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  • Articles  (1,388)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (1,388)
  • Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling
  • 1980-1984  (1,388)
  • 1983  (1,388)
  • Physics  (1,388)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Addition polyimides. I (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 191-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Crosslinking of 4,4′(bismaleimido)diphenyl ether (BM) was investigated in presence of bis(m-aminophenyl)methylphosphine oxide (BAP), tris(m-aminophenyl)phosphine oxide (TAP), diaminodiphenyl ether (E) and 3,3-bis(p-aminophenyl)phthalide (AP). These crosslinked resins were examined for thermal stability by thermogravimetric analysis. A slight decrease in initial decomposition temperature, the temperature of maximum rate of weight loss, was observed, though the char yield in nitrogen atmosphere at 800°C did not change appreciably. Glass-cloth-reinforced laminates were fabricated from BM and amine mixtures. An improvement in mechanical properties was observed in the presence of phosphorus-containing di- and triamines.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280116
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transient sorption of sulfur dioxide in epoxy resin of aliphatic diglycidyl ether (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 201-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Diffusion of sulfur dioxide in epoxy resin of aliphatic diglycidyl ether was studied performing differential sorption kinetic measurements at temperatures ranging from 1°C to 45°C and activities varying from 0.12 to 0.55. The diffusion of sulfur dioxide appears to be Fickian over the entire temperature range studied. There is a marginal increase in the diffusion coefficient with increase in concentration. The diffusion coefficients evaluated from both “small times” data and “large times” data are in reasonable agreement.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280117
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Processable heat-resistant polymers. XIII. Structure-property relationship in polyamideimides (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 225-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Novel isomeric polyamideimides were synthesized by reacting the diacid chloride of 2-(4-carboxy phenyl)-1,3-dioxoisoindoline-5-carboxylic acid and o-, m-, and p-phenylenediamine at 30-70°C using polar solvents. The reactivity of the isomeric amines in the polycondensation reaction was studied. The isomeric effects on the physical, chemical, thermal, and electrical properties of the polymers were also studied. The polymers were found to be soluble in highly polar solvents such as DMF, DMAC, NMP, DMSO, m-cresol, etc. Thermal analysis indicated that polymers were thermostable and that their thermal stability follows the order para 〉 meta 〉 ortho. X-ray diffraction data revealed that para polymer is crystalline in nature. Dielectric properties with the variation of frequency at room temperature indicated that the dielectric constant and dielectric loss of the polymers follow the order ortho 〉 meta 〉 para.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280120
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elevated temperature aging of HIPS (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 391-406 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects of aging at 85°C on a rubber-modified polystyrene (HIPS) have been studied as a function of aging time in both air and nitrogen. Four different types of physical measurements were carried out on the aged samples. These included mechanical relaxation measurements, tensile stress-strain measurements, creep measurements at several stresses, and measurements of fatigue lifetime under applied tension-compression stress. Aging in nitrogen is largely a physical aging process and results in higher modulus, higher tensile strength, and longer delay times to the onset of accelerating creep deformation. But tensile ductility and fatigue lifetime tend to reduce, and there is no change in location of Tg of the rubber phase. Aging in air involves both chemical and physical aging, and the changes that occur depend on which process dominates. For long-time aging of 150 h or more, the rubber-phase Tg is shifted to higher temperatures and the associated loss peak is broadened due to crosslinking. Also, the tensile strength, tensile ductility, creep delay time, and fatigue life all reduce. These effects are attributed to oxidative attack and embrittlement. SEM micrographs reveal variations in fracture surface morphology due to the mode of testing and to the aging medium.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280134
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flammability limits of some polymer pyrolysate-air mixturesIssued as NRCC #20773. (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 449-460 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Several textile fabrics have been heated in a closed cell and the flammability limits of the gaseous products produced determined. In addition the energy released on combustion of these gaseous products has been measured in order to obtain an indication of the heat feedback capabilites of the fabric. Comparison of the data obtained was made in order to provide an indication of the flash fire potential of the materials and their contribution to a potential fire hazard situation.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280202
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gel permeation chromatography: The effect of flow rate on efficiency. IIPart XXXIV of a series on column fractionation of polymers.Corrected proof received December 3, 1982 (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 473-483 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of flow rate on efficiency in gel permeation chromatoraphy has been examined over wide ranges of flow rate, i.e., linear flow velocities using columns of different diameters using both organic and inorganic packings. The results indicate a considerable increase in efficiency at flow velocities below 0.02 cm/s. No lower limit to this increase could be determined due to experimental difficulties. Between flow velocities of 0.02-0.2 cm/s little efficiency is lost.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280204
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stabilization of gamma-irradiated poly(vinyl chloride) by epoxy compounds. II. Production of hydroperoxides in gamma-irradiated PVC-stabilizer mixtures (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 513-518 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The concentration of hydroperoxides, produced in the process of radiolysis, was studied in γ-irradiated PVC samples with 4% admixture of four epoxy stabilizers: diglycidyl ether of 2,2-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methyl phenyl)propane (I), styrene oxide (1,2-epoxy ethyl benzene) (IV), epoxidized ricinus oil (VI), and epoxidized soybean oil (Drapex 6.8.) (VII). The results indicate that the process of radiation oxidation occurs in two stages. Only the stabilizers with benzene ring demonstrate the antioxidative action. The stabilizers VI and VII do not act as the antioxidants, and, moreover, as a consequence of their plasticizing properties, they facilitate the penetration of the oxygen to polymer. The epoxy groups have no influence upon the oxidation process, in the case of compounds VI and VII.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280207
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential gel permeation chromatography for quality control (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 559-566 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: For the direct comparison of similar polymers, as, for example, for quality control, differential gel permeation chromatography provides a simple, sensitive technique that is relatively insensitive to operational variables. One polymer is chosen as a standard and a solution of that polymer is used as the eluent in an otherwise conventional GPC. Differential chromatograms of slightly different polymers are both positive and negative with respect to the baseline. Positive portions represent an excess and negative portions a deficiency as compared to the standard. As in conventional GPC, the elution volumes of the differences indicate the molecular size ranges of the differences. The algebraic sum of the differences is zero. Examination of the raw curves with only general information about calibration and operating conditions tells nearly as much about the differences as carefully executed conventional GPC with complex data reduction.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280211
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface protection of poly(vinyl chloride) by photografting of epoxy-acrylate coatings (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 97-107 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: UV-curable epoxy-acrylate coatings were used to protect poly(vinyl chloride) against superficial degradation. With α-hydroxy-acetophenone photoinitiators, the crosslinking polymerization develops in the ms time scale; 50% degree conversion is reached after irradiation times of 2.5 ms in a nitrogen atmosphere and 17 ms in air. The adhesion of the coating on to the PVC substrate can be greatly improved by inducing a photochemical grafting process. The best results are obtained by incorporating the photoinitiator into the top layer of the PVC sheet. Highly crosslinked epoxy-acrylate coatings are very stable toward UV radiations and chemical agents like organic solvents and strong acids. By their light-screening effect they provide an excellent protection against photodegradation for light-sensitive polymeric materials.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280109
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modified chlorinated polypropylene as a polymer fire retardant additive in polyhydrocarbons (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 123-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Partly modified chlorinated polypropylene (CPP) with dimethyl phosphonate side groups was prepared by reacting trimethyl phosphites and CPP at 115°C (Arbuzov type reaction). Products having different phosphorus and chlorine content were obtained, and the reduction of number-average molecular weight M̄n with the extent of the degree of substitution was studied. The dimethyl phosphonate groups incorporated were studied by IR spectroscopy (P—O—C at 9.6 μ and P → O at 8 μ). All products had a yellow color that may be attributed to double bond formation caused by a side dehydrochlorination reaction. Some differences of thermal stability were observed from the DSC and TGA thermograms, and no significant Tg value changes between phosphorylated products and CPP were indicated in the thermomechanical spectra. The flame retardancy of the phosphorylated products and the blends obtained by the addition of partly phosphorylated CPP to polyhydrocarbons such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS) was studied using the oxygen index test. The flame retardancy of these blends was compared with the flammability of the same polyhydrocarbons containing CPP. From this comparison it is concluded that the partly phosphorylated CPP is more effective as a flame retardant additive for PE, PP, and PS than itself.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280111
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation of high-modulus and high-strength isotactic polypropylene fiber by zone-annealing method (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 179-189 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The zone-annealing method was utilized to prepare a high-modulus and high-strength fiber from isotactic polypropylene. The dynamic storage modulus at room temperature of the fiber obtained reached 21 times; 1010 dyn/cm2, which corresponded to 51% of the crystal modulus along the molecular chains, 41.2 × 1010 dyn/cm2. The relationships between mechanical properties and superstructure were investigated based on results of measurements of orientation, crystallinity, tensile properties, and dynamic viscoelasticity. It was found that the excellent mechanical properties were directly attributed to the large number of tie molecules and to the high orientation of the amorphous chains. Further, the characteristics of this method were discussed compared with the results obtained by other investigators.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280115
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gelation and fusion profiles of PVC dispersion resins in plastisols (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 807-822 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) plastisols are used for coatings, films, sheets, foams, and rotational castings. In order to satisfy the requirements for the different applications, a variety of PVC dispersion resins are manufactured. The requirements for the plastisols are many: for example, good air release, viscosity stability, fine particle size, foamability, and good heat stability. Processability is another important requirement, which emphasizes the rheological behavior at room temperature and the gelation - fusion behavior. This paper documents research to fingerprint the gelation and fusion profiles of various PVC dispersion resins. The viscoelastic measurements were used to continuously monitor the changes of moduli during gelation and fusion under a heating rate which simulates the temperature profile of the processes. The effects of molecular weight, resin type, and copolymer on the gelation-fusion behavior are discussed.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280232
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rheological properties of mixtures of molten polymer and fluorocarbon blowing agent. II. Mixtures of polystyrene and fluorocarbon blowing agent (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 851-860 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The viscosities of mixtures of polystyrene and fluorocarbon blowing agent were determined, using the experimental technique described in Paper I of this series. For the study, three commercial grades of polystyrene were used, together with the following fluorocarbon blowing agents, trichlorofluoromethane (FC-11), dichlorodifluoromethane (FC-12), and blends of FC-11 and FC-12. For each combination of polystyrene and blowing agent, blowing agent concentration and melt temperature were varied. We have found that, for all three polystyrenes used, a single correlation exists between the viscosity reduction factor (VRF) and the blowing agent concentration, in which VRF is defined as the ratio of the viscosity of polystyrene-blowing agent mixture to that of polystyrene homopolymer. The correlation was found to be independent of shear rate and temperature, and dependent upon only the type of fluorocarbon blowing agent. It was suggested that such a correlation be used in predicting the bulk viscosity of mixtures of polystyrene and fluorocarbon blowing agent, using information on the viscosity of polystyrene alone.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280235
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The mechanism of cure of tetraglycidyl diaminodiphenyl methane with diaminodiphenyl sulfone (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1011-1024 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The curing reaction of tetraglycidyl diaminodiphenyl methane (TGDDM) with diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS) has been investigated using differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform IR spectroscopy, and ESR spin trapping techniques. A mechanism has been proposed, and the cure kinetics has been obtained at 177°C. The major conclusion is that cure proceeds mainly through chain extension, while crosslinking occurs through the reaction of hydroxyl groups with epoxides, resulting in formation of ether linkages.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280309
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phosphorus-Containing polymers. I. Low temperature polycondensation of phenylphosphonic dichloride with bisphenols (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1119-1123 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper describes the synthesis of aryl polyphosphonates from the reactions of phenylphosphonic dichloride [benzene phosphorus oxydichloride (BPOD)] with 4,4′-thiodiphenol (TDP) and with 4,4′-sulfonyldiphenol (SDP) employing a dry chlorinated hydrocarbon polymerization solvent, an amine acid acceptor and under low temperature conditions. The glass transition temperatures of the polymers from BPOD/TDP are 146°C and 83°C, respectively, and the polymers begin to lose weight at about 395°C in a nitrogen atmosphere. These polymers have good flame retardancy (FR), as indicated by high limiting oxygen indices (LOI) of 50-60. Thermoplastic polybutylene terephthalate containing 7% BPOD/SDP or BPOD/TDP polymer as an FR additive has LOI values of 29 and 30, respectively.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280317
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anodic synthesis of sulfur-bridged polyaniline coatings onto Fe sheets (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1125-1136 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Sulfur-bridged polyaniline coatings are obtained onto Fe anodes by electrolyzing a basic solution of one aniline and ammonium sulfide. Their sulfur content ranges from 7% to 17%, depending on the substituents on aniline. Variously substituted anilines may be polymerized in this way and coating pollution by azobenzene formed in a side reaction is almost completely avoided. Sulfur probably enters the polymer chains through a free radical mechanism. HS• intermediates being formed by both homogeneous and anodic oxidation of HS- anions. Coatings from N-allylaniline, being thermally curable, show satisfactory physical properties.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280318
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  • 17
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    Dehydrochlorinated poly(vinyl chloride)-g-polystyrene. II. Characterization and physical properties (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1283-1298 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Dehydrochlorinated poly(vinyl chloride)-g-polystyrene (DHPVC-g-PSt) prepared by free radical grafting was characterized, and some of its physical properties were evaluated. The presence of graft was established by the appearance of new absorption peaks in the IR spectra of the graft copolymer. GPC analysis showed increase in the average molecular weights of the graft copolymer upon increase in the PSt content. Besides, GPC revealed the uniform PSt distribution of DHPVC-g-PSt. A marked improvement in the thermal stability of DHPVC-g-PSt over that of DHPVC and DHPVC/PSt blends was observed. Graft copolymers with high percent grafting were thermally more stable than even the original PVC. Stress-strain data indicated decrease in yield stress, breaking stress and elongation, along with an increase in the initial modulus, upon increase in PSt content of the graft copolymer.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280403
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  • 18
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    Studies on moisture sorption in coir fibers (cocos nucifera L) (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 625-632 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Moisture desorption characteristics in coir fibers have been studied at several temperatures (53°C, 68°C, 86°C, and 105°C) as a function of time. Moisture absorption at room temperature after heating to 53°C, 68°C, 86°C, and 105°C are also reported. The results indicate that the relation between percentage moisture loss (A) (moisture loss is the ratio of the difference between initial moisture and final moisture to initial moisture) and temperature (T°K) is of the type A = Aoe-B/T in the range of intervals studied. The constants Ao and B are dependent on time, and they decrease with time. The fraction moisture loss/gain (w) is related to time (t) by the equation w = m/t + b0 at all temperatures investigated. The constant m decreases with temperature while b0 increases with temperature. The equilibrium moisture content (the condition reached by the sample when it no longer takes up moisture from or gives up moisture to the surrounding atmosphere) increases with increase in relative pressure and decrease in temperatures. As the moisture content in the fiber increases, the tensile strength (tenacity) decreases and the % elongation increases. The observed results are explained on the basis of structural rearrangement on heating/cooling of lignocellulosic material.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280218
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  • 19
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    Thermal effects of interaction between macronet isoporous styrene polymers and solvents or precipitators for linear polystyrene (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 685-689 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A study has been made of the heats of swelling of macronet isoporous polymers of styrene in toluene and methanol. The swelling of hypercrosslinked networks (degree of crosslinking ≥40%) is shown to be accompanied by liberation of large amounts of heat: 30 and 25 cal/g, respectively. The small difference in the heats of swelling in these media is indicative of small differences in the energy of dispersional interactions of exposed polystyrene chains with “good” and “poor” solvents. This conclusion is corroborated by calculations of the free energy of interaction between hypercrosslinked networks and organic solvents from the isotherms of sorption of their vapors. ΔG reaches high values (500-600 cal/mol) independently of the solvent nature.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280222
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  • 20
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    Antioxidant effects during blade abrasion of natural rubberContribution No. 640 from the research Laboratories of The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company. (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 709-713 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A blade abrasion device similar to that developed by Champ, Southern, and Thomas has been used to determine the wear rates of everal simple carbon black-filled natural rubber materials over a range of frictional loading at room temperature in air. The materials show two mechanisms of wear depending on the amount of frictional load applied. Smearing, the mechanochemical decomposition of the wearing surface leading to a tarlike wear product, occurs at low frictional loads and is replaced by particulate debris created by cohesive rupture at higher frictional loading. It was found that a representative alkyl/aryl paraphenylenediamine and hindered phenol antioxidant were only effective in reducing the rate of wear during smearing, when degradation processes are important. Furthermore, the reduction in wear rate during smearing was quite similar for these two antioxidants.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280225
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    Rheology of unsaturated polyester resins. II. Thickening behavior of unsaturated polyester and vinyl ester resins (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 763-778 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The rheological properties of mixtures of unsaturated polyester resin and viscosity thickener were determined as thickening progressed. Two commercially available resins were used: (1) general purpose unsaturated polyester resin (Ashland Chemical, Aropol 7030), and (2) vinyl ester resin (Dow Chemical, XD-7608.05). As thickening agent, a magnesium oxide (MgO) paste dispersed in styrene monomer was used. No fillers, pigments, or other additives were used. During thickening, the following measurements were also made: (1) acid number by titration and (2) molecular weights by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). For the Ashland Chemical polyester resin, it was found that, over a period of 300 h, the titration method indicated that the number-average molecular weight (Mn) increased by a factor of 2 and the weight-average molecular weight (Mw) increased by a factor of 3. The GPC measurements, however, showed that Mn increased very little whereas Mw increased by a factor of about 2. Over the same period, the viscosity of the Ashland Chemical polyester resin increased from 0.9 N·s/m2 (9 P) to 104 N·s/m2 (105 P), and the viscosity of the Dow Chemical vinyl ester resin increased from 0.7 N·s/m2 (7 P) to 2 × 103 N·s/m2 (2 × 104 P). Such a large increase in viscosity cannot be explained by the existing molecular theory, in view of the fact that the molecular weights increased relatively little. We speculate that the exceedingly large increase in viscosity during thickening is attributable primarily to ionic associations between the carboxylic anions and the magnesium ions, rather than to the formation of chain branching suggested in the literature. It was found further that mixtures of polyester resins and viscosity thickener exhibit normal stress effects, increasing with thickening time and following the behavior of a second-order fluid when the first normal stress difference was plotted against shear rate. Interestingly enough, however, plots of first normal stress difference vs. shear stress yield a correlation which becomes independent of thickening time. An explanation is offered to the correlation obtained.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280229
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
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    Rheological properties of mixtures of molten polymer and fluorocarbon blowing agent. I. Mixtures of low-density polyethylene and fluorocarbon blowing agent (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 831-850 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The viscosities of mixtures of low-density polyethylene and fluorocarbon blowing agent were determined from the measurement of wall normal stress along the longitudinal axis of a capillary die. For the study, three different grades of commercial high-pressure low-density polyethylene were used, together with the following fluorocarbon blowing agents, dichlorodifluoromethane (FC-12), dichlorotetrafluoroethane (FC-114), and blends of FC-12 and FC-114. In the experiment, blowing agent concentration and melt temperature were varied for each combination of polymer and blowing agent employed. Analysis of the experimental data has led to a correlation between the viscosity reduction factor (VRF) and the blowing agent concentration, in which VRF is defined as the ratio of the viscosity of polymer-blowing agent mixture to that of the polymer alone. It was found that the correlation obtained is independent of shear rate and temperature and dependent upon only the type of fluorocarbon blowing agent. The practical significance of the correlation is discussed. We have shown that the entrance pressure drop obtained in the absence of phase separation in the entrance region may be used as a measure of the elastic properties of mixtures of fluorocarbon blowing agent and low-density polyethylene resin.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280234
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    Role of micellar equilibria on modelling of batch emulsion polymerization reactors (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 901-919 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A comprehensive model of emulsion polymerization batch reactors is presented. The nucleation mechanism via micelles is examined in detail through the introduction of a micellar equilibria model. This allows to predict the influence on the process of the emulsifier amount and type and of the solution ionic strength. A comparison with experimental data of styrene and butadiene polymerization is performed.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280302
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  • 24
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    Cyclomatrix poly(organo phosphazenes) - some aspects of synthesis, characterization and adhesive heat resistance (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 921-941 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Structure-property relationships of a phosphazene-modified epoxy-based cyclomatrix system were studied using aromatic diamine condensates of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (PNCl2)3 and a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A. Synthesis and characterization of the condensates and difficulties associated with these aspects are described. Adhesive heat resistance and thermal stability are reported as functions of the “active hydrogen” content of the condensates, molar ratios of the epoxy and “active hydrogen,” and amine structures. Modification of the —OH groups formed in the amine-epoxy reaction via cyanoethylation and transesterification was not effective in improving high-temperature adhesion. The polymer systems were stable up to 380°C in air, exhibited higher char contents at elevated temperatures, and were optically clearer when compared with the corresponding nonphosphazene systems. Presence of phosphazene rings was also helpful in lowering the cure time and temperature.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280303
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
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    Synthesis and characterization of some new chelating amphoteric ion-exchange resins (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 983-1000 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Some new chelating amphoteric ion exchange resins have been synthesized by condensing catechol, 8-hydroxyquinoline, hydroquinone, salicyclic acid, sulfosalicyclic acid, 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, β-resorcylic acid, and anthranilic acid with epichlorohydrin employing diethylenetriamine as a cross linking agent in a nonaqueous medium, toluene. These resins are characterized by their physicochemical properties such as moisture retention ability, true density, apparent density, void fraction, concentration of ionogenic groups, volume capacity, total ion exchange capacity, copper exchange capacity, rate of ion exchange, pH titration curves, apparent pKa and pKb values, isoionic point values, oxidative degradation, thermal stability, the effect of temperature of equilibration on the capacity of the resin, swelling behavior in various solvents, and absorption specificity towards certain bivalent metal cations in ammonium acetate-dimethylformamide media.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280307
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    The adsorption of dyes in chitin. III. Intraparticle diffusion processesCorrected proofs received March 11, 1983 (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1767-1778 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Intraparticle diffusion processes for the adsorption of dyestuffs onto chitin have been studied. The amount of dye adsorbed per gram of chitin has been plotted against the square root of time. The slope of this plot is linear and has been defined as a rate parameter k. This rate parameter has been determined for a number of process variables, including initial dye concentration, agitation, chitin particle size, chitin mass, temperature, and solution pH. However, sometimes two and even three linear regions are apparent on the root time plots indicating a possible branched pore mechanism. The controlling mechanisms are due to macropores and micropores in the chitin particle creating rapidly and slowly diffusing regions.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280519
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  • 27
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    Grafting of vinyl monomers onto silk fibers: Trivalent-manganese-initiated graft copolymerization of acrylamide onto silk fibers (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1311-1319 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Graft copolymerization of acrylamide (AM) onto silk fibers, using Mn(III)-sulphate as initiator, has been investigated, in aqueous sulphuric acid in the temperature range of 30-55°C. Grafting reaction has been studied by varying the concentration of monomer, Mn(III), sulphuric acid, temperature, and also with the modified silk. The graft yield increases significantly with increase of monomer concentrations to the extent of 0.85M, after which the rate falls. With increase in Mn(III) concentration and H+ ion concentration the graft yield increases, but after an optimum concentration a depression in the graft yield is noticed. The rate of the reaction is temperature-dependent; with increase of temperature the graft-on increases. Among the solvent composition studied a solvent/water mixture containing 10% of the solvent seems to constitute the most favorable medium for grafting, and a further increase of solvent composition decreases the graft yield. The effect of various additives such as transition metal salts, aromatic and heterocyclic amines on grafting reaction has been studied. A suitable mechanism for grafting has been proposed. Finally physical characterization such as thermal analysis (TGA) of the grafted samples has been carried out in order to ensure grafting and to study the change in the properties of the fibers.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280405
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    Miscible blends of a vinylidene chloride/vinyl chloride copolymer with aliphatic polyesters (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1347-1360 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A copolymer of vinylidene chloride and vinyl chloride containing 13.5% by weight of the latter has been solution blended with four aliphatic polyesters: poly(∊-caprolactone), poly(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propylene adipate), poly(1,4-cyclohexanedimethylene succinate), and poly(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propylene succinate). Each blend was examined visually and by differential scanning calorimetry. All blends with the copolymer form a single miscible amorphous phase at all compositions and all temperatures except for the latter mentioned polyester, which exhibits liquid-liquid phase separation at temperatures above a measured cloud point curve. Information about interactions between the components in each blend is estimated from melting point data and discussed.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280409
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    Light scattering studies of hi-impact polystyrene (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1409-1420 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Small-angle light scattering techniques have been used to evaluate the factors controlling the transparency of two hi-impact polystyrene films. These factors were found to include surface smoothness, volume fraction of the phases in the system, the difference of the refractive indices of the phases, and the sizes of the phases. The elongation of the rubber phase during processing was also determined.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280414
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    Fibrous support for immobilization of enzymes. II (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1447-1455 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A series of adsorption experiments was conducted with varying initial enzyme concentrations. The observed values are compared with the results calculated from the adsorption equations based on Langmuir adsorption mechanism. The values of three parameters, adsorption equilibrium constant Ka, maximum value of adsorbed enzyme per unit mass of SFF, N, and forward adsorption rate constant ka, were determined from Langmuir adsorption equations and experimental data. In the initial enzyme concentration range below 100 (mg enz./dL), the simulated enzyme concentration vs. time curve agreed well with observed values. However, it was found that the adsorption in the higher concentration range was slow, and the corrected forward adsorption rate constant should be employed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280418
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    Tensile properties of fiberglass-reinforced polyester foams (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1517-1525 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: High-density structural foams and their fiberglass-reinforced versions have been characterized in tension, and the results were analyzed. The tensile modulus and strength of the nonreinforced foams can be described by the modified Kerner equation and a modified Nicolais-Narkis equation, respectively. The modulus of the reinforced foams can be predicted by using the concepts of the quasi-isotropic laminate theory. The temperature sensitivity of the reinforced foams is markedly reduced and the impact failure in a falling ball test is localized, and energy absorption is accomplished by the formation of numerous small cracks. Fiber reinforcement of foams improves also the heat sag resistance and reduces the coefficient of thermal expansion.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280423
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    Creep birefringence in cellulose nitrate and cellulose acetate under superimposed tensile and hydrostatic stresses (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1539-1544 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280426
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    Reinforcement as a hindrance in the disentanglement of unknotted chainsPresented at the 116th Meeting of the Rubber Division, ACS, Cleveland, Ohio, October 23-26, 1979.Corrected proofs received February 24, 1983 (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1561-1572 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Observation of many tangles supports a loop mechanism of entanglement in macroscopic systems. The untangling of an unknotted tangled cord gives curves resembling the behavior under constant stress of an uncrosslinked elastomer. Reinforcement as a function of filler loading has been calculated for a model system consisting of uniform spherical particles in an unknotted tangled matrix. These calculated curves show the maxima found in real systems. Reinforcement also increases with decreasing particle size. The effect on the entanglement of porous particles and particles forming surface attachments with the polymer have been considered. The maximum in the calculated reinforcement curve shifts toward higher filler loading with increasing surface activity. This shift is independent of particle size and suggests a method for assessing the relative effectiveness of different coupling agents.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    Studies on syntheses and permeabilities of special polymer membranes. XLVII. Active transport and selective transport of metal ions through membranes from poly(isobutylene-alternative co-maleic anhydride) and poly(vinyl alcohol)Corrected proofs received March 10, 1983 (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1613-1623 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: When a cation exchange membrane having carboxyl groups, made of poly(isobutylene-alternative co-maleic anhydride) and poly(vinyl alcohol), was set in a diaphragm type cell, in which one side of the solution was adjusted to be acidic and the other side alkaline, metal ions were actively transported from the alkaline side to the acidic side across the membrane against the concentration gradient of metal ions between both sides. The driving force of the transport of metal ions was the difference in H+ ion concentration between both sides. It was presumed that the active transport was carried out chemically and physically. In the selective transport of metal ions, the selectivity was dependent on both the hydrated ionic radius for the metal ions and the affinity between the carrier fixed to the membrane, the carboxyl group, and the metal ions.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280506
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    Acid distribution in carboxylated vinyl-acrylic latexes (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1667-1676 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Distribution of acid groups in carboxylated vinyl-acrylic latexes has been determined by a combination of aqueous conductometric and nonaqueous potentiometric titrations. Titrations analysis of vinyl acrylic latexes, in comparison to earlier reported studies with carboxylated polystyrene and all acrylic latexes, is complicated by the presence of acetic acid which originates from the hydrolysis of polyvinyl acetate. Most of the copolymerized carboxylic acid is located at the latex particle surface with some of it being buried within the particle. No serum phase polymeric carboxylic acid is detected. Polymerization conditions and the choice of the carboxylic monomer affect acid distribution. Effect of acid distribution on some latex properties is also discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Proton spin-lattice and spin-spin relaxation times in isotactic polypropylene. II. Effects of stretching ratio and temperaturePresented in part at the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Japan Chemical Society, Tokyo, April 1981. (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1707-1715 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Proton spin-lattice, T1, and spin-spin, T2, relaxation times of uniaxially stretched polypropylene film were measured at 40°C using a wide line pulse spectrometer operating at 19.8 MHz. T1l, the longer T1, increases almost linearly with increasing stretching ratio, and T2a, T2 of the amorphous region, decreases gradually as the stretching ratio is increased. These results can be interpreted in terms of the increased constraints to molecular motion in the amorphous region. The fraction of the rigid protons in the sample, Fc, increases with increasing stretching ratio, while the crystallinity calculated from the density, Xd, does not change largely. The difference between Fc and Xd, therefore, increases as the stretching ratio is increased. This indicates that the physical structure of the highly stretched sample is far from the ideal two-phase model. The influence of the stretching temperature was also investigated. There are only slight increases in T1l and in Fc for the samples stretched in a temperature range from 80°C to 150°C, whereas the considerable increase in T2a occurs. The most notable change introduced at a high temperature stretching is the increase in the chain mobility in the amorphous region.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280514
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    Diluent diffusion in polymer-diluent systems near Tg: Migration of phthalic esters from PVC to water (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1751-1765 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new mathematical model is presented for the description of certain types of diluent diffusion (migration) through diluent-polymer systems. The model describes anomalous diluent transport into a container of finite volume, and it incorporates mass transfer limitations at the polymer/extractant interface. The extractant is assumed to diffuse slowly or negligibly into the polymer. The model is applied to experimental data obtained with two plasticizers, di(2-ethyl-n-hexyl) phthalate and benzyl butyl phthalate, migrating from poly(viny1 chloride) to water.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280518
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    Improved processing of thermotropic liquid crystalline polyesters (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1805-1810 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A series of thermotropic liquid crystalline polyesters based on p-hydroxybenzoic acid, terephthalic acid, 2,6-dihydroxynaphthalene and containing small amounts of either Bisphenol A, 2,7-dihydroxynaphthalene, or polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as comonomers were prepared. The latter three materials were investigated as a means of lowering the spinning temperature of the base polymer without sacrificing properties. Samples containing 1-2.5% Bisphenol A or 2.5-5% 2,7-dihydroxynaphthalene retained most of the properties (modulus fell slightly), but spinning temperature reduction was minimal. Polymers containing 2.5-5% PET retained full properties at spinning temperatures 60-80°C below the control.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280522
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    Mechanical and transport properties of drawn low-pressure low-density polyethylene (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1815-1817 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280524
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    On-line measurement of surface tension and density with applications to emulsion polymerizationRevised corrected proofs received November 4, 1982 (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 407-430 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Three process sensors are discussed, one for the determination of surface tension and two for the determination of liquid density. All three methods are on-line, compatible with digital data acquisition systems, and capable of monitoring flowing process streams. The instruments are described and calibration data are given. Two mathematical models of the bubble tensiometer are developed. Data showing the application of these instruments to the monitoring of batch and continuous emulsion polymerization are given.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280135
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    Influence of the oxidizing temperature on the combustion of some well-known polymeric materialsCorrected proofs received November 18, 1982 (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 461-472 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The purpose of this work is to characterize the combustion of little samples of some well-known polymeric materials, polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene, in an atmosphere of quiescent hot air at different temperatures. The analytical treatment of this problem, which is a heat and mass transfer one with chemical reaction between pyrolysis and oxidizer gases, is based upon the fact that the burning regime is diffusion controlled. A mathematical approach developed from Spalding's theory, taking into account radiative effects, is applied to this model of combustion. Experimental results allow us to determine the apparent heat of combustion of these different materials and to study the evolution of radiative and convective fluxes.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280203
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    Stabilization of gamma-irradiated poly(vinyl chloride) by epoxy compounds. I. Radiation yield of hydrogen chloride and changes of epoxy group concentration in gamma-irradiated PVC-stabilizer mixtures (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 501-511 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The GHCl values of γ-irradiated PVC mixtures and the changes of the epoxy group concentration were studied after addition of various amounts of five epoxy stabilizers: diglycidyl ether of 2, 2-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methyl phenyl)propane (I), diglycidyl ether of 2, 2-bis(4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)-propane (II), styrene oxide (1, 2-epoxy ethyl benzene) (IV), epoxidized ricinus oil (VI), and epoxidized soybean oil (Drapex 6.8.) (VII). It is stated that only about 50% of epoxy groups, declining in the system, take part in binding of HCl; the rest of these groups disappear as a consequence of other reactions. In connection with the data of the previous paper,1 the results presented indicate that the process of stabilization goes in two stages. In the first stage the process consists of the HCl capture by the epoxy groups; in the second stage, due to the remaining part of the stabilizer molecule, a protective effect occurs. This effect consists, for the stabilizers I, II, IV, of gaining the energy by the benzene ring and, for the stabilizers VI, VII, of a mechanical drawing of polymer chains, which makes the energy transfer more difficult. Having the greatest content of epoxy oxygen (about 10%), the styrene oxide (IV) stabilizes best.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280206
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    Synthesis and properties of photosensitive rubbers. IV. Photosensitive rubbers from hydroxyethyl cinnamate and polyisoprene modified with maleic anhydride (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 543-557 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polyisoprene in o-dichlorobenzene solution were reacted with maleic anhydride at 180°C under nitrogen atmosphere to form modified polyisoprene with α-substituted succinic anhydride groups. These groups were converted by reaction with hydroxyethyl cinnamate in pyridine at 25°C to cinnamate groups. Various amounts of cinnamate groups as photosensitive groups could be easily introduced into polyisoprene up to 75 mol % toward polyisoprene repeating units. Polymer glass transition temperatures of the products rose linearly from -70°C for polyisoprene to 60°C with increasing amounts of the side groups. The solution viscosity of the products in chloroform decreased from 9.34 for polyisoprene to 0.77 with increasing amounts of the side groups. The photosensitivity of the polyisoprene, which is based on the photodimerization of the cinnamate groups, was higher than that of polypentenamer having cinnamate groups due to the interaction by the free carboxylic acids neighboring with the cinnamate groups. The photosensitivity of the cinnamate group was kinetically evaluated in terms of the dependence on the polymer glass transition temperature. The interaction by the free carboxylic acid groups in the polyisoprene reduced the dependence of the photosensitivity on the mobility of the polymer segments. Linear relationship between observed rate constants of the photodimerization and (TUV - Tg + 50)-1 was obtained and the slope of the line changed and became very small at higher glass transition temperatures.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280210
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    Structure and properties of polyethylene-polypropylene blend (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 605-618 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The structure and mechanical properties of blends of low-density polyethylene and isotactic polypropylene were studied. The blends behaved like a simple composite obeying the rule of mixture for the modulus dependence on composition. Tensile strength of the LDPE was enhanced with the addition of PP but elongation at break was drastically reduced for all blend compositions. Studies with WAXD, hot-stage microscope, and DSC indicated lack of interaction between the LDPE and the PP. The crystallographic structure of LDPE and PP remained unchanged. However, the spherulite size of the PP was found to be reduced in the presence of LDPE, possibly due to an increase in nucleation density.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280216
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    Study on triazine thiols. IV. Action of triazine thiols and their metal salts to peroxide (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 691-697 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Decomposition of t-butylhydroperoxide was retarded by triazine thiols and their zinc salts, but accelerated by the copper salts of triazine thiols as well as sulfur compounds such as dithiocarbamates and mercaptobenzothiazolates. Triazine thiols and their zine salts are effective antioxidants for polyethylene crosslinked with peroxide and containing copper, and for protecting epichlorohydrin vulcanizates against attack by “sour” or hydroperoxide-containing gasoline.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280223
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    Pyrolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers: Characterization of involatile residuesIssued as NRCC 20850. (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 715-724 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Poly(ethylene terephthalate) fabric was degraded under rapid heating conditions and the solid residue characterized by diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy. Fabric samples with and without flame retardant were pyrolyzed in air or nitrogen and spectra-recorded after various percentage weight changes. Dominant species included carboxylic acid end groups and linear anhydrides, based on infrared absorbances before and after chemical treatments of the residues. Vinyl benzoate end groups were clearly precluded, as were cyclic anhydrides. Diffuse reflectance spectra were also compared with spectra obtained by transmission infrared on conventional KBr discs prepared from the same residue. The former technique was shown to be superior to the pressed disc method for the tough residues obtained by thermolysis.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280226
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    Rheology of unsaturated polyester resins. III. Effects of filler and low-profile additive on the thickening behavior of unsaturated polyester resin (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 779-793 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: An investigation was made of the rheological behavior of unsaturated polyester resin during thickening in the presence of filler or low-profile additive alone and, also, in the presence of both filler and low-profile additive. For the study, two different types of filler (CaCO3 and clay) and two different types of low-profile additive (PMMA and PVAc) were evaluated. Compared to the resin/thickener system, the resin/filler/thickener system exhibits shear-thinning behavior as thickening progresses, and gives rise to smaller normal stress effects. On the other hand, the resin/low-profile additive/thickener system exhibits two distinct Newtonian regimes in the viscosity-shear stress curves and gives rise to larger normal stress effects. The viscosity behavior of the resin/filler/low-profile additive/thickener system was found to be very similar to that of the resin/low-profile additive/thickener system. In all cases, when the first normal stress difference was plotted against the shear stress, a correlation was obtained which was independent of thickening period. This behavior was exactly the same as for thickening polyester resin alone, as discussed in Part II of this series.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280230
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    Glass transition temperature predictions in some epoxy polymers (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 823-830 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The glass transition temperature as an additive property was studied on a series of epoxy/amine crosslinked polymers. Various methods from the literature of analyzing the glass transition temperature in terms of components are presented and then judged to determine which of these methods gives the best agreement between calculated and measured glass transition temperature. It was found that predictions agree on the average with the measurements to within the accuracy of the measurements, approximately 3%.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280233
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    Ultrasonic degradation of schizophyllum commune polysaccharide in dilute aqueous solution (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 873-878 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280237
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    Mechanisms of rubber abrasion (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 943-960 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Rates of wear have been determined for several elastomer materials, using a razor-blade abrading apparatus based on one described by Champ, Southern, and Thomas. Measurements have been carried out at different levels of frictional power input, corresponding to different severities of wear, at both ambient temperature and at 100°C, and both in air and in an inert atmosphere. It is concluded that wear occurs as a result of two processes: local mechanical rupture (tearing) and general decomposition of the molecular network to a low-molecular-weight material (smearing). Marked differences were shown by different elastomers. Carbon-black-filled natural rubber, SBR (styrene-butadiene copolymer) and EPR (ethylene-propylene copolymer) were particularly susceptible to decomposition and smearing, but for natural rubber and SBR the decomposition process was not observed in an inert atmosphere. It is attributed to molecular rupture under frictional forces followed by stabilization of the newly formed polymeric radicals by reaction with oxygen, if present, or with other polymer molecules, or with other macroradicals. Cis-polybutadiene and trans-polypentenamer did not appear to undergo smearing to a significant degree. The reactive radicals formed in these materials by molecular rupture are assumed to undergo rapid addition to other molecules so that the network structure is maintained. Rates of wear have been found to increase with the applied frictional force raised to a power n. The value of n was between 2.5 and 3.5 for unfilled materials at ambient temperature, in agreement with Champ, Southern, and Thomas, who pointed out a general correlation with mechanical fatigue. Filled materials were found to be less sensitive to the frictional force, whether wear took place by tearing or by smearing, having values of the index n of 1.5-1.8. Several observations suggest that wear, even in the absence of smearing, is not fully correlated with mechanical fatigue: the markedly lower wear rates for carbon-black-filled materials, the anomalous rankings of unfilled materials, and the relatively small effects of raising the test temperature to 100°C. It is concluded that abrasive wear by small-scale tearing is not accounted for solely by the crack growth properties of the material but involves other failure processes as well.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280304
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    Simulation of reversible AA + B′B″ polycondensations in wiped film reactors (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1063-1076 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Wiped-film reactors carrying out AA + B′B″ type reversible polycondensations (where A, B′, and B” are functional groups, with B′ and B” reacting with A at different rates) have been simulated. The governing mass balance equations have been solved for two transport models of this reactor (one by Ault and Mellichamp and the other by Amon and Denson) using a combination of finite difference and the Runge-Kutta methods. The increase in the number-average chain length μn of the polymer formed in the reactor is computed as a function of the various rate constants and the parameters characterizing the reactor. μn is found to be most sensitive to the surface area of the film and to the temperature used, both for the equal reactivity as well as for the unequal reactivity cases. For the latter, the effect of the reactivity ratio for the forward rate constants is more significant than that of the equilibrium constants. Results of the two models are also compared under similar conditions and it is found that under equivalent conditions, the Amon-Denson model gives slightly higher μn than the Ault-Mellichamp model.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280313
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    New epoxy resins. III. Application of fourier transform IR to degradation and interaction studies of epoxy resins and their copolymers (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1077-1091 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: In the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) study, diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) did not show aldehyde or perester absorption when it was normally cured with trimethoxyboroxine (TMB) under a nitrogen atmosphere. Neither alumina nor gold surfaces would cause oxidation of the system. In air, alumina appeared to accelerate the oxidation when compared to gold. The cure of the epoxy in oxygen appeared to cause increased Claisen rearrangement when compared with the same cure in a nitrogen atmosphere. The DGEBA cured with TMB under air or nitrogen atmospheres showed differences in their degradation patterns. The TMB-cured DGEBA and diglycidyl ether of 9,9-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) fluorene (DGEBF) copolymer had a higher degree of reaction and lower degradation than was shown by the synthetically generated spectra based on the FT-IR summation of the spectra of the respective homopolymers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280314
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    Studies of the polymerization of diallyl compounds. XXXVIII. Telomerization of diallyl aromatic dicarboxylates in the presence of carbon tetrabromide (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1105-1118 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Radical telomerization of diallyl aromatic dicarboxylates, including diallyl phthalate (DAP) and diallyl terephthalate (DAT), was investigated in detail in the presence of CBr4 as a telogen. Telomer yield could be accurately determined by a subsidiary GPC measurement in conjunction with a precipitation method. Telomerization kinetics of diallyl compound in the presence of CBr4 was discussed and the chain transfer constant CCBr4 (= ktr/kp) was estimated to be 57.9 and 53.8 for DAP and DAT, respectively, the values which correspond to those for one functional group of diallyl compound. The degree of polymerization was significantly dependent on conversion as consequences of the fast consumption of CBr4 and the occurrence of crosslinking reaction. The rate of polymerization was enhanced with the added amount of CBr4, being ascribable to the replacement of the degradative chain transfer by the chain transfer to CBr4, the latter which yields active tribromomethyl radical in lieu of less active allyl radical. Gelation was delayed with an increase in the added amount of CBr4. Preparation of telomer in high yield and its applicability are finally discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280316
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    Effect of copolymerization with methacrylonitrile on the dielectric relaxation of polyacrylonitrile (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1167-1177 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Dielectric relaxation in the glass transition region of polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polymethacrylonitrile (PMAN), and their random copolymers containing 6-46 wt % MAN has been studied in the frequency range 102-105 Hz and temperature range 40-160°C. Changes in the dielectric constant increment, relaxation temperature, and the loss peak amplitude with changing MAN content in the copolymers were observed. Dielectric constant increment and loss peak amplitude showed maxima around 6-12 wt % MAN content while the relaxation temperature increased continuously over the entire range. The results are discussed in terms of the possible structural differences arising from the effect of the introduction of MAN units on the dipolar interactions between the nitrile groups.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280322
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    Dehydrochlorinated poly(vinyl chloride-g-styrene). I. Effect of synthesis conditions (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1245-1254 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Dehydrochlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) (DHPVC) was graft copolymerized with styrene monomer using benzoyl peroxide (Bz2O2) as free radical initiator, in vacuum. The effect of synthesis conditions such as time, initiator concentration, the ratio of monomer to polymer, and temperature on various grafting parameters was studied. On the whole, a maximum of 47 wt % polystyrene (PSt) in the graft (DHPVC-g-PSt) was obtained. PSt contents of graft copolymers determined by gravimetry, chlorine analysis, and UV spectroscopy have been compared. A “grafting from” mechanism has been proposed for the graft copolymerization.
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    Determination of the structural configuration of cresol-novolak resins by 13C NMR spectroscopy (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1263-1263 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280330
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    Influence of copolymer composition on non-fickian water transport through glassy copolymers (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1299-1310 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The dynamic swelling behavior of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-methyl methacrylate) and poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) in water was followed at 37°C. The results were analyzed in terms of a simple non-Fickian transport equation, which expresses the fractional penetrant uptake as an exponential function of the diffusion time. The exponent n, which indicates Fickian or non-Fickian transport mechanism, was correlated to the content of the more hydrophilic component of the copolymer. Photomicrographs obtained with polarized light offer new information about the position and movement of the penetrant front in glassy, hydrophilic polymers.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280404
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    Determination of the birefringence of an ideal polyester fiber (PET) with regard to the intermolecular interactions (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1335-1346 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Method of birefringence determination for an ideal polyester fiber has been described with regard to the interactions of surrounding macromolecules, Δn = 0.2360. Obtained results have been discussed in view of information given in the literature.
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    Compatibility of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide)/poly(fluorostyrene-co-chlorostyrene) blendsPresented at the Macromolecular Symposium of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, July 12-16, 1982, Amherst, MA. (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1379-1388 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The compatibility of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO) with random copolymers of ortho- and para-fluorostyrene as well as with ortho- and para-chlorostyrene of various copolymer compositions was examined. The compatibility was studied by DSC and visual observation of film clarity. It was found that copolymers of ortho-fluorostyrene with para-chlorostyrene containing 15-74 mol % p-CIS are compatible with PPO in all proportions. Compatibility of the PPO/poly-(ortho-fluorostyrene-co-ortho-chlorostyrene) system was observed for copolymers containing between 15 and 36 mol % ortho-chlorostyrene. Copolymers of para-fluorostyrene with para-chlorostyrene, as well as copolymers of para-fluorostyrene with ortho-chlorostyrene appear to be incompatible with PPO at 210°C.
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    The development of a new technique for the evaluation of polymer burning behaviorThis work is part of a Ph.D. dissertation submitted by Y-L. Hsieh to the Graduate School of the University of Maryland. (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1389-1407 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new research technique was developed for the evaluation of fundamental burning characteristics of polymers. Burning characteristics examined included heat release, mass change, oxygen consumption, and carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide generation. A laboratory apparatus was designed and constructed so environmental conditions could be controlled. The detection of selected parameters was realized by the use of various devices and instrumentation. Instrumental potentiometric outputs were processed with a data acquisition system to accommodate simultaneous data collection in the calibration and the material study. Each device used for parameter measurement was standardized and calibrated by itself as well as in connection with the system. Systematic errors were estimated to be less than 6%. The technique was tested with flame retardant systems containing antimony trioxide (Sb2O3) and decabromodiphenyl oxide (DBDPO) on polyethylene film. Significant different effects on the heat reduction and CO formation in the system containing DBDPO alone and that containing both DBDPO and Sb2O3 were observed. Different flame-retardation mechanisms for these two systems were postulated and confirmed by additional thermal and elemental analyses. Results demonstrated that this technique can be an effective mean in the evaluation of polymer-burning behavior and flame-retardant mechanisms.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280413
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    The study on radiation grafting of acrylic acid onto fluorine-containing polymers. IV. Properties of membrane obtained by preirradiation grafting onto poly(tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene) (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1465-1479 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Some properties of the membranes obtained by preirradiation grafting of acrylic acid onto poly(tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene) (FEP) film have been investigated. Swelling behavior, dimensional change by grafting, electric conductivity, and mechanical properties of the grafted films were found to depend largely on the degree of grafting and to increase as the grafting proceeds. These properties were also found to be independent of the preparation conditions such as irradiation dose, grafting temperature, film thickness, and monomer concentration lower than 60 wt %. The electric conductivity of the membranes prepared at lower monomer concentration (lower than 60 wt %) is higher than that prepared at 80 wt % acrylic acid concentration. X-ray microscopy of the grafted film revealed that the grafting proceeds from both surfaces of the film to the direction of center to give finally homogeneous grafting through the whole bulk of film. At lower monomer concentration the homogeneous grafting was achieved at a degree of grafting around 18%, while at 80 wt % acrylic acid it was achieved at a degree of grafting higher than 70%. The homogeneously grafted membranes show good electrochemical and mechanical properties which make them acceptable for practical uses as cation-exchange membranes.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280420
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    Rheological studies of cellulose derivatives solutions (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1527-1534 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The rheological behavior of solutions of cellulose derivatives, acetate, and hydroxypropyl was studied as a function of different parameters; molecular weight, concentration,…, at T = 25°C in the vicinity of the liquid crystal phase transition. A variation of the strain rate sensitivity parameter with concentration is found. A degradation of the solution in trifluoroacetic acid is demonstrated.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280424
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    Taylor diffusion in polymer solutions: Falsification by slip effects (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1549-1549 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280428
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    Main functions of iron compounds as smoke suppressant in poly(vinyl chloride) combustionCorrected proofs received February 24, 1983 (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1573-1584 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Whatever the state of the iron compounds as smoke suppressant during the combustion of poly(vinyl chloride), they lead rapidly to native αFe2O3 in the char residue left after dehydrochlorination. It causes incandescence of the char residue and catalyzes its oxidation into carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide that contributes to decreasing the amount of available carbon for the soot formation after self-ignition. FeCl2 and FeCl3 are the precursors of αFe2O3, which is the true compound as smoke suppressant. Nevertheless, as intermediate, iron chlorides are able to modify the degradation processes, and they favor the formation of light tars instead of heavy tars. For that reason the iron compounds cause the formation of smoke at lower temperature than for pure PVC, but, as αFe2O3 is formed, the smoke production levels off and then decreases. The higher the ease of the iron compounds to give chlorides through reaction with HCI and further native αFe2O3, the higher the ease of the additive to cause the oxidation of the char residue sooner and in consequence to decrease the smoke level. In the PVC combustion three main steps may be distinguised: dehydrochlorination step between 200-300°C; tars aerosols formation from the char residue between 300°C and self-ignition; at temperature higher than self-ignition, formation of soot from the previous tars as precursors.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280503
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    Concentration of radioactive liquid streams by membrane processes (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1641-1650 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The possibility of concentrating radioactive effluents by reverse osmosis was investigated. Cellulose acetate membranes of the Loeb-Sourirajan type were used, and their performance was evaluated for CsCl and SrCl2 solutions in concentrations ranging from millimolar to trace level. The applicability of solution-diffusion and irreversible thermodynamic models for predicting solute separation in the above concentration range has been investigated. Some aspects of the selectivity with reference to trace radionuclides are also reported.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280508
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    The characterization of styrene-β-pinene polymers (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1701-1705 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Styrene was polymerized with β-pinene at 30°C and -50°C in methylene dichloride and in m-xylene solvents. The styrene-to-terpene ratio on pyrolysis suggests that the polymers made at 30°C are copolymers, whereas most of the polymers made at -50°C are not copolymers. On the other hand, ethylene, ethane, and propylene analysis suggests that more of the polymers made at -50°C are copolymers.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280513
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    Synthesis and viscoelastic properties of new thermosetting resins having isocyanurate and oxazolidone rings in their molecular structures (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1729-1741 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new type of thermosetting resin can be obtained from solventless varnishes composed of polyfunctional isocyanates and epoxides. The IR spectra show that the cured resins have isocyanurate and oxazolidone rings in their chemical structure, hence their name, isocyanurate-oxazolidone resins. The viscoelastic behavior of the cured resins can be varied considerably by selecting an appropriate reactant species and changing the equivalent ratio of the isocyanate and epoxy groups in the varnishes. Three relaxations, labeled α, β, and γ, characterize their dynamic mechanical spectra. The α-dispersion is due to the glass transition, the β-dispersion, to local mode motions of the backbone chains of resins, and the γ-dispersion, to the molecular motions of long alkyl chains. If certain additives are mixed into the varnishes before curing, microphase separation takes place during the reactions. The resins finally obtained have a peculiar physical structure in which rubber particles are dispersed throughout a matrix phase as confirmed by scanning electron-microscopic analysis and viscoelastic behavior.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280516
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    Poly(methyl methacrylate) as incorporation medium for spent ion-exchange resin. II. Simulated resin (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1779-1786 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The incorporation and final containment of spent ion-exchange resins into poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was investigated in the present study. Test blocks of PMMA with 50% incorporated inactive resin were subjected to radiation doses of 105-107 rad at a dose rate of 50 rad/s. The high radiation doses impaired the mechanical properties of the final products. Both compressive strength and hardness decreased with increasing the particle size of the ion-exchange resin. DTA diagrams showed the thermal instability of the final solidification product at about 400°C. Leaching experiments on incorporated blocks of active resins labelled with Cs-137 and Ce-144 showed that cesium activity was more easily released in leachant solutions than was cerium activity. Cumulative leaching rates for both Cs and Ce were lower in deionized water than in undergroud water. The mechanical, thermal, and leaching data obtained illustrate the suitability of PMMA for immobilization of spent ion-exchange resins with low specific activity.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280520
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    Effects of dry blending on morphogy of PVC powder particlesCorrected proofs received March 24, 1983 (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1847-1869 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Mass and suspension PVC were blended on a Fielder mixer and changes in powder morphology and additive distribution investigated. The techniques used to characterize and assess processing behavior have included microscopy, density, size analysis, torque, and capillary rheometry. The particulate structure of PVC remained intact, and there were no pronounced differences in the processability of blends discharged at different temperatures. In the absence of shear PVC particles are largely unchanged in character. Solid additives do not appear to enter into resin particles while liquid stabilizer readily does so.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280604
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    Stress optical behavior in polystyrene; residual stresses and birefringences in large, quenched samples (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1931-1947 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In a basic study of the nonequilibrium glassy state of polystyrene, two related areas have been investigated. The first dealt with homogeneous samples and included work on volume aging and the effect of temperature on the stress (and strain) optical coefficients and on the modulus. The second dealt with nonhomogeneous samples and included measurement of the frozen-in birefringence in large, quenched samples and analysis of this residual birefringence, and also the stress, with residual stress theory. The theory used was that of Aggarwala and Saibel, which is a special case of the more general theory of Lee, Rogers, and Woo.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280609
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    Deformation and failure of polymeric matrices under swelling conditionsPresented at the 37th Annual Conference, Reinforced Plastics/Composite Institute, SPI, Inc., January, 1982, Washington, D.C. (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1981-1992 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polymers in which the diffusion mechanism was characterized by a sharp advancing boundary between the swollen shell and the core showed a highly anisotropic swelling response. The anisotropy of the swelling strains was caused by the mechanical constraints exerted mutually by the two regions of the specimen. The swelling stresses developing during the process eventually led to fracture of the polymer specimen. An analytical model which explained the modes of failure of the polymer under the swelling stresses was developed. The proposed approach was based on the general analogy existing between the studied swollen specimens and composite materials. A model for the prediction of the anisotropic hygroelastic response of the swollen systems was also proposed.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280613
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    Viscoelastic properties of a gum vulcanizate at large static deformations (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1993-2003 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The loss tangent corresponding to small sinusoidal oscillations superposed on a large static deformation is found to decrease with increasing static deformation ratio for a natural rubber gum vulcanizate. Further, the response functions of the stress-relaxation and the incremental stress-relaxation vs. time and the storage modulus vs. frequency are found not to be separable functions of time and strain effects. These findings are shown to indicate that the elastic contribution to the viscoelastic response of this elastomer increases more rapidly with the static deformation than does the relaxation contribution. The loss modulus, however, is found to be a separable function of time and strain effects. Hence, only one relaxation function is needed in the viscoelastic constitutive theory applied to this elastomer. The finite linear viscoelasticity theory as modified by Morman has a form which can account for these results. Predictions of the incremental stress-relaxation function from dynamic data are within 1% of experimental values.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280614
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    NO2-initiated polymerization of acrylonitrile (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 2005-2010 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The polymerization of acrylonitrile initiated with NO2 in dimethyl sulfoxide has been studied. The kinetics of polymerization was followed gravimetrically. The effect of monomer, initiator, and temperature on the rate of polymerization has been given. The overall activation energy was found to be 18.06 kcal.mol-1. The polymerization with NO2 appears to be initiated by a free-radical mechanism.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280615
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    Sequential nature of the exothermic reactions leading to the formation of flexible polyurethane foams (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 2053-2067 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The exotherms of the reactions leading to the formation of polyurethane foams were measured. The inflection points of the exotherm curves were made evident by continuous differentiation with respect to time. The position and magnitude of the inflection points demonstrated the sequential nature of the reactions. The effects of the functionality of the polyol, the concentrations of the tin and amine catalysts, and the silicone surfactant are discussed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280618
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    Birefringence of injection-molded glassy polymers during relaxation and recovery (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 2033-2051 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Birefringence measurements have been made on six glassy polymers during stress-relaxation and recovery experiments at temperatures below Tg. Of the six polymers tested only one pair, poly(ethylene terephthalate) and a glassy polyamide (“Trogamid”), show a strong mutual resemblance in the behavior of birefringence under these conditions. The results are discussed with reference to molecular structure, and, although detailed interpretations are not offered, it is observed that the behavior is less complex for polymers which possess their most polarizable groups in the main chain or attached rigidly to it than for those polymers having polarizable side groups with relaxations which do not involve the main chain. All six polymers have been tested in injection-molded form, and the possible consequences of this are considered. The major differences observed to occur between the different materials do not appear to be related to processing, however, and some results obtained using specimens prepared in other ways are also presented to illustrate this.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280617
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    Polypropylene/nylon 6 blends: Phase distribution morphology, rheological measurements, and structure development in melt spinning (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 2011-2032 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A series of polypropylene (PP)/nylon 6 (N6) blends of composition 75/25, 50/50, and 25/75 have been prepared in a screw extruder combined with a Koch static mixer. The phase morphology was observed with a scanning electron microscope. The influence of heating in the reservoir of a rheometer followed by subsequent extrusion through a capillary on the phase morphology was investigated. Phase size growth as a function of time was observed under quiescent and mild deformation rate conditions. The discrete phase size was observed to decrease with increasing extrusion rate through dies. The shear viscosity and principal normal stress difference of the blends were measured as a function of composition. The crystalline orientation of both polypropylene and nylon 6 in blend melt spun fibers was characterized by wide angle X-ray diffraction and interpreted in terms of Hermans-Stein orientation factors. The orientation increases with drawdown ratio. The orientation factors for the polypropylene phase vary with spinline stress in a manner independent of composition and identical to that for pure polypropylene. Extracting melt spun blend fibers with formic acid has produced small-diameter polypropylene minifilaments with diameters of the order of microns.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280616
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    Radiation crosslinking of poly(vinyl chloride) with trimethylolpropanetrimethacrylate. II. Dependence on radiation dose and blend composition (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 2083-2092 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The radiation crosslinking of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) blended with trimethylolpropanetrimethacrylate (TMPTMA) has been examined. The polyfunctional TMPTMA undergoes polymerization incorporating the PVC into a 3-dimensional network. The kinetics and mechanisms of these crosslinking reactions were studied with particular reference to dependence on radiation dose and blend composition. The crosslinking rate was found to be proportional to the TMPTMA concentration. As the TMPTMA concentration decreased, soluble graft copolymers were produced in addition to insoluble networks. A gel permeation chromatography technique provided compositional information on the gel and sol fractions. The competition between polymerization, grafting, and degradation reactions was examined.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280620
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    Synthesis, characterization, and study of thermal properties of methyl-substituted arylene sulfone ether polyimides, polyamides, and poly(amide-imides)Presented in part at the 27th International Symposium on Macromolecules, Strassbourg, France, July 7, 1981. (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 2069-2081 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A number of methyl-substituted bis[(phenyleneoxy) sulfone] dianilines were synthesized and reacted with pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA), benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride (BTDA), terephthaloyl chloride (TPC), isophthaloyl chloride (IPC), and trimellitic anhydride acid chloride (TMAC) to prepare a series of polyimides, polyamides, and poly(amide-imides), respectively. Low temperature solution and interfacial polymerization techniques were utilized to prepare the above polymers. Most of the polymers prepared formed tough, transparent flexible films. The prepared polymers were characterized by solution viscosity, thermal gravimetric analysis (dynamic and isothermal), and differential scanning calorimetry. The effect of the number and the ring substitution of methyl groups on polymer properties is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280619
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    Effect of grafted UV stabilizers on wood surface erosion and clear coating performance (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 2093-2103 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The critical element for a durable exterior clear coating on wood is photochemical stability of the wood surface beneath the coating. If this interface is not stabilized, even a durable coating will delaminate due to photoinduced wood degradation. A new method for stabilizing the wood surface was developed and evaluated. HEBP [2-hydroxy-4-(2,3-epoxypropoxy)benzophenone] was grafted to western redcedar (Thuja plicata). HEBP contains an ultraviolet (UV) stabilizer moiety that improved the xenon are accelerated weathering performance of western redcedar (WRC). The weathering performance of the HEBP-modified WRC was compared with WRC treated with an unbound UV stabilizer of similar type and with untreated controls. The grafted stabilizer reduced the erosion rate (weathering) of unfinished WRC, and, as a pretreatment under clear finishes (spar varnish and exterior grade polyurethane), the stabilized surfaces improved coating performance and color retention.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280621
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    Analysis of the calendering of compressible fluids (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 2119-2124 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Assuming that the compressible behavior of polymeric melt obeys the Spencer-Gilmore equation of state, the effect of melt compressibility on calendering process has been investigated. The compressible model is distinctly different from the incompressible model in three ways. (1) It has substantially lower maximum pressure, (2) the location having maximum pressure moves closer to the nip region; (3) the contact point shifts closer to the nip region.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280623
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    The mechanism of cure of tetraglycidyl diaminodiphenyl methane with diaminodiphenyl sulfone (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 2131-2131 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280625
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    Photoinduced graft copolymerization of nylon 6 fibers with acrylamide. I. Effect of synthesis conditions (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 2125-2129 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280624
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    Dynamic mechanical analysis of polymers in the liquid state: Use of a perforated shim stock support (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 2105-2118 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This report summarizes some initial results on the use of a perforated brass shim stock support to extend the useful range of dynamic mechanical testing well over 100 degrees above the traditional limiting polymer softening points of Tg or Tm. Weak secondary relaxations were observed above Tg in both polyisobutylene (PIB) and polystyrene (PS) homopolymer, copolymer, and blend systems and above Tm in gutta percha (trans-polyisoprene). The DuPont 981 Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (DMA)-990 Thermal Analyzer system was used to characterize these weak liquid state processes. The DMA instrument deforms the specimen in flexure, thus minimizing the shear component present in some other techniques. Specimen-coating weights are typically in the range 20-40 mg. The perforations are particularly useful for polymers having low inherent adhesion to metals or systems which are very brittle in the glassy state, e.g., low MW PS's and many methacrylates.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280622
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  • 84
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    Stress-relaxattion of natural rubber under compression - depenndence on oxygen concentration (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 2133-2137 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The compression-relaxation was studied for unfilled TMTD-vulcanized natural rubber cylinders (height = diameter = 20mm). The samples have been treated prior to compression in different oxygen media from an inert medium to pure oxygen at 2.0 MPa. Activation energies were calculated from compression-relaxation measurements made at different temperatures, and from these results conclusions were drawn concerning the diffusion control of the relaxation.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280701
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  • 85
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    Gradient innterpenetrating polymer networks. II. Polyacrylamide gradients in poly(ether urethane)Corrected proofs received May 3, 1983 (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 2151-2166 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The surface of poly(ether urethhane) is modified by preparing gradient interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) with polyyacrylamide hydrogels. Soveral experimental methods are used for preparing the gradient IPNs. Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) is used as the main characterization technique.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280703
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  • 86
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    Influence of hydrati ability of monomer on immobilization of microbial cells by radiation polymerization (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 2167-2175 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The influence of the hydrratin ability of monomer on the immobilization of microbial cells by radiation polymerization was studied using various acrylate and diacrylate monomers. The heats of mixing of the monomers in water were determined, and the hydratin abilities of monomer and polymer were evaluated by heat of mising and water content. The shape of the immobilized cell composites varied with the hydratin ability of monomer. The enzymatic activity of the immobilized cell composites varied with the number of ethyleneglycol or methylene units in the monomers. In the immobilization using acrylate monomers, the increase of the hydration ability of the monomer introduced a spongelike composite to the formation of the immobilized cells, and, in diacrylate monomers, the increase of the hydration ability of the monomer introduced a flakelike composite to the formation of the immobilized cells, by which enzymatic activity increased.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280704
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  • 87
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    Semi- and fully interpenetrating polymer networks based on polyurethane-polyacrylate systems. I. The polyurethane networks (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 2139-2149 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The polyurethane networks based on commerical prepolymer, Adiprene L-100, and trimethylol propane (system 1) and on toluene diisocyanate, polypropylene gylcol, and trimethylol propane (system 2) were prepared and characterized in a number of ways. The materials constitute the first formed networks in a series of interpenetrating polymer networks and semi-interpenetrating polymer networks to be reported in subsequent papers in this series. System 1 networks were characterized by swelling tests which showed the Mc values to be sensitive to the amount of polyurethane present in the polymerization solvent. Stress-strain, stress-relaxation, and dynamic mechanical analyses wer also conducted. For system 2, Mc was measured, by both the swelling and the Mooney-Rivlin techniques, for materials in which the diol-to-triol ratios had been altered. the latter showed C1 increasing as Mc decreased while C2 was small and changed onlyy slightly indicating approximately ideal behavior. These Mc values were about 13 % larger than predicted by swelling.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 88
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    Photoinduced graft copolymerization of nylon 6 fibers with acrylamide. II. Characterization and evaluation of properties (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 2217-2226 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Nylon 6-g-polyacrylamide graft copolymer prepared by photoinduced initiation was characterized and some of its properties were evaluated. Intrinsic viscosity of the graft copolymer increased continously with percent grafting. Thermal stability decreased corresponding to the increase in add-on %. The moisture regain, diameter, and density showed an increase with percent grafting. The acid dyeability of the graft copolymer decreased with increase in graft level, whereas the disperse dye uptake increased initially up to a graft add-on of 28.9% and then showed a decrease.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280708
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    Dynamic mechanical and vibration damping properties of polyurethane compositions (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 2187-2207 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A series of polyurethane compositions with varying comonomer ratio and structure, polyblends with epoxy resin, and filled systems with mica and calcium carbonate were prepared. The dynamic mechanical properties of the compositions were measured at 110 Hz using a Rheovibron. The vibration damping properties were measured using a Brüel and Kjaer damping modulus apparatus with steel strips as substrate, the polyurethane compositions as coatings, and, when used, a constraining layer of aluminum or epoxy. The damping curves by the two techniques were similar in shape. Furthermore, the damping properties of the compositions in both extensional and constrained layer configurations could be estimated from the dynamic mechanical properties. The width of the damping region in terms of the temperature range was used as a criterion for effectiveness. Very wide ranges of temperature, and hence frequency, fell within the damping region which was broadened to as much as -40-60°C by the use of bulky backbone chain polymers, by polyblending with epoxy, and by filling with mica. Mica in an extensional mode configuration could be considered as equivalent to a constraining layer for purposes of calculation. The data agree well with the general view that extensional mode damping requires a high loss modulus and constrined mode damping a high loss factor, in both cases being more effective if the storage modulus were also high.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280706
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    Comparison of polystyrene, poly(styrene/acrylonitrile), high-impact polystryrene, and poly(acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene) with respect to tensile and impact properties (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 2209-2216 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The tensile behaviors of polystyrene (PS), poly(styrene/acrylonitrile) (SAN), high-impact polystyrene (HIPS), and poly(acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene) (ABS) were examined systematically in the wide range of strain rate, 1.7 × 10-4-13.1 m/s. When glassy and brittle PS was a criterion, the incorporation of a polar group (SAN) only strengthened the hardness, and the fracture mode was the same as for PS. The introduction of dispersed rubber particles (HIPS) weakened the hardness a little but offered a new deformation mechanism, i.e., microcrazing (whitening), and contributed to the improvement of impact strength. In the heterogeneous system, the enhancement of matrix strength [e.g., preorientation or blending with poly(phenylene oxide) for HIPS] makes possible another deformation mechanism, i.e., shear band formation (cold drawing), which is superior to microcrazing for achieving higher impact strength. ABS, which incorporates concurrently two factors (polar group to matrix phase and dispersed rubber particles), can be regarded as an enhancement of the matrix strength of HIPS. In spite of the remarkable magnitude of its impact strength compared with that of the other three polymers, the deformation mechanism of ABS was limited to microcrazing. This indicated that only the introduction of a polar group (as nitrile group) could not strengthen the matrix as much as preorientation or blending with poly(phenylene oxide).
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Crystallinity of pure and nucleated PET (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 2177-2186 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Pure and Al(OH)3-containing PET films were prepared, quenched, and subsequently annealed under identical conditions. The level of crystallinity of the films was determined by three methods: density measurements, X-ray crystallinity determination, and measurements by IR of the relative concentration of trans —O—C—C—O— conformation in the polymer. For pure PET it was found that the percentage crystallinity measured in annealed samples by X-ray and IR is about the same. The density measurements agree with these techniques only when the amorphous density is taken as 1.348 g/cm3. In the case of quenched pure PET, a 7% correction to the concentration of trans conformation must be introduced (in agreement with recent literature) to fit the IR results to the X-ray and density data. Annealed PET containing Al(OH)3 crystallizes to about the same level as annealed pure PET. The agreement between X-ray and IR data is reasonably good. In the quenched PET/Al(OH)3 there exists a higher level of trans conformation (enhanced order), probably resulting from adsorption of relatively extended PET chain segments on the surface of the hydroxide particles. These extended units may possibly serve as nucleation sites for PET crystallization upon cooling from the melt.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    High performance epoxy resins cured in the presence of BF3 catalystPresented in part at N.A.T.E.C. Meeting, Oct. 25-27, 1982, Bal Harbour, Fla. (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 2227-2233 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Dynamic mechanical experiments have been conducted on an epoxy system made with tetraglycidyl 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl methane (TGDDM) and polyglycidyl ether of Bisphenol A Novalac that were cured with 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS) in the presence of Boron trifluoride monoethylamine catalyst (BF3:EtNH2). As the concentration of BF3:EtNH2 increased, the low temperature β-transition magnitude increased slightly. The α1-transition observed in the uncatalyzed system decreased significantly with the addition of BF3:EtNH2 catalyst. The α2 or glass transition temperature of this system increased with increasing catalyst concentration. Both the catalyzed and uncatalyzed epoxy formulations studied in this work are important due to their similarity to systems used commercially in epoxy matrix composites.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280709
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    Kinetics of swelling of cotton fibers in aqueous ethylenediamine solutions using moisture regain data (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 2235-2245 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Kinetic studies of swelling of cotton cellulose with 75% (w/w) EDA solution have been carried out. Three rates of the reaction were observed in the temperature range 10-35°C: first, the very fast rate (k1) lasting for about 10 s; second, the extremely slow rate (k2) lasting for 30-50 s; and third, once again a fast rate (k3), k1 being faster than k3. k1 was attributed to the swelling action of EDA-monohydrate in amorphous regions of cellulose; k2 was assigned to the penetration of swelling species into crystallities accompanied by breakage of H bonds in these regions; and k3 was assigned to the opening up of the crystallites. Activation energy values confirmed this trend. At higher temperatures (35-55°C), the middle rate k2 merged with k3, giving only two rates, k1 and k2+3, as the higher temperatures brought about simultaneous diffusion of swelling agent into, and decrystallization of, the crystalline portions of cellulose. EDA solution of 65% (w/w) concentration gave only two rates: the initial fast rate assigned to the swelling of the amorphous portion, followed by a slow one, operating in mesomorphous regions of cellulose, without any appreciable decrystallization. This was atributed to the important fact, viz., the absence of EDA-monohydrates in the solution.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    Wide-angle X-ray diffraction studies of nylon-ionomer blends (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 2247-2260 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Blends of nylon 6 with poly(acrylic acid) polyacrylamide, poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid), poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol), poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid), and polypropylene were prepared by melt blending. Annealing treatments included treatments in Vacuum, in water, and in 20% formic acid at various temperatures. WAXS (wide-angle X-ray scattering) patterns of melt chips and of undrawn, drawn and textured yarns were obtained. The melt chips of 100% nylon 6 crystallize in the α form while the chips of all the blends exhibit a single diffracton ring. All the blends behave similarly during different annealing treatments. When annealed in 20% formic acid at 102°C, the α structure results. The as-spun fibers of nylon 6 and of the blends with poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) and poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) exhibit a broad diffraction maximum in the region 2θ = 19-25°. The α content and its purity increase with increasing severity of the annealing treatment. The as-spun fibers of the blend with poly(acrylic acid), on the other hand, exhibit a highly oriented γ structure which is highly resistant to conversion to the α from during the annealing treatments. Only when treated in 20% formic acid at 102° does the pure α form result. The drawn textured yarns of nylon 6 exhibit both the α and the γ forms. However, the γ content of the textured yarns from the blends varies with the type and concentration of the additives. The textured yarns from the blends with low levels (0.125%) of poly(acrylic acid) have a very high α content. It is very unusual that the as-spun fibers with almost pure γ structure, when drawn, produce a structure with a high α content.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    Optimal temperature profiles for nylon 6 polymerization in plug-flow reactors (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 2261-2279 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Optimal temperature profiles for nylon 6 polymerization in plug-flow reactors have been obtained under different conditions using a reasonable objective function which gives more flexibility to a designer than those studied earlier. Computations suggest that the temperatures at the feed end of the reactor must be maintained at the highest permissible level (determined by the boiling point of the ∊-caprolactam) so as to force the degree of polymerization rapidly to the desired value. Thereafter, the temperatures should be reduced in order to minimize the undesirable cyclic dimer concentration, and, finally, near the exit of the reactor, the temperature must once again be increased in order to attain higher monomer conversion. The effect of a systematic change of values of the various design variables, one by one, is studied. The profile obtained differs substantially from those obtained by earlier workers because of the difference in the objective function as well as in the kinetic mechanism associated with the formation of the cyclic oligomer. Attempts are also made to obtain a global optimal scheme to produce a polymer of a desired degree of polymerization.
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    DSC study of the polyurethane formation from poly(ethylene adipate) and toluene diisocyanatePresented in part at the 7th International Confederation For Thermal Analysis Conference, Kingston, Ontario, 22-29 August 1982. (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 2281-2289 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The reaction of poly(ethylen adipate) (PEA) and toluene diisocyanate (TDI) is studied by means of isothermal DSC. The reaction has the stoichiometry of PEA/TDI = 0.5 and a reaction enthalpy of ΔH = -65.0 kJ/mol hydroxyl group. The kinetic order is unity over a wide range of temperature and composition of the reaction mixture. The temperature dependence of the first-order rate constant yields an apparent activation energy of 61.1 kJ/mol. The kinetic data are accommodated by the following rate law: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm rate} = k_1 \frac{{\left[ {{\rm PEA}} \right]\left[ {{\rm TDI}} \right]}}{{2\left[ {{\rm PEA}} \right] + \left[ {{\rm TDI}} \right]}} $$\end{document} A mechanism involving a mobile preequilibrium to accommodate the experimental results is proposed.
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    Structure-property relationship in copolyesters. I. Preparation and characterization of ethylene terephthalate-hexamethylene terephthalate copolymersPaper presented at the Symposium on Polymer Science held at Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidya Nagar, Gujarat (India), 2-4 Feb. 1981. (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 2291-2302 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Poly(ethylene terephthalate)-containing ethylene and hexamethylene residues in the polymer backbone were prepared by melt condensation reaction of dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) and diffrent quantities of ethylene glycol (EG) and 1,6-hexane diol (H) in the initial monomer feed. Several polyester samples were prepared by varying the mol % of 1,6-hexane diol with respect to ethylene glycol in the initial monomer feed. These included 0.0 (PET), 2.5 (H1), 5.0 (H2), 7.5 (H3), 10.0 (H4), 12.5 (H5), 15.0 (H6), 17.5 (H7), 20.0 (H8), 50.0 (H9), 80.0 (H10), and 100.0 (H11), respectively. The polymers were characterized by recording IR spectra and intrinsic viscosity measurements. The relative thermal stability of the polymers was evaluated by dynamic thermogravimetry in air. An increase in mol % of 1,6-hexane diol resulted in a decrease in melting points and thermal stability of copolymers. PET and copolyesters were spun to fibers by using the melt-spinning technique. The fibers were drawn to draw ratios 2,3,4, and 5. In case of copolymes, tensile strength decreases slightly with increasing mol % of H whereas % elongation increases. The moisture regain and dye uptake in copolyesters was treatly enhanced as compared to PET.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280714
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    Analysis of thermal oligomerization mechanism of styrene by field desorption mass spectrometry (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 2303-2316 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Field desorption mass spectra of normal and deuterated styrene oligomers synthesized in several alkylbenzenes were measured. Analysis of the mechanism of thermal oligomerization was carried out by identifying the molecular species in the reaction system using field desorption mass spectra. As a result, the existence of several kinds of molecular species was confirmed. The minor molecular species originated from dissolved oxygen, from the cleavage of solvent radicals to which oxygen was attached, or from H-D exchange in the oligomerization of deuterated styrene. The major molecular species originated from radical telomerization of solvents and styrene dimers, from the recombination termination reaction, and from the cage reaction between initiating radicals. Field desorption mass spectrometry was found to be useful for analyzing the mechanism of styrene oligomerization as well as characterizing the oligomers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280715
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    Photoacoustic study of thermal degradation of polyurethane (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 2317-2324 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polyurethane rigid foam shows substantial changes in its photoacoustic absorption spectra (PAS) on heating in the presence of air. These spectral changes are due to conjugated structures and quinone-imide formation, formed during degradation. The mechanism of degradation appears to be free radical in nature.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280716
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    Determination of number-average and weight-average molecular weights of polymer sample from diffusion and sedimentation velocity measurements in theta solvent (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 2325-2339 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Several methods to determine number-average molecular weight Mn and weight-average molecular weight Mw, of a polymer sample are proposed from diffusion and sedimentation velocity measurements at the θ point. According to these methods, Mn and Mw are determined from the diffusion constant vs. molecular weight relationship, and also from the equations of Svedberg and Flory-Mandelkern, using the 2nd-order and the -2nd-order diffusion constants. These methods have been applied to four samples of polydisperse polystyrene in the θ solvent, cyclohexane at 35°C. It was experimentally ascertained that Mn and Mw of each sample determined by the present methods were in good agreement with the results of column fractionation, light scattering, and calculated values from molecular weight distribution curve within experimental errors. It is concluded that the present methods are useful for determining Mn and Mw, since the reliabilities of Mn and Mw values, which are fundamental quantities of polymer characterization, can be raised by comparing the experimental data observed by conventional methods such as osmotic pressure, light scattering, and the Archibald method with those observed by the present methods.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280717
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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