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  • Articles  (11,245)
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  • Springer  (11,245)
  • 1980-1984  (11,245)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1984  (11,245)
  • Physics  (11,245)
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  • Articles  (11,245)
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  • 1980-1984  (11,245)
  • 1950-1954
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Energy fluxes in an alipine valley (1984)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 33 (1984), S. 11-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Energieflüsse wurden im Dischma-Tal in der Nähe von Davos in 1970 m Höhe vom 6. bis 15. August 1980 gemessen. Sie waren ein Teil einer Sonderuntersuchung mikroskaliger atmosphärischer Bedingungen in einem alpinen Tal. Die allgemeine Funktion ϕ H konnte von einem Satz von Profilmessungen der Temperatur, der Feuchtigkeit und der Windgeschwindigkeit abgeleitet werden. Sie entspricht der Beziehung, die auch über homogenem Terrain gefunden worden ist.
    Notes: Summary Surface energy fluxes were measured in the Dischma-valley near Davos, Switzerland at 1970 m from August 6th to August 15th, 1980. They are part of a case study for the microscale atmospheric conditions of an alpine valley. The universal function ϕ H could be derived from the whole set of profile measurements of temperature, humidity and wind speed. It corresponds to the relation which was found over homogeneous terrain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02265425
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multiple non-linear interaction of Rossby waves via zonal flow (1984)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 33 (1984), S. 31-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die nichtlineare Wechselwirkung zwischen großskaligen Rossby-Wellen wird mit Anwendung eines spektralen Modells einer barotropen Atmosphäre in sphärischer Geometrie einer Betrachtung unterzogen. Es wurde gefunden, daß es, wenn eine willkürliche Zahl von zonalen Komponenten in Betracht gezogen wird, möglich ist, die nichtlineare Energie- und Entropie-Strömung zwischen Rossby-Wellen vorherzusagen, deren Wechselwirkung mit einfacher triadischer Resonanz nicht vorhergesagt werden kann. Mit Beziehung auf die Ergebnisse einer Arbeit von Baines wird gezeigt, daß eine solche Art von zonal mittlerer, nichtlinearer Energieströmung imstande ist, einige wichtige Besonderheiten der numerischen Integration von verkürzten Modellen mit einer großen Zahl von Komponenten zu erklären, und als Folgerung an einigen Besonderheiten der großskaligen Zirkulation schuld sein könnte.
    Notes: Summary The non-linear interaction between large-scale Rossby waves is considered making use of a spectral model of a barotropic atmosphere in spherical geometry. It is found that, if an arbitrary number of zonal components is taken into account it is possible to predict the non-linear energy and enstrophy flux between Rossby waves whose interaction cannot be predicted by single triadic resonance. It is shown, referring to the results of a paper by Baines, that such kind of, zonally mediated, non-linear energy flux is capable of explaining some relevant features of numerical integrations of truncated models with a large number of components and, could, as a consequence be responsible of some features of the large-scale circulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02265427
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A short comment on the modelling of the growth of atmospheric inversion layers (1984)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 33 (1984), S. 49-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein einfacher theoretischer Vergleich zwischen dem Phänomen der Entwicklung von Mischungsschichten in Laboratoriumsexperimenten und in wirklichen geophysikalischen Situationen durchgeführt. Die relative Wichtigkeit von Inversionschichten in der Atmosphäre wird im Kontrast zur vernachlässigbaren Rolle dargelegt, die die Inversionsschicht bei Laboratoriumsexperimenten spielt, solange der Effekt von ausgestrahlten Schwerwellen in Betracht gezogen wird.
    Notes: Summary A simple theoretical comparison is carried out between the phenomenon of the evolution of mixed layers in laboratory experiments and in actual geophysical situations. The relative importance of the inversion layers in the atmosphere is evidentiated in contrast with the negligible role played by the inversion layer in laboratory experiments as long as the effect of radiated gravity waves is taken into account.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02265429
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Observed air-sea interface conditions and a monsoon depression during MONEX-79 (1984)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 33 (1984), S. 61-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden die Verhältnisse im Luft-Meer-Grenzbereich im frühen Entwicklungsstand einer Depression über der östlichen zentralen Arabischen See während der Monsun MONEX-79 durch Analyse der Schiffsbeobachtungsdaten über Luft- und Meerestemperaturen, Luftdruck an der Oberfläche, Seegang und Wind untersucht. Diese Analyse zeigte eine ausgesprochene Zunahme der Temperaturdifferenz zwischen Meer und Luft (2–4 °C) und diese Zunahme erweist sich klar als durch eine Abnahme der Lufttemperatur verursacht. Die änderungen in der Temperaturdifferenz zwischen Meer und Luft und des Luftdrucks verlaufen in zueinander entgegengesetzter Phase. Einige einleuchtende Mechanismen für die beginnende Entwicklung und die Bewegung der Depression werden auch besprochen.
    Notes: Summary The air-sea interface properties during the early stages of formation of a depression over East Central Arabian Sea during summer MONEX are examined by analyzing the ship data for air and sea temperatures, sea level pressures, sea state numbers and wind fields. Analysis of the data revealed a pronounced increase in sea-air temperature difference (2–4 °C) and this increase in the value is considered, obviously, to be due to a drop in the air temperature. The variations in the sea-air temperature difference and surface pressure are in opposite phase to each other. Some of the plausible mechanisms for the incipient development and movement of the depression are also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02265431
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An empirical evaluation of earth’s surface air temperature response to radiative forcing, including feedback, as applied to the CO2-climate problem (1984)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 34 (1984), S. 1-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Einige natürliche Experimente werden analysiert, um Gleichgewichtswerte einer Folgefunktion der Lufttemperatur in Bodennähe und eines Rückkopplungsfaktors für die Erdatmosphäre zu erhalten. Der erste der beiden Parameter beinhaltet die änderung der Bodenlufttemperatur, hervorgerufen durch eine Änderung in der an der Oberfläche absorbierten Strahlungsenergie, und besitzt eine Größenordnung von 0.1 K (Wm−2)−1. Der letztere der beiden Parameter beschreibt das Verhältnis zwischen den durch Rückkopplung erzeugten änderungen in der von der Erdoberfläche aufgefangenen Strahlungsenergie und den anfänglichen, oder primären, Änderungen in dieser Energie. Dieser Parameter besitzt eine Größenordnung von 1.25. Diese zwei Zahlen besagen, daß die Maximalerwärmung, die man von einer Verdopplung des CO2-Gehaltes der Erdatmosphäre von 300 auf 600 ppm erwarten kann, nur ungefähr 0.1 K beträgt. Dieser Wert ist so klein, daß er womöglich völlig durch die vom CO2 bewirkte Reduktion der zur Erdoberfläche durchgelassenen Sonnenstrahlung aufgehoben wird.
    Notes: Summary Several natural experiments are analyzed to yield equilibrium values of a surface air temperature response function and a feedback factor for Earth’s atmosphere. The former parameter, the change in surface air temperature induced by a change in radiant energy absorbed at the surface, is demonstrated to have a value of about 0.1 K (Wm−2)−1; while the latter parameter, the ratio of feedback-induced change in radiant energy to the surface of the Earth divided by an initial or primary change in radiant energy to the Earth’s surface, is demonstrated to have a value of about 1.25. These two numbers imply that the maximum warming to be expected from a doubling of Earth’s atmospheric CO2 concentration from 300 to 600 ppm is only about 0.1 K, a result so small as to possibly be completely counter-balanced by the CO2-induced reduction of solar radiation transmission to the Earth’s surface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02275671
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Local zonal index and circulation change in the European area, 1873–1972 (1984)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 34 (1984), S. 39-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit Verwendung von Jahres- und Monatswerten des lokalen Zonalindex werden die Zirkulationsänderungen in den letzten hundert Jahren im Gebiet A (20°W–10°E) und im Gebiet B (10°E–40°E) untersucht. Für das Gebiet A hat sich ergeben: 1. In der Teilperiode 1873–1902 waren blockierende Systeme vorherrschend und der Typ einer westlichen Zirkulation kam weniger oft vor. 2. In der Teilperiode 1903–1932 herrschte in 80% der Jahre eine abnormale Situation in Richtung zu zonaler Westströmung hin vor. 3. Die dritte Periode (1933–1972) war vom Gesichtspunkt der Intensität durch zeitweise zonale Strömung charakterisiert. Für das Gebiet B zeigte sich, daß die Zirkulation entsprechend einem niedrigen Index vorherrschend meridional war. Im Gebiet B kam eine zonale östliche Strömung in 26% der Jahre vor.
    Notes: Summary Using annual and monthly values of the local zonal index, we study the circulation change during the past hundred years for the area A (20°W–10°E) and area B (10°E–40°E). For the area A the results are: 1) During the subperiod (1873–1902) blocking systems were predominant and westerly type of circulation was less frequent. 2) For the subperiod (1903–1932) an abnormal situation prevailed in 80% of the years, towards the direction of W zonal flux. 3) The third subperiod (1933–1972) was characterized from the point of view of intensity of zonal flux as intermediate. For the area B showed that the prevailing circulation was actually meridional or “Low Index”. Also for the area B the easterly zonal circulation was 26%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02275673
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simulating 24-hour, all-slope surface temperatures during summer along a climatic-latitudinal transect (1984)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 34 (1984), S. 49-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die in dieser Arbeit vorgelegten Ergebnisse wurden mit Anwendung von zwei physikalisch begründeten Modellen der Sonnenstrahlung und einem Energiebudget eines Hanges abgeleitet. Es wurden über 10 Breitengrade der Nordhemisphäre Amerikas gemittelte klimatische Beobachtungsdaten als Eingaben zur Berechnung der Änderungen der Oberflächentemperaturen und der Differenzen zwischen Oberflächen- und Lufttemperaturen als Funktion verschiedener Hangneigungen (0 bis 90 Grad) und Orientierungen (süd-, west- und nordschauend) verwendet. Wir haben als Kontraste unbewachsene, und grasrbewachsene Landschaften vergleichend untersucht. Es wurden keine einfachen Beziehungen zwischen den die kurz- und langwellige Strahlungsabsorption betreffenden Faktoren, den Komponenten des Energiebudgets und den Tendenzen der Oberflächentemperatur gefunden. Eine große Verschiedenheit besteht zwischen den Oberflächentemperaturen verschiedener Hänge und Orientierungen in einer bestimmten Breite. Diese Ergebnisse werden für hinreichend dafür gehalten, die meisten der möglichen Gegensätze in einem Nord-Süd-Querschnitt in einer realen Welt zu erfassen.
    Notes: Summary The results presented in this paper are derived from the continuation of the use of two physically-based models of solar radiation and a steady state slope energy budget [1]. Again, climatic observational inputs (Northern Hemisphere Americas), averaged in 10-degree latitude bands, were utilized in order to compute the changing surface temperatures and differences between surface and air temperatures as functions of varying slope angles (0 to 90 degrees) and orientations (south-, west-, and north-facing). We continued to examine two contrasting landscapes: barren and grassy. No simple relations were found among the factors regarding shortwave and longwave radiative absorption, components of the energy budget, and surface temperature trends. A great diversity existed among surface temperatures of different slopes and orientations at any particular latitude. This was accentuated in the higher latitudes. These findings were assumed general enough to encompass most of the possible contrasts encountered in a real-world north-south transect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02275674
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Person view-factors in the urban environment (1984)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 34 (1984), S. 273-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Jüngst veröffentlichte Vorschriften zur Berechnung des menschlichen Wärmestresses in einer städtischen Umgebung bezogen die Beiträge des Himmels, der Gebäudewände und der Straßen ein. Der Bruchteil der Gesamtlangwellenstrahlung, die von einer Person aus jeder dieser Flächen empfangen wird, kann durch deren entsprechende Ansichtsfaktoren beschrieben werden. Bisher waren jedoch die Vorschriften zur Bestimmung derartiger Ansichtsfaktoren in einer städtischen Umgebung nur mangelhaft beschrieben. Die vorliegende Arbeit empfiehlt eine Technik, mittels der die Ansichtsfaktoren von Himmel, Wänden und Straße für eine Person in einer städtischen Straßenschlucht berechnet werden können, ungeachtet der komplexen Natur der Horizontlinie der Stadt.
    Notes: Summary Recent procedures for estimating human heat-stress in urban environments have included the contribution of longwave radiation from surrounding sky, walls and streets. The fraction of the total longwave radiation received from each of these surfaces by a person may be described by their respective view-factors but, hitherto, techniques by which view-factors may be determined in the urban environment have been deficient. This paper describes a technique by which sky, wall and street view-factors may be calculated for a person in an urban canyon, regardless of the complexity of the city skyline.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02265493
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetic study on propylene polymerization by a high activity catalyst system: MgCl2/TiCl4/PhCO2Et-AlEt3/PhCO2Et (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 479-484 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Kinetic study was performed in short time propylene polymerization with a high activity-high stereospecificity catalyst system composed of MgCl2/TiCl4/PhCO2Et with AlEt3/PhCO2Et. The concentration of the active centers, [C *], the propagation rate constant, k p, and the chain transfer rate, r tr, were determined. The change of these values by the change of polymerization conditions, the concentration of monomer, AlEt3, and the temperature, were studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00265491
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymerization by phase transfer catalysis (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 493-496 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Polyethers from 1,4-bis(chloromethylene)-2,5-dimethoxybenzene and 4,4′-biphenol were obtained by phase transfer catalysis, using different catalysts and solvents. The molecular weights and yields were determined, showing a solvent effect and a influence of the catalysts used.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01045326
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copolymerization of 9-anthrylmethylmethacrylate with maleic anhydride (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 511-515 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Copolymerization of 9-anthrylmethylmethacrylate with maleic anhydride is presented. The copolymerization reaction appears to be associated with the cycloaddition of maleic anhydride at the anthracene nucleus. It is also shown that for 9-anthrylmethylmethacrylate/maleic anhydride molar ratio lower than 1/2 the copolymers have an alternating structure with 1/2 composition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01045329
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes of liquid-crystalline polymer structure with temperature (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 561-564 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Thermal changes in the structural state of liquid crystalline polymers with mesogenic side groups and the kinetics of mesophase formation were studied by means of smallangle X-ray scattering.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01045338
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphology of coalescence processes: secondary fracture, cracks and spherulites (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 579-584 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Similarity in the shapes of fracture curves and spherulite boundaries makes possible to generalize the respective theories to the case of coalescence of two spreading processes of growth, disturbances or excitations. The geometrical shape of a coalescence curve depends on three parametres: the distance of their spreading centres, the relation of spreading velocities and the time delay of the spreading. According to the character of the process, the shielding effect may take place. In this case, the coalescence curve is composed of two parts which are to be described separately.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01045341
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Engineering plastics from lignin (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 1-5 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Low density polyurethane foams (ca. 2 lbs./cu. ft.) with acceptable strength and excellent flammability resistance properties were formulated with a commercial furan polyol containing 20% hydroxypropyl lignin derivative. Propylene oxide-modified lignin from two sources, kraft and organosolv lignin, were employed. The organosolv lignin derivative exhibited better foaming characteristics than the corresponding kraft lignin, which collapsed when the rising foam was touched for testing. The weight contribution of lignin derivative was limited to 20% by compatibility with the fluorocarbon blowing agent, and solubility in polyol. Preliminary tests encourage further research on structural materials containing hydroxypropyl lignin derivatives.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00258264
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Statistical treatment of allophanate crosslinking in the formation of polyurethane networks (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 33-40 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Crosslinking of polyurethanes by a reaction of isocyanate groups with urethane groups leading to trifunctional allophanate branch points is treated statistically using the theory of branching processes. The occurrence of gelation in the diol — diisocyanate system and its dependence on the excess of isocyanate groups and the intensity of allophanate formation is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00258269
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The penultimate unit effect of radical copolymerization (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 55-58 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The effect of polar β- and γ-substituents on the selectivity of alkyl radical additions to alkenes has been measured. Although these substituents don't influence the nucleophilicity of radicals they reduce the rate of addition to diethyl fumarate. It is concluded that the penultimate unit effect is a through space repulsive interaction of polar substituents between the radicals and the alkenes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00258272
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and characterization of α-methylstyrene-butadiene-α-methylstyrene linear block copolymers (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 71-77 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary α-methylstyrene-butadiene- α-methylstyrene linear block copolymers with a ‘pure’ block structure were prepared by sec-butyllithium and coupling agent in a four-step process. Their morphology is built up of microdomains of poly- α -methylstyrene, including the unbonded segments, dispersed in a polybutadiene matrix. Cylindrical domains arranged in a hexagonal lattice or irregularly shaped domains in a disordered phase are observed, depending on the molecular weight of the poly- α -methylstyrene segment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00258275
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    Thermotropic polyesters with mesogenic groups based on substituted hydroquinone units and highly flexible siloxan spacer in the main chain (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 93-98 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary New thermotropic Polyesters having mesogenic groups based on substituted hydroquinone units and highly flexible oligosiloxan spacer in the main chain, are synthesized and characterized. The mesophase formed at low temperature are studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarized light microscopy. The liquid crystalline behaviour of these polyesters, particulary their transition temperatures and the mesophase width could be explained on the basis of their structural features.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00258278
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solution copolymerization of ethylene with α-olefins by a MgCl2 supported TiCl4 catalyst (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 111-117 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Copolymerization of ethylene with α-olefins, i.e. propylene, butene-1, 4-methyl-pentene-1(4-MP-1), was carried out by a MgCl2 supported TiCl4 catalyst in combination with Et3Al at a temperature as high as 170 °C at which the polymerization system was homogeneous. This catalytic system showed very a high activity and produced copolymers having a density of 0.91–0.94 g/ml. Of these three kinds of comonomers, propylene showed the highest reactivity and caused most frequently the termination of a polymer growing by chain transfer reaction and produced copolymers having the broadest MWD.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263333
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    The interaction of poly(N-methacryloyl-L-alanine) with copper (II) (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 133-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The poly(N-methacryloyl-L-alanine) (PNMA):Cu system was investigated by potentiometry, conductimetry and Cu(II) specific measurements. After the formation of a 2∶1 PNMA:Cu complex involving only the carboxylate groups, two other complexes are successively formed with additional neutralization of one and two protons per cupric ion respectively. The stability constant of the first complex was determined by the Bjerrum method and was found similar to that of the poly(acrylic acid):Cu complex.
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    Lewis acid initiated melt reactions of polystyrene and EPDM rubber (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 157-163 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary In order to obtain high impact polystyrene (PS), experiments have been performed on coupling of EPDM rubber and PS in the mixing chamber of a HAAKE plastograph. Lewis acids were added to the melt and the torque increase observed by their addition proved that chemical reactions take place in the system. During the reaction, the rubber proved to be more active, it became crosslinked and/or it was coupled with the PS molecules. Only a small fraction of the PS present coupled to the rubber molecules. No significant degradation process could be detected. Mechanical properties (tensile modulus and strength) improved during the reaction. This can be interpreted by the increased solubility of the coupled rubber molecules in the continuous PS phase.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263339
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    Solvation of ion pairs with poly(ethylene oxide) (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 181-188 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Solvation of ion pairs of the alcoxide type with poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) has been studied by optical spectroscopy. Values of binding constants 200–400 l/mol indicate a sufficiently effective ion-pair cation solvation. Being cross-linked PEO preserves its ability to bind and localize ion pairs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263342
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    Announcement (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. i 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263344
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    Guayule rubber centered block copolymers (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 203-208 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A synthesis concept has been developed for selective cleavage of cis-1,4-poly(isoprene) — guayule or natural rubber — with synchroneous functionalization, conversion of the telechelics to bifunctional macroinitiators and subsequent polymerization of the hard blocks. Thermoreversibly crosslinked poly(methylmethacrylate)-(b-cis 1,4-poly(isoprene)) threeblock copolymers synthesized in this way have been characterized, and mechanical properties have been measured. In parallel α, ω — poly(isobutylene) diols capable to form bifunctional macroinitiators have been synthesized.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00275969
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    Carbon fiber having isocyanate group on the surface (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 523-530 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Reaction between diisocyanate and the hydroxyl groups on the surface of carbon fiber oxidized by nitric acid was investigated. It was found that polar solvents were favorable for the reaction. Stronger amines and Ba-laurate catalysts gave good results. Further, rigid polyurethane foam reinforced by the carbon fiber thus prepared was found to show improved bending properties.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00958658
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  • 26
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    Effects of substituants in stilbene upon its reactivity in radical polymerizations (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 531-534 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Polymerizations of methyl methacrylate and styrene have been performed in the presence of thecis andtrans isomers of 4-methoxy-4′-chlorostilbene (SSTL) using as initiators benzoyl peroxide and 2-cyano-2-propylazoformamide, both enriched with carbon-13.13C-NMR spectra of the polymers show that SSTL units are present at many of the sites adjacent to benzoate end-groups but not to a detectable extent at sites adjacent to 2-cyano-2-propyl end-groups. The presence of the substituents in the molecule of stilbene greatly enhances its reactivity towards the benzoyloxy radical.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00958659
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  • 27
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    Melt-crystallization of n-alkanes and polyethylene in a temperature gradient (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 543-546 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary When C36H74 was crystallized from a melt-state in a temperature gradient, crystallization proceeded at a crystal-melt boundary plane which is perpendicular to the temperature gradient. The melt-state was studied by striking the incident X-ray near the crystallizing plane. The intensity profile from the melt-state shows weak anisotropy. This fact suggests that the melt-molecules are slightly oriented perpendicular to the crystallizing plane.
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  • 28
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    A comparative study of the conformational mobility of octamethyltetrasiloxane and cyclododecane in the solid state (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 557-563 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A crystalline mesophase state in which molecules show conformational mobility is discussed for cyclododecane and octamethyltetrasiloxane.13C and29Si solid state NMR spectra show changes of the resonance signals which can be explained by changes of the conformation. The transition temperatures in the NMR spectra are correlated with the thermal transitions detected by DSC. Comparisons with the solution spectra give evidence that in case of octamethyltetrasiloxane, the conformational mobility is determined mainly by the molecular packing in the crystal, while packing effects are neglegibly small for cyclododecane. The data are discussed with concern to the corresponding linear chain molecules, i. e. poly(ethylene) and poly(dimethylsiloxane).
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    Investigation of the immobilisation of bovine serum albumin, trypsin, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase to poly(hydroxyethyl acrylate)-co-cellulose and poly(hydroxyethyl acrylate)-co-pectin (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 1-6 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-co-pectins (107% graft), activated with p-benzoquinone, immobilised 122 mg of bovine serum albumin (BSA) per g of copolymer and 22.4 mg of trypsin per g of copolymer. This latter figure was replicated when p-toluene sulphonyl chloride was used for activating the copolymer. In a separate exercise p-benzoquinone was used to couple diaminohexane to the copolymer. This modified product immobilsed 396 mg of trypsin/g when glutaraldehyde was used in coupling. A 25% grafted, poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-co-cellulose immobilised 39.5 mg of BSA per g of copolymer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00401706
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    Fully oriented non-fibrous crystalline polyacetylene (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 401-405 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The preparation of fully oriented non-fibrous crystalline polyacetylene is demonstrated. Poly-7,8-bis-(trifluoromethyl)-tricyclo-[4.2.2.0]-deka-3,7,9-triene, poly-(BTFM-TCDT), is polymerized by a ring opening metathetical polymerization. Films cast from a solution of poly-(BTFM-TCDT) (precursor polymer) can be converted to polyacetylene by heating. During this conversion process an uniaxial stress is applied to the precursor polymer film which results in a high orientation of the polymer chains. SEM pictures show a compact and homogeneous morphology, whereas sharp and well defined electron diffraction (HEED) patterns indicate a fully oriented crystalline transpolyacetylene material. Consequently we present polarized infrared spectra, expecially for the C-H out-of-plane deformation vibration (1010 cm−1), which exhibit a tremendous dichroism for infrared radiation polarized parallel and perpendicular to the chain axis (c-axis, orientation direction).
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    Physico-chemical studies of polymeric carriers (1984)
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    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 437-442 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Aqueous acid-base titration measurements were made on alternating poly/N-vinylpyrrolidone-co-maleic acid/copolymer. It was found, that P/NVP-co-MAc/ behaves as a monobasic polyacid in potentiometric titration. Furthermore it was concluded, that definite dissociation constant can not be determined in the usual way, as the actual value of K depends on the nature of the titrant as well as on the concentration of the polyacid solution. Continous pH-induced conformational transition of polymer chains occured during titration. Stabilizing effect of sodium ion on the ring structure of monoanion units is supposed.
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  • 32
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    MgCl2 supported titanium catalyst prepared by mechanical pulverization (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 471-477 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary MgCl2 supported titanium catalysts were prepared by mechanical pulverization or MgCl2 with titanium compounds using two types of machines, rotatory mill and vibratory mill. Both methods gave substantially the same results, although vibratory mill much saved the milling time. The nature of the fixed titanium compounds was not homogeneous, and the titanium compounds fixed at an earlier stage of milling, which could be located at exposed “active” edge positions of MgCl2 particles, showed higher activity in ethylene polymerization. On the other hand, those fixed at the later stage showed lower activity and caused reaggregation of the particles. Furthermore, chlorine-free titanate compounds, Ti(OBu)4 and Ti(OEt)4, also could be fixed on MgCl2 which showed high activity in ethylene polymerization.
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  • 33
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    Polymerizations of α-olefins and styrene with MgCl2-supported titanium catalyst system: MgCl2/TiCl4/PhCO2Et with AlEt3PhCO2Et (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 485-489 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Kinetic analysis was performed in a short time polymerizations of 1-butene,4-methyl-1-pentene and styrene by using a catalyst system composed of MgCl2/TiCl4/PhCO2Et with AlEt3/PhCO2Et which is known as a highly active and highly stereospecific catalyst system in olefin polymerization. The concentration of the active centers, [C *], the propagation rate constant, k p, and the chain transfer rate, r tr, were determined for each monomer. It was found that the values of [C *] were almost same for every monomer, but the values of k p changes widely in the following order: propylene〉1-butene〉4-methyl-1-pentene〉styrene.
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    Emulsion polymerization: some nonionic emulsifier effects (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 497-504 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The colloidal properties of aqueous solutions of surface active materials have been found to have profound effects on the properties of latexes produced via emulsion polymerization. It has been observed that depending on the polymerization temperature and the concentration of the ingredients it is possible to create either an oil-in-water or a water-in-oil emulsion at the beginning of the reaction. This may, as the polymerization proceeds, undergo phase inversion and lead to two constant rate regions and a bimodally distributed particle size latex.
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    Autooscillating regime of sorption of low molecular weight solvent by ionomers (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 229-236 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The kinetics of differential and integral sorption of toluene by statistical copolymers of styrene and acrylic acid (3.8 and 8.0 mole %) has been investigated over the temperature range 20–40°C. The observed autooscillating regime of toluene sorption is due to the competition of different relaxation processes. The effect on sorption kinetics of toluene of the morphology of ionomer films was investigated by infrared spectroscopy.
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    Thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 299-301 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Liquid crystalline comb-like polymers with spontaneous polarization are described.
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    Molecular dynamic simulation of motion in solid polymers. Rotator phase of n-alkane (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 303-309 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The method of molecular dynamic computer simulation is applied for the investigation of structure and dynamics of C10-n-alkane in the solid state. Analyzed is the behaviour of individual molecules as well as of a whole crystal. The investigated system consists of 31 molecules of C10-n-alkane at the temperature 150–275 K. The influence of chemical defects, such as methylene group or chlorine atom, on the dynamics of the system is considered.
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    Evidence by light scattering of hydroxyethylcellulose aggregation induced by solution filtrations (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 327-330 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract It is reported from light-scattering results that a thermoreversible aggregation may occur when hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) solutions are filtered. The aggregation extent depends on concentration and filter porosity but not on filtration pressure. The aggregates are in part responsible for filter plugging and could arise from a cellulose type interchain association of unsubstituted anhydroglucose units.
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  • 39
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    Synthesis and thermal analysis of styrene and α-methylstyrene multiblock copolymers (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 331-335 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Multiblock copolymers of styrene and α-methylstyrene (¯Mn ≦ 70.000 g.mole−1) with various α-methylstyrene contents were synthetized by anionic polymerization. The glass transition temperatures (Tg) of these copolymers have been measured by D.T.A. A single Tg was observed over the whole composition range. This Tg obeys the derived GORDON and TAYLOR equation. Moreover these copolymers are heat resistant up to temperatures of at least 280°C.
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  • 40
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    Anomalous copolymerization behavior of styrene and ethyl methacrylate at high conversion (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 343-348 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Styrene and ethylmethacrylate were copolymerized in bulk at 62°C and several monomer feed ratios. At moderately high conversion, anomalous copolymerization behaviour occurred. Although the onset of the departures from expected copolymerization behaviour seems to be related to the onset of the gel-effect, this relation did not hold when mimicking higher conversion by adding an amount of homopolymer. Obviously the propagation reactions are not only affected by changes in diffusion characteristics but also by changes in other medium characteristics e.g. interactions between monomeric and copolymeric species.
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    Kinetics of the cationic polymerization of N-vinylcarbazole by trityl salts in nitrobenzene (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 359-362 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The cationic polymerization of N-vinylcarbazole by trityl salts in nitrobenzene at 20°C has been studied. The kp values are independent of initiator concentration and an average value of 8.9.104M−1s−1 has been obtained which, according to the reaction conditions, has been interpreted in terms of propagation by free ions.
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    Characterization of polycyclohexene by high field 13C-NMR spectroscopy (1984)
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    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 475-479 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary 13C NMR spectrum of polycyclohexene is recorded at 50.5 MHz and interpreted in terms of its different stereoisomers. The ratio of threo to erythro forms in the polymer is 2∶1. The spectrum is also sensitive to tacticity of the polymer chain.
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    Reactions of dialkoxicarbenium ions with styrene and 1.1-diphenyl ethene (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 7-11 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Several dialkoxicarbenium ions have proved to initiate the cationic polymerization of styrene. In order to elucidate the mechanism of initiation, some of these dialkoxicarbenium ions were reacted with 1.1-diphenyl ethene and the reaction products are described.
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    Polyisobutylene model elastomers prepared using demonstrably complete end-linking reactions (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 19-24 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Cationic polymerizations with a trifunctional initiator-chain transfer agent were used to prepare three-arm polyisobutylene [C(CH3)2CH2] (PIB) molecules with hydroxyl groups at all three chain ends. Extensive spectroscopic analyses confirmed the essentially perfect trifunctionality of the polymers, which were then end-linked using an aromatic diisocyanate to give trifunctional model networks. The PIB elastomers were found to have negligible sol fractions, which demonstrates that the end-linking reactions used to prepare them were essentially complete. They were studied, swollen, with regard to their equilibrium stressstrain isotherms in uniaxial extension at 25°C. As was found to be the case for trifunctional and tetrafunctional PIB networks prepared from the linear chains, the results were in satisfactory agreement with theory and yielded no evidence that inter-chain entanglements contribute to the modulus at elastic equilibriums.
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    3. Telechelic diene prepolymers: (1984)
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    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 25-27 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A one step synthesis of butadiene telechelic prepolymer is reported here. Butadiene is reacted with metallic lithium in tetrahydrofurane in the presence of dimethylchlorosilane. This typical synthesis leads to α,ω-dihydrogenodisilane dimers, trimers and tetramers of butadiene, which can be used as crosslinkers for the synthesis of rubber like networks. These oligomers have been characterized by usual methods such as 1H.NMR, IR spectroscopy, gel permeation and gas chromatography.
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    Soluble polymers in organic synthesis (1984)
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    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 49-54 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The reversible attachment of C-terminal amino acids to poly(ethylene glycol) supports succeeds in high yields by reaction of amino acid derivatives with 4-(2-bromopropionyl)phenylacetic acid N-hydroxysuccinimidester and subsequent coupling to the polymer.
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    Determination of the microstructure of acrylonitrile-butadiene and styrene-butadiene copolymers using carbon-13 NMR (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 63-67 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The microstructures of copolymers such as acrylonitrile-butadiene and styrene-butadiene are determined directly from the 13C NMR spectra without resorting to “empirical factors.” Experimental parameters were devised to overcome the difficulties due to long spin-lattice relaxation times or to different nuclear Overhauser effects.
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    Temperature dependence of self diffusion of polystyrene and polyethylene in the melt an interpretation in terms of the free volume theory (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 75-80 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The temperatur dependence of the self diffusion coefficients of polystyrene and polyethylene in the melt was measured with the pulsed field gradient nmr technique. The temperature and molar mass dependences of the self diffusion coefficients can be described by the free volume model. Taking into account the matrix effect we detected the beginning of the break of the reptation process for polystyrene at low molar masses. The activation energies of the self diffusion process are comparable with those observed for viscosity.
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    Active centers of TiCl3 catalysts for propene polymerization1) answer to Bukatov et al. 2) pol. bull. 11, 91–92, 1983 (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 91-92 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00401722
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    Cationic polymerization of isobutylene initiated by diol/boron trichloride systems (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 99-104 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Cationic polymerizations of isobutylene initiated by 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-hexane diol (HMD) and bis-para-2-hydroxy-2-propylbenzene (BPP)/BCl3 were carried out in CH2Cl2 solution at −30 °C, in presence or in absence of 2,6-ditert-butylpyridine (DtBP).IR, 1H NMR and C13 NMR analysis of the resulting polyisobutylenes (PIB) show the insertion of the diol skeleton in the polymers. GPC chromatograms show that the presence of DtPB prevents protonic initiation. The synthesis of PIB with phenolic end groups was carried out by alkylation of α, ω unsaturated oligoisobutylene in CH2Cl2 at −30 °C initiated by SnCl4. Previously,the alkylation was carried out on a model:2,2,4-trimethyl pentene (TMP). Spectroscopic analyses show that the alkylation takes place mainly on para-position. UV titration of phenyl ring and chemical titration of chlorine show that the functionality of PIB is 2.
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    Synthesis and characterization of polyvinylpyridine macromonomers (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 115-120 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Macromonomers of polyvinylpyridine were obtained anionically, by reacting unsaturated electrophiles onto a “living” polyvinylpyridine solution. The end-standing unsaturation is either a methacrylic ester function or an α-methylstyrene group. Several experimental problems had to be solved to get polymers of adequate and predetermined molecular weight and of low polydispersity, and to have the molecules fitted quantitatively with unsaturation at chain end. A careful characterization procedure was used to check the ability of the method to yield well defined macromonomers.
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    Living mono- and biradical polymerizations in homogeneous system synthesis of AB and ABA type block copolymers (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 135-142 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary To design the structure of the block copolymers by radical polymerization, benzyl N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate (BDC) and p-xylylene N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate(XDC) were used as mono- and bifunctional photo-iniferters, respectively, for the polymerizations of styrene(St) and methyl methacrylate (MMA). These polymerizations proceeded via a living radical mechanism. When the ratio of the concentration of the diethyldithiocarbamate group to that of a photo-iniferter molecule was kept constant, the yields of the polymers obtained by both BDC and XDC were identical, and their molecular weights (¯M) by XDC were two times as high as those by BDC. This observation strongly suggested that the polymerizations by BDC and XDC were performed by living mono- and biradical mechanisms, respectively. By using the polymers obtained by BDC and XDC as polymeric photo-iniferters of the polymerization of second monomers, the AB and ABA type block copolymers were obtained, respectively.
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    Polymer-supported dimethyl sulfoxide as phase-transfer catalyst (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 215-221 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Crosslinked polystyrenes with pendant -CH2SOCH3 grouping are efficient phase-transfer catalysts in liquid-liquid reactions of 1-bromooctane with several inorganic nucleophiles. Direct introduction of -CH2SOCH3 grouping into polystyrene by the reaction of a halogenated polystyrene with methylsulfinyl-methylsodium is described.
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    An unusual route to 1,4-diphenyl-2,3-dimethylbutadiene-1,3 (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 237-239 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Treatment of 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-diphenylbutanediol-1,4-ditosylate with tetra-n-butylammonium bromide in dimethyl-acetamide did not give the expected 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-diphenyl-1,4-dibromobutane but, rather, by a double phenonium ion rearrangement, 1,4-diphenyl-2,3-dimethylbutadiene-1,3. 2,3-Dimethyl-2, 3-diphenyl-1,4-dibromobutane was required as starting material for the synthesis of head to head poly(α-methyl-styrene) by Grignard coupling.
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    Kinetics and mechanism of cationic polymerization of 5-methyl-2-oxazoline. Concurrent propagation through ionic and covalent species with methyl iodide initiator (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 253-260 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Kinetic analysis of the cationic polymerization of 5-methyl-2-oxazoline (5-MeOZO) was performed with methyl tosylate(MeOTs) and methyl iodide(MeI) initiators by using 1H NMR spectroscopy. With MeOTs the polymerization of 5-MeOZO proceeded through oxazolinium tosylate species 3 and 4 and the rate constant of propagation (kp) was determined. With MeI, on the other hand, the propagating ends are present in equilibrium between alkyl iodide (covalent) species 7, 9 and 11 and oxazolinium(ionic) species 6, 8 and 10. Two model reactions enabled to determine the equilibrium constant (K) of 6/7 and to evaluate the reactivity of covalent species 9 (reflected by kp(c)) and of ionic species 8 (reflected by kp(i)). Both species 8 and 9 propagate concurrently and contribute to the whole propagation at comparative extents.
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    Effect of free radicals generating compounds towards the flammability of w-phosphonated polystyrenes — V (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 275-280 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Effect of some free-radicals generating compounds, such as organic peroxides, hydroperoxides and polysulfides, on the Oxygen Index of end phosphonated polystyrenes is investigated. It is shown that some combinations of end phosphonated polystyrene with free-radicals initiators, may be said to have a synergestic effect on flame-retardant properties of standard polystyrene.
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    A study of molecular orientation in one-way drawn poly(ethylene terephthalate) films by means of polarized infra-red spectroscopy and birefringence measurements (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 287-292 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Polarized infrared spectroscopy and birefringence measurements have been used to study the changes in molecular orientation which occur on homogeneous hot (T=80°C) and cold (T=20°C) drawing of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) sheets. Excellent agreement was obtained between the infrared orientation functions for absorption bands associated with 1507 cm−1, 1580 cm−1 and 1615 cm−1, C-C stretching mode of the benzene ring, and average orientation functions obtained from optical birefringence. It was confirmed that the Gauche conformer of the ethylene glycol residue in the amorphous phase could be oriented perpendicularly to the draw direction (λp〈4). The development of molecular orientation along the specimen axis in the necked sample confirms the entangled nature of the polymer chains in which the natural draw-ratio corresponds to the response of a network stretched up to its maximum of extensibility.
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    Relaxation fluctuations in poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) gels swollen in butanol (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 223-227 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Quasielastic light scattering measurements on transparent poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) gels were performed under temperature equilibrium conditions at several temperatures from 40 to 80°C. All observed correlation functions departed from the single exponential decay with a long-time limit. The asymptotic value relaxation frequency Γa decreased steeply with decreasing temperature. The observed temperature dependence of Γa is interpreted as resulting from polymer fluctuations near the glass transition of weakly swollen PHEMA gels.
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    Functional polymers (1984)
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    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 237-243 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Acrylates and methacrylates of 1,3(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-di(2H-benzotriazole) and 1,3(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-di(2H-benzotriazole) have been prepared by treating acrylic acid or methacrylic acid with N,N′-dicyclohexyl carbodiimide and then allowing this mixture to react with the phenolic ultraviolet absorbers to give 1,3[2-hydroxy-4-acryloxy(methacryloxy)phenyl]-di(2H-benzotriazole) and 1,3[2,6-dihydroxy-4-acryloxy(methacryloxy)phenyl]-di(2H-benzotriazole). The yield of the esters was from 10 to 30%; they were characterized by their infrared, 1H, and 13C NMR spectra; their polymerizability was demonstrated. The compounds had X of 330 to 335 nm with extinction coefficients ranging from 3.0 to 3.5×104 L/mol·cm.
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    Lamellar structure in melt crystallized low density polyethylene (1984)
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    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 269-274 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A combined X-ray diffraction and DSC investigation of the crystalline phase in lamellar low density polyethylene after conventional chlorosulfonation treatment has been carried out. Our results indicate that the acid attack does not involve any heavy group penetration within the lattice. The location of these groups at the basal crystal surface contributes, however, to an enhancement of the melting temperature of the modified lamellae. It turns out that the destruction level of crystalline material at 45°C, after 15–20 h is of the order of 20% and progressively increases for longer periods of time.
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    Molecular weight-viscosity relationship for amylopectin, a highly branched polymer (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 283-285 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Rate of acid hydrolysis of amylopectin is discussed from molecular weight variation; a two step mechanism is found. The highly branched amylopectin fractions obtained by partial acid hydrolysis allow experimental determination of Mark-Houwink's law exponents. Theoretical and experimental “a” values are compared.
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    Statistical mechanics of temporary polymer networks I. The equilibrium theory (1984)
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    Rheologica acta 23 (1984), S. 1-9 
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    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Temporary polymer network ; distribution function ; relaxation time ; transition probability ; viscoelasticity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In part I of this work (the present article) the equilibrium state of temporary polymer networks is treated in the framework of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. The network is described as an open system. Thereby we use a modified spring-bead model in which the beads represent junctions that decay and reform thus adding a viscous component to the assumed elastic behaviour of the permanent network. The relevant statistical equation — analogous to Liouville's equation — is solved. The grand-canonical probability density function and two of three equations of state are derived. Explicit formulae are given for several relevant probabilities. For instance the probabilityw (z)dz that a network chain connecting two junctions has a contour length betweenz andz +dz is given by the Wien type formulaw(z) =A z 3 exp {−B z} whereA andB do not depend onz.
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    Longitudinal volume viscosity of poly (vinyl chloride) (1984)
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    Rheologica acta 23 (1984), S. 31-39 
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    Keywords: Volume viscosity ; compressibility ; shift factor ; poly(vinyl chloride)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The volume flow of poly (vinyl chloride) ( $$\bar M_n = 45,000$$ = 45,000,T g = 350 K) has been measured in an Instron Capillary Rheometer. The elastic modulus in longitudinal compression, the longitudinal volume viscosity and initial longitudinal volume viscosity, and retardation times were determined at temperatures both below (324 – 343 K) and above (403 – 453 K) the glass transition temperatureT g , and at compression rates between approximately 10−5 and 200 · 10−5 s−1. An increase in the longitudinal volume viscosity was observed for decreases in the volume deformation, increases in the compression rate and increases in temperature.T g decreased at 0.16 K/MPa. The volume flow activation energy was found to be equal to that for shear flow with a constant value of 91.37 kJ/mol.
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    The rheological behavior of flexible-chain polymers in the region of high shear rates and stresses, the critical process of spurting, and supercritical conditions of their movement at T 〉 Tg (1984)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 23 (1984), S. 46-61 
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    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Relaxation transition ; high-elastic state ; spurting ; supercritical motion conditions ; capillary viscometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Methods of capillary viscometry were used in studying the rheological properties and behavior of a broad range of rubbers, including polymers with narrow and wide molecular-weight-distribution as well as commercial rubber grades, at widely varying shear rates and stresses. As is shown, in full conformity with the previously conducted experiments, during transition from a fluid to highelastic (quasi-cross-linked) state, they are chracterized by spurting followed by sliding over the channel walls. This relaxation transition is characterized by a critical shear stress value invariant with respect to the molecular weight, molecularweight distribution and temperature. The parameters defining spurting of polymer flow as a function of molecular-weight characteristics, temperature, and channel geometry have been investigated in detail. It is shown for the first time that under supercritical conditions the rate of polymer flow through channels does not depend, in the first approximation, on the molecular weight of the polymer, its molecularweight distribution, temperature, and filling, but is determined only by the shear stress.
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    The shear viscosity dependence on concentration, molecular weight, and shear rate of polystyrene solutions (1984)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 23 (1984), S. 75-83 
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    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Polymer solution ; polystyrene ; shear viscosity ; master curve
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The solution viscosity of narrow molecular weight distribution polystyrene samples dissolved in toluene and trans-decalin was investigated. The effect of polymer concentration, molecular weight and shear rate on viscosity was determined. The molecular weights lay between 5 ⋅ 104 and 24 ⋅ 106 and the concentrations covered a range of values below and above the critical valuec *, at which the macromolecular coils begin to overlap. Flow curves were generated for the solutions studied by plotting logη versus log $$\dot \gamma $$ . Different molecular weights were found to have the same viscosity in the non-Newtonian region of the flow curves and follow a straight line with a slope of − 0.83. A plot of logη 0 versus logM w for 3 wt-% polystyrene in toluene showed a slope of approximately 3.4 in the high molecular weight regime. Increasing the shear rate resulted in a viscosity that was independent of molecular weight. The sloped (logη)/d (logM w ) was found to be zero for molecular weights at which the corresponding viscosities lay on the straight line in the power-law region. On the basis of a relation betweenη sp and the dimensionless productc · [η], simple three-term equations were developed for polystyrene in toluene andt-decalin to correlate the zero-shear viscosity with the concentration and molecular weight. These are valid over a wide concentration range, but they are restricted to molar masses greater than approximately 20000. In the limit of high molecular weights the exponent ofM w in the dominant term in the equations for both solvents is close to the value 3.4. That is, the correlation betweenη sp andc · [η] results in a sloped(logη sp)/d(logc · [η]) of approximately 3.4/a at high values ofc · [η] wherea is the Mark-Houwink constant. This slope of 3.4/a is also the power ofc in the plot ofη 0 versusc at high concentrations.
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    Corrigendum to The rheological behaviour of Ca(OH2) suspensions (1984)
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    Rheologica acta 23 (1984), S. 106-106 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    Statistical mechanics of temporary polymer networks (1984)
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    Rheologica acta 23 (1984), S. 139-150 
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    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Temporary polymer network ; distribution function ; relaxation time ; transition probability ; viscoelasticity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The equilibrium statistics of temporary polymer networks, developed in part I of this work, is extended to the nonequilibrium situation. The (generalized) diffusion equation within the (generalized) spring-bead model is simplified by the relaxation-time approach. A transcendental formula for the calculation of the relaxation times which govern decay and reformation of junctions is derived in the one-junction approximation. The relaxation times are determined by chain lengths and local elastic energy. The numerical calculation of the relaxation times requires a computer program of moderate extent. Using these relaxation times, the simplified diffusion equation is solved for the second moments by which the stress tensor can be related to the velocity gradient tensor. Results of the calculations will be reported in part III of this work where, in particular, the viscoelastic behaviour of temporary networks will be predicted and the results will be compared with available experiments. The present paper ends with a brief but complete description of the numerical program (appendix II). This program contains all input data and subprograms required to calculate numerically the stresses and material functions of the considered polymer solution.
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    Stagnation flows for the Oldroyd-B fluid (1984)
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    Rheologica acta 23 (1984), S. 172-176 
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    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Stagnation flow ; Oldroyd-B fluid ; boundary-layer thickness
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Exact solutions to the plane and axi-symmetric stagnation flows of an Oldroyd-B fluid are reported. It is found that a steady flow is possible if the Weissenberg numberWi, defined by the product of the Maxwellian relaxation time and the shear rate at infinity, satisfies − 1/2 〈Wi 〈 1/m, wherem = 1 in an axisym-metric flow andm = 2 in a plane flow. Furthermore, the fluid elasticity always decreases the boundary-layer thickness. An Oldroyd-B fluid with the parameters matched those of a typical Boger fluid behaves essentially like a Newtonian fluid in a stagnation flow.
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    Über den Mechanismus der Oberflächeninstabilität viskosimetrischer Strömungen (1984)
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    Rheologica acta 23 (1984), S. 185-188 
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    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Surface instability ; long-wave approximation ; second normal-stress coefficient
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Several publications describing the measurement of rheological properties of non-Newtonian liquids have reported a surface-instability phenomenon, which places an upper limit on the useable shear rates. The disturbances grow with time and slowly extend into the inner part of the flow field. A semi-empirical criterion for the onset of the instability is also given in the literature. It involves the first normal-stress coefficient of the liquid. This paper, on the other hand, shows the importance of the second normal-stress coefficient with its negative sign as a possible cause of the instability.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In verschiedenen Veröffentlichungen über rheologische Messungen an nicht-newtonschen Flüssigkeiten wird über eine Oberflächeninstabilität berichtet, die den anwendbaren Schergeschwindigkeiten eine obere Grenze setzt. Die Strömungsstörungen wachsen dabei von der Oberfläche her und dringen mit fortschreitender Zeit langsam in das Flüssigkeitsinnere ein. Weiterhin ist in der Literatur ein semiempirisches Kriterium für das Einsetzen solcher Instabilität angegeben. Dieses verknüpft die Instabilität mit dem ersten Normalspannungskoeffizienten. Dagegen wird hier die Bedeutung des zweiten Normalspannungskoeffizienten mit seinem negativen Vorzeichen als mögliche Instabilitätsursache aufgezeigt.
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    Rheological properties of some biphenyl liquid crystals (1984)
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    Rheologica acta 23 (1984), S. 207-210 
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    Keywords: Shear viscosity ; liquid crystal ; nematic phase ; smectic phase ; biphenyl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Rheological measurements have been carried out using a rotational viscometer with a system of coaxial cylinders on four liquid crystalline substances from the group of cyanobiphenyls. On the basis of results of these investigations it was found that in the investigated range of shear rates the nematic phases exhibited Newtonian flow behaviour, while the smectic phases exhibited non-Newtonian behaviour. For shear rates up to ca. 1000 s−1 the dependence of the shear stress on shear rate is well described by a power-law model.
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    A study on the melt viscosity of linear and branched poly(butyleneterephthalate) (1984)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 23 (1984), S. 14-19 
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    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Poly(butyleneterephthalate) ; branched poly(butyleneterephthalate) ; pseudoplastic polyester ; melt viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Linear and branched PBTP samples were synthesized and characterized in terms of the intrinsic viscosity, the melt-flow-index and, for some, the melt viscosity over a range of shear rates at 250 °C. An exponent of 3.2 in the equation relatingη to $$\bar M_w $$ was found for linear samples. Both linear and branched samples exhibited Newtonian behaviour over a wide range of shear rates, but for any given melt-viscosity the branched samples became shear thinning at lower shear rates than the linear ones. Correlation between a branching index,γ, and melt-visocity ratio (η0,b/η0,l) was in agreement with a previous theoretical study.
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    Transient behaviour of the mechanical loss factor of high density polyethylene during creep and relaxation (1984)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 23 (1984), S. 40-45 
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    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Mechanical loss factor ; creep ; stress relaxation ; HDPE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The mechanical loss factor of high density polyethylene has been measured during creep and stress relaxation experiments. The application of a constant stress (creep) or strain (relaxation) resulted in an instantaneous increase in tan δ above the value obtained in absence of the creep or relaxation process. During the flow the tanδ-value decreased and approached an apparent equilibrium value slightly above the value obtained without the static load or deformation. This behaviour was observed both at 1 and 10 Hz and at 23 and 60 °C. It is suggested that this time dependence of the mechanical loss factor is associated with the basic mechanisms responsible for the creep or relaxation process itself.
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    Grid-shell theory, a new concept to explain thixotropy (1984)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 23 (1984), S. 70-74 
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    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Grid-shell theory ; thixotropy ; pseudoplastic crude oil ; paraffin network ; Couette flow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Some rheological phenomena of the thixotropic pseudoplastic crude oils can not be accounted for by the earlier theories: e.g. stabilized hysteresis curve, no regeneration during motion, irreversible change of paraffin structure by shearing, anisotropic network after relaxation, influence of shear history on flow properties. The grid-shell theory seems to be adequate to interpret these characteristics.
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    Torsion pendula with electromagnetic drive and detection system for measuring the complex shear modulus of liquids in the frequency range 80–2500 Hz (1984)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 23 (1984), S. 98-105 
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    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Torsion pendulum instrument ; complex shear modulus ; viscoelastic liquid ; audio-frequency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An apparatus for the measurement of liquid complex shear viscosity in the frequency range 80–2500 Hz, with the use of a torsion pendulum operating in forced oscillation, is described. The drive and detection system consists of a magnet inside the pendulum, two excitation and two measuring coils. The determination of the complex shear viscosity is based on the measurement of the resonance frequency and the damping of the torsion pendulum. The feasibility of this method is demonstrated with a number of Newtonian liquids in the viscosity range 0.3 to 60 m Pa s. Results for a viscoelastic polymer solution are presented. A comparison is made with other apparatus working in the same frequency range.
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    Announcements (1984)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 23 (1984), S. 107-107 
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    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    Evaluation of bread firmness by Instron compression tests (1984)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 23 (1984), S. 446-450 
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    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Bread firmness ; compression test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The force-compression behaviour of three types of bread has been studied with an Instron machine at crosshead speeds of 25, 50 and 100 cm min−1. Agreement with sensory evaluation of firmness, either in the mouth or by squeezing samples between the fingers, was achieved only at 100 cm min−1 and with a compression of at least 50%. Part of the applied force appears to be used to overcome surface friction effects.
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    Impulsive motion of a flat plate in a Rivlin-Ericksen fluid (1984)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 23 (1984), S. 451-453 
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    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Impulsive motion ; flat plate ; Rivlin-Ericksen fluid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The problem of the impulsive motion of a flat plate in a Rivlin-Ericksen fluid is reconsidered. An exact solution for the velocity distribution is found in terms of a definite integral. It is shown that a solution obtained earlier does not satisfy the boundary condition at the plate in the sense of generalized functions.
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    Some further observations on the creeping motion of spheres through Ellis model fluids (1984)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 23 (1984), S. 457-460 
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    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Ellis model fluid ; sphere drag ; non-newtonian flow ; creeping motion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Using the formulation of Hopke and Slattery, upper and lower bounds on the drag coefficient of a sphere moving slowly in Ellis model fluids have been calculated, over wide range of conditions, and compared with the suitable experimental data available in the literature.
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    Effects of body shape and viscoelasticity on the slow flow around an obstacle (1984)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 23 (1984), S. 497-507 
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    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Non-Newtonian fluid ; numerical simulation ; visualization ; rate of deformation ; obstacle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A study was made of the motion of axisymmetrical objects in viscous and viscoelastic fluids within a cylindrical tank with the assumption of negligible inertial effects. A numerical treatment based on the Stokes equations of motion and an optimization technique enabled the details of the velocity and rate-of-deformation fields for a Newtonian fluid to be predicted. The influence of the shape of various bodies, some even with concave surfaces, was examined. The corresponding experiments were carried out with viscous and viscoelastic fluids using a visualization technique. A correlation between the main flow characteristics and the rheological behaviour of the fluids was established.
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    Precise viscosity measurements of Newtonian liquids withv 〈 1 mm2/s for the selection of suitable standards (1984)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 23 (1984), S. 514-521 
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    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Long capillary viscometer ; viscometer calibration ; Newtonian liquid ; viscosity standard
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The application of long capillary Ubbelohde viscometers in the determination of low viscosities is described. Corrections and measurement uncertainties are discussed. Viscosity and density data are given for 18 Newtonian liquids of commercially available purity, with viscosities below about 1 mm2/s. For several liquids the commonly used purity specifications were found to be sufficient to qualify these liquids as viscosity standards, which can be used for viscometer calibration.
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    A short comment on the paper “Molecular theories of nonlinear viscoelasticity of polymers” by V. S. Volkov and G. V. Vinogradov (1984)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 23 (1984), S. 564-564 
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    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    Einfluß der plastischen Kompressibilität und des Strength-Differential-Effektes auf das Fließverhalten von Sinter- und Polymerwerkstoffen (1984)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 23 (1984), S. 109-116 
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    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Constitutive equation ; failure condition ; volume expansion ; Strength-Differential effect ; anisotropy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Constitutive equations and failure conditions for homogeneous isotropic materials, which take into account the volume expansion and the Strength-Differential effect, are presented. It is shown that the deformation behaviour of sintered powder materials in uniaxial compression and the yield behaviour of some polymers can be described satisfactorily by using a special pressure dependent yield criterion. Finally a modification of this yield criterion is proposed for anisotropic polymers. Good agreement between theory and experimental observations is obtained.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Für homogene isotrope Werkstoffe werden Stoffgleichungen und Versagensbedingungen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der plastischen Kompressibilität und des S-D-Effektes aufgestellt. Es wird gezeigt, daß das Deformationsverhalten von Sinterwerkstoffen unter einachsiger Druckbeanspruchung und das Fließverhalten einiger Polymere hinreichend genau beschrieben werden kann. Zur Beschreibung anisotropen Werkstoffverhaltens wird eine Modifikation der isotropen druckabhängigen Fließbedingung diskutiert und mit Meßergebnissen polymerer Werkstoffe verglichen.
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    The influence of blending polystyrenes of narrow molecular weight distribution on melt creep flow and creep recovery in elongation (1984)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 23 (1984), S. 117-123 
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    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Extensional flow ; creep ; viscoelasticity ; polystyrene melt ; blend
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Creep and creep recovery experiments in elongation were performed with melts of anionically polymerized polystyrenes (PS) and with their blends at a temperature of 150 °C. For stressesσ 0 〈 10 000 N/m2 the samples with narrow molecular weight distribution show linear viscoelastic behavior up to the maximum Hencky strainε = 3.5, achievable in a newly developed elongational rheometer for polymer melts. The compliances,D (t), of the blends are linear-viscoelastic only up to a strain limitε L . For strains beyondε L the compliance of each blend depends on the stressσ 0. For a series of binary blends, prepared from the same components of narrow MWD, the linear-viscoelastic limitε L seems to be independent of the mixing ratio and stress.ε L seems to be a function only of the molecular weights of the original components, the blends investigated were made from.
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    Zur Darstellung der Verkleisterungseigenschaften der Stärke in Rotationsviskosimetern (1984)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 23 (1984), S. 129-138 
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    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Starch glutinization ; rotational viscometer ; continuous viscosity measurement ; flour slurry ; dough
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The glutinization behaviour of starch or starch-rich materials (such as flour) is usually determined by means of the continuous measurement of viscosity at a defined rate of temperature increase in a rotational viscometer providing relative measurements. The flow behaviour in such a measuring device is described phenomenologically and the influence of the concentration of the flour slurries or doughs (15–60% dry substance) and the rate of temperature increase (0.5 to 3.0 °C/min) on the results is investigated. Both parameters cause distinct changes in the viscosity of the slurries or doughs as well as in the time-dependent behaviour of the temperature at which the changes in viscosity occur. This behaviour is explained in terms of the swelling, the glutinization and the time-dependent water absorption capacity of the flour. It is pointed out that these facts must be considered when evaluating and comparing glutinization curves.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Verkleisterungsverhalten einer Stärke oder eines stärkehaltigen Materials (Mehl) wird üblicherweise mittels einer kontinuierlichen Viskositätsmessung bei definiert steigenden Temperaturen in einem Rotationsviskosimeter mit Relativ-Meßkörpern erfaßt. Die Strömungsverhältnisse in einer solchen Meßeinrichtung werden phänomenologisch beschrieben, der Einfluß der Konzentration der Mehlsuspensionen und der Teige (15–60% Trockensubstanz) und der Temperatursteigerungsgeschwindigkeit (0,5–3,0 °C/min) auf das Meßergebnis wird untersucht. Beide Meßparameter bewirken deutliche Veränderungen sowohl in der Viskosität der Suspension bzw. der Teige, als auch in der Temperatur als Zeitfunktion, bei der die Viskositätsveränderungen stattfinden. Dieses Verhalten wird mit dem zeitabhängigen Wasserbindevermögen, der Quellung und der Verkleisterung der Korninhaltsstoffe gedeutet, und es wird auf die Notwendigkeit hingewiesen, diese Tatsache bei der Auswertung und dem Vergleich der Verkleisterungskurven zu berücksichtigen.
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    Macromolecules in nonhomogeneous flow fields: A general study for dumbbell model macromolecules (1984)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 23 (1984), S. 163-171 
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    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Polymer solution ; nonuniform flow ; bead spring model macromolecule ; hydrodynamic interaction ; nonuniform concentration profile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The hydrodynamics of bead-spring model macromolecules in nonhomogeneous flows has recently been worked out. By taking a non-infinite distance between the beads (relative to the bead size) into account a hydrodynamic driving force was found. In this paper we explore the kinetic theory consequence of that force and show that non-uniform (polymer) concentration profiles are to be expected in nonhomogeneous flows. The diffusion equation for a dilute polymer solution is derived from the continuity equation for the distribution function. Arguments, leading to a well-ordered pertubation expansion of the continuity equation are advanced and the zeroth order function of this hierarchy is studied for models with linear springs. Details for the channel flow system are worked out with special emphasis on the relation between the polymer concentration and the parameters of the system. Explicit results are presented for models with linear springs. It is shown that if the Oseen tensor is not preaveraged, inadmissible results emerge.
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    Rheological behaviour of poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(butylene terephthalate) blends (1984)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 23 (1984), S. 189-194 
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    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Poly (ethylene terephthalate) ; Poly (butylene terephthalate) ; blend ; melt viscosity ; activation energy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The presence of up to 4% Poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) in blends of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) with PBT results in an increase in viscosity and a decrease in activation energy, which has been related to the entanglement density. However, further increases in the amount of PBT up to 10% result in decreases in the viscosity, which may be due to partial phase segregation. Various blending rules have been applied to correlate the experimental results and predict the viscosities of the blends.
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    Rheological study of black coal-oil suspensions (1984)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 23 (1984), S. 195-206 
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    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Black coal ; oil ; suspension ; ageing ; power-law model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The rheological study of coal-oil suspensions is very important because of their application in many industries as alternative fuels to petroleum oil. In this work, the flow behaviour of black coal-oil suspension was studied for a range of coal volume fractions from 0.0378 to 0.427. Shear stresses were measured for shear rates up to 200 s−1 using a Weissenberg Rheogoniometer. All the suspensions behaved like non-Newtonian liquids and exhibited significant increases in apparent viscosity on storage. The flow behaviour of both freshly prepared and aged suspensions was able to be described by power-law models. A model similar to that given by Chong was used to establish relation between the relative apparent viscosity and coal volume fraction for freshly prepared as well as all aged suspensions. A correlation was also established between ageing time and maximum coal volume fraction.
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    Thermodynamique des comportements rhéologiques en variables naturelles (1984)
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    Rheologica acta 23 (1984), S. 216-216 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    An infrared switching dye used as amplifying medium in a synchronously pumped cw dye laser (1984)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 16 (1984), S. 89-90 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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    Etude des possibilités limites d'une méthode de champ proche appliquée à la détermination de la loi de luminanceL(P) d'une source semi-conductrice (1984)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 16 (1984), S. 215-224 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a theoretical and experimental study of the application of the near-field technique to the measurement of local radiance in small area semi-conductor sources. It is devoted to a description of the causes of broadening, and of the conditions needed to obtain the best near-field distribution. We examine the influence of the radius of the detector diaphragm, of the magnification used and of the modulation transfer function of the system.
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    Optical time domain reflectometry — a performance comparison of the analogue and photon counting techniques (1984)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 16 (1984), S. 267-276 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper analyses and compares the performances of direct-detection Optical Time Domain Reflectometry systems using (a) photon counting and (b) analogue front-ends. Simple system models and a range equation have been developed to aid comparison. It is shown that the relative performances depend upon the number of signal averages. But, in the limit of the maximum range there is little to choose between the two for the state of the art systems.
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    Scalar variational analysis of single mode, graded-core, W-type fibres (1984)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 16 (1984), S. 287-296 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A scalar variational analysis for the fundamental mode of a graded-core, W-type fibre based on single and two parameter trial fields has been presented. Comparison with the exact numerical results shows that the two parameter trial field estimates the propagation characteristics accurately.
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    Joint loss measurement using two-point processing (1984)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 16 (1984), S. 1-7 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We demonstrate that backscatter data processed by the two-point method can provide spatial loss results in a form that allows the immediate interpretation of joint loss. Furthermore, all the joints in a typical repeater span can be compared from the same base line and a threshold level introduced for the rejection or acceptance of joints, a feature which facilitates field measurement.
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    Influence of the characteristic curve of the material on the diffraction efficiency of holographic volume phase gratings (1984)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 16 (1984), S. 19-24 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The behaviour of the diffraction efficiency of holographic gratings is discussed on the basis of the multiwave coupled-wave approach, taking into consideration the photoinduced change in the refractive index of the recording medium. The cases of Bragg and off-Bragg reconstruction in Bragg and mixed diffraction are considered. The influence of the higher harmonics of the refractive index modulation profile on the diffraction efficiency is shown.
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    Optimisation du couplage entre une source et un faisceau de fibres optiques à l'aide d'un programme de tracé de rayons (1984)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 16 (1984), S. 49-56 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a study of the coupling between a source and a fibre bundle. A ray trace numerical simulation was used to examine the effects of geometrical and optical parameters of the concentrator and the fibre bundle. We compare the results of the computer program with measurements obtained in the case of a light emitting diode and a single lens.
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    Nonstationary nonlinear phenomena in optical slab-waveguides. II. Pulse shaping by a nonlinear overlay (1984)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 16 (1984), S. 261-266 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Pulse shaping of TE-polarized slab-guided Gaussian pulses, in resonance with two-level systems which form a nonlinear overlay, is considered. Pulse shortening for various incident pulse energies and different propagation length is investigated in detail numerically.
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    Nonstationary nonlinear phenomena in optical slab-waveguides. I. General theory (1984)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 16 (1984), S. 251-259 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Generalizing the stationary coupled-mode concept, nonstationary field equations for slowly varying field envelopes are derived. These field equations are combined with the equations of motion for the non-linear polarization and the inversion as well yielding a set of coupled differential equations applicable to a variety of nonstationary phenomena in waveguides. Pulse shaping and SIT of pulses interacting with a thin layer of two-level system are considered in detail.
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    Sub-nanosecond gating of a photo-multiplier by an externally applied electric field (1984)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 16 (1984), S. 281-282 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dual-mode optical fibres with zero intermodal dispersion (1984)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 16 (1984), S. 307-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An exact analytical approach to the synthesis of the refractive-index profile of dual-mode optical fibres with zero intermodal dispersion is presented, and the computer-aided, trial-and-error synthesis of the optimal profile is described. The synthesis is based on inverse scattering theory. Self-consistency of free potentials corresponding to individual modes was attained by numerical methods. The characteristics of the optical fibres with synthetized profiles were analysed, the optimization constraints were specified, and an optimum profile was found. The results can be used for the design of broadband optical fibres.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00620071
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Using silver chloride emulsions as adaptive optical filters for image processing (1984)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 16 (1984), S. 517-524 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Fine-grain high-sensitive silver chloride emulsions with “print-out” effect were synthesized for the purposes of adaptive amplitude spatial frequency filtering of images. Their characteristics were studied and experiments were conducted for contrast enhancement and contouring.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00619913
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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