, that at low levels of N-nutrition the recovery of available inorganic-N from soil by the grain and straw was about 80%, and that the average mineralisation rates from early spring to shortly after harvest date varied between 0.22 and 0.88 kg N ha−1 d−1 from site to site.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048913
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and soil and crop residues management practices on maize (Zea mays L.) yield in ultisol of eastern Cameroon (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 14 (1987), S. 135-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; soil and crop residues management practices ; maize yield ; Plinthudult ; Cameroon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The shortening of fallow period in several areas in tropical Africa has reduced soil fertility and exposed soils to erosion and run-off. Fertilizer application and crop conservation practices are needeed to sustain high crop yield and to conserve the natural resource base for upland crop production in the continent. Field trials were carried out to evaluate the effect of fertilizer application and soil and crop residues management practices on yield of maize (Zea mays L.) planted on a Plinthudult soil at Bertoua, Eastern Cameroon. Maize yields increased significantly with nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer application. Under the rainfall pattern prevailing in the area, the amount of nitrogen required for maximum yield was higher in the second season. On the other hand, the amount of phosphorus required for maximum yield appeared to decrease with time. The burning of crop residues and weeds prior to planting together with no-till practive gave higher yield of maize than other soil and crop residues management practices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01066606
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of two okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) varieties to fertilizers: Yield and yield components as influenced by nitrogen and phosphorus application (1985)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 6 (1985), S. 257-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen ; okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) ; phosphorus ; yield ; yield components
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The response of two okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) varieties (‘White velvet’ and ‘NHAE 47-4’) to fertilization in northern Nigeria was examined using four rates of nitrogen (0, 25, 50 and 100 kg ha−1) and three rates of phosphorus (0, 13 and 26 kg ha−1). Nitrogen application significantly increased green pod yield, pod diameter, number of fruits per plant, number of seeds per pod and pod weight. Application of phosphorus also significantly increased green pod yield, pod number and number of seeds per pod. The two varieties responded to nitrogen application differentially with respect to green pod yield. For optimum green pod yield of ‘White velvet’ 35 kg N ha−1 is suggested while for variety ‘NHAE 47-4’, N fertilization can be increased to 70 kg ha−1. There was no differential response of varieties to phosphorus fertilization for green pod yield; however, the application of 13 kg ha−1 enhanced the performance of both varieties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048799
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of two unusual high analysis compounds as fertilizers, including possible slow release features (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 11 (1987), S. 25-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertilizer ; high analysis nutrient compounds ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; Rhodes grass ; slow-release ; sulphur ; Townsville stylo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The fertilizer potential of two unusual N-P compounds with cage structures was evaluated in pot experiments where plants were repetitively cut over 400 days. One of the compounds, hexamethyl-hexaaza-tetraphosphaadamantane (APA), having 41.6% P and 28.2% N, showed high fertilizer capability. After more than 400 days, dry matter yield of Rhodes grass given APA was 83–102% of that given conventional N-P sources, and yield of Townsville stylo 60–70%. Curves for N and P uptakes over time were of sigmoidal form, with the steepest parts between days 40 and 120, suggesting a slow-release feature. However growth was depressed up to day 40, presumably by some toxic factor associated with the decomposition of the APA. This toxicity was avoided if some conventional fertilizer was applied with the APA. The other compound, the tetrasulphide of APA (APAS) had only limited fertilizer potential. Plants did absorb P and S at least from this compound, but Townsville stylo yield was only 32–38% of that with conventional fertilizers, and Rhodes grass yield not much greater than from control pots. The possible slow-release feature, and the toxic effect, did not occur with APAS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049562
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of mineral nutrition on inter-sprout competition in cv. Maris Piper (1985)
    Springer
    Potato research 28 (1985), S. 43-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: phosphate ; potassium ; nitrogen ; sprouting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Calzium förderte das Symptom einer subapikalen Spitzennekrose an wachsenden Keimen, verminderte als Sulfatsalz appliziert jedoch nicht die Konkurrenzwirkung zwischen Keimen für Reserven der Mutterknolle; die Keim-Trockengewichts-Akkumulation pro Auge war beispielweise durch eine höhere Zahl keimender Augen je Knolle noch stärker reduziert (Abb. 1 und 2). Die Konkurrenzwirkung reduzierte sich durch Zufuhr von exogenem NO3-N und wurde durch komplette Nährlösung verhindert. Die Bedeutung von N, P und K für die Konkurrenzminderung und eine optimierende Wachstumsverlängerung ergab sich aus dem selektiven Auslassen individueller Komponentender Lösung (Abb. 3 und 4). Beim Wachstum ergaben sich keine signifikanten Effekte wenn Mg, Fe und Spurenelemente aus dem Wachstumsmedium herausgenommen wurden. Dosis-Wirkungs-Kurven für Wachstum bei mehreren Calzium- und Stickstoff-Dosierungen zeigten, dass sich optimale Wachstumsraten ergaben wenn diese Elementen bei einer Konzentration von 10 mmol/l vorhanden waren. Signifikante Wachstumsreduktionen ergaben sich bei Senkung der NO3-N-Konzentration auf 1 mmol/l (Abb. 5). Gleiches ergab sich bei Calzium durch Senkung der Konzentration auf 0,1 mmol/l (Abb. 6 und 7).
    Abstract: Résumé Le calcium réduit l'apparition de nécroses subapicales de germes en croissance mais, apporté sous forme de sulfate, ne diminue pas la compétition entre les germes pour l'utilisation des réserves du tubercule mère. C'est-à-dire que l'accumulation de poids sec des germes par oeil était toujours sévèrement abaissée par une augmentation du nombre d'yeux par tubercule (fig. 1 et 2). La compétition est réduite par l'apport de NO3-N exogène et éliminée avec une solution nutritive complète. L'importance de N, P et K dans la diminution de la compétition et l'optimisation de la croissance en longueur est établie par l'omission individuelle et sélective de certains composants de la solution (fig. 3 et 4). Les absences de Mg, Fe et microéléments du milieu nutritif sont sans effet sur la croissance. Les courbes de réponse à la dose avec différents niveaux de calcium et d'azote montrent que les vitesses optimales de croissance sont établies quand ces éléments sont présents à la concentration de 10 mmol/l. Des réductions significatives de la croissance apparaissent lorsque la concentration en NO3-N est abaissée jusqu'à 1 mmol/l (fig. 5). En ce qui concerne le calcium, l'effet est marqué lorsque la concentration est réduite à 0,1 mmol/l (fig. 6 et 7).
    Notes: Summary Competition between sprouting eyes for mother tuber reserves (as determined by sprout dry-weight accumulation) was eliminated by incubating tubers in perlite watered with a complete nutrient solution. The importance of N, P and K in the alleviation of competition was established by the selective omission of individual components of the solution. However, within an eye the number of branch sprouts was reduced by an increase in the number of sprouting eyes per tuber and this response was not influenced by supplying exogenous mineral ions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02357569
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Leaching of subterranean clover-derived N from a loam soil (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 102 (1987), S. 185-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: green manure ; leaching ; loam ; nitrogen ; nitrogen budget ; N-15 ; subterranean clover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The leaching of subterranean clover-derived N (15N) was investigated in a laboratory and a field experiment. In both experiments 30 cm i.d. ×50cm soil columns were used. In the laboratory experiment the clover material was buried in the soil in mesh bags, and leaching of clover-derived N was compared to leaching of added NH 4 + −N and NO 3 − −N over a period of 75 days at 20°C. During that time 75% of the clover-N was released from the mesh bags and 17% of the clover-N, 50% of the NH 4 + −N and 70% of the NO 3 − −N was leached through the soil column. In the field experiment 6 lysimeters and 7 control microplots were constructed. The clover material was buried in soil (to the soil of two control microplots within mesh bags) in October. During one year 2% of the added clover-N was leached. This was despite a release of 65% of the N from the mesh bag contents and despite a 26% loss of the clover-derived N in total from the controls.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370701
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Model of ammonia volatilization from calcareous soils (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 103 (1987), S. 205-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonia volatilization ; calcareous soils ; CEC ; nitrogen ; nitrogen losses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A quantitative model of ammonia volatilization from the calcareous soil uppermost 1-cm layer was developed and tested. The model accounts for the following processes: ammonium-ammonia equilibration in the soil solution, cation exchange between calcium and ammonium which results in ammonium distribution between soil liquid and solid phases, nitrification of dissolved ammonium, distribution of ammonia between liquid and gaseous phases and diffusion of gaseous ammonia in the soil air. The combined effect of various characteristics such as soil pH, cation exchange capacity, water capacity and nitrification rate on ammonia losses from various soil types have been studied. The model was validated against experimental results of ammonia losses from different soils for its use as a predicting tool. The model shows that most of ammonia losses can be explained by the interactive effect of high soil pH and low cation exchange capacity. Computations show increased ammonia volatilization with decreasing soil water capacity. Increasing fertilizer application rate has a small effect on percentage of ammonia losses. Increased nitrification rate and shorter “lag” period of nitrification reduce ammonia losses considerably. Good agreement was obtained between model calculations and experimental results of ammonia volatilization from 13 soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370390
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of a nitrogen leaching/mineralization model for sugar beet (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 101 (1987), S. 61-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: computer model ; fertilizer requirement ; leaching ; mineralization ; nitrogen ; optimum yield ; sugar beet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Tests were made of the ability of a leaching/mineralization model to predict the amounts of mineral N in the soil in spring as a step towards estimating the nitrogen fertilizer requirement of sugar-beet crops. There was good agreement between predicted and measured values, both under conditions of natural winter rainfall and when the soil was covered to prevent leaching. The model also successfully predicted leaching losses of soil mineral N soon after drilling in a year in which early season irrigation and heavy rain induced considerable leaching.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02371031
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tiller expansion and retranslocation of previously absorbed nitrogen among main stems, tillers and roots of two barley cultivars (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 102 (1987), S. 61-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; cultivar ; main stem ; net flux ; nitrogen ; partitioning ; root ; tiller ; vegetative adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Barley plants (Hordeum vulgare L. cvs Hellas and Kajsa), grown in nutrient solutions, were supplied with15NO 3 − from day 12 to day 16. Changes in distribution of15N between different plant parts were followed during ageing, (days 16, 28 and 52) to study differences in redistribution of N induced by variation in NO 3 − supply and choice of cultivar. Main stems and tillers competed for previously absorbed N and their competitive strength depended on their growth rate. Inhibition of tillering during N stress protected the main stem from detrimental losses of a limiting resource. Tillers on Hellas received in most cases proportionally more15N from the rest of the plant than tillers on Kajsa.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370901
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Effects of fire on soil carbon and nitrogen in a Mediterranean oak forest of Algeria (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 103 (1987), S. 89-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon ; forest soil ; mineralization ; nitrogen ; pH ; wildfire
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of wildfire on the dynamics of pH, organic C, total and mineral N and in vitro C and N mineralization were investigated in the soil under oak (Quercus suber L.) trees. Soil samples were taken from 5 to 21 months subsequent to the fire. The pH increased sharply in the burned surface soil (0–5 cm) taken 5 months after the fire and dropped only by half a unit over 14 to 21 months. However, at greater depth (5–15 cm), the burned soil was more acidic than the adjacent unburned soil up to 9 months following the fire, and thereafter its pH rose only slightly above that of the unburned soil. There were sharp rises in the concentration of organic C, total and mineral N in addition toin vitro mineralization activities in the burned surface soil collected 5 months after the fire; these dropped off in the subsequent samples approaching or falling below the values obtained in the unburned surface soil after 21 months. At a depth of 5–15 cm only slight or no increases over unburned soil were evident.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370672
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  • 14
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    Water stress effects on leaf elongation, leaf water potential, transpiration, and nutrient uptake of rice, maize, and soybean (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 103 (1987), S. 155-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: leaf elongation rate ; leaf water potential ; maize ; nitrogen ; nutrient uptake ; phosphorus ; potassium ; rice ; soybean ; transpiration rate ; water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A pot experiment was conducted in the greenhouse to determine and compare the responses of rice (Oryza sativa L. var, IR 36), maize (Zea mays L. var. DMR-2), and soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr. var. Clark 63) to soil water stress. Leaf elongation, dawn leaf water potential, transpiration rate, and nutrient uptake in stressed rice declined earlier than in maize and soybean. Maize and soybean, compared with rice, maintained high dawn leaf water potential for a longer period of water stress before leaf water potential. Nutrient uptake under water stress conditions was influenced more by the capacity of the roots to absorb nutrients than by transpiration. Transport of nutrients to the shoots may occur even at reduced transpiration rate It is concluded that the ability of maize and soybean to grow better than rice under water stress conditions may be due to their ability to maintain turgor as a result of the slow decline in leaf water potential brought about by low, transpiration rate and continued uptake of nutrient, especially K, which must have allowed osmotic adjustment to occur.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370385
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  • 15
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    Mineral nutrients in floodwater and floating rice growing at water depths up to two metres (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 104 (1987), S. 147-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: floodwater ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; oxygen ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Concentrations of N, P and K were measured in floodwater and in floating rice cultivars growing at up to 2m water depths in the central flood plain of Thailand. Concentrations of N, P and K in floodwater were often higher than those reported for oligotrophic lakes, nevertheless the floodwater contained 4–45 times less K and 15–90 times less N than concentrations reported in most soil solutions. P concentrations were similar in the floodwater and in most soil solutions. Concentrations of nutrients in leaves indicated there may be deficiencies of P at two sites and a deficiency of N at one of two sites. Data are discussed in terms of reduced nutrient uptake in rice fields at low O2 concentrations which have recently been measured in these areas.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370637
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    Root activity of rice as influenced by urea-insecticide combinations by a32P-absorption technique (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 102 (1987), S. 123-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbofuran ; interactions ; nitrogen ; phytotonic effects ; phorate ; root activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An experiment was conducted at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India during 1982 wet season (June–July) to study the root activity and rooting pattern of IR-20 rice as influenced by urea insecticide combinations by a32P absorption technique. The treatments involved a factorial combination of four levels of N (0, 60, 90 and 120 kg N/ha) as urea and three levels of insecticides (no insecticide, carbofuran @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha and phorate @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha). The root activity measured in terms of the amount of32P absorbed by the plant, increased considerably by the application of urea and insecticides (carbofuran or phorate) as well as due to their interactions. The root activity increased upto 120 kg N ha−1. Carbofuran or phorate application increased root activity and the effect of carbofuran was greater than that of phorate. Nitrogen-insecticide interaction was positive on root activity upto 120 kg N ha−1 and the effect was more marked with carbofuran and N combinations. But the percentage distribution of active roots of rice could not be influenced by levels of N, insecticides or their interactions. About 80 percent of the roots of IR 20 rice forage within 10 cm from the surface. The enhanced root activity due to application of N and insecticides (carbofuran and phorate) increased the uptake of major and micro-nutrients. the phytotonic effects of carbofuran and phorate on rice works by triggering the root activity of the crop.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370911
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  • 17
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    Competition for N and P between wheat and wild oats (Avena sterilis L.) according to the proximity of their time of emergence (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 102 (1987), S. 133-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: competition ; nitrogen ; nutrition ; phosphorus ; wheat ; wild oats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In the cultivated wheat fields of the Mediterranean area, wild oats (Avena sterilis L.), is commonly found a weed, which competes with the wheat for soil nutrients, water and light. To study this mutual competition for N and P, a pot experiment was devised in which the planting of wheat and weed seeds, in the pots, was so arranged that the lengths of time between the emergence of each specie was different for each treatment. When the time of emergence of the wild oat coincided with that of wheat, the latter was affected in its development, productivity and total accumulation of N and P. However, the earlier the emergence of wheat was relative to that of wild oat, the greater was the suppression of the weed, with a lower total accumulation of N and lower P content in the plant. Bringing forward the emergence of either of the two species conferred advantages for the development of the earliest emerger.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370914
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  • 18
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    Effect of combined nitrogen on nitrogen fixation of soybean (Glycine max L. Merill.) as affected by cultivar and rhizobial strain (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 103 (1987), S. 45-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Glycine max ; isotope dilution method ; 15N ; nitrogen ; nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nine strains ofRhizobium japonicum (Bradyrhizobium japonicum) were screened for nitrogen fixation in combination with two cultivars of soybean, Chippewa and Dunadja at two levels of nitrogen fertilization,i.e. 20 kg N ha−1 and 100 kg N ha−1 using15N isotope dilution method. Plant dry weight, nitrogen yield, percent N derived from atmosphere (% Ndfa) and total amount of N2 fixed were strongly influenced by the specific combination of host-genotype and rhizobial strain. The interaction between the host and microsymbiont were so specific that accurate prediction of symbiotic performance of either partner in relation to a particular host or strain of Rhizobium appears impossible. The sensitivity of nitrogen fixation to combined nitrogen was furthermore dependent upon both the rhizobial strain and host-Rhizobium association. It is therefore, inadvisable to describe a certain bacterium as being fully effective/ineffective or sensitive/tolerant to combined nitrogen, except in relation to a particular host-genotype. There is scope for obtaining promising host-Rhizobium associations tolerant to combined nitrogen through exploiting the interactive effects between the host-genotypes and strains of Rhizobium.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370666
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  • 19
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    Micronutrients and nitrogen metabolism (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 103 (1987), S. 51-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; assimilation ; maize ; micronutrients ; nitrate ; nitrogen ; metabolism ; protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A sand-culture experiment was conducted to study the influence of a deficiency of and an excess of micronutrients on the uptake and assimilation of NH 4 + and NO 3 − ions by maize. By studying the fate of15N supplied as15NH4NO3 or NH4 15NO3, it was demonstrated that in maize plants NH4−N was absorbed in preference to NO 3 − −N. The uptake and distribution of N originating from both NH 4 + and NO 3 − was considerably modified by deficiency of, or an excess of, micronutrients in the growth medium. The translocation of NH 4 + −N from roots to shoots was relatively less than that of NO 3 − −N. Deficiency as well as excessive amounts of micronutrients, in the growth medium, substantially reduced the translocation of absorbed N into protein. This effect was more pronounced in the case of N supplied as NO 3 − . Amino-N was the predominant non-protein fraction in which N from both NH 4 + and NO 3 − tended to accumulate. The next important non-protein fractions were NO 3 − −N when N was supplied as NO 3 − and amide-N when NH 4 + was the source. The relative accumulation of15N into different protein fractions was also a function of imposed micronutrient levels.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370667
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  • 20
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    Nitrogen mineralization rates in salinevs. salt-amended soils (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 104 (1987), S. 13-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonification ; kinetics ; nitrification ; osmotic potentials ; soluble salts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Studies were conducted to compare N mineralization rates in salt-amended nonsaline soils to naturally-occurring saline soils. NaCl, CaCl2, and Na2SO4 were added to nonsaline soils at rates that produced electrical conductivities of the saturation extracts (ECe) of 5, 10, 15, and 20 dS m−1. Saline soils with similar properties were leached to the same ECc levels. N mineralization in the Chino soil was inhibited by salt addition, particularly with sodium and calcium chlorides. In the Domino soil there was some inhibition of N mineralization with the chloride salts, but enhancement with Na2SO4 was observed. Nitrification in both soils was more sensitive to salt addition than ammonification. N mineralization occurred more slowly in both leached saline soils compared to the salt-amended soils. Leached saline soils often accumulated greater amounts of inorganic N compared to their native saline counterparts, particularly with the 5 dS m−1 Chino soil (native, 44 dS m−1) and with the 5, 10, 15 and 20 dS m−1 Domino soils (native, 32 dS m−1). Kinetic parameters were estimated by the linear least squares (LLS) and the nonlinear least squares (NLLS) methods. Generally, the LLS transformation estimated greater values of potentially mineralizable N (No) and lower rate constants (k). With the NLLS equation, No values for the leached saline soils were usually lower, and k values usually higher than in the salt-amended soils. The nonsaline controls generally had the highest No and lowest k estimates. Average LLS rate constants for the salt-amended and leached saline soils were 0.055 and 0.083 for the Chino, and 0.104 and 0.137 week−1, respectively, for the Domino soils. With the NLLS equation, average k values for the salt-amended and leached saline soils were 0.087 and 0.089 for the Chino, and 0.181 and 0.387 week−1, respectively, for the Domino soils. These results suggest that N mineralization rates obtained in salt-amended nonsaline soils may not be representative of those in naturally-occurring saline soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370619
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  • 21
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    Mobilisation of Cu, Mn and Zn in the soil solutions of barley rhizospheres (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 86 (1985), S. 147-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Barley ; Copper ; Manganese ; Rhizosphere ; Soil solution ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary We report data showing changes during the growing season in the concentrations of manganese, zinc and copper in the rhizosphere in soil solutions of barley plants. Substantial mobilisation of these trace elements occurred during the early stages of rhizosphere development so that soil solution concentrations increased three fold for the copper and zinc and fifteen fold for manganese.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02185036
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  • 22
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    Zinc sources for rice in soil at different moisture regimes and organic matter levels (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 87 (1985), S. 393-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Moisture regime ; Organic matter ; Rice ; Soil ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Laboratory incubation experiment was conducted with a clay loam alluvial lowland rice soil to study the relative effectiveness of two sources of Zn (ZnEDTA and ZnSO4) in maintaining Zn availability in soil under two moisture regimes (saturated and waterlogged) both in presence as well as absence of added organic matter. The results showed that ZnEDTA was always more effective than ZnSO4 in maintaining higher amount of zinc in available form in soil for a longer perid. Results of greenhouse experiment conducted with rice showed that concentration and uptake of Zn by roots were generally higher with ZnEDTA than with ZnSO4 both in presence and absence of added organic matter, whereas in respect of shoot this was true only in absence of added organic matter.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181906
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  • 23
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    Optimum utilization of sewage sludge of low and high metal content for grain production on arid lands (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 88 (1985), S. 321-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Copper ; Diagnostic tissues ; Heavy metals ; Iron ; Nickel ; Plant uptake ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two municipal sludges, one from a highly industrialized city, Chicago, Il, and another from a little industrialized, highly agricultural area, Tucson, AZ are compared for winter barley production on Pima c 1 (Typic torrifluvent). Both sludges were responsible for highly significant additions of Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd and P to the soil each year when applied at the rates of 100 mt/ha singly and 20 mt/ha each year for 4 years. Nitrogen responses for barley straw and grain were observed from both sludges. Tucson sludge appears to be attractive as a potential fertilizer, not only as an NPK source, but also for its organic matter and minimal amounts of heavy metals. The Chicago sludge with relatively high levels of heavy metals, particularly Cd, appears poorly suited as a fertilizer, if used for an extended period of time, because of the plant's tendency to take up elevated levels of certain heavy metals. Some parts of barley plants proved to be a better indicator of heavy metal uptake and concentration than others. The diagnostic-tissue test promises to be a useful tool to warn against undesirable accumulation of heavy metals. Fortunately, when compared with other plant parts, the heavy metal in grain was the least altered as a result of continued sewage sludge use on arid land. The soil's neutral to slightly alkaline pH and the presence of lime throughout the soil profile appeared to be critical factors in keeping plant uptake of heavy metals relatively low as compared with soils of other climates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197489
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  • 24
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    Effect of zinc supply on growth of three species of Eucalyptus seedlings and wheat (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 88 (1985), S. 377-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Carbonic anhydrase ; Dry matter ; Eucalyptus maculata ; E. marginata ; E. patens ; Seedlings ; Symptoms ; Triticum aestivum ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Effects of zinc supply on shoot and root dry weight, root length, zinc concentrations and carbonic anhydrase activity were measured in 52 day old seedlings ofEucalyptus maculata, E. marginata, E. patens and wheat grown in a zinc deficient soil in the glasshouse. Symptoms of zinc deficiency in the eucalyptus and wheat appeared within 20 to 35 days. Eucalypt seedlings had short internodes and small necrotic leaves, reduced dry weight of shoots and roots, root length and zinc concentrations in young leaves; the measurable level of leaf carbonic anhydrase activity decreased to zero. Similar responses also occurred in wheat. The level of zinc fertilizer required for normal growth of Eucalyptus seedlings is therefore likely to be similar to that used for wheat and other agricultural crops.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197494
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  • 25
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    Effect of nutrient seed coating on the emergence of wheat and oats (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 14 (1987), S. 205-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: urea ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; phenyl phosphorodiamidate ; ammonia ; toxicities ; germination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A series of experiments was conducted under controlled soil moisture and temperature conditions in a growth chamber to examine the effect of a range of nutrient seed coatings on the emergence to wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Kite) and oats (Avena sativa L. cv. Blackbutt) sown in a coarse sandy loam soil. Final emergence of oats was not reduced by a coating containing 10 kg P ha−1 (as monocalcium phosphate [MCP]) whereas the same coating reduced wheat emergence by 15%. The emergence of both wheat and oats was severely reduced by urea coatings (supplying 10 kg N ha−1) to 33 and 13% respectively; this injury was lessened markedly by the inclusion of phenyl phosphorodiamidate (PPD) in the urea coatings at 1% (w/w) (emergence increased to 66 and 56% respectively). Low soil moisture (67% of field capacity [FC]) resulted in almost no emergence of wheat coated with urea (± bentonites of different pH). In soil at FC, the addition of bentonite of pH 5 (B5) to urea coatings permitted greater emergence (54%) than when bentonite of pH 9 (B9) was added (32%) which, in turn, permitted greater emergence than urea coating alone (10%). When PPD and bentonite (B5 or B9) were combined either singly or together with urea in seed coatings, PPD was more effective than either of the bentonites in reducing injury and masked the slight positive effect of B5. Coatings containing various combinations of N and P sources (at 3.6 and at 8 kg ha−1 respectively) all reduced the emergence of wheat compared to raw seed (91% emergence). When applied alone, MCP was least damaging (74%); the combination of MCP with ammonium sulfate (AS) caused somewhat more injury (68%) whilst combination with calcium nitrate (CN) caused most injury (29%). In contrast, CN alone caused relatively little damage (73%) whilst AS alone was more damaging (50%). There was no significant regression found between percentage emergence and either the calculated partial salt index or the pH of the nutrient coatings. Further work is needed to examine the mechanisms of injury due to nutrient seed coatings so that safe but effective formulations can be developed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01050665
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  • 26
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    A decade of fertilizer research on groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea L) in the savannah zone of Nigeria (1985)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 6 (1985), S. 157-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Phosphate ; nitrogen ; potash ; minor-element ; fertilizer requirements ; Arachis hypogaea L ; haulms and kernel yield ; semi-arid savannah
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments on fertilizer requirements of groundnuts carried out between 1970 and 1980 were reviewed and discussed. Results of the various studies seem to suggest that existing recommendations which are based on short term annual trials carried under non-intensive or semi-intensive traditional farming systems are becoming inadequate under a system of continuous intensive cultivation. Besides phosphorus and sulphur which have long been known to be deficient in the Nigerian savannah soils, the availability of the other nutrients in these soils can no longer be taken for granted. Potash and micronutrient deficiencies, notably those of B and Mo, hitherto rare, are now showing up with increasing frequency. As a P source, single superphosphate appears to be the most suitable fertilizer for groundnuts in the Nigerian savannah at present partly because it also contains S and partly because of its solubility. Nitrogen fertilizer application tends to depress pod and kernel yield although it enhances haulm production. Groundnut haulm constitutes an important livestock feed in the West African savannah and the role of fertilizer N may have to be viewed in this context. Calcium as a nutrient does not appear to cause any serious fertility problem. Where gypsum application has produced large increases in kernel and haulm yields the dominant effect has been attributed to the sulphate component. Magnesium response has so far not been reported on groundnuts in Nigeria. It is suggested that soil fertility research in the savannah zone of West Africa should move away from short-term annual trials to long-term studies designed to tackle problems that are likely to arise under continuous cultivation in these poorly buffered sandy soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01051010
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  • 27
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    Some soil-plant and root-shoot relationships of copper, zinc and manganese in white clover and perennial ryegrass (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 97 (1987), S. 47-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Copper ; Manganese ; Perennial ryegrass ; Roots ; Soil ; White clover ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary White clover and perennial ryegrass were grown separately, in pots maintained under controlled environment conditions, for a period of 7 months on ten soils. The proportion of the total soil content of each element taken up by the ryegrass, including that in roots, ranged from 0.88 to 2.18% for Cu, from 0.82 to 2.80% for Zn and from 0.25 to 3.15% for Mn. Uptake by the clover was within these ranges for Cu and Zn, but ranged from 0.10 to 1.71% for Mn. After adjustment for the effects of soil contamination, the ratio of root concentration: shoot concentration was always greater than 1 for both Cu and Zn, and for Cu, though not for Zn, it was considerably greater with ryegrass than with clover. For Mn, the ratio of root:shoot concentration was often greater than 1, and differences between clover and grass were not consistent. Concentrations of Cu and Zn in the shoots were always greater in the clover than in the grass, but concentrations of Mn were generally greater in the grass than the clover.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02149822
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  • 28
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    Pinus radiata D. Don in Chile. Fertilization trials with copper (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 97 (1987), S. 217-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Copper ; Fertilization ; Iron ; Leaf ; Manganese ; Pinus radiata D. Don ; Root ; Shoot apex ; Stem ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary YoungPinus radiata D. Don were fertilized with copper oxychloride and copper sulfate on a random block basis with four replicates. Roots, needles, stems and shoot apices were analyzed separately for Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn contents at different times from fertilization. The results showed a rapid plant copper absorption, no effects being found on the Fe, Mn and Zn content. The dynamic internal distribution of copper among different plant parts is shown. The treatments applied did not cause any phenotypical alteration nor phytotoxicity in the plants, and no significant effect of the fertilizer chemicals on each other.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374944
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  • 29
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    Physiology of genotypic differences in zinc and copper uptake in rice and tomato (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 99 (1987), S. 115-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Copper ; Genotypes ; Rice ; Tomato ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Excised roots of rice (Oryzae sativa L.) cv IR26 absorbed both Zn2+ and Cu2+ from 0.01 mM to 0.50 mM external solutions at rates twice those of cv M101 over a 30-min period. However, the latter have a two-fold greater affinity (1/Km) for Zn2+ and Cu2+ than do those of the former. Zinc2+ and Cu2+ mutually and competitively inhibited uptake of each other, indicating that both micronutrient cations are absorbed through the same uptake mechanism or carrier sites. Further, these differences in uptake rates are restricted to roots but they cannot be explained by variations in root surface areas. Excised roots of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) cv Kewalo absorbed Zn2+ and Cu2+ much more rapidly than did cv Sel 7625-2. Uptake of each cation was competitively and reciprocally inhibited by the other, so Zn2+ and Cu2+ are seemingly accumulated through the same uptake system in tomato also. Tomato cultivars Kewalo and Sel 7625-2 did not differ with regard to affinities of the root apices for Zn2+ and Cu2+; however. Vmax values for Zn2+ and Cu2+ uptake by roots of cv Kewalo were three-fold greater than those for cv Sel 7625-2.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370159
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    Value of cane trash in nitrogen nutrition of sugarcane (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 102 (1987), S. 79-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: mineralization ; nitrogen ; sugarcane ; trash ; uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The significance of trash containing 0.3 to 0.5% N in the N nutrition of sugarcane (Saccharum hybrid sp.) was investigated in pot- and field experiments using15N-labelled trash. The data obtained from the pot study with 2 silty-clay loams (a Humic Nitosol and a Humic Acrisol) showed that surface-applied trash (10 tonnes/ha), although ground to pass a 1-mm sieve, contributed less than 10% of N removed by sugarcane. Uptake of trash N was most active during the initial 6 months of the experiment though at the end of the study period of 18 months less than 15% of trash N was altogether recovered by sugarcane. In the absence of fertilizer N in a field study on the Humic Acrisol (C/N ratio 22), unground trash (5 tonnes. ha−1) depressed soil N uptake by sugarcane by immobilizing available soil N. The field study moreover confirmed that the contribution of trash N in the supply of N to sugarcane is negligible. The value of trash would reside in its capacity to increase over the long term the organic matter level in the soils.
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    The effect of pretransplant inoculation with VA mycorrhizal fungi on the subsequent growth of leeks in the field (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 97 (1987), S. 279-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Copper ; Dazomet ; Field experiment ; Leek ; Phosphorus ; Pretransplant inoculation ; VA mycorrhiza ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Leek plants were preinoculated with a mixed inoculum ofGlomus caledonium, Glomus fasciculatum andGlomus sp., and transplanted to Dazomet disinfected and untreated field plots of moderate P deficiency. Successive harvests were made until 99 days after transplanting. Preinoculated leeks attained marketable weights 25 days earlier than uninoculated leeks from untreated soil and their final dry matter yields were 5.7 and 1.5 times as high as those of uninoculated leeks from disinfected and untreated soil, respectively. Phosphorus concentration in preinoculated leeks remained highest for at least 22 and 75 days after transplanting in untreated and disinfected soil, respectively. Preinoculation had a similar, although smaller, influence on Cu and Zn concentrations. Infection levels produced by introduced and indigenous VA endophytes in leeks reached plateaus of 90% and 40%, respectively, 47 days after transplanting. It is concluded that VAM is essential to leeks grown in moderately P deficient soils, and the potential for inoculating seedlings in commercial leek production is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374951
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    A method for controlling the activities of free metal, hydrogen, and phosphate ions in hydroponic solutions using ion exchange and chelating resins (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 99 (1987), S. 321-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Chelates ; Copper ; Hydroponics ; Ion activity ; Iron ; Manganese ; Nickel ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An ion exchange and chelating resin system was developed to buffer the activities of selected free cations and phosphate in hydroponic solutions at concentrations similar to those that occur naturally in soil solutions. Free-ion activities of Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn, Mn, H, Ca, Mg, and K were maintained by ion exchange and chelating resins in a controlled ionic strength system. Iron was controlled by EDDHA and chelating resin, and P by a cation-exchange resin containing adsorbed polynuclear hydroxyaluminum. This mixed-resin hydroponic system was used to establish a range of ionic Cd activities similar to that found in soil solutions of soils amended with sewage sludge. Activities of other nutrients were maintained at realistic soil-solution levels. A metal complexing agent (EDTA) was used to increase total metal concentration in the hydroponic solutions without significantly altering the ionic activities of the metals maintained in solution. This allowed differentiation of the effects of free ions and complexed metals on metal uptake. Concentrations of metal complexes in solution were controlled by the ion activities of the metals maintained and the concentrations and selectivities of the complexing agent. The mixed-resin system supplied sufficient nutrients for the growth of tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum, cv. Wisconsin-55) in hydroponic culture.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370878
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    Effects of ionic and complexed metal concentrations on plant uptake of cadmium and micronutrient metals from solution (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 99 (1987), S. 335-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Chelates ; Copper ; Hydroponics ; Ion activity ; Iron ; Manganese ; Speciation ; Tomato ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Uptake of Cd and micronutrient metals by intact tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum, cv. Wisconsin-55) from solution cultures was investigated by establishing four levels of Cd-ion activity in the presence or absence of a metal-complexing agent (±EDTA). Activity ratios of Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Zn were controlled with chelating resin while activity ratios of K, Ca, and Mg were controlled with a strong-acid cation-exchange resin. Hydrogen ion activity was controlled with a weak-acid cation-exchange resin and P activity by a cation-exchange resin containing adsorbed polynuclear hydroxy-Al. The concentrations of all nutrients and Cd were maintained at concentrations similar to those occuring in solutions of sludge-amended soils. The EDTA treatments increased the concentrations of Cu and Ni in hydroponic solution by approximately four orders of magnitude, Zn by two orders of magnitude, Cd by a factor of 50, Mn by a factor of 2.4, and Fe by a factor of 1.6 Neither the Cd nor the EDTA treatments affected plant yield, and Cd treatments did not significantly affect uptake of other elements. EDTA treatments inhibited Fe uptake, enhanced Cu uptake, and had little effect on the uptake of Cd, Zn, and Mn. Accumulation of Cd, Zn, Mn, and Cu in plant shoots appears to be related to their respective ionic activities rather than their concentrations in hydroponic solution.
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    Influence of waterlogging on availability and uptake of heavy metals by oat grown in different soils (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 88 (1985), S. 45-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Availability ; Cadmium ; Copper ; Iron Lead ; Manganese ; Oat ; Uptake ; Waterlogging ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The influence of waterlogging on availability and uptake of cadmium, lead, zinc, copper, manganese and iron by oat was studied. The experiments were carried out as a pot experiment using a sandy loam, a sandy soil and an organic soil and with waterlogging for 21 days in the period of growth. Selective extractants were used to remove metals held in different soil fractions. Waterlogging resulted in the release of manganese and iron from the oxide bound reservoirs to the soluble, exchangeable and inorganic reservoirs, and increase in cadmium, lead and zinc in the inorganic reservoir was observed. Only small effects on the availability of copper was observed. Manganese and iron concentrations increased in all plant parts except iron in the grain. Cadmium, lead and copper concentrations increased in the roots, while cadmium, lead, zinc and copper concentrations decreased in the leaves. With few exceptions the total uptake of manganese and iron increased, while the total uptake of cadmium, lead, zinc and copper decreased during waterlogging. The total uptake was for all metals except cadmium lowest from the organic soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02140665
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    Electronic Resource
    Uptake of six heavy metals by oat as influenced by soil type and additions of cadmium, lead, zinc and copper (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 88 (1985), S. 57-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Availability ; Cadmium ; Copper ; Iron ; Lead ; Manganese ; Oat ; Uptake ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The influence of heavy metal additions on availability and uptake of cadmium, lead, zinc, copper, manganese and iron by oat was studied. The experiments were carried out as pot experiments using sandy loam, sandy soil and organic soil. Selective extractants were used to remove metals held in different soil fractions. Lead and copper were preferently bound by organics and oxides, zinc by oxides and inorganics, and cadmium by inorganics and organics. Addition of cadmium to the soils resulted in higher cadmium concentrations in all plant parts but lower concentrations of lead, zinc, copper, manganese and iron, and the accumulation indexes of these metals were also lower when cadmium was added to the soil. Addition of cadmium plus lead, zinc and copper resulted in higher cadmium concentrations in leaves and straw of plants grown in sandy loam and sandy soil, but lower concentrations when plants were grown in organic soil as compared with the results when cadmium was added separately. The transfer of cadmium, lead, zinc and copper from soil to plant was greatest from sandy soil, and zinc and cadmium were more mobile in the plant than were lead and copper. Cadmium concentrations in leaves correlated significantly with CaCl2 and CH3COOH extractions in sandy loam and sandy soil and with CH3COOH extractions in organic soil. Generally, the total metal uptake was lowest from organic soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02140666
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  • 36
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    Electronic Resource
    Influence of washing on elemental analysis of leaves of fieldgrown crop plants (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 88 (1985), S. 93-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aluminum ; Calcium ; Copper ; Glycine max ; Iron ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Sorghum bicolor ; Triticum aestivum ; Zea Mays ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Information is limited on soil contamination of leaves from field-grown row crops, especially with respect to aluminum (Al) analyses. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of washing leaf samples with either deionized water or detergent solution on elemental analyses for several agronomic crop plants. The crop plants sampled were corn (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.), grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The crops were grown on a range of soil types, soil pH values, and tillage practices. Samples of upper leaves and lower leaves were collected separately. The samples were either not washed, washed with deionized water, or washed with detergent solution. After drying, grinding, and digesting, the samples were analyzed for Al, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu). For all crop plants and conditions studied, there was no effect on measured N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, or Cu concentrations, but measured Al and Fe concentrations were influenced by washing. In general, washing had a greater effect on Al analyses than on Fe analyses. Soybean samples were most affected by washing, while wheat samples seemed to be least affected. The results reflected greater contamination of lower leaves than upper leaves. Decontamination procedures appear necessary prior to Al and Fe analyses of field-grown crop plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02140668
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  • 37
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    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 84 (1985), S. 269-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcium ; Copper ; Groundnut ; Iron ; Kernel ; Kharif ; Leaflet ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Nitrogen ; Petiole ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Root ; Shell ; Stem ; Sulphur ; Summer ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02143189
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  • 38
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    Electronic Resource
    Effect of zinc fertilization on the mineral nutrition of rices differing in tolerance to zinc deficiency (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 87 (1985), S. 319-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Copper ; Iron ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Mineral nutrition ; Nutrient translocation ; Phosphorus ; Rice ; Varietal tolerance ; Zinc ; Zinc fertilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of four Zn levels on the electrochemical and chemical properties of the soil solution, and on the growth and mineral nutrition of two rice varieties (IR26 and IR34) differing in tolerance to Zn deficiency were studied in the greenhouse using Zn-deficient soils from two locations. A similar experiment was conducted in culture solution to check how Zn addition affects translocation of other nutrients. In both soil and culture solution, plant Zn concentrations alone was not enough to account for varietal tolerance to Zn deficiency. Comparison of nutrient to Zn and shoot to root ratios of nutrients was more useful in determining the possible mechanism of varietal tolerance. IR 34 appeared to tolerate the disorder due to its lower Zn requirement, more efficient Zn translocation and ability to maintain lower Fe/Zn, Cu/Zn, Mg/Zn and P/Zn ratios in the shoot than the more susceptible variety, IR26. This was shown to be due to decreased translocation of Fe, Mg and P to shoots and decreased absorption of Cu by the root in IR34 in culture solution studies. Adding Zn further reduces translocation or absorption of these nutrients and depending on the nutrient supply of the soil, could cause deficiencies or mineral imbalances, especially of Fe, Cu, and P. These observed varietal differences regarding Zn requirement and the interaction of Zn with absorption and translocation of plant nutrients necessitates revision of recommendations for Zn fertilization. There is an inevitable need for Zn application in severely Zn-deficient soils regardless of rice variety. But on marginally Zn-deficient soils especially those low in Fe, Cu, or P, Zn fertilization is not advisable when resistant rice varieties are used.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181899
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  • 39
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    Electronic Resource
    Feeding by adultCyrtobagous salviniae onSalvinia molesta under different regimes of temperature and nitrogen content and the effects on plant growth (1985)
    Springer
    BioControl 30 (1985), S. 279-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Cyrtobagous ; feeding ; temperature ; nutrition ; Salvinia molesta ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La prise de nourriture par les adultes deCyrtobagous salviniae n'était pas influencée par la concentration d'azote dans les bourgeons deSalvinia molesta. Le temps mis pour's alimenter sur un bourgeon dépendait de la température et de la vitesse de développement du bourgeon parce que les adultes abandonnaient un bourgeon quand il commençait à s'ouvrir. Quand 2 paires d'adultes furent placées sur un bourgeon partiellement développé 35°C, le développement du bourgeon était arrêté. Les plants attaqués par les charançons durant 3 jours furent plus gros que les plants indemnes, mais après 10 jours de plus sans attaque ultérieure, la croissance des plants indemnes était significativement plus forte.
    Notes: Abstract Feeding by adultCyrtobagous salviniae was not influenced by the concentration of nitrogen in the buds ofSalvinia molesta. The time spent feeding on a bud was dependent on temperature and the rate of bud development because adults abandoned a bud when it started to open. When 2 pairs of adults were placed on a partially developed bud at 35°C, bud development was stopped. Plants attacked by weevils for 3 days were heavier than insect-free plants but after another 10 days without further attack, growth of unattached plants was significantly greater.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372229
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