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  • American Geophysical Union  (7,729)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (6,577)
  • 2005-2009  (7,372)
  • 1990-1994
  • 1980-1984  (6,934)
  • 2005  (7,372)
  • 1984  (6,934)
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  • 2005-2009  (7,372)
  • 1990-1994
  • 1980-1984  (6,934)
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  • 1
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    Source parameters of the 11 June 1909, Lambesc (Provence, southeastern France) earthquake: a reappraisal based on macroseismic, seismological and geodetic observations (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-05
    Description: Destructive earthquakes are rare in France yet pose a sizable seismic hazard, especially when critical infrastructures are concerned. Only a few destructive events have occurred within the instrumental period, the most important being the 11 June 1909, Lambesc (Provence) earthquake. With a magnitude estimated at 6.2 [Rothé, 1942], the event was recorded by 30 observatories and produced intensity IX effects in the epicentral area, ~30 km north of Marseille. We collected 30 seismograms, leveling data and earthquake intensities to assess the magnitude and possibly the focal mechanism of this event. Following this multidisciplinary approach, we propose a source model where all relevant parameters are constrained by at least two of the input datasets. Our reappraisal of the seismological data yielded Mw 5.8-6.1 (6.0 preferred) and Ms 6.0, consistent with the magnitude from intensity data (Me 5.8) and with constraints derived from modeling of coseismic elevation changes. Hence, we found the Lambesc earthquake to have been somewhat smaller than previously reported. Our datasets also constrain the geometry and kinematics of faulting, suggesting that the earthquake was generated by reverse-right lateral slip on a WNW-striking, steeply north-dipping fault beneath the western part of the Trévaresse fold. This result suggests that the fold, located in front of the Lubéron thrust, plays a significant role in the region’s recent tectonic evolution. The sense of slip obtained for the 1909 rupture also agrees with the regional stress field obtained from earthquake focal mechanisms and microtectonic data as well as recent GPS data.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2454
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Lambesc earthquake ; France ; historical seismograms ; displacement modeling ; macroseismic data ; geodetic data ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.01. Earthquake faults: properties and evolution ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.09. Waves and wave analysis
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
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    Self-potential signals associated with preferential ground water flow pathways in a buried paleo-channel (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-04-07
    Description: The flow of ground water in a buried permeable paleochannel can be observed at the ground surface through its self-potential signature. We apply this method to delineate the Saint-Ferréol paleo-channel of the Rhone River located in Camargue, in the South East of France. Negative potentials, 30 mV (reference taken outside the paleochannel),are associated with ground water flow in this major sand-filled channel (500 m wide). Electrical resistivity is primarily controls by the salinity of the pore water. Electrical resistivity tomography and in situ sampling show the salinity of the water inside the paleo-channel is ten times smaller by comparison with the pore water of the surrounding sediments. Combining electrical resistivity surveys, self-potential data, and a minimum of drilling information, a 3-D reconstruction of the architecture of the paleo-channel is obtained showing the usefulness of this methodology for geomorphological reconstructions in this type of coastal environment.
    Description: - Observatoire de Recherche en Environnement (ORE)
    Description: Published
    Description: L07401
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Self-potential ; electrical resistivity tomography ; hydrogeology ; tomography ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.02. Climate ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.02. Hydrological processes: interaction, transport, dynamics ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.03. Groundwater processes ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.04. Measurements and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.04. Magnetic and electrical methods ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.07. Tomography and anisotropy ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.04. Hydrogeological data
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 3
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    Magmatic gas leakage at Mount Etna (Sicily, Italy): relationships with the volcano-tectonic structures, the hydrological pattern and the eruptive activity (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In this paper we provide a review of chemical and isotopic data gathered over the last three decades on Etna volcano's fluid emissions and we present a synthetic framework of their spatial and temporal relationships with the volcano-tectonic structures, groundwater circulation and eruptive activity. We show that the chemistry, intensity and spatial distribution of gas exhalations are strongly controlled by the main volcano-tectonic fault systems. The emission of mantle-derived magmatic volatiles, supplied by deep to shallow degassing of alkali-hawaiitic basalts, persistently occurs through the central conduits, producing a huge volcanic plume. The magmatic derivation of the hot gases is verified by their He, C and S isotopic ratios. Colder but widespread emanations of magma-derived CO2 and He also occur through the flanks of the volcano and through aquifers, mainly concentrated within two sectors of the south-southwest (Paternò-Belpasso) and eastern (Zafferana) flanks. In these two peripheral areas, characterized by intense local seismicity and gravity highs, magma-derived CO2 and helium are variably diluted by shallower crustal-derived fluids (organically-derived carbon, radiogenic helium). Thermal and geochemical anomalies recorded in groundwaters and soil gases within these two areas prior to the 1991-1993 eruption are consistent with an input of hot fluids released by ascending magma. Magmatic fluids interacted with the shallow aquifers, modifying their physico-chemical conditions, and led to strong variations of the soil CO2 flux. In addition to routine survey of the crater plume emissions, geochemical monitoring of remote soil gases and groundwaters may thus contribute to forecasting Etna's eruptions.
    Description: Published
    Description: 129-145
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Mt. Etna ; Geochemical surveillance ; Groundwaters ; Volcanic gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 4
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    Lateral slab deformation and the origin of the western Mediterranean arcs (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The western Mediterranean subduction zone (WMSZ) extends from the northern Apennine to southern Spain and turns around forming the narrow and tight Calabrian and Gibraltar Arcs. The evolution of the WMSZ is characterized by a first phase of orogenic wedging followed, from 30 Ma on, by trench retreat and back-arc extension. Combining new and previous geological data, new tomographic images of the western Mediterranean mantle, and plate kinematics, we describe the evolution of the WMSZ during the last 35 Myr. Our reconstruction shows that the two arcs form by fragmentation of the 1500 km long WMSZ in small, narrow slabs. Once formed, these two narrow slabs retreat outward, producing back-arc extension and large scale rotation of the flanks, shaping the arcs. The Gibraltar Arc first formed during the middle Miocene, while the Calabrian Arc formed later, during the late Miocene-Pliocene. Despite the different paleogeographic settings, the mechanism of rupture and backward migration of the narrow slabs presents similarities on both sides of the western Mediterranean, suggesting that the slab deformation is also driven by lateral mantle flow that is particularly efficient in a restricted (upper mantle) style of mantle convection.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-21
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Mediterranean ; subduction ; arcuate belt ; tomography ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 5
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    S, Cl and F degassing as an indicator of volcanic dynamics: The 2001 eruption of Mount Etna (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The recent eruption of Mount Etna (July 2001) offered the opportunity to analyze magma-derived volatiles emitted during preand syn-eruptive phases, and to verify whether their composition is affected by changes in volcanic dynamics. This paper presents the results of analyses of F, Cl and S in the volcanic plume collected by filter-packs, and interprets variations in the composition based on contrasting solubility in magmas. A Rayleigh-type degassing mechanism was used to fit the acquired data and to estimate Henryâ s solubility constant ratios in Etnean basalt. This model provided insights into the dynamics of the volcano. Abundances of sulfur and halogens in eruptive plumes may help predict the temporal evolution of an ongoing effusive eruption.
    Description: -Gruppo Nazionale per la Vulcanologia.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1559
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: magmatic degassing ; acidic gases ; plume chemistry ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
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    Environmental magnetic record of paleoclimate change from the Eocene-Oligocene stratotype section, Massignano, Italy (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: A high-resolution environmental magnetic study of the Massignano section, Italy (Global Stratotype Section and Point for the Eocene-Oligocene boundary), has been performed to test whether a clear magnetic signature associated with climatic change is recognizable in this record. Our results reveal the existence of alternating intervals with high and low magnetic mineral concentrations similar to the pattern of rock magnetic property variations observed from an environmental magnetic study of the CIROS-1 sediment core from Antarctica. These results suggest that an external forcing mechanism drove the sedimentary response to global climate change prior to the major Oi-1 cooling event at the Eocene-Oligocene boundary.
    Description: Published
    Description: 601-605
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Environmental magnetism ; Massignano ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.07. Rock magnetism
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 7
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    Methane emission from the mud volcanoes of Sicily (Italy) (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Mud volcanoes represent the largest expression of natural methane release into the atmosphere; however, the gas flux has never been investigated in detail. Methane output from vents and diffuse soil degassing is herewith reported for the first time. Measurements were carried out at 5 mud volcano fields around Sicily (Italy). Each mud volcano is characterized by tens of vents and bubbling pools. In the quiescent phase, methane emission from single vents ranges between 0.01 and 6.8 kg/day. Diffuse soil leakage around the vents is in the order of 102–104 mg m 2 d 1. An exceptional flux of 106 mg m 2 d 1 was recorded close to an everlasting fire. Soil CH4 flux is positive even at large distances from the mud volcano fields suggesting a diffuse microseepage over wider areas. A total of at least 400 tons CH4 per year can be estimated over the area investigated alone ( 1.5 km2).
    Description: Published
    Description: 1215
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: methane ; flux measurements ; Sicily ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.02. Climate ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.02. Carbon cycling ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.05. Gases
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
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    Intercomparison of volcanic gas monitoring methodologies performed on Vulcano Island, Italy (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Volcanic gas emissions from fumaroles on the rim of La Fossa crater, Vulcano Island, Italy, were measured simultaneously using direct sampling (for H2O, CO2, total sulfur, HCl and HF), filter packs (for SO2, HCl, HF) and short-path active-mode FTIR measurements (for H2O, CO2,SO2, HCl and HF) in an intercomparison study in May 2002. The results show that Cl/F ratios were in good agreement between all three methods, and that FTIR and direct sampling determined comparable proportions of CO2 and H2O. Amounts of total S observed in direct sampling data were approximately double the amounts of SO2 measured with filter packs and FTIR. This difference could be attributed either to the fact FTIR and filter packs do not measure reduced sulfur species (e.g., H2S) or to sublimation of elemental S upon exit from the fumarole, after collection by direct sampling but before detection with FTIR and filter packs.
    Description: Published
    Description: L02610
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: volcanic gas techniques ; gas geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 9
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    Molecular and isotopic composition of free hydrocarbon gases from Sicily, Italy (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Chemical and isotopic data have been used as geochemical tracers for a genetic characterization of hydrocarbon gases from a total of eleven manifestations located in Eastern and Central-Southern Sicily (Italy). The molecular analysis shows that almost all the samples are enriched in methane (up to 93.2% Vol.), with the exception of four gas samples collected around Mt. Etna showing high mantle-derived CO2 content. Methane isotope signatures suggest that these are thermogenic gases or a mixture between thermogenic gases and microbial gases. Although samples from some mud volcanoes in Southern Sicily (Macalube di Aragona) show isotope signatures consistent with a mixing model between thermogenic and microbial, by combining the molecular compositions (C1/(C2 + C3))and the methane isotope ratios (d13C1), such a process seems to be excluded. Therefore, the occurrence of secondary post-genetic processes should be invoked. Two main hypotheses have been considered: the first hypothesis includes that the gas is produced by microbial activity and altered post-genetically by microbial oxidation of methane, while according to the second hypothesis thermogenic gas have modified their molecular ratios due to vertical migration.
    Description: Published
    Description: L06607
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Isotopic composition/chemistry ; Organic geochemistry ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.06. Hydrothermal systems ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.01. Geochemical data
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 10
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    On the slip-weakening behavior of rate- and state-dependent constitutive laws (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We study the dynamic traction behavior within the cohesive zone during the propagation of earthquake ruptures adopting rate and state dependent constitutive relations. The resulting slip weakening curve displays an equivalent slip weakening distance (D0_eq), which is different from the parameter L controlling the state variable evolution. The adopted constitutive parameters (a, b, L) control the slip weakening behavior and the absorbed fracture energy. The dimension of the nucleation patch scales with L and not with D0_eq. We propose a scaling relation between these two lengthscale parameters which prescribes that D0_eq/L ~ 15.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-4
    Description: open
    Keywords: Earthquake dynamics and mechanics ; Earthquake parameters ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 11
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    Emission of bromine and iodine from Mount Etna volcano (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Constraining fluxes of volcanic bromine and iodine to the atmosphere is important given the significant role these species play in ozone depletion. However, very few such measurements have been made hitherto, such that global volcanic fluxes are poorly constrained. Here we extend the data set of volcanic Br and I degassing by reporting the first measurements of bromine and iodine emissions from Mount Etna. These data were obtained using filter packs and contemporaneous ultraviolet spectroscopic SO2 flux measurements, resulting in time-averaged emission rates of 0.7 kt yr 1 and 0.01 kt yr 1 for Br and I, respectively, from April to October 2004, from which we estimate global Br and I fluxes of order 13 (range, 3â 40) and 0.11 (range, 0.04â 6.6) kt yr 1. Observed changes in plume composition highlight the coherent geochemical behavior of HCl, HF, HBr, and HI during magmatic degassing, and strong fractionation of these species with respect to SO2.
    Description: Published
    Description: Q08008
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: bromine and iodine in volcanic gases ; halogen atmospheric chemistry ; volcanic degassing ; volcanic plumes ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 12
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    A PTFE membrane for the in situ extraction of dissolved gases in natural waters: Theory and applications (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: A new method for extracting dissolved gases in natural waters has been developed and tested, both in the laboratory and in the field. The sampling device consists of a polytetrafluroethylene (PTFE) tube (waterproof and gas permeable) sealed at one end and connected to a glass sample holder at the other end. The device is pre-evacuated and subsequently dipped in water, where the dissolved gases permeate through the PTFE tube until the pressure inside the system reaches equilibrium. A theoretical model describing the time variation in partial gas pressure inside a sampling device has been elaborated, combining the mass balance and ‘‘Solution-Diffusion Model’’ which describes the gas permeation process through a PTFE membrane). This theoretical model was used to predict the temporal evolution of the partial pressure of each gas species in the sampling device. The model was validated by numerous laboratory tests. The method was applied to the groundwater of Vulcano Island (southern Italy). The results suggest that the new sampling device could easily extract the dissolved gases from water in order to determine their chemical and isotopic composition.
    Description: - European Social Fund.
    Description: Published
    Description: Q09005
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: dissolved gases ; helium isotope ; PTFE membrane ; Vulcano Island ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.04. Measurements and monitoring ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.11. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 13
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    Accurate measurement of volcanic SO2 flux: Determination of plume transport speed and integrated SO2 concentration with a single device (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Ground-based measurements of volcanic sulfur dioxide fluxes are important indicators of volcanic activity, with application in hazard assessment, and understanding the impacts of volcanic emissions upon the environment and climate. These data are obtained by making traverses underneath the volcanic plume a few kilometers from source with an ultraviolet spectrometer, measuring integrated SO2 concentrations across the plume’s cross section, and multiplying by the plume’s transport speed. However, plume velocities are usually derived from ground-based anemometers, located many kilometers from the traverse route and hundreds of meters below plume altitude, complicating the experimental design and introducing large flux (can be 〉100%) errors. Here we present the first report of a single instrument capable of (accurate) volcanic SO2 flux measurements. This device records integrated SO2 concentrations and plume heights during traverses. Between traverses, two in-plume SO2 time series are measured from underneath the plume with the instrument, corresponding to zenith and inclined (user-specified angle from vertical in the direction of the volcano) fields of view, respectively. The distance between the points of intersection of the two views with the plume is found on the basis of the determined plume height, and the two signals are cross-correlated to determine the lag between them, enabling accurate derivation of the wind speed. We present flux data (with errors ±12%) obtained in this way at Mt. Etna during July 2004.
    Description: Published
    Description: Q02003
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: DOAS ; volcanic SO2 emissions. ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
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  • 14
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    Probability map of the next M 〉=5.5 earthquakes in Italy (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The main goal of this work is to provide a probability map for the next moderate to large earthquakes (M 〉= 5.5) in Italy. For this purpose we apply a new nonparametric multivariate model to characterize the spatiotemporal distribution of earthquakes. The method is able to account for tectonics/physics parameters that can potentially influence the spatiotemporal variability and tests their relative importance; moreover, it allows straightforward testing of a variety of hypothesis, such as Seismic Gap, Cluster, and Poisson hypothesis. The method has been applied to Italian seismicity of the last four centuries for earthquakes with M 〉= 5.5. Italy has been divided into 61 irregular zones representing areas with homogeneous tectonic regime resulting from active stress data. Besides the magnitude and the time of the earthquakes, the model includes information on the tectonic stress regime, the homogeneity of its orientation, the number of active faults, the dimension of the area and the homogeneity of the topography. The time distribution of the M 〉= 5.5 earthquakes appears clustered in time for a few years after an event, and then the distribution becomes similar to a memoryless Poisson process, leading to a time-dependent probability map. This map shows that the most likely regions where the next moderate to large earthquakes may occur are Friuli, Umbria- Marche, and part of Southern Apennines and the Calabrian arc.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-15
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: earthquake probability ; Italy ; seismotectonic regionalization ; statistical modeling ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.02. Earthquake interactions and probability
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 15
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    Slow rupture of an aseismic fault in a seismogenic region of Central Italy (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-03
    Description: Slow earthquakes and afterslips prove that the Earth does not have just two response time scales, i.e. that of tectonic loading and that of regular earthquakes. A swarm of slow earthquakes, with time constants of the order of hundreds of seconds, has been detected by a laser interferometer below the Gran Sasso massif (Italy). We analyse and model these observations to identify a very plausible source in a local fault, with no historic seismic behavior. While slow earthquakes occurring in subduction zones, and at the transition between locked and stably sliding segments of the San Andreas fault, are often associated with seismic events, in the case of the Apennines there is no correlation between local seismicity and slow earthquakes. Slow earthquakes, therefore, may also represent a specific failure behavior for a seismically locked fault, adding further complexity to the interpretation of geologic data for seismic hazard estimates.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2219
    Description: open
    Keywords: Earthquake dynamics and mechanics ; Seismic hazard assessment and prediction ; Seismicity and seismotectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.05. Rheology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
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  • 16
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    Volcanic plume monitoring at Mount Etna by diffusive (passive) sampling (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: This paper reports the use of diffusive tubes in determining HF, HCl, and SO2 in the volcanic plume of Mount Etna in an attempt to highlight the potential of this method in studying volcanoes. In a first application a network of 18 diffusive tubes was installed on Etna flanks, aimed at evaluating the atmospheric dispersion of the volcanic plume on a local scale. Results showed a monotonic decrease in volatile air concentrations with distance from the craters (HF from 0.15 to 〈0.003 mmol m3, HCl from 2 to 〈0.01 mmol m3, and SO2 from 11 to 0.04 mmol m3), revealing the prevalently volcanic contribution. Matching of SO2/HCl and HCl/HF volatile ratios with contemporaneous measurements at the summit craters validated the use of diffusive tubes in tracing the chemical features of a volcanic plume from remote locations. A first tentative assessment of dry deposition rates of volcanogenic acidic gases was also made, yielding 2.5 74 t d1 (SO2), 0.6 17 t d1 (HCl), and 0.02 0.6 t d1 (HF) and revealing the potential environmental impact of gas emissions. In a second experiment, carried out during the recent October 2002 to February 2003 eruption of Etna, diffusive tubes provided a continuous record of the chemical composition of the eruptive plume from a safe distance of 1 km from the vents, thus considerably decreasing the risks involved in sampling. This highlighted a clear time decrease in SO2 concentrations and SO2/HCl ratios, which was interpreted as due to progressive exhaustion of volatile degassing and eruption energy.
    Description: Published
    Description: D21308
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: volcanic plumes ; impact of volcanic emissions ; sulfur and halogens chemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.06. Measurements and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
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  • 17
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    Volcanic gas emissions from the summit craters and flanks of Mt. Etna, 1987-2000 (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In the last 13 years gas emissions from both the summit and the flanks of Mount Etna volcano have been monitored using remote sensing techniques (COSPEC, and FTIR since 2000) and on-site monitoring devices. The SO2 flux variations (600 to 25,000 Mg/day) indicated: (i) low values coinciding with deep seismicity prior to eruptions or/and preceding increases in summit volcanic activity; (ii) increasing trends tracking the ascent of fresh magma within the shallow feeding system and whose rate seems proportional to the speed of magma rise; (iii) decreasing trends related to progressive degassing of magma batches; (iv) an imbalance between the amount of magma erupted and that which contributed the SO2 emission (~ 13 % of the degassing magma having been erupted during the studied period), implying that magma degassing is dominantly intrusive; (v) a seasonal component, probably due to variations in solar zenith angle, meteorological parameters and, possibly, tidal forces.FTIR monitoring allowed to recognize significant variations of SO2/HCl and SO2/HF ratios in the volcanic plume which, combined with COSPEC data, provided new insight into the dynamics of ascent and degassing of discrete magma bodies. Strong variations in CO2-rich soil degassing are interpreted as markers of gradual magma ascent from great depth (〉10 km) to the upper (〈5 km) feeding system of Mt. Etna. These changes appear to precede increases in SO2 plume flux at the craters and, so, provide additional constraints upon the interpretation of COSPEC data and the modeling of magma rise at that volcano.
    Description: Published
    Description: 111-128
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Gas emissions ; Mt. Etna ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 18
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    Relative roles of rifting tectonics and magma ascent processes: Inferences from geophysical, structural, volcanological, and geochemical data for the Neapolitan volcanic region (southern Italy) (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The Neapolitan volcanic region is located within the graben structure of the Campanian Plain (CP), which developed between the western sector of the Appenine Chain and the eastern margin of the Tyrrhenian Sea. Two volcanic areas, spaced less than 10 km apart, are situated within the CP: the Somma-Vesuvius Volcano (SVV) and the Phlegraean Volcanic District (PVD). SVV is a typical stratovolcano, whereas PVD, including Campi Flegrei, Procida, and Ischia, is composed mostly of monogenetic centers. This contrast is due to different magma supply systems: a widespread fissure-type system beneath the PVD and a central-type magma supply system for the SVV. Volcanological, geophysical, and geochemical data show that magma viscosity, magma supply rate, and depth of magma storage are comparable at PVD and SVV, whereas different structural arrangements characterize the two areas. On the basis of geophysical data and magma geochemistry, an oblique-extensional tectonic regime is proposed within the PVD, whereas in the SVVarea a compressive stress regime dominates over extension. Geophysical data suggest that the area with the maximum deformation rate extends between the EW-running 41st parallel and the NE-running Magnaghi-Sebeto fault systems. The PVD extensional area is a consequence of the Tyrrhenian Sea opening and is decoupled from the surrounding areas (Roccamonfina and Somma-Vesuvius) which are still dominated by Adriatic slab dynamics. Spatially, we argue that the contribution of the asthenospheric wedge become much less important from W-NW to E-SE in the CP. The development of the two styles of volcanism in the CP reflects the different tectonic regimes acting in the area.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-25
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Volcanic styles ; Tectonic setting ; Neapolitan volcanic region ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics
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  • 19
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    The 2002–2003 eruption of Stromboli (Italy): Evaluation of the volcanic activity by means of continuous monitoring of soil temperature, CO2 flux, and meteorological parameters (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: From December 2002 to July 2003, Stromboli volcano was characterized by a new effusive stage of eruption after a period of extraordinary strombolian activity. Signals recorded in two continuous monitoring stations during the eruption, which have already been presented in very recent papers, evidenced anomalies in the CO2 flux just before the onset of the eruption. A more detailed analysis carried out on the data subset acquired during the eruption, integrated by daily field observations of the scientific personnel working at the volcanological observatory in Stromboli, showed that CO2 flux and soil temperature are strictly related to volcanic events. Furthermore, the relative minima and maxima of the two parameters showed a strong correlation with wind speed and direction. This fact was especially true at the summit station, whereas at the coastal sites seasonal and meteorological effects masked the volcanic signal. The analysis of the wind data, particularly the relationships between wind speed and direction, air and soil temperature, and local circulation of atmospheric air masses revealed that during the eruption, in the summit area of Stromboli air movements were not only related to atmospheric circulation but were also significantly affected, and in certain cases caused, by volcanic activity. This conclusion was reached by observing several anomalies, such as the discrepancies in the wind direction between the two stations, higher air temperatures at the summit site, and inversion of direction for wind before and after the reopening of the conduit in a major explosion on 5 April 2003. The relationships found between volcanic activity, soil temperatures, CO2 fluxes, and wind speed and direction indicate that soil temperature measurements, in an open conduit volcano such as in this case, could be used to monitor the level of volcanic activity, along with CO2 flux. Furthermore, the possible volcanic origin of a peculiar type of air circulation identified in the summit area of Stromboli suggests that the separation between volcanic and atmospheric signals might not be obvious, requiring monitoring over a wide area, rather than a single location.
    Description: Published
    Description: Q12001
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: carbon dioxide flux ; continuous monitoring ; soil temperature ; wind ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
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  • 20
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    Geochemical precursors of the activity of an open-conduit volcano: The Stromboli 2002-2003 eruptive events (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Marked increases of CO2, H2 and He dissolved in thermal waters and changes in the dissolved carbon isotopic composition, were observed at Stromboli before the 28 December 2002 eruption and before a violent explosive paroxysm occurred on 5 April 2003. High anomalous CO2 flux values were recorded at the crater rim since a week before the eruption onset. The first anomalies in the thermal waters (dissolved CO2 amount) appeared some months before the eruption, when magma column rose at a very high level in the conduit. High peaks of dissolved H2 and He were recorded a few days before the paroxysm. Carbon isotopic composition indicates a magmatic origin of the dissolved CO2 whose increase, together with those of H2 and He, is attributed to an increasing output of deep gases likely produced by depressurization of a rising batch of a deep gas-rich magma, whose fragments have been emitted during the explosion.
    Description: Italian Civil Protection
    Description: Published
    Description: L07620
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Stromboli ; geochemical precursors ; CO2 flux ; pH ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.03. Chemistry of waters ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.05. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.01. Geochemical data ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
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  • 21
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    Nitrogen isotopes in thermal fluids of a forearc region (Jalisco Block, Mexico): evidence for heavy nitrogen from continental crust (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The Jalisco Block (JB) is a geologically and tectonically complex part of northwestern Mexico characterized by active subduction-type volcanism, rifting, and old stable structures. Thermal springs and groups of springs are widely distributed over JB. Bubbling gas from seven thermal springs located within different tectonic environments of the JB was analyzed for He, 20Ne, and N2 concentrations and d15N ratios. All gases are N2-dominant (〉84%) with the exception of one sample (Rio´ Purificacio´n), which has a significant CH4 content (about 50%). All collected gas samples are relatively high in He, up to 1500 ppm vol and with 3He/4He values ranging from 0.6 to 4.5 Ra. All measured nitrogen isotope ratios are heavier than air with d15N values ranging from 0.5 to 5.0%. The relative N2 excess with respect to air-saturated water computed on the basis of N2 and 20Ne contents indicates the contribution of a nonatmospheric N2 source. All the samples show a good correlation between d15N and the relative excess of N2 with d15N +5.3% for the maximum N2 excess of 100%. Due to a presumed lack of seafloor sediment involved in the subduction process, such a d15N positive value seems to reflect the addition to the fluids of a heavy nitrogen originating from metamorphism processes of rocks occurring within the overlying continental crust.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-9
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: bubbling gases ; forearc region ; Jalisco Block-Mexico ; nitrogen isotopes ; subduction-related volcanism ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.05. Gases ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.06. Hydrothermal systems ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.06. Subduction related processes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.01. Geochemical data
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  • 22
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    Geochemical evidence of seismogenic-induced anomalies in the dissolved gases of thermal waters: A case study of Umbria (Central Apennines, Italy) both during and after the 1997-1998 seismic swarm (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In this paper we present the first geochemical data set regarding long-term monitoring of dissolved gases in thermal waters from a seismic area. Three sites in Umbria (Central Apennines, Italy) were studied both for the chemical and for the helium isotopic composition of the dissolved gases. Data were collected during and after the seismic crisis that struck the region in 1997â 1998. The chemical composition of the dissolved gases revealed that a CO2-rich gas phase was always mixed with an atmospheric-derived component dominated by N2. A normal faulting marked the beginning of the seismic activity enhancing the release of CO2 on a regional scale. Variations in both the chemical and isotopic compositions of the dissolved gases were also observed as preseismic, synseismic, and postseismic phenomena related to the seismic shock of March 1998. Those geochemical modifications were interpreted as being the consequence of a drop in the CO2 degassing rate, in good agreement with the compressive focal mechanism of that seismic event. Furthermore, this interpretation was also consistent with the geologic and tectonic setting of the study area and induced us to postulate that changes in the local rock permeability, due to crustal deformations (i.e., coseismic deformation and postseismic release), were responsible for the geochemical modifications observed. On the basis of the foregoing, we have concluded that the geochemistry of dissolved gases in groundwaters represents a useful tool for the investigation of the relationships between circulating fluids and seismic activity.
    Description: Published
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: dissolved gases ; geochemistry ; seismic areas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.02. Geological and geophysical evidences of deep processes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.01. Geochemical data ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.04. Hydrogeological data
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  • 23
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    Chemical mapping of a fumarolic field: La Fossa Crater, Vulcano Island (Aeolian Islands, Italy) (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The performance of a newly-developed portable gas analyzer, capable of real-time measurement of CO2, SO2 and H2S concentrations in volcanic gases, was tested at La Fossa Crater, Vulcano Island. The gas analyzer was used to acquire about 3000 determinations over the fumarolic field, allowing the definition of its chemical structure and heterogeneity. Our high-resolution analysis reveals that, in December 2004, the La Fossa fumarolic field was characterized by an oxidized inner core (SO2/H2S ratios of 3), and by more reducing conditions on its northern edge (SO2/H2S ratios of 1; range: 0.2–3.3). CO2/(SO2+H2S) molar ratios averaged 35 ± 21, with overlapping compositions for rim and inner crater fumaroles. S-poor compositions (CO2/(SO2+H2S) 50) characterized the field margins, probably due to deposition of native sulfur. Based on the above data and an SO2 flux of 18 ± 3 t.d-1, we estimate CO2 and H2S output rates from the volcano of 420 ± 250 and 4 ± 2 t.d-1, respectively.
    Description: Published
    Description: L13309
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: electrochemical sensors ; fumarolic gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
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  • 24
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    Carbon dioxide Earth degassing and seismogenesis in central and southern Italy (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We present the first regional map of CO2 Earth degassing from a large area (most of central and south Italy) derived from the carbon of deep provenance dissolved in the main springs of the region. The investigation shows that a globally significant amount of deeply derived CO2 (10% of the estimated global CO2 emitted from subaerial volcanoes) is released by two large areas located in western Italy. The anomalous flux of CO2 suddenly disappears in the Apennine in correspondence to a narrow band where most of seismicity concentrates. Here, at depth, the gas accumulates in crustal traps generating CO2 overpressurized reservoirs which induce seismicity.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-4
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Carbon dioxide ; Central Italy ; Southern Italy ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.02. Carbon cycling ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 25
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    Anomalous magmatic degassing prior to the 5th April 2003 paroxysm on Stromboli (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: A major explosion occurred at Stromboli on April 5 2003, being the most powerful event over a period of exceptional eruptive activity lasting from December to July. Here, we describe results from a network of diffusive tubes set up on the Stromboli’s summit area, aimed at a characterisation of plume composition (SO2, HCl, HF) prior to and after April 5. Data analysis revealed anomalous sulphur degassing 2–3 days before the event, when SO2/HCl ratios (9) significantly higher than those typical of quiescent degassing (1) were recorded. We interpret this exceptional plume signature as an evidence of S-rich magmas ascending in the shallow plumbing system, and propose high SO2/HCl as a potential precursor of major explosions on the volcano. The post-April 5 phase was characterised by time-decreasing SO2/HCl and SO2/HF plume ratios, ascribed to declining magma feeding as a prelude to restoration of ‘‘normal’’ Strombolian activity.
    Description: Published
    Description: L14607
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: magmatic degassing ; paroxysm ; Stromboli ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.06. Measurements and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
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  • 26
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    Evidence of a recent input of magmatic gases into the quiescent volcanic edifice of Panarea, Aeolian Islands, Italy (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: On 2nd/3rd November 2002, a huge amount of gas, mainly composed of CO2, was suddenly released from the sea bottom off the coast of Panarea, producing a ‘‘crater’’20 by 10 meters wide and 7 meters deep. The gas output was estimated to be 109 l/d, two orders of magnitude higher than that measured in the 1980s. The anomalous degassing rate lasted for some weeks, slowly decreasing to an almost constant rate of about 4 x 107 l/d after two months. The geothermo- barometric estimations revealed an increase of both the temperature and pressure in the geothermal system feeding the sampled vents. The 3He/4He ratios were similar to those measured in nearby Stromboli. We have monitored the area for the last two decades, and based on our intensive and extensive geochemical measurements, have ascertained that the geothermal reservoir has lost its steady state. We maintain that a new magmatic input caused these phenomena.
    Description: - Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Vesuviano, Naples, Italy. - Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo, Palermo, Italy. - Dipartimento Chimica e Fisica della Terra ed Applicazioni, Palermo, Italy.
    Description: Published
    Description: L07619
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Submarine degassing ; magmatic fluids ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.04. Thermodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.01. Geochemical data ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
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  • 27
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    Evidence of deep magma degassing and ascent by geochemistry of peripheral gas emissions at Mount Etna (Italy): Assessment of the magmatic reservoir pressure (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Five gas discharges in the area of Mount Etna volcano (Italy) and in the near Hyblean plateau have been monitored since 1996. All the emissions displayed low contributions from crustal fluids, whereas magmatic gases were the main component. Selective dissolution of these gases into hydrothermal aquifers has been recognized and modeled, allowing us to calculate the original composition of the magma-released gases. The inferred composition of the magmatic gases exhibits synchronous variations of He/Ne and He/CO2 ratios, which are coherent with the magma degassing process. On the basis of numerical simulations of volatile degassing from Etnean basalts we have computed the initial and final pressures of the magma batches feeding the emissions. We thus can define the levels of the Etna plumbing system where magmas are stored. Pressure values were around 360 and 160 MPa for initial and final stages, respectively, meaning related depths of about 10 and 3 km below sea level, matching those obtained by geophysical investigations for the deep and shallow magma reservoirs. In addition, we have been able to recognize episodes of magma migration from the deeper reservoir toward the shallow one. An important magma injection into the shallow storage volume was detected during the onset of the 2001 eruption (17 July). No further injection had taken place during this period until September 2001, providing a possible reason for the quick exhaustion of the eruption. In view of this we suggest that the sampled emissions are a powerful geochemical tool to investigate the Etna’s plumbing system and its magma dynamics, as well as the development of eruptive events.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2463
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: gas geochemistry ; magma degassing ; modeling ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.04. Thermodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
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  • 28
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    Reply to comment by A. Kopf on ‘‘Methane emission from the mud volcanoes of Sicily (Italy)’’, and notice on CH4 flux data from European mud volcanoes (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    In:  Etiope G., Caracausi A., Favara R., Italiano F., Baciu C. (2002) Methane emission from the mud volcanoes of Sicily (Italy). Geoph. Res. Letters 29, 14340-14343.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The paper ‘‘Methane emission from the mud volcanoes of Sicily (Italy)’’ by Etiope et al. [2002] represents the first report ever done on experimental CH4 output data from subaerial mud volcanoes (MV). A review of available CH4 flux data and detailed discussion about the global implications of mud volcanic CH4 emission has been made elsewhere [Etiope and Klusman, 2002; Morner and Etiope, 2002]. [2] The comment by Kopf [2003] contributes to open discussions and to make the readership aware on how important this subject is. In this reply we wish to clarify that precise data of CH4 flux from geologic sources are beginning to be available only now. It would be opportune that the MV-expert community could agree in using a common unit for the gas flux. We propose t y 1 and Mt y 1, and not metres cubed, consistently with the data reported for the methane sources/sinks budget by the IPCC. [3] Sicilian MVs, the first to be measured in detail, are considerably much smaller than the Azeri Ashgil MV, mentioned by Kopf [2003], and it is therefore obvious to expect a lower gas flux. Anyway the Dashgil mud volcano flux data are not based on exact measurements but only on visual estimates of the bubbles [Hovland et al., 1997]. In order to fully reply to Kopf [2003], hereafter we briefly discuss the problem of how to estimate the total number of MVs in the world and present new data from other European MVs, recently investigated. Finally, we outline the global importance of mud volcanic CH4 emission, as Kopf [2003] and recent literature is stressing.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1094
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: methane ; mud volcanoes ; helium ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.02. Climate ; 02. Cryosphere::02.03. Ice cores::02.03.02. Atmospheric Chemistry ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.02. Carbon cycling ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.05. Gases
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  • 29
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    Mount Etna: Geochemical signals of magma ascent and unusually extensive plumbing system (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Five years of gas monitoring from selected sites suggest that Mt Etna’s plumbing system is much more extensive than previously reported. It extends at least 40 km SW from the volcano’s boundary along the NE-SW regional fault, where it discharges about 200 tons/day of gas, containing helium with mantle-type isotopic composition. Synchronous variations of 3He/4He isotopic ratios in gas sampled at sites located 60 kilometers apart have allowed us to detect pulses of ascending magma in the plumbing system, thus providing a powerful tool for eruption forecasting. Following summer 2001 eruption, the still increasing trend of the 3He/4He ratios indicates that magma storage is even now occurring at a shallow depth. Hence, the volcano maintains a high capacity to re-erupt within the next few months.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1057
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: helium isotopes ; geochemical monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
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    Active geodynamics of the central Mediterranean Sea: Tensional tectonic evidences in western Sicily from mantle-derived helium (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We report results on the measured high 3He/4He isotope ratio in western Sicily, interpreted together with the heat data. The study of this sector of the Europe-Africa interaction is crucial to a better understanding of the tectonics and the geodynamical evolution of the central Mediterranean area. The estimated mantle-derived helium fluxes in the investigated areas are up to 2–3 orders of magnitude greater than those of a stable continental area. The highest flux, found in the southernmost area near the Sicily Channel, where recent eruptions of the Ferdinandea Island occurred 20 miles out to sea off Sciacca, has been associated with a clear excess of heat flow. Our results indicate that there is an accumulation of magma below the continental crust of western Sicily that is possibly intruding and out-gassing through roughly N-S trending deep fault systems linked to the mantle, that have an extensional component. Although the identification of these faults is not sufficiently constrained by our data, they could possibly be linked to the pre-existing faults that originated during the Mesozoic extensional-transtensional tectonic phases.
    Description: Published
    Description: L04312
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: helium isotopes ; heat production ; tectonics ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.05. Gases ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.06. Hydrothermal systems ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.07. Radioactivity and isotopes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.03. Heat flow ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.03. Heat generation and transport ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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    The Stromboli Volcano landslides of December 2002: A seismological description (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We analyse seismograms of the slump episodes at Stromboli on December 30, 2002. Using a simple single force model, we estimate the volume involved in the individual subevents and attempt a chronological reconstruction of the whole process. Our results indicate the occurrence of two main events that could be interpreted as a submarine slump, which caused the observed tsunami, and a subaerial slump, which did not produce destructive sea waves. A total volume of about 20 106 m3 results for the submarine event, which developed over about 2 minutes with several distinct detachments, the first and largest displacing a volume of 10.8 106 m3. The second, subaerial, slump involved at least 2.5 106 m3, in about 90 s. A large long period pulse is also recognizable in the seismograms of the Stromboli station. We tentatively interpret this feature as tilt caused by the water load associated with the inundation in the Ficogrande area, on the northeastern side of the island.
    Description: Published
    Description: (L02605)
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Stromboli Volcano ; seismological description ; Fractures and faults ; Structural Geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    The 1997 Umbria-Marche (Italy) earthquake sequence: relationship between ground deformation and seismogenic structure (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: A field survey performed during the 1997 Umbria-Marche earthquake sequence led us to recognize ground and pavement ruptures associated with the three largest shocks (M〉= 5.7). The ruptures are concentrated in narrow bands that, in part, are on and near previously mapped high-angle normal fauts. The geometry of the ground deformation is consistent with the NE-trending extension indicated by CMT focal solutions of the mainshocks. The distribution of aftershocks suggests that the three mainshocks occurred on ~40 degree SW-dipping normal faults. Geological investigations, modelling of expected coseismic elevation changes, and seismic data, suggest that the surface deformation is not the direct result of primary rupture of faults at depth.
    Description: Published
    Description: 895-898
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Structural geology ; Fractures and faults ; Seismology ; Seismicity and seismotectonics ; Europe ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 33
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    Geochemistry of serpentinized peridotites from the Mariana Forearc Conical Seamount, ODP Leg 125: Implications for the elemental recycling at subduction zones (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Recent examinations of the chemical fluxes through convergent plate margins suggest the existence of significant mass imbalances for many key species: only 20–30% of the to-the-trench inventory of large-ion lithophile elements (LILE) can be accounted for by the magmatic outputs of volcanic arcs. Active serpentinite mud volcanism in the shallow forearc region of the Mariana convergent margin presents a unique opportunity to study a new outflux: the products of shallow-level exchanges between the upper mantle and slab-derived fluids. ODP Leg 125 recovered serpentinized harzburgites and dunites from three sites on the crests and flanks of the active Conical Seamount. These serpentinites have U-shaped rare earth element (REE) patterns, resembling those of boninites. U, Th, and the high field strength elements (HFSE) are highly depleted and vary in concentration by up to 2 orders of magnitude. The low U contents and positive Eu anomalies indicate that fluids from the subducting Pacific slab were probably reducing in nature. On the basis of substantial enrichments of fluid-mobile elements in serpentinized peridotites, we calculated very large slab inventory depletions of B (79%), Cs (32%), Li (18%), As (17%), and Sb (12%). Such highly enriched serpentinized peridotites dragged down to depths of arc magma generation may represent an unexplored reservoir that could help balance the input-output deficit of these elements as observed by Plank and Langmuir (1993, 1998) and others. Surprisingly, many species thought to be mobile in fluids, such as U, Ba, Rb, and to a lesser extent Sr and Pb, are not enriched in the rocks relative to the depleted mantle peridotites, and we estimate that only 1–2% of these elements leave the subducting slabs at depths of 10 to 40 km. Enrichments of these elements in volcanic front and behind-the-front arc lavas point to changes in slab fluid composition at greater depths.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-24
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Serpentinite ; Ocean Drilling Program ; Forearc ; Mantle ; Marianas ; Subduction ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.02. Geological and geophysical evidences of deep processes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.05. Mineralogy and petrology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.07. Rock geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.06. Subduction related processes
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    An improved stress map for Italy and surrounding regions (central Mediterranean) (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We present an updated present-day stress data compilation for the Italian region and discuss it with respect to the geodynamic setting and the seismicity of the area. We collected and analyzed 190 new stress data from borehole breakouts, seismicity, and active faults and checked in detail the previous compilation [Montone et al., 1999]. Our improved data set consists of 542 data, 362 of which with a reliable quality for stress maps. The Italian region is well sampled, allowing the computation of constrained smoothed stress maps; for surrounding regions we added the World Stress Map 2003 release data. These maps depict the active stress conditions and, in the areas where the data are sparse, contribute to understand the relationship between active stress, past tectonic setting, and the seismicity of the study region. The new data are particularly representative along the northern Apennine front, from the Po Plain to offshore the Adriatic, and along the southern Tyrrhenian Sea, north of Sicily, where they point out a compressive tectonic regime. In the Alps both compressive and transcurrent regimes are observed. Our data also confirm that the whole Apenninic belt and the Calabrian arc are extending. Along the central Adriatic coast, changes from one stress regime to another are shown by abrupt variations in the minimum horizontal stress directions. Other gentler stress rotations, as, for instance, from the southern Apennines to the Calabrian arc or along the northern Apennines, follow the curvature of the arcs and are not associated to a stress regime variation.
    Description: Published
    Description: (B10410)
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: active stress ; earthquakes ; borehole breakouts ; crust and lithosphere ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 35
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    Reply to comment by Clifford Thurber and Haijiang Zhang on “The effect of velocity structure errors on double-difference “earthquake location (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    In:  Reply to a comment
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We defend the two statements of ours in Michelini and Lomax [2004] about Zhang and Thurber [2003] regarded by Thurber and Zhang as incorrect and misleading.
    Description: Published
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: earthquake location ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.01. Earthquake faults: properties and evolution
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 36
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    Seismic constraints on the present-day kinematics of the Gargano foreland, Italy, at the transition zone between the southern and northern Apennine belts (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The 1995–2004 seismicity in the Gargano Promontory (hereafter GP) foreland at the transition zone between Southern and Northern Apennine belts (Italy) is analyzed with the aim to put constraints on the present-day kinematics of this key-area of the foreland. The spatial distribution of earthquakes and 54 calculated focal mechanisms show that that the main GP ruptures develop along E-W striking, right-lateral strike-slip faults and NW- SE, normal to left-lateral second-order faults that move in response to a prevailing NW-SE compression (i.e. NE-SW extension). Tacking into account the depth of the relocated seismicity and the available geological information, we propose that the GP shear zone represents an E-W striking, major crustal discontinuity separating sectors of the foreland that move in response to the higher, northeastward propagation velocity of the thrust front of the Northern Apennines with respect to that of the Southern Apennines.
    Description: Published
    Description: open
    Keywords: Seismicity ; seismotectonics ; geodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous
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    Causes of Low Frequency North Atlantic SST Variability in a Coupled GCM (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: The low frequency sea surface temperature (SST) variability in the North Atlantic is studied using the Center for Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Studies (COLA) anomaly coupled general circulation model. The main focus is placed on the relative roles of stable and unstable coupled feedbacks in inducing the low frequency SST variability in various regions of the North Atlantic. To examine this question, a recently developed coupling technique, interactive ensembles, is applied to reduce the strength of “weather noise” in the model and isolate the atmospheric feedback to boundary forcing.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Sea surface temperature
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed , Article
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  • 38
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    Seasonality and stable isotopes in planktonic foraminifera off Cape Cod, Massachusetts (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2005. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Paleoceanography 20 (2005): PA4011, doi:10.1029/2005PA001150.
    Description: Monthly samples of stratified plankton tows taken from the slope waters off Cape Cod nearly 25 years ago are used to describe the seasonal succession of planktonic foraminifera and their oxygen isotope ratios. The 15°C seasonal cycle of sea surface temperature (SST) accounts for a diverse mixture of tropical to subpolar species. Summer samples include various Globigerinoides and Neogloboquadrina dutertrei, whereas winter and early spring species include Globigerina bulloides and Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (dextral). Globorotalia inflata lives all year but at varying water depths. Compared with the fauna in 1960–1961 (described by R. Cifelli), our samples seem warmer. Because sea surface salinity varies little during the year, δ18O is mostly a function of SST. Throughout the year, there are always species present with δ18O close to the calculated isotopic equilibrium of carbonate with surface seawater. This raises the possibility that seasonality can be estimated directly from the range of δ18O in a sediment sample provided that the δ18O-salinity relationship is the same as today.
    Description: Funding was provided by NSF grant OCE-0117149.
    Keywords: Plankton tow ; Foraminifera ; Stable isotopes
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 39
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    Iron in the Sargasso Sea (Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study region) during summer : eolian imprint, spatiotemporal variability, and ecological implications (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2005. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19 (2005): GB4006, doi:10.1029/2004GB002445.
    Description: We report iron measurements for water column and aerosol samples collected in the Sargasso Sea during July-August 2003 (summer 2003) and April-May 2004 (spring 2004). Our data reveal a large seasonal change in the dissolved iron (dFe) concentration of surface waters in the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study region, from ∼1–2 nM in summer 2003, when aerosol iron concentrations were high (mean 10 nmol m−3), to ∼0.1–0.2 nM in spring 2004, when aerosol iron concentrations were low (mean 0.64 nmol m−3). During summer 2003, we observed an increase of ∼0.6 nM in surface water dFe concentrations over 13 days, presumably due to eolian iron input; an estimate of total iron deposition over this same period suggests an effective solubility of 3–30% for aerosol iron. Our summer 2003 water column profiles show potentially growth-limiting dFe concentrations (0.02–0.19 nM) coinciding with a deep chlorophyll maximum at 100–150 m depth, where phytoplankton biomass is typically dominated by Prochlorococcus during late summer.
    Description: Funding for this work was provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation (OCE-0222053 to P. N. S., OCE-0222046 to T. M. C., and OCE-0241310 to D. J. M.), the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NAG5-11265 to D. J. M.), the Australian Research Council (DP0342826 to A. R. B.), the Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Center, and the H. Unger Vetlesen Foundation.
    Keywords: Atmospheric deposition ; Iron ; Sargasso Sea
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 40
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    Newtonian versus non-Newtonian upper mantle viscosity : implications for subduction initiation (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2005. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 32 (2005): L19304, doi:10.1029/2005GL023457.
    Description: The effect of rheology on the evolution of the slab-tip during subduction initiation is analyzed using 2-D numerical flow models. Experimentally determined flow laws have both strong temperature- and stress-dependence, which leads to large local variations in viscosity with direct consequences for subduction initiation. We find that models with Newtonian viscosity lead to flat or coupled subduction due to hydrodynamic stresses that pull the slab-tip up towards the overriding plate. Non-Newtonian rheology reduces these hydrodynamic stresses by decreasing the wedge viscosity and the slab coupling to wedge-corner flow, rendering the small negative-slab buoyancy of the slab-tip sufficient to maintain its dip during the early stages of subduction.
    Keywords: Dynamics of lithosphere and mantle ; Plate boundary ; Rheology: mantle ; Subduction zone processes
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 41
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    Mid-ocean microseisms (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2005. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 6 (2005): Q04009, doi:10.1029/2004GC000768.
    Description: The Hawaii-2 Observatory (H2O) is an excellent site for studying the source regions and propagation of microseisms since it is located far from shorelines and shallow water. During Leg 200 of the Ocean Drilling Program, the officers of the JOIDES Resolution took wind and wave measurements for comparison with double-frequency (DF) microseism data collected at nearby H2O. The DF microseism band can be divided into short period and long period bands, SPDF and LPDF, respectively. Comparison of the ship’s weather log with the seismic data in the SPDF band from about 0.20 to 0.45 Hz shows a strong correlation of seismic amplitude with wind speed and direction, implying that the energy reaching the ocean floor is generated locally by ocean gravity waves. Near-shore land seismic stations see similar SPDF spectra, also generated locally by wind seas. At H2O, SPDF microseism amplitudes lag sustained changes in wind speed and direction by several hours, with the lag increasing with wave period. This lag may be associated with the time necessary for the development of opposing seas for DF microseism generation. Correlation of swell height above H2O with the LPDF band from 0.085 to 0.20 Hz is often poor, implying that a significant portion of this energy originates at distant locations. Correlation of the H2O seismic data with NOAA buoy data, with hindcast wave height data from the North Pacific, and with seismic data from mainland and island stations, defines likely source areas of the LPDF signals. Most of the LPDF energy at H2O appears to be generated by high amplitude storm waves impacting long stretches of coastline nearly simultaneously, and the Hawaiian Islands appear to be a significant source of LPDF energy in the North Pacific when waves arrive from particular directions. The highest DF levels observed at mid-ocean site H2O occur in the SPDF band when two coincident nearby storm systems develop. Mid-ocean generated DF microseisms are not observed at interior continental sites, indicating high attenuation of these signals. At near-coastal seismic stations, both SPDF and LPDF microseism levels are generally dominated by local generation at nearby shorelines.
    Description: This work was supported by the U.S. Science Support Program (User Reference: 418920-BA372; Task Order F001602) associated with the Ocean Drilling Program and is sponsored by the National Science Foundation and the Joint Oceanographic Institutions, Inc. Additional support was provided by the California Energy Commission and the California Department of Boating and Waterways as part of their program to improve boating facilities, access, safety, and education. Support for Ralph Stephen was also provided by the National Science Foundation under Grant #OCE-0424633.
    Keywords: Microseisms ; Ocean gravity waves ; Seismic noise ; Rayleigh wave attenuation ; Oceanic Q ; Hawaii-2 Observatory
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Last deglaciation in the Okinawa Trough : subtropical northwest Pacific link to Northern Hemisphere and tropical climate (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2005. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Paleoceanography 20 (2005): PA4005, doi:10.1029/2004PA001061.
    Description: Detailed deglacial and Holocene records of planktonic δ18O and Mg/Ca–based sea surface temperature (SST) from the Okinawa Trough suggest that at ∼18 to 17 thousand years before present (kyr B.P.), late spring/early summer SSTs were approximately 3°C cooler than today, while surface waters were up to 1 practical salinity unit saltier. These conditions are consistent with a weaker influence of the summer East Asian Monsoon (EAM) than today. The timing of suborbital SST oscillations suggests a close link with abrupt changes in the EAM and North Atlantic climate. A tropical influence, however, may have resulted in subtle decoupling between the North Atlantic and the Okinawa Trough/EAM during the deglaciation. Okinawa Trough surface water trends in the Holocene are consistent with model simulations of an inland shift of intense EAM precipitation during the middle Holocene. Millennial-scale alternations between relatively warm, salty conditions and relatively cold, fresh conditions suggest varying influence of the Kuroshio during the Holocene.
    Description: Funding for this research was provided by NSFC (grants 40106006 and 40206007), SKLLQG (grant LLQG0204), and the NSF (OCE-020776 to DWO). Y.S.'s visit to WHOI was supported via a NSF START Fellowship.
    Keywords: Okinawa Trough ; Deglaciation ; Holocene ; Kuroshio Current ; East Asian monsoon ; Mg/Ca ; Oxygen isotopes ; Foraminifera
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 43
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    Vertical motions of the Puerto Rico Trench and Puerto Rico and their cause (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. Published in 2005 by the American Geophysical Union. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 110 (2005): B06404, doi:10.1029/2004JB003459.
    Description: The Puerto Rico trench exhibits great water depth, an extremely low gravity anomaly, and a tilted carbonate platform between (reconstructed) elevations of +1300 m and −4000 m. I argue that these features are manifestations of large vertical movements of a segment of the Puerto Rico trench, its forearc, and the island of Puerto Rico that took place 3.3 m.y. ago over a time period as short as 14–40 kyr. I explain these vertical movements by a sudden increase in the slab's descent angle that caused the trench to subside and the island to rise. The increased dip could have been caused by shearing or even by a complete tear of the descending North American slab, although the exact nature of this deformation is unknown. The rapid (14–40 kyr) and uniform tilt along a 250 km long section of the trench is compatible with scales of mantle flow and plate bending. The proposed shear zone or tear is inferred from seismic, morphological, and gravity observations to start at the trench at 64.5°W and trend southwestwardly toward eastern Puerto Rico. The tensile stresses necessary to deform or tear the slab could have been generated by increased curvature of the trench following a counterclockwise rotation of the upper plate and by the subduction of a large seamount.
    Keywords: Dynamic topography ; Slab tear ; Puerto Rico trench ; Caribbean plate ; Challenger Deep ; Seamount subduction
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 44
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    Plateau-style accumulation of deformation: Southern Altiplano (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    In:  EPIC3Tectonics, American Geophysical Union, 24(TC4020), pp. 1-19
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Employing surface mapping of syntectonic sediments, interpretation of industry reflection-seismic profiles, gravity data, and isotopic age dating, we reconstruct the tectonic evolution of the southern Altiplano (∼20–22°S) between the cordilleras defining its margins. The southern Altiplano crust was deformed between the late Oligocene and the late Miocene with two main shortening stages in the Oligocene (33–27 Ma) and middle/late Miocene (19–8 Ma) that succeeded Eocene onset of shortening at the protoplateau margins. Shortening rates in the southern Altiplano ranged between 1 and 4.7 mm/yr with maximum rates in the late Miocene. Summing rates for the southern Altiplano and the Eastern Cordillera, we observe an increase from Eocene times to the late Oligocene to some 8 mm/yr, followed by fluctuation around this value during the Miocene prior to shutoff of deformation at 7–8 Ma and transfer of active shortening to the sub-Andean fold and thrust belt. Shortening inverted early Tertiary graben and half graben systems and was partitioned in three fault systems in the western, central, and eastern Altiplano, respectively. The east vergent fault systems of the western and central Altiplano were synchronously active with the west vergent Altiplano west flank fault system. From these data and from section balancing, we infer a kinematically linked western Altiplano thrust belt that accumulated a minimum of 65 km shortening. Evolution of this belt contrasts with the Eastern Cordillera, which reached peak shortening rates (8 mm/yr) in between the above two stages. Hence local shortening rates fluctuated across the plateau superimposed on a general trend of increasing bulk rate with no trend of lateral propagation. This observation is repeated at the shorter length and time scales of individual growth structures that show evidence for periods of enhanced local rates at a timescale of 1–3 Myr. We interpret this irregular pattern of deformation to reflect a plateau-style of shortening related to a self-organized state of a weak crust in the central South American back arc with a fault network that fluctuated around the critical state of mechanical failure. Tuning of this state may have occurred by changes in plate kinematics, during the Paleogene, initially reactivating crustal weak zones and by thermal weakening of the crust with active magmatism mainly in the Neogene stage.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 45
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    A general inversion for end-member ratios in binary mixing systems (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2005. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 6 (2005): Q11007, doi:10.1029/2005GC000975.
    Description: Binary mixing is one of the most common models used to explain variations in geochemical data. When the data being modeled are ratios of elements or isotopes, the mixtures follow hyperbolic trends with curvatures that depend on a cross-term representing the relative concentrations of the elements or isotopes under consideration in the mixing components. The inverse problem of estimating mixing components is difficult because of the cross-term in the hyperbolic equation, which requires the use of nonlinear methods to estimate the mixing parameters, and because the end-member ratio values are intrinsically underdetermined unless the mixing proportions of the samples are known a priori, which is not generally the case. I use maximum likelihood methods to address these issues and derive a general inversion for binary mixing model parameters from ratio-ratio data. I apply the method to synthetic test data and a global compilation of 230Th/232Th versus 87Sr/86Sr data from oceanic basalts and find that the concentration ratio parameter is well-constrained by the inversion while the end-member ratio estimates are strongly dependent on the initial guesses used to start the iterative solver, reflecting the underdetermined nature of the end-member positions on the mixing hyperbola. Monte Carlo methods that randomly perturb the initial guesses can be used to improve error estimates, and goodness-of-fit statistics can be used to assess the performance of the mixing model for explaining data variance.
    Keywords: Inverse theory ; Isotopes ; Mixing
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 46
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    The muscovite-melt bathograd and low-P isograd suites in north-central Wopmay Orogen, Northwest Territories, Canada (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of metamorphic geology 2 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: In north-central Wopmay Orogen, syntectonic low-P(Buchan-type) suites of mineral isograds outline regional metamorphic temperature culminations that are associated, at the higher structural levels, with emplacement of early Proterozoic plutons in the west part of a deformed and eastward transported continental margin prism. The mapped isograds mark the first occurrence of biotite, staurolite, andalusite, sillimanite, sillimanite-K feldspar and K feldspar-plagioclase-quartz ± muscovite (granitic) pods in metapelites, with increasing proximity to the plutons.Microprobe analyses and field observations have resulted in the formulation of reactions for the ‘ideal’pelitic system K2O-Na2O-FeO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O, to account for the various mineral assemblages of each metamorphic zone. A P-T petrogenetic grid showing erosion surface P-T curves for the northern Wopmay Orogen pelites, compiled on the basis of the mapped isograds and the inferred reaction(s) for each metamorphic zone, documents a variation in exposed metamorphic pressure ranging between 2 and 4 kbar.The configuration of a new bathograd, based on the invariant model reaction sillimanite + K feldspar + plagioclase + biotite + quartz + vapor ± muscovite + liquid and interpolated across three metamorphic suites, is consistent with a major regional structure culmination and with independently determined pressures obtained from anorthite-grossular-quartz-Al2SiO5 geobarometry. The positive correlation between the configuration of the bathograd and the structural and pressure culmination points to the pressure-dependence of anatectic-granitic-pod mineral associations.
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    The pumpellyite-actinolite and contiguous facies in part of the Phyllite-Quartzite Series, central Northern Peloponnesus, Greece (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of metamorphic geology 2 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Variations in assemblage and composition of the constituent minerals in basic and intermediate metavolcanics encountered in the Zarouchla Group of the Phyllite-Quartzite Series are consistent with a progressive sequence, corresponding to temperature conditions estimated at 290-380°C (minimum values) under a total pressure greater than 3°5kbar and possibly as high as 5 kbar. In the absence of more critical evidence, the parageneses recorded in the metavolcanic rocks are interpreted as belonging to a prograde facies series from the lawsonite-albitechlorite facies through the pumpellyite-actinolite facies to the greenschist facies. The present distribution of mineral assemblages does not show a simple increase of metamorphic grade in a given direction but is apparently related to the tectonic evolution of the metamorphic sequence.
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    Shear zone metamorphism: Introduction (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of metamorphic geology 2 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.1984.tb00287.x
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    Fluid-rock interaction in some shear zones from the Pyrenees (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of metamorphic geology 2 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Mylonites from shear zones cutting Hercynian gneisses in the central Pyrenees have been studied in thin section and using the electron microprobe. The shear zones contain retrogressive greenschist facies assemblages implying introduction of an aqueous fluid during deformation in the zones. Textural evidence suggests that fluid-rock interaction occurred throughout the active life of the shear zones.Whole-rock chemical changes during deformation are documented in a variety of mylonitic lithologies and retrogressed country rocks. The overall effect was to reduce chemical differences between lithologies. Activity diagrams show that this would be expected if a hydrous fluid was circulating between different lithologies during deformation. In most cases fluid/rock ratios were relatively small resulting in gradual chemical changes and repeated recrystallization. ‘Open-system’behaviour with reduction in the number of phases is seen in some granite mylonites, suggesting focusing of fluid movement in parts of the shear zones. Continual fluid-rock interaction may have led to reaction-enhanced ductility in the shear zones over a long period of time. The source of fluid is uncertain, but may be related to underthrusting of material beneath the area investigated.
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    Phase equilibria in the hornblende-bearing basic gneisses of the Uvete area, central Kenya (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of metamorphic geology 2 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The hornblende-bearing basic gneisses in the Uvete area, central Kenya, were metamorphosed under a narrow range of P and T (6.5 ± 0.5kbar and 530 ± 40°C) of the staurolitekyanite zone in the Mozambique metamorphic belt. They show a wide variety of divariant and trivariant mineral assemblages consisting of hornblende, cumminatonite, gedrite, anthophyllite, chlorite, garnet, epidote, clinopyroxene, plagio-clase and quartz. The bulk and mineral chemistries and the graphical representation of phase relations show that each mineral assemblage approaches chemical equilibrium and defines a unique composition volume in the A′(Al + Fe3+− (13/7)Na)-F(Fe2+)-M′(Mg)-C′(Ca-(3/7)Na) tetrahedron. The composition volumes are distributed quite regularly and do not overlap each other.The phase relations in the Uvete area are in contrast with those in the staurolite-kyanite zone amphibolites in the Mt. Cube quadrangle, Vermont. The amphibolites there contain low-variance mineral assemblages formed under different values of μH2O and μCO2. These assemblages define overlapping composition volumes in the A′-F′-M′-C’tetrahedron.The mineral assemblages in the Uvete area are interpreted as having formed in equilibrium with fluid at a high and nearly constant μH2O value. Such a fluid composition was externally controlled by the supply of H2O-rich fluid expelled from the surrounding pelitic and psammitic rocks. The body size of the basic gneisses in the Uvete area (less than 400m in thickness) was small enough for the fluid to migrate completely.
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    Regional progressive high-pressure metamorphism, Seward Peninsula, Alaska (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of metamorphic geology 2 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Blueschist-facies rocks on the Seward Peninsula constitute a structurally coherent terrane measuring at least 100 × 150 km. Radiometric age data indicate that high-pressure metamorphism probably occurred in Jurassic rather than in Palaeozoic or Precambrian time, as previously suggested. Protolith sediments (Nome Group) are of intracontinental basin or continental margin type, and of lower Palaeozoic and possibly late Precambrian age, thus predating the high pressure metamorphism by more than 200 m.y.Blueschist-facies mineral assemblages were developed in almost all lithologies of the Nome Group, and are best preserved in FeTi-rich metabasites (glaucophane + almandine + epidote) and pelites (glaucophane + chloritoid + phengite). A lawsonite–crossite subfacies was developed in possible Nome Group rocks on the east flank of the Darby Mountains. Albite–epidote–amphibolite facies assemblages characterize Nome Group rocks in the southwestern part of the Peninsula. Metamorphism in the central zone of the terrane passed from early lawsonitic to subsequent epidote–almandine–glaucophane schist subfacies with the local development (east of the Nome River) of eclogitic assemblages.The high pressure metamorphic minerals were synkinematic with the development of mesoscopic-scale intrafolial isoclinal folds and a flattening foliation of consistent orientation. Initiation of uplift probably corresponded to the growth of barroisite rims on earlier sodic and actinolitic amphiboles, and partial post-kinematic greenschist facies replacements record later stages of decompression. Ophiolites and melange are not associated with the Seward Peninsula blueschists. The high-pressure metamorphism was caused by tectonic loading of a continental plate by an allochthon of indeterminate origin. The PT conditions of high pressure metamorphism were approximately 9–11 kbar, 400–450°C, thus falling between the PT paths of the Shuksan and Franciscan terranes.
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    Metamorphic and structural diachroneity in the Finnmarkian nappes of north Norway (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of metamorphic geology 2 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Two periods of garnet growth (Gt1 and Gt2) have been found in the Finnmarkian nappes of north Norway. In the Kolvik Nappe (the lowest nappe) Gt1 has preserved an S2 syntectonic spiral inclusion fabric; in the Olderfjord Nappe an earlier S1 fabric and an interkinematic inter-D1–D2 fabric have been preserved in Gt1 whilst only the S1 fabric has been found in Gt1 in the Brennsvik Nappe (the highest nappe). In each nappe Gt2 overgrew a penetrative fabric (S2) wrapped around Gt1. In the Kolvik Nappe inclusion fabrics may be continuous from Gt1 into Gt2 but in the higher nappes there is a distinct break. Gt2 may have been partially syntectonic with D3 in the Brennsvik Nappe.Chemically Gt1 in the Kolvik Nappe and in parts of the Olderfjord and Brennsvik Nappes has antithetic Fe-Mn zoning. In all nappes XCa and XMg are weakly zoned in Gt1; XMg increases outwards and is greater in the higher nappes in Gt1 suggesting higher nucleation temperatures. In the Olderfjord and Brennsvik Nappes Gt2 is marked by increasing XCa, probably due to changing garnet-plagioclase equilibria, although the Fe/Mg ratio remains constant. XMg is higher in Gt2 than Gt1.Basement rocks within the nappe pile have an early pre-Finnmarkian growth (Gt1) and a later Finnmarkian growth (GtH) correlated with Gt2 on the basis of chemical zoning patterns.The diachroneity of Gt1 is ascribed to progressively earlier (compared to the structural development) cessation of overstepping of garnet-forming reactions before peak metamorphism in the higher nappes, resulting in earlier structural events being preserved.
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    Fluid inclusions in rocks from the amphibolite-facies gneiss to charnockite progression in southern Karnataka, India: direct evidence concerning the fluids of granulite metamorphism (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of metamorphic geology 2 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Fluid inclusion studies of rocks from the late Archaean amphibolite-facies to granulite-facies transition zone of southern India provide support for the hypothesis that CO2,-rich H2O-poor fluids were a major factor in the origin of the high-grade terrain. Charnockites, closely associated leucogranites and quartzo-feldspathic veins contain vast numbers of large CO2-rich inclusions in planar arrays in quartz and feldspar, whereas amphibole-bearing gray gneisses of essentially the same compositions as adjacent charnockites in mixed-facies quarries contain no large fluid inclusions. Inclusions in the northernmost incipient charnockites, as at Kabbal, Karnataka, occasionally contain about 25 mol. % of immiscible H2O lining cavity walls, whereas inclusions from the charnockite massif terrane farther south do not have visibile H2OMicrothermometry of CO2 inclusions shows that miscible CH4 and N2 must be small, probably less than 10mol.%combined. Densities of CO2 increase steadily from north to south across the transitional terrane. Entrapment pressures calculated from the CO2 equation of state range from 5 kbar in the north to 7.5 kbar in the south at the mineralogically inferred average metamorphic temperature of 750°C, in quantitative agreement with mineralogic geobarometry. This agreement leads to the inference that the fluid inclusions were trapped at or near peak metamorphic conditions.Calculations on the stability of the charnockite assemblage biotite-orthopyroxene-K-feldspar-quartz show that an associated fluid phase must have less than 0.35 H2O activity at the inferred P and T conditions, which agrees with the petrographic observations. High TiO2 content of biotite stabilizes it to lower H2O activities, and the steady increase of biotite TiO2 southward in the area suggests progressive decrease of aH2O with increasing grade. Oxygen fugacities calculated from orthopyroxene-magnetite-quartz are considerably higher than the graphite CO2-O2 buffer, which explains the absence of graphite in the charnockites.The present study quantifies the nature of the vapours in the southern India granulite metamorphism. It remains to be determined whether CO2-flushing of the crust can, by itself, create large terranes of largeion lithophile-depleted granulites, or whether removal of H2O-bearing anatectic melts is essential.
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    Reaction pathways during the progressive deformation of a blueschist metabasite: the role of chemical disequilibrium and restricted range equilibrium (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of metamorphic geology 2 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract There are discrete masses of un-deformed metabasite within the blueschist series of the island of Syros. Greece. Around the margins of these masses are zonal sequences through rocks showing intracrystalline deformation but without a geometric fabric, to rocks with discrete and anastomosing shear zones, and finally to penetratively foliated rocks with isolated relics of the original undeformed texture. Textural relics suggest that this spatial sequence is at least qualitatively also a temporal sequence.This progressive shear zone deformation took place concurrently with a glaucophane-epidote to eclogite reaction. The reaction pathways in the rocks that underwent the shear zone deformation can be compared with those in rocks of a similar composition that suffered a longer deformation history and show no relics of an undeformed parent. Although the final assemblages are in both cases the same, the pathways are different. These differences are in part related to reactions promoted by the change from local to bulk equilibrium on the onset of deformation in the rocks. They are also related to the crystallization and later breakdown during the sequence of progressive equilibration of a metastable phase, in this case an impure glaucophane.
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    P-T-X (CO2) conditions in mafic and calc-silicate hornfelses from Oberon, New South Wales, Australia (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of metamorphic geology 2 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The Rockley Volcanics from near Oberon, New South Wales occur within the aureole of the Carboniferous Bathurst Batholith and have been contact metamorphosed at P ∼ 100 ± 50MPa (10.5kbar) and a maximum T ∼ 565°C in the presence of a C–O–H fluid. Prior to contact metamorphism the volcanics were regionally metamorphosed and altered with the extensive development of actinolite, chlorite, plagioclase, quartz and calcite. The contact metamorphosed equivalents of these rocks have been subdivided into: Ca-poor (cordierite + gedrite), Mg-rich (amphibole + olivine + spinel), mafic (amphibole + plagioclase) and Ca-rich (amphibole + garnet + diopside; diopside + plagioclase; garnet + diopside + wollastonite) rocks.The chemistry of the minerals in the hornfelses was controlled by the bulk rock chemistry and fluid composition. Pargasites and hastingsites as well as an unusual phlogopite with blue green pleochroism, are found in Ca-rich hornfelses. A comparison of the assemblages with experimentally derived equilibria suggests that the fluid phase associated with the Ca-rich hornfelses was water-rich (Xco2= 0.1 to 0.3) while that associated with the Mg-rich hornfelses was enriched in CO2 (Xco2 〉 0.7). The different hornfels types have reacted to contact metamorphism independently in both their solid and fluid chemistries.
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    A garnet–hornblende geothermometer: calibration, testing, and application to the Pelona Schist, Southern California (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of metamorphic geology 2 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A garnet–hornblende Fe–Mg exchange geothermometer has been calibrated against the garnet–clinopyroxene geothermometer of Ellis & Green (1979) using data on coexisting garnet + hornblende + clinopyroxene in amphibolite and granulite facies metamorphic assemblages. Data for the Fe–Mg exchange reaction between garnet and hornblende have been fitted to the equation. In KD=Δ (XCa,g) where KD is the Fe–Mg distribution coefficient, using a robust regression approach, giving a thermometer of the form: with very satisfactory agreement between garnet–hornblende and garnet–clinopyroxene temperatures. The thermometer is applicable below about 850°C to rocks with Mn-poor garnet and common hornblende of widely varying chemistry metamorphosed at low aO2.Application of the garnet–hornblende geothermometer to Dalradian garnet amphibolites gives temperatures in good agreement with those predicted by pelite petrogenetic grids, ranging from 520°C for the lower garnet zone to 565–610°C for the staurolite to kyanite zones. These results suggest that systematic errors introduced by closure temperature problems in the application of the garnet–clinopyroxene geothermometer to the ‘calibration’data set are not serious. Application to ‘eclogitic’garnet amphibolites suggests that garnet and hornblende seldom attain Fe–Mg exchange equilibrium in these rocks.Quartzo-feldspathic and mafic schists of the Pelona Schist on Sierra Pelona, Southern California, were metamorphosed under high pressure greenschist, epidote–amphibolite and (oligoclase) amphibolite facies beneath the Vincent Thrust at pressures deduced to be 10±1 kbar using the phengite geobarometer, and 8–9kbar using the jadeite content of clinopyroxene in equilibrium with oligoclase and quartz. Application of the garnet–hornblende thermometer gives temperatures ranging from about 480°C at the garnet isograd through 570°C at the oligoclase isograd to a maximum of 620–650°C near the thrust. Inverted thermal gradients beneath the Vincent Thrust were in the range 170 to 250°C per km close to the thrust.
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    Two-pyroxene thermometry of Precambrian granulites from Cape Riche, Albany-Fraser Province, Western Australia (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of metamorphic geology 2 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Coexisting Ca-poor and Ca-rich pyroxenes in granulites at Cape Riche, in the Precambrian Albany-Fraser Province, Western Australia, are dominantly chemically homogeneous within individual samples, suggesting a major episode of equilibration. However, occasional grains in a few samples contain exsolved domains interpreted as relics of an earlier, higher-T assemblage. Pyroxene pairs in ten, presumably isothermal, samples from a restricted area are used to (i) assess the suitability of several versions of the two-pyroxene thermometer for application to metamorphic rocks, and (ii) determine the thermal history of the Cape Riche pyroxenes.The various versions of the two-pyroxene thermometer applied to the well-equilibrated homogeneous pyroxene grains show poor to good precision and yield mean temperatures varying widely from 683° to 893°C, in the following order of increasing T: Lindsley (1983; opx version), 683°± 11°C; Kretz (1982; KD version), 705°± 19°C; Ross & Huebner (1975), 709°± 30°C; Kretz (1982; solvus version), 735°± 24°C; Fonarev & Graphchikov (1982; opx version), 〈750°C; Lindsley (1983; cpx version), 784°± 40°C; Fonarev & Graphchikov (1982; cpx version), ~820°± 30°C; Wood & Banno (1973), 849°± 16°C; Powell (1978), 854°± 23°C; Wells (1977), 893°± 10°C. Independent T estimates, based on mafic assemblages and garnet-biotite thermometry, suggest that the major episode of metamorphism occurred at 700-800°C (P ~ 5 kbar). Therefore the Wells, Powell, Wood & Banno and Fonarev & Graphchikov (cpx) temperatures are almost certainly too high. In the absence of a more precise independent T estimate it is difficult to assess the relative merits of the results obtained from the remaining versions of the two-pyroxene thermometer, none of which can be unequivocally demonstrated to be seriously in error, though the Lindsley (opx) T is probably too low. Other significant shortcomings evident in the results include the relatively poor precision obtained from the three methods based on purely graphical representation of the augite limb of the solvus (i.e., the Ross & Huebner, Fonarev & Graphchikov (cpx) and Lindsley (cpx) versions), and the apparent dependence of derived T on Mg/Fe2+ ratio for the Powell, Wood & Banno and Lindsley (cpx) methods.For the bulk compositions of exsolved domains, the different versions of the two-pyroxene thermometer yield mean temperatures 23° to 82°C (overall mean, 65°C) higher than for homogeneous grains in the same samples. These exsolved domains are interpreted as relics of a higher-T (peak?) metamorphic assemblage, rather than an igneous precursor.
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    The amphibolite-granulite facies transition in West Uusimaa, S.W. Finland. A fluid inclusion study (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of metamorphic geology 2 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: This work presents the results of a fluid inclusion study of an amphibolite-granulite facies transition in West Uusimaa, S.W. Finland. Early fluid-inclusions in the granulite facies area are characteristically carbonic (CO2), in contrast to predominantly aqueous early inclusions in the amphibolite facies area. These early inclusions can be related to peak metamorphic conditions (750-820°C and 3-5 kbar for peak granulite facies metamorphism). Relatively young CO2 inclusions with low densities (〈0.8g/cm3) indicate that the first part of the cooling history of the rocks was characterized by a near isothermal uplift.N2-CH4 inclusions, with compositions ranging between pure CH4 and pure N2 (Raman spectral analysis), were found in the whole area. They are probably syn- or even pre-early inclusions. Only nearly critical homogenizing inclusions have been found (low density). Pressure estimates, based on densities of early fluid inclusions, show that the rapid transition of amphibolite towards granulite facies metamorphism is virtually isobaric. Granulite facies metamorphism in West Uusimaa is a thermal event, probably induced by the influx of hot, CO2-bearing fluids.
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    Topological relations in multisystems of more than n+ 3 phases (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of metamorphic geology 2 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Multisystems of n+k (k 〉 3) phases are very complicated and knowledge of them has suffered as a result. The successful solution of the topological relationships in n+ 3 phase multisystems by Zen (1966, 1967) and Zen & Roseboom (1972) has aroused much interest regarding what will happen in a multisystem of more than n+ 3 phases. Since 1979, some important research results on this topic have been published. These results have expounded the substantial rules governing the appearance of phase relations in phase diagrams of n - k (k 〉 3) phase multisystems. The most significant conclusions include: (1) It is impossible to incorporate all the possible phase relations in an n+k (k 〉 3) phase multisystem in a single closed net. Therefore, it is no longer enough to use only a single closed net to depict the topological relations involved in these types of multisystems. Instead, one or more groups of closed nets, namely the complete system(s) of closed nets are necessary for this purpose. (2) A principle called the Combination Principle has been proposed and proved. It states: Any closed net of one n+k (k 〉 3) phase multisystem must be a combination of two or more distinct n+ 3 order submultisystem closed nets belonging to the given n+k phase multisystem, if it is not one of the n+ 3 order submultisystem closed nets itself. The combination principle provides both a theoretical basis and a practical method for the construction of closed nets and, hence, for the derivation of the real phase diagrams for any n+k (k 〉 3) phase multisystem. (3) A theorem on divariant-assemblage-characteristic-stability-polygons is also important to our understanding of the n+k (k± 3) phase multisystem closed nets. This theorem can be stated as follows: A divariant assemblage of an n+k (k± 3) phase multisystem will be stable in an l-polygon lacking diagonals in an appropriate set of closed-net-diagrams, and this l-polygon may be at least a triangle, and at most a k-polygon. In addition, the closed-net-diagrams of unary and binary n+ 4 phase multisystems derived respectively by Guo (1980b, 1980c, 1981a) and by Roseboom & Zen (1982) have also been summarized. The combination principle is applied to a practical petrological problem in this paper, dealing with 7 phases in the system FeO-Fe2O3-SiO2.
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    List of Referees (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of metamorphic geology 2 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.1984.tb00597.x
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    Chloritoid and staurolite stability: implications for metamorphism in the Archaean Yilgarn Block, Western Australia (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of metamorphic geology 2 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The stability of quartz-chloritoid-staurolite-almandine-cordierite and aluminium silicates is used to constrain both metamorphic conditions and pressure-temperature trajectories for two localities within the 2700 Ma Archaean Yilgarn Block in Western Australia. Available experimental data are used to calculate thermodynamic data for a self-consistent set of equilibria between these minerals. A lower amphibolite facies locality from the margin of a lower strain area contains assemblages including quartz-chloritoid-staurolite-garnet-biotite with altered cordierite replacing chloritoid, quartz-staurolite-andalusite, and quartz-cordierite-andalusite-biotite. This locality was heated to 530–560°C in the andalusite field, at 4.2 kbar. A sample from a mid- to upper-amphibolite facies, highly strained locality contains relict staurolite enclosed by andalusite, in turn replaced by cordierite and muscovite with biotite and sillimanite in the matrix. The assemblage was heated isobarically from conditions near the maximum experienced by the lower grade locality of 560°C at 4.2 kbar to temperatures in excess of the andalusite-sillimanite transition but within the quartz plus muscovite stability field (600–650°C). The higher grade locality is close to a granitoid dome and sections based on gravity profiles reveal that this locality is underlain by granitoid at shallow depths. The higher grade metamorphism apparently reflects superposition of the thermal aureole on regional metamorphic conditions similar to those in the lower grade areas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.1984.tb00295.x
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    Editorial Note (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of metamorphic geology 2 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.1984.tb00286.x
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    Amphibolite facies metamorphism in shear zones in the Buchan area of NE Scotland (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of metamorphic geology 2 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A major system of steep Caledonian shear zones, of regional extent, has been identified in NE Scotland. The shear zones affect a wide range of lithologies, including Argyll and Southern Highland Group Dalradian, ‘Younger Basic’intrusives and their hornfelses, and also the earlier of the more acid intrusions. The observed fabrics and parageneses are consistent with low-pressure amphibolite facies metamorphism. These shear zones represent a phase of movement which occurred in the 490-465 Ma interval when ambient temperatures were still high, and it is concluded that this is the principal control on the metamorphic grade achieved within the shear zones, although local anomalies may exist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.1984.tb00289.x
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  • 64
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    Calcite–dolomite geothermometry in the system CaCO3–MgCO3–FeCO3: an experimental study (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of metamorphic geology 2 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract An experimental study of the system CaCO3–MgCO3–FeCO3 was undertaken in order to calibrate the iron correction to the calcite–dolomite geothermometer, which is based on the solubility of magnesium in calcite in the assemblage calcite + dolomite. The experiments, at 450°C and lower temperatures, resulted in products with a very small grain size and incomplete equilibration. However, application of a carefully-devised automatic data processing algorithm to analyses of the phases in experimental charges, combined with a thermodynamic analysis, results in geothermometer diagrams which should be preferred to previous theoretical predictions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.1984.tb00283.x
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    Staurolite producing reactions and geothermobarometry of a high pressure thermal aureole in the French Massif Central (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of metamorphic geology 2 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Biotite, garnet, staurolite and kyanite isograds in pelitic metasedimentary rocks are developed as a result of thermal metamorphism around syntectonic granitoids in Eastern Rouergue (France). Temperature estimates range between 400°C and 650°C at about 6.5 kbar. Geothermobarometry shows a steep isobaric T gradient which is consistent with the interpretation that the metamorphic highs are thermal aureoles. High grade rocks show evidence of two staurolite forming reactions in the presence of plagioclase and the absence of chlorite that have not been described previously in the literature. The reaction that occurs in the middle staurolite zone, alm-rich ga + Ca-rich pla + Na-rich mu gro-rich ga + Na-rich pla + st + Na-poor mu, is considered to be prograde, whereas the reaction that occurs in the kyanite zone, alm-rich ga + Ca-rich pla + w st + Ca-rich ga + Na-rich pla + qz, is retrograde. The topology of these reactions is illustrated in terms of end member compositions for the systems KNaFASH and KCaFASH, respectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.1984.tb00285.x
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    Occurrence of lawsonite in pelitic schists from the Sanbagawa metamorphic belt, central Shikoku, Japan (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of metamorphic geology 2 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: The occurrence of lawsonite is described from pelitic schists of the lower-grade part of the pumpellyite-bearing subzone of the chlorite zone in the Asemi River area of central Shikoku. The lawsonite-bearing parageneses are consistent with the generally accepted view that the Sanbagawa facies series represents higher pressures than the lawsonite-bearing facies series in New Zealand.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.1984.tb00596.x
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    Two-stage corona growth during Precambrian granulite facies metamorphism of Smitbson Bjerge, north-west Greenland (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of metamorphic geology 2 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Late Archaean orthogneisses and aluminous and iron-rich metasedimentary rocks intruded by anorthosite and a ferrodiorite-granite suite were completely recrystallized during Proterozoic granulite facies metamorphism. Geobarometry and geothermometry indicate P-T conditions of around 7.5kbar. 700°C, with a CO2-rich fluid phase and logfO2 at or below -16. A two-stage high-grade history of near isochemical corona growth is preserved in metasediments with the reaction cycle opx + plag + H2O → hbl+gar+SiO2→ opx+plag+H2O. End product compositions resemble those of the initial phases, and the only mobile components were SiO2 and/or H2O. The coronas reflect shortlived fluctuations in chemical activity at essentially constant P and T, contrary to simple progressive change in equilibrium parameters recorded by most corona-bearing textures.
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    Oxygen isotope ratios in magnetite core-and-mantle structures (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of metamorphic geology 2 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: In a polymetamorphic, felsic, biotite-bearing gneiss, biotite has reacted to form magnetite and microcline. The resulting structure is a magnetite core surrounded by a mantle of feldspar and quartz normally not exceeding 20mm in diameter. Measurements of oxygen isotope ratios disclose disequilibrium between mantle microcline and mantle quartz and also between mantle and matrix minerals of the same species. A clustering of temperature estimates from the oxygen isotope distribution between magnetite and quartz and between magnetite and microcline in the interval 550 to 600°C suggests an approach to oxygen isotope equilibrium. No signs of a re-equilibriation of the reacting biotite can be found.
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    Disequilibrium in co-existing clinopyroxene and garnet from blueschist-facies Fe-rich eclogites, Voltri Group, Italy (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of metamorphic geology 2 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Clinopyroxenes and garnets from 11 blueschist-facies Fe-rich eclogite samples from the Voltri Group show a wide range of chemical compositions. Detailed analyses of single pyroxene and garnet grains show wide and scattered chemical inhomogeneity, the KD(KD= (Fe2+/Mg)Gt/(Fe2+/Mg)Cpx) ranges from 20 to 87 based on rim analyses only. The data obtained indicate that the mineral pairs never attained equilibrium under uniform P-T conditions and that the compositions of the metamorphic minerals were influenced mainly by the composition of the pre-metamorphic minerals and by topotactical reactions.
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    FORTHCOMING PAPERS IN THE Journal of Metamorphic Geology (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of metamorphic geology 2 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.1984.tb00300.x
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    Inverted isograds at Sulitjelma, Norway: the result of shear-zone deformation (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of metamorphic geology 2 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract At Sulitjelma, Norway, there is a major inversion of metamorphic isograds beneath an inverted but undisrupted ophiolite. The flysch-like Furulund schist in which the inverted isograds occur is also inverted and the early folds in it are downward facing. The isograds cut across the axial surfaces of early folds and across the schistosity. These relationships are explained as the consequence of metamorphism during the progressive development of a large overfold. The inverted limb of the overfold is regarded as a major, thick, gently-dipping shear zone, separating the lower-grade, lower part of the Caledonian allochthon below from the higher-grade upper part of the allochthon above. The association between stratigraphical inversion, downward-facing of syn-schistosity folds and metamorphic inversion is explained by the progressive development of the shear zone. It is suggested that the presence of such shear zones is a common feature of orogenic belts formed by continental collision.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.1984.tb00288.x
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    Alpine metamorphism of Hercynian hornblende granodiorite beneath the blueschist facies schistes lustrés nappe of NE Corsica (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of metamorphic geology 2 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The Hercynian granitic basement which forms the Tenda Massif in NE Corsica represents part of the leading edge of the European Plate during middle-to-late Cretaceous (Eoalpine) high P metamorphism. The metamorphism of this basement, induced by the overthrusting of a blueschist facies (schistes lustrés) nappe, was confined to a major ductile shear zone (c. 1000m thick) within which deformation increases upwards towards the overlying nappe. Metamorphism within the basement mostly records lower blueschist facies conditions (crossite + epidote) except near the base of the shear zone where the greenschist facies assemblage albite + actinolitic amphibole has developed instead of crossite. Study of the primary mafic phase breakdown reactions within hornblende granodiorite reveals the following metamorphic zonation. Zone 1: biotite to chlorite. Towards zone 2: biotite to phengite. Zone 2: Hornblende to actinolitic Ca-amphibole + albite + sphene, and biotite to actinolitic Ca-amphibole + albite + phengite + Ti-ore + epidote. Zone 3: Hornblende to crossite + low Ti-biotite + phengite + sphene, and biotite to crossite + low Ti-biotite + phengite + Ti-ore + sphene ± epidote. P-T conditions at the base of the shear zone are estimated to have been 390-490°C at 600-900 M Pa (6-9kbar) and the Corsican basement is therefore deduced to have been buried to 20-30 km during metamorphism. This relatively shallow metamorphism contrasts with some other areas in the Western Alps where the Eoalpine event apparently buried the European continental crust to depths of 80 km or more. As there is no evidence for a long history of blueschist facies metamorphism prior to the involvement of the European continent, it is deduced that the Eoalpine blueschists were produced during the collision of the Insubric plate with Europe, rather than during Tethyan intraoceanic subduction. Coherent blueschist terrains such as the schistes lustres probably record buovant feature collision and obduction tectonics rather than any preceding oceanic subduction.
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    Element mobility associated with syn-metamorphic shear zones near Scotchport, NW Mayo, Ireland (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of metamorphic geology 2 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Three major blastomylonitic synmetamorphic (epidote amphibolite to mid amphibolite facies) shear zones are seen on the NW coast of the Mullet Peninsula in NW Mayo. These shear zones occur at the contacts of major structural units and in an imbricated slice where rocks of the Erris Complex are deformed and chemically modified. Chemical changes associated with individual shear zones have been deduced by comparing the compositions of various gneisses both within and adjacent to the shear zones. Compositional changes are different in the constituent rock-types within each unit and many elements normally considered immobile have been selectively mobilized within the shear zones. Little evidence of wholesale metasomatic introduction of components into these shear zones was found to accompany the selective mobilization.
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    EDITORIAL (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 11 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1984.tb00498.x
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    IMAGE ANALYSIS AND DIGITAL CARTOGRAPHY WITHIN THE NERC THEMATIC INFORMATION SERVICE: THE DEVELOPMENT OF A UNIFIED SPATIAL MODEL (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 11 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The paper presents research and development at the Thematic Information Service of the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) on the topic of integrated geographic information systems. The term integrated is used to describe the incorporation of vector digitised map data and raster scanned remotely sensed data within a single computational environment and with a single interface to the user. Point sampled and statistical data can also be handled by the system. The general structure and working of the Thematic Information Service (TIS) is described only to the extent that it is relevant to providing the background to the research or to highlighting why the specific approach described has been taken.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1984.tb00501.x
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    DIGITAL IMAGE CORRELATION: PERFORMANCE AND POTENTIAL APPLICATION IN PHOTOGRAMMETRY (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 11 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: A procedure for digital image correlation is described which is based on least squares window matching. The immediate aim is high precision parallax assessment, point transfer, and point measurement. Experiments and theory have confirmed the high accuracy potential of the method. By implementation of charge coupled device (CCD) video cameras in an analytical plotter, an experimental hardware and software configuration has been established with which the operational on line application of digital image correlation for conventional photogrammetric measuring tasks can be tested. First results of calibration and performance of the system are presented. They allow optimistic conclusions as to the further development and practical application of digital image processing in photogrammetry.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1984.tb00505.x
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    BOOK REVIEWS (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Book review in this aticle:DESERTS AND ARID LANDS. Edited by F. El-Baz.IMAGES OF THE WORLD AN ATLAS OF SATELLITE IMAGERY AND MAPS. By C. Mueller-Wille with an interpretive supplement by R. M. Smith.ELEMENTS OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY. By P. R. Wolf.
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    To the Editor, The Photogrammetric Record (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1984.tb00514.x
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    COMPACT AIR FILM PROCESSORS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 11 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The essential features of equipment for mobile processing are outlined with reference to the development of small photographic laboratory vehicles for use in the Jield. The resulting air film processor, the Wainco Products Limited 392. is described and details are given of trials carried out to establish its performance for a range of tasks in both reconnaissance and survey. The tests cover the sensitometric and drying behaviour of several air films in current use and include an analysis of the dimensional stability o f j l m in the processor. Applications using direrent containers and eflectiveness in improvised situations are also described and possible future variants of the processor are suggested.
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    AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL ARCHIVE FOR YORKSHIRE (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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    ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING, 1983 (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 11 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1984.tb00492.x
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    LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SOCIETY (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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    ANALYTICAL ORTHOPHOTOGRAPHY: INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT, DESIGN AND APPLICATION (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The author reviews the historical background of the analytical orthoprojector and examines the design requirements for this instrument. The construction and performance of the Zeiss (Oberkochen)Z2 orthoprojector are described and an assessment is made of its practical advantages.
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    THE APY SYSTEM FOR ANALYTICAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 11 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The new APY (Analytical Photogrammetry Yzerman) system is described and a detailed explanation is given of the principles involved. The APY depends on a unique modular design. A list of the straightforward operations required for its application in data compilation and revision is included.
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    THE SAR 580 CAMPAIGN (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 11 (1984), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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    PHOTOGRAMMETRY ROUND THE WORLD (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 11 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1984.tb00511.x
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    DEFORMATION MEASUREMENT BY PHOTOGRAMMETRY (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The application of phorogrammetry to the measurement of deformation is discussed and four different approaches are identified and compared. References to and summaries of recent work are made.
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    THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INEXPENSIVE RETRACTABLE VERTICAL CAMERA RIG FOR A LIGHT AIRCRAFT (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 11 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The development and operation of an inexpensive retractable vertical camera rig is described. Unlike several commercially available camera packages, the cameras on this rig are accesible in flight thus permitting the changing of magazines and other operations. Since the camera carriage is only deployed when over the site to be photographed, the aircraft performance is not degraded during positioning flights.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1984.tb00486.x
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  • 89
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    THEMATIC MAPPING: PROPOSAL FOR A SURVEY (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 11 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1984.tb00491.x
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  • 90
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    To the Editor, The Photogrammetric Record Aerial Phomgraphy and Quince Jam (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 11 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1984.tb00496.x
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  • 91
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    OBITUARIES (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 11 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1984.tb00516.x
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  • 92
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    PHOTOGRAMMETRY IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 11 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: An individual view is provided of the function of the art and science of photogrammetry, over the whole of the history of attempts to make measurements from optical observations. The predominating influence, in past years, of the need for mapping from air photographs is compared with the prospect that increasing demands for similar facilities in close range measurement, for application in fields such as mechanical engineering, medicine and architecture, may soon be seen to give further encouragement to the development of the subject. The author makes use of illustrations from his experience to point out simple cases where the potential of photogrammetric techniques, in the wider sense, has not been appreciated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1984.tb00482.x
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  • 93
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    COMPUTER CONTROLLED AIR SURVEY NAVIGATION (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 11 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1984.tb00487.x
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  • 94
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    THE ANALYTICAL PLOTTER (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 11 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1984.tb00490.x
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  • 95
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    NOTES (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 11 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1984.tb00495.x
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  • 96
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    Norlevinea n. g., a New Genus for Glugea daphniae (Protozoa: Microspore), a Parasite of Daphnia longispina (Crustacea: Phyllopoda) (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 31 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Norlevinea n. g. is established for microsporidia in which a uninucleate meront changes into a sporont by secreting a thin, membranous, sporontogcnetic and fragile sporophorous vesicle (pansporoblast membrane) in which four uninucleate sporoblasts are formed. In contrast to the genus Gurleya, the sporoblasts and later the spores are permanently joined into doublets, being laterally cemented by an electron-dense substance structurally identical to and continuous with the exospore layer. The polar filament is of the anisofilar type. The type species is Norlevinea daphniae (Weiser, 1947) n. comb., a parasite of the ovaries of Daphnia longispina occurring in several carp ponds in Czechoslovakia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1984.tb05492.x
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  • 97
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    Nosema helminthorum Moniez, 1887 (Microspora, Nosematidae):A Taxonomic Enigma (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 31 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . The microsporidian parasite known as Nosema helminthorum Moniez, 1887, parasitic in the tapeworm Moniezia expansa (Rudolphi, 1810), has been shown by electron microscopy to have two cycles of development, one with isolated nuclei, the other with paired nuclei (diplokarya). Both merogony and sporogony of the two separate sequences take place in direct contact with the host cell cytoplasm and ultimately give rise to unikaryotic and diplokaryotic sporoblasts. Sporogony is disporoblastic. The nuclear condition of the spores was not seen. The sequences, corresponding to those of the genera Unikaryon and Nosema, may be part of a single dimorphic life cycle and, if so, the species will have to be transferred to a new genus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1984.tb05496.x
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  • 98
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    ABSTRACTS (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 31 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1984.tb05519.x
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  • 99
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    Essai ďApplication de ľAnalyse Phénétique à la Classification du Phylum des Ciliophora (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 31 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1984.tb05491.x
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  • 100
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    Description of Sarcocystis falcatula Stiles, 1893, a Parasite of Birds and Opossums (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 31 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Sarcocystis falcatula Stiles, 1893 is re-described. Intermediate hosts of the parasite which was earlier described as Sarcocystis debonei Vogelsang, 1929 are species of passeriform, psittaciform, and columbiform birds. In these birds, muscle zoites are 6.88 × 2.19 (4.8-8.4 × 1.2-3.6) μm and are enclosed in a cyst wall with regular protrusions, 1-5 μm long. The convoluted primary wall has multiple thin areas in the osmiophilic layer. Microtubules originate in the ground substance and extend to the tips of the protrusions. The only known definitive host is the opossum, Didelphis virginiana; rats, cats, a dog, and a ferret could not be infected from muscle cysts. Sporocysts from opossums infected from five different infected avian sources measure 11.2 × 7.4 (9.6−12.0 × 6.0-8.4)μm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1984.tb05495.x
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