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  • Articles  (24,336)
  • Elsevier  (20,160)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (2,126)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (2,050)
  • 1980-1984  (24,336)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1983  (24,336)
  • Physics  (23,612)
  • Technology  (724)
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  • Articles  (24,336)
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  • 1980-1984  (24,336)
  • 1925-1929
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biomimetic approach to the design of a pyridoxal enzyme model, 3Part 2: cf.1. Synthesis of 4-formyl-3-hydroxy-5-methacryloylaminomethyl-2-methylpyridine and its 5′-N-methylated analogue (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The synthesis of 4-formyl-3-hydroxy-5-methacryloylaminomethyl-2-methylpyridine (7a) and 4-formyl-3-hydroxy-5-(N-methacryloyl-N-methyl)aminomethyl-2-methylpyridine (7b) is reported. The intermediate products 5-aminomethyl-2,2,8-trimethyl-2H,4H-[1,3]-dioxino[4,5-c]-pyridine hydrochloride (3a), 2,2,8-trimethyl-5-methylaminomethyl-2H,4H-[1,3]-dioxino[4,5-c]-pyridine hydrochloride (3b), 5-methacryloylaminomethyl-2,2,8-trimethyl-2H,4H-[1,3]-dioxino-[4,5-c]pyridine hydrochloride (5a), 5-(N-methacryloyl-N-methyl)aminomethyl-2,2,8-trimethyl-2H,4H-[1,3]-dioxino-[4,5-c]pyridine hydrochloride (5b), 3-hydroxy-4-hydroxymethyl-5-metha-cryloylaminomethyl-2-methylpyridine (6a) and 3-hydroxy-4-hydroxymethyl-5-(N-methacryloyl-N-methyl)aminomethyl-2-methylpyridine (6b) were isolated and identified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1983.021840101
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymerization of lactams, 53Part 52: cf.1. Anionic polymerization of 2-pyrrolidone accelerated with CO2, part 2 (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 41-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The anionic polymerization of 2-pyrrolidone (3) initiated with its potassium salt (1) (2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinylpotassium) and carbon dioxide was studied under optimal conditions. On the basis of a detailed experimental analysis, it is suggested to consider the investigated polymerization in the presence of gaseous CO2 as an accelerated non-activated polymerization. Alkali 2-oxo-1-pyrrolidine carboxylate, which is formed in the system by reaction of CO2 with 1, probably does not take part directly in the polymerization process and excerts only a controlling role.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1983.021840105
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation of 5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-6-octyl(and 8-octyl)-4-chromanones and their Properties as UV Absorbers (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 71-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: 5-Hydroxy-7-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-6-octyl(and 8-octyl)-4-chromanones (2a and 2b) were synthesized via 5,7 dihydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-6-octyl (and 8-octyl)-4-chromanones (1a and 1b) from phloroglucinol as a starting material. Cyclohexane solutions of 1a, 1b, 2a, and 2b were irradiated. The photostability of 2a and 2b was found to be better than that of 1a and 1b. Poly(vinyl chloride) film containing 6, 7 wt.-% of 2b was found to be most stable against photooxidation.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1983.021840108
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    OH Radical-induced chemical reactions of polynucleotide complexes (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 165-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Poly(A + U), the 1:1 complex of poly(riboadenylic acid), poly A, and poly(ribouridylic acid), poly U, at pH 8 and self-complexed poly A at pH 4 exist as double helices in dilute aqueous solution. These complexes exhibit a similar behavior as native calf thymus DNA upon irradiation with 16 MeV electron pulses. Thus time resolved Rayleight light scattering measurements showed that crosslinking and double strand breakage can be clearly separated, the former proceeding faster than the latter. The extent to which the two processes occur depends on the ionic strength of the solution. At ionic strenghts exceeding 10 -1 mol/l crosslinking is the dominant process indicating that hcrit, the critical length between two single strand breaks for the accomplishment of double strand breaks, is strongly reduced. The investigation of complexes of poly A and Mg2+ ions revealed that the destruction of salt bridges is the rate determining process for the decrease of the light scattering intensity due to mainchain scission. This implies that life-times of salt bridges can be determined.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1983.021840117
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The chemically initiated high pressure polymerization of ethylene (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 193-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics of the high-pressure ethylene polymerization initiated by di-tert-butyl peroxide were measured via quantitative near-infrared spectroscopy at temperatures between 130°C and 165°C to a maximum pressure of 3 kbar. The overall polymerization rate was found to be first order in ethylene concentration and of the order 0,5 in peroxide concentration. The overall activation energy and the overall activation volume were determined to be E0 = 107,2 ± 7,5 kJ · mol-1 and Δ V0≠ = - 17,5 ± 5,0 cm3 · mol-1, respectively. From the overall quantities and from the decomposition rate of di-tert-butyl peroxide determined in independent spectroscopic high-pressure high-temperature experiments, kp · kt-1/2 (kp and kt are the propagation and termination rate constants, respectively) and the corresponding activation parameters, Ep - 1/2 Et and Δ vp≠ - 1/2 Δvt≠, were derived for the high-pressure ethylene polymerization. These data enable the overall polymerization rate to be determined also for high-pressure ethylene polymerizations initiated in any different way, provided the initiation rate law is known. The procedure is illustrated for the ethylene polymerization initiated by tert-butyl peroxypivalate.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1983.021840119
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interaction between dyes and polyelectrolytes, 14Part 13: M. Shirai, M. Ohyabu, Y. Ono, M. Tanaka, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed. 20, 555 (1982). Triplet energy transfer in a cationic dye-polyanion system (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 153-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polymers with different fractions of azobenzene residues were prepared by radical copolymerization of methacrylic acid with 4′-phenylazomethacrylanilid. The triplet excitation energy transfer from methylene blue (1) to the azobenzene residues in the polymers was investigated by using the 1-photosensitized cis → trans isomerization of the azobenzene residue. The efficiency of the triplet excitation energy transfer from 1 to 4-(4′-phenylazoanilinocarbonyl)butanoic acid (4) as a monomer model compound. The number of azobenzene residues per polymer molecule and the molecular weight of the polymer were important factors for the efficient triplet excitation energy transfer. On addition of NaCl the energy transfer efficiency was lowered, suggesting that the binding of 1 to the polymer by electrostatic forces plays an important role. Binding of 1 to the polymers was investigated spectrophotometrically. Correlation with the binding of 1 to the polymers and the efficiency of triplet excitation energy transfer between 1 and azobenzene residues in the polymers is discussed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1983.021840116
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Untersuchung der teilschritte der ethylen-hochdruck-polymerisation, 1. Druckabhängigkeit der einzelnen geschwindigkeitskonstanten (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 207-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: In order to calculate the average molecular weight, the molecular weight distribution or the branching of low density polyethylene, the individual values of the rate constants of the different reactions involved in the free radical polymerization are required. The method of rotating sector was applied to determine the rate constants of chain propagation and chain termination in a wide range of temperatures and pressures. This first part of the work reports the influence of the pressure. It was found that the rate constant kp of the chain propagation increases with rising pressure whereas the rate constant kt of chain termination decreases. The effect of the pressure on kp can be explained in terms of the activation volume. The decrease of kt with pressure is caused by a diffusion controlled termination reaction.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1983.021840120
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the mechanism of the flow process of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 217-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The mechanism of “flow process” defined as drawing by which neither crystallization nor molecular orientation takes place was clarified on the basis of its direct experimental evidences on drawing of “amorphous” poly(ethylene terephthalate) films. In a certain temperature range above Tg, the polymer molecules are deformed and oriented on drawing, “inter-molecular secondary linkage” playing an important role in the transmission of the applied force. When this intermolecular linkage breaks down above a certain critical temperature, the polymer molecules may slip past each other and flow independently, resulting in a large deformation without inducing any molecular orientation and crystallization. At higher temperatures crystallization occurs inducing the orientation as well.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1983.021840121
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthèse de polysiloxanes organofonctionnels, 1. Chloration des poly(diméthylsiloxane)s par le chlorure de sulfuryle (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 263-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Sulfuryl chloride was used as chlorination agent of poly(dimethylsiloxane)s (1) in order to obtain poly(dimethylsiloxane-co-chloromethylmethylsiloxane) and it was found to be more specific than molecular chlorine. Identification of chlorinated and chlorosulfonated units was shown to be possible by comparison of the results of 1H NMR spectroscopy with those obtained by GLC analysis of the mixtures obtained from octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (2). After having shown that the distribution of the various types of methyl groups in 1 and 2, modified in this way, fits correctly a binomial law and that chlorosulfonated units can be hydrolysed, copolymers containing 20 to 25% of chloromethylated units and less than 2% of unwanted dichloromethylated units are accessible by use of this chlorination agent.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1983.021840203
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Liquid crystalline main chain polymers with highly flexible siloxane spacers (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 253-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The synthesis and the phase behaviour of liquid crystalline main chain polymers are described. In these poly- and copolyesters the mesogenic units are linked by highly flexible oligodimethylsiloxane spacers. The comparison of their phase behaviour with that of polyesters known from the literature shows that dimethylsiloxane spacers as a replacement for alkyl spacers are leading to a drastic decrease of the transition temperatures. Depending on the length of the spacer glass transitions as low as -111°C can be achieved. The widths of the liquid crystalline phases thereby are retained up to a spacerlength of 13 oxydimethylsilanediyl (dimethylsiloxane) units. The homopolyesters mainly show smectic phases. In contrast to this nematic phases are found for copolyesters in which either the spacerlength or the mesogenic unit was varied. In one case a nematic phase was found over a temperature range of 311°C.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1983.021840202
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the molecular weight determination by vapour pressure osmometry, 4Part 3: R. V. Figini, M. Marx-Figini, Makromol. Chem. 182, 437 (1981).. Experimental proof of the deviation of MVPO from Mn (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 319-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The kind of molecular weight average MVPO resulting from vapour pressure osmometry (VPO) measurements on solutions of paucimolecular polymer mixtures of different compositions is studied with a Hewlett Packard Model 302 B. Recent theoretical calculations which predicted that MVPO 〉 Mn are confirmed. The experimentally found quotient MVPOMn is between 1,04 and 1,26, being the greater, the greater is the polydispersity of the mixture, which is agreement with the former mathematical derivations.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1983.021840208
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study of step-growth polymerizations using epoxy-carboxy reaction, 1. Study of the epoxy-carboxy reaction on models in solvents of low or medium dielectric constants (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 323-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Due to its importance in the field of block-polycondensation and of chemical modification, we carried out an extensive study of the epoxy-carboxy reaction on models. This papier is related to the reaction of benzoic acid with 1-phenoxy-2,3-epoxypropane in the presence of a basic catalyst, N,N-dimethyldodecylamine. It is carried out in low polar solvents (xylene, chlorobenzene, and o-dichlorobenzene); essential kinetic parameters are reported. From studies carried out under stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric conditions a general rate equation (υ = k [acid]0.5 [epoxy] [amine]) is obtained. Kinetic relations are the same, no matter what the catalyst is: dimethyldodecylammonium benzoate or free amine. From these kinetic data it results that the overall mechanism involves two steps.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1983.021840209
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymer conformation and NMR chemical shifts, 7Part 6: cf. 10.. Conformational analysis of random copolymers (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 371-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A method is developed for the conformational analysis of copolymers with randomly distributed stereo- and comonomer-sequences. The conformational probabilities of dyad sequences constituting a random copolymer chain are calculated as a function of the copolymer composition which is derived from the monomer reactivity ratios and the comonomer feed ratio. The applicability of this method is verified in the conformational analyses of poly(methyl acrylate-co-styrene) and poly(methyl methacrylate-co-styrene). The calculation indicates that the conformational stabilities of dyad sequences are scarcely dependent on the copolymer composition in the former copolymer, whereas they are susceptible to the composition in the latter copolymer. This conformational behavior apparently reflects the geometrical difference between the copolymers: the former is composed of two mono-substituted monomers and the latter of sterically nonequivalent monomers, viz. mono- and di-substituted vinyl compounds. The composition-dependences of 13C NMR chemical shifts of these copolymers are interpreted, based on the conformational calculation by this method.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1983.021840213
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Etude des prépolymères époxydes par chromatographie et 1H NMR à 350 MHz (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 411-429 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The epoxy resins (DGEBA) obtained from 4,4′-isopropylidendiphenol (bisphenol A) and 1-chloro-2,3-epoxypropane (epichlorohydrin) and synthetized by the “taffy” process were found to consist of oligomers. The composition of prepolymers could be deduced from gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and particularly by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). In the more resolved HPLC spectrum each oligomer was found to be accompanied by satellite peaks. The functionality of the prepolymers, determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy and cryometric or vapour pressure osmometric measurements was found to be less than two. These phenomena are due to the existence of abnormal chain ends having no epoxy group. The structure of the main components spearated by preparative GPC was studied by 1H NMR. For the impurities, the two indentified structures of chain ends are primary and secondary alcohol functions. Finally the compositions of three DGEBA were determined.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1983.021840216
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  • 15
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    Electronic Resource
    Glass transition and melting temperatures of random copolyesters of poly(ethylene terephthalate) with p-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3Part 2, cf.: M. Balachandar, T. Balakrishanan, H. Kothandaraman, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed. 20, 2621 (1982). (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 443-453 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The glass transition temperature of the random copolyesters of poly(ethylene terephthalate) and p-hydroxybenzoic acid prepared by molten state polycondensation increases with increasing concentration of p-oxybenzoate units (oxy-1,4-phenylenecarbonyl units). The observed values of the glass transition temperature are compared with the values predicted from various empirical equations on the Tg's of copolymers and the concave Tg composition curve is explained in terms of the internal stiffening effect of the p-oxybenzoate unit. The melting temperatures of the copolyesters vary with composition and show an eutectic phase diagram. The melting temperature and enthalpy of fusion of the homopolymer of p-hydroxybenzoic acid were determined making use of Flory's equation on the melting point of a copolymer.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1983.021840218
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  • 16
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    Electronic Resource
    Untersuchung der teilschritte der ethylen-hochdruckpolymerisation, 2Teil 1: cf.1.. Druck- und temperaturabhängigkeit der einzelnen geschwindigkeitskonstanten (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 849-859 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: In the first part of this series the individual rate constants of the radical polymerization of ethylene are reported in dependency of pressure at 405 K. By further measurements under 500 - 1750 bar and 400 - 470 K, using again the method of the rotating sector, the dependency of the rate constants on both pressure and temperature was determined. With increasing temperature the rate constant of chain growth kp as well as that of chain termination kt increases. With increasing pressure, kp increases, whereas kt decreases because of the diffusion controlled termination reaction. For the chain growth an activation energy of Ep = 37 kJ/mol and an activiation volume of Δvp≠ = -25,5 ml/mol was found. The activiation parameters of the chain termination are Et = 9,9 kJ/mol and Δvt≠ = 7 ml/mol. Based on these results and literature data the rate constants of different chain transfer reactions involved in the high pressure polymerization of ethylene and their dependency on temperature and pressure were evaluated.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1983.021840419
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Functional metal-porphyrazine derivatives and their polymers, 7Part 6: cf.8.. Synthesis and properties of metal-2,9,16,23-tetracarboxyphthalocyanine covalently bound to poly(2- or 4-vinylpyridine-co-styrene) (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 691-699 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Metal-2,9,16,23-tetracarboxyphthalocyanines(Mt-taPc's) [Mt = Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II)] covalently bound to poly(2- or 4-vinylpyridine-co-styrene) were synthesized by Friedel-Crafts reaction of the styrene units of the copolymers with Mt-taPc tetraacid chloride. The copolymers contain about 0,3 to 14,6 mol-% Mt-Pc rings and are soluble in methanol, ethanol, and N,N-dimethylformamide. The coordination spheres around the Mt-Pc rings were characterized by electronic as well as ESR spectra and by viscosity measurements. The dimerization of Mt-taPc in the copolymers is sterically hindered by the polymer chain. The copolymer supported Fe(III)- or Co(II)-taPc's are of the five coordinate high spin type in DMF solution. One coordination site at axial position of the Mt-Pc ring may be occupied by an N atom of a pyridine group. The electronic structures of the metal atoms may be useful in catalytic reactions.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1983.021840403
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Syntheses and characterization of polycondensation products derived from β-(4-methoxy-3-methyl)phenylglutaconic acid and diols (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 733-735 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Five new copolyesters 3a - e were prepared by reacting β-(4-methoxy-3 methyl)phenylglutaconic acid dichloride (1 b) with diols 2 a - e. The polymers were characterized by IR and TG. All polymers were found to decompose in the range of ≈200 to ≈650°C.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1983.021840407
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reactive microgels by the self-emulsifying copolymerization of unsaturated polyester resins with acrylic and methacrylic esters (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 755-762 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The self-emulsifying copolymerization of unsaturated polyesters (UP) with various acrylic and methacrylic esters was studied. The structure of comonomers significantly influences the character of microgels obtained. Among these monomers the copolymerization of UP with methyl methacrylate (MMA) was investigated in detail in order to make clear the behavior of this polymerization as compared with that of styrene. The water/monomer and UP/MMA ratios were found to be the most important factors controlling the molecular weight and solution viscosity of the microgels. The relationship between M̄w and intrinsic viscosity of microgels suggests that the microgels from MMA have less compact structure than those from styrene.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1983.021840410
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacologically active polymers, 23Part 22, cf.: T. Hirano, H. Ringsdorf, D. S. Zaharko, Cancer Res. 40, 2263 (1980).. Linear and branched zwitterionic derivatives of polyethyleneimine as carriers for pharmacologically active components (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 793-801 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: To obtain a carrier polymer for pharmacologically active components, linear polyethyleneimine (LPEI) was chemically modified by reactions with acrylic acid (1a), acrylamide (1b), acrylic acid esters (1c and 1d), sodium chloroacetate, and hydrochloric acid. All product polymers 2a - 2e are soluble in water. Among these, 2a and 2e, β- and α-amino acid derivatives, respectively, show no acute toxicity in mice up to dosages of 1 g/kg i. v. Similar types of polymers 5a and 5b and a polymer containing phosphonic acid moieties (5d) derived from branched polyethyleneimine (BPEI) were prepared. 5a and 5b are also nontoxic regardless of the molecular weight of four kinds of BPEI and of the wide range of carboxylic group content in the polymer. It is suggested that the zwitterion form contributes to the nontoxic nature of β-and α-amino acid type polymers. The present results show that amino acid type polymers derived from LPEI and BPEI can be used as carrier polymers for pharmacologically active components.
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    Promotion of charge-transfer complex formation by β- or γ-cyclodextrin (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 837-847 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The formation of charge-transfer (CT) complexes between eleven naphthalene derivatives and eight di- or trinitrobenzene derivatives in water and in water-organic solvent systems has been studied in the presence and absence of β- or γ-cyclodextrin (β- or γ-CDx), respectively. Data of UV absorption and circular dichroism (CD) clearly revealed that γ-CDx, in several cases, assists CT complex formation by accommodating both electron donor (D) and acceptor (A) molecules in its cavity simultaneously. Thus the weak CT band was intensified and even some systems in which CT complex formation was usually not observed produced CT complexes by the addition of γ-CDx. In contrast, β-CDx did not promote markedly the CT complex formation except in one case. It did promote the CT complex formation between α-naphthylacetic acid (α-NAA) and picric acid (PA), manifesting the capability of β-CDx to include two aromatic molecules. Magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) associated with the CT bands was detected for a π - π* type CT complex for the first time, but its intensity was quite weak as anticipated from theory.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Asymmetric selective oligomerization of chloromethyloxirane (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 895-906 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Chloromethyloxirane (CMO) undergoes an asymmetric selective oligomerization with a binary catalyst system comprised of triethylaluminium and an optically active cobalt complex, N,N'-disalicylidene-(1 R)-1,2-cyclohexanediyldiaminatocobalt(II). A series of optically active oligomers obtained were isolated and characterized. Two kinds of linear oligomers were produced with respect to the end groups, namely epoxy- and halohydrin-ended oligomers. A mechanism for the selective formation of linear oligomers by the present catalyst system is proposed.
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    Electron transfer process in the microdomains of poly(sodium styrenesulfonate)-poly(alkylene viologen) complexes (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 1061-1070 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The electron transfer process in the microdomain of a polyion complex composed of poly(sodium styrenesulfonate), (syst. name: poly[sodium 1-(4-sulfonatophenyl)ethylene]), and poly(alkylene viologen)s 1 with 3 to 10 methylene groups between two adjacent viologen units was analyzed by means of voltammetry with a rotating disc electrode. Although the stability of 1 on the graphite electrode was improved by the formation of a polyion complex with poly(sodium styrenesulfonate), a smaller surface charge was observed in the polyion complex as compared with the electrode coated with poly(alkylene viologen) alone. Since the migration of the counter ion was clarified to be indispensable for the electron transfer in this case, the microdomain of polyion complexes should be formed by tightly-shrunk polyelectrolyte chains. Furthermore, the electron transfer in the microdomain of the polyion complex is hardly detected, when the electrode is coated with an excess of the complex. The electron transfer strongly depended on the average distance between two adjacent redox sites in the matrix. These matrixes were suggested to be controlled by the subtle balance of hydrophobicity and charge density of 1.
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    New experiments concerning the mechanism of solid-state photopolymerization of 2,5-distyrylpyrazineDedicated to Prof. Dr. H.-J. Cantow on the occasion of his 60th birthday, with warmest personal wishes (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 1103-1119 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The photoinduced formation of oligomers in single crystals of 2,5-distyrylpyrazine (DSP) was investigated by X-ray and electron diffraction techniques and also by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The DSP crystals were characterized for the presence and nature of dislocations by dark-field images and etch-pit studies. Small angle grain boundaries were identified to be the prominent feature, but in general the crystals were highly perfect. A correlation between the sites of the defects and the formation of the photoproduct could not be detected. The oligomers formed in a solid-solution under appropriate irradiation conditions. Thus, DSP oligomer of number average degree of polymerization P̄n = 3,2 in macroscopic single crystal texture was obtained for the first time using a laser light source at 478 nm. Deterioration of the single crystal texture of DSP usually observed during photopolymerization is explained as being caused by inhomogeneous light distribution which in turn causes an inhomogeneous product distribution with accumulation of large strain fields. These can be made visible by the multiplication of etch pits. Phase separation between oligomer and polymer is observed on further irradiation of the oligomer single crystals. The oligomer phase seems to play the role of an intermediate in the photopolymerization of DSP at wavelengths λ 〈 400 nm. The molecular weight distribution of the oligomers was studied by GPC. The data are only compatible with the assumption that the rate constant of dimerization is higher than that for the addition of a monomer to an already existing oligomer.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    Functional monomers and polymers, 105Part 104: Y. Sakuma, Y. Inaki, K. Takemoto, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed., in press.. Synthesis of poly(β-alanine) from a new type of active amino acid ester (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 1171-1178 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Active β-alanine esters having dipeptide groups, which are capable of forming hydrogen bonds between the side chains, were prepared in the form of hydrogen chloride salts. The polycondensation of these salts was studied in non-polar solvents, in the presence of triethylamine. In the case of the ester with β-alanyl-β-alanine as dipeptide moiety, the polycondensation proceeded smoothly in chloroform solution. To explain the characteristic feature of the polycondensation, an ordered aggregation of the ester molecules is assumed to play an important role. The ester with glycylglycine as dipeptide moiety, however, did not undergo a polycondensation.
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    Conformational analysis of polyoxyethylene using empirical force field methods (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 1285-1293 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Conformanational energies of various oligo (oxyethylene) isomers were calculated by the empirical force field method, and statistical mechanics calculations of the chain dimensions and the dipole moments were carried out. The results are seriously different from those obtained for poly (oxymethylene). Although the first-order steric interactions in POE are of the same order of magnitude as those in n-alkane chains, the second-order interactions are significantly different. The second-order interactions arising from rotations around two consecutive bonds of OCH2CH2OCH2 in g± g∓ conformation have greatly reduced steric repulsions. It was found that the reduced second-order interaction plays an important role in the configurationdependent properties of POE. The agreement of the calculated values for the unperturbed dimensions and the temperature coefficients obtained from the force field method with experimentally observed ones is fairly good.
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    Role of cocatalysts in polymerizations initiated with benzyl derivatives of transition metals, 1. Polymerization of ethylene (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 1389-1395 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Polymerization of ethylene initiated in naphta solution by Zr(CH2C6H5)4 at 200°C under high purity conditions showed a cocatalytic effect of water with a maximum rate for a mole ratio H2O/Zr close to 0,1. No activity was observed for the hypothetical compound (C6H5CH2)3ZrOZr(CH2C6H5)3. Ethylene polymerization was also initiated with supported catalysts obtained by reaction of Zr(CH2C6H5)4 with silicium oxide or pre-dried aluminium oxide with an increase of activity (by a factor of 5). The resulting polyethylenes were found to be virtually linear with 1,5 CH3 groups for 1000 C atoms and with melting points of 134 - 136,5°C. They have high molecular weights with very broad distribution. These results were interpreted by a mechanism involving Ziegler-like active centers.
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    Chemische synthese verzweigter polysaccharide, 109. Mitteilung: cf.6.. Polymere mit amidartig gebundenen mono- und oligosaccharid-seitenkettenHerrn Professor Dr. H.-J. Cantow zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 1441-1458 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Binding of mono-, di-, and oligosaccharides by amide linkage to polymers carrying carboxylic or amino groups was studied with synthetic polymers (poly(acrylic acid), poly(vinylamine)) and polysaccharide derivatives (e.g. chitosan). Suitable methods are described which allow a variation of the number and lenght of the attached saccharide branches. In the absence of salt, all products with a degree of substitution (DS) 〈 1 show polyelectrolyte behaviour. Compared with the unsubstituted polyelectrolytes, for the branched polymers a substantial increase of the viscosity was observed within a certain range of branch density. In the case of glucose side chains, the maximum viscosity was found near DS = 0,1. In the case of maltose side chains, this maximum of the viscosity occurred at higher DS. A similar but smaller increase in the viscosity was observed in 0,1 M NaCl solution. The results are explained by a shielding of the backbone charges from the counterions and by an additional chain stiffening effect resulting from hydrogen bonds, i.e., ring formation between the amide linkage and adjacent free carboxylic or amino groups.
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    Properties of liquid crystalline polymers in solution, 1. Determination of the molecular weight of polymethacrylates with mesogenic sidegroupsDedicated to Professor Dr. H.-J. Cantow on his 60th birthday (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 1489-1496 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Derivatives of poly(methacrylic acid) with mesogenic sidegroups are aggregated in solution. Through structural changes which also take place in the solid state, the fraction of the aggregates increases with storage time. The formation of aggregates depends on temperature and occurs relatively slowly. In solution, the degree of aggregation strongly depends on the solvent. This aggregation leads to relatively high tacticity in products obtained by radical initiated polymerisations.
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    Orientierungsverhalten von segmentierten polyetherurethanen in abhängigkeit von der dehnung und den verwendeten lösungsmittelnHerrn Prof. Dr. Cantow zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 1529-1546 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The solvent influence on two- phase structures resulting from drying films of segmented polyetherurethanes of different hard segment contents and molecular weights was investigated by infrared dichroism measurements of the orientational behaviour of the hard segments. A low density of physical crosslinking and/or minor association in solution leads to a lamellae structure resulting in an inhomogeneous distribution of stress at elongation. The formation of lamellae is impeded, if the solution shows pronounced formation of associates. Destruction of the lamellae can be monitored by studying the orientational behaviour for repeated deformations and by means of orientation-extension-hysteresis experiments. Stress-strain diagrams exhibit no contradictions to the discussed structural transformations by the influence of different solvents.
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    High conversion copolymerization, 2Part 1: cf.8.. Styrene/maleic anhydride copolymer composition studies (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 1597-1602 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The free radical initiated copolymerization of styrene with maleic anhydride at high conversions is studied. The data of the fractional conversion of the comonomers, of the fractional copolymerization rate, of the instantaneous and cumulative composition of the copolymer for the copolymerization of an equimolar mixture of styrene and maleic anhydride in ethyl methyl ketone (at 60°C) and in 1,4-dioxane (at 120°C) up to high conversions as a function of the reaction time (resp. conversion) are presented. Negligible differences at 60°C, but significant ones at 120°C were found between the experimentally measured fractional compositions and those calculated according to the integrated form of the copolymer composition equation (Mayo-Lewis equation), using the published values for the copolymerization reactivity ratios.
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    A correlation of anodic peak potentials with HOMO energies of various monomers (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 1661-1667 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Electroinitiated cationic polymerization of olefins can be initiated by direct electron transfer from the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of monomers, by constant potential electrolysis. Potentials, at which some monomers lose electrons, were measured by cyclic voltammetry. Measurements were made on a Pt electrode versus Ag0/Ag+, in acetonitrile. The measured anodic peak potentials (Ep,a) were correlated to HOMO energies (∊m), calculated by Hückel molecular orbital (HMO) considerations for coplanar molecules. For methyl-substituted monomers the ω-technique was also applied. A linear equation has been developed for Ep,a as a function of ∊m, for styrene derivatives having +I and +E substituents.
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    Lyotropic and thermotropic liquid-crystalline phase formation from fractions of a semiflexible cellulosic polymer (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 1727-1740 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The benzoic acid ester of (2-hydroxypropyl)cellulose (BzPC) was prepared and fractionated from acetone solution by precipitation with methanol-water (85:15, by volume). The fractions were characterized by low-angle laser light scattering in tetrahydrofuran, and by size exclusion chromatography with a low-angle laser light scattering detector. Dilute solution viscosities were measured in acetone and benzene, and the results were interpreted on the basis of a worm-like chain model for BzPC. The critical concentrations of polymer necessary to form lyotropic cholesteric phases in acetone and benzene were found to decrease as the molar mass of the polymer increased, reaching a limiting volume fraction of ≈ 0,35 for high molar mass fractions. The experimental results were compared with the prediction of recent theories for the formation of liquid crystalline phases from semiflexible polymers; the chain parameters required by the theories were estimated from dilute solution viscosities. The fractions of BzPC also showed a thermotropic transition from liquid crystalline phase to isotropic melt. The transition temperature increased sharply with increasing molar mass to reach a limiting value of 176°C.
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    Functional monomers and polymers, 109Part 108: Y. Suda, Y. Inaki, K. Takemoto, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed., in press.. Asymmetric inclusion polymerization of (E)- and (Z)-2-methyl-1,3-pentadiene in apocholic acid canalsDedicated to Professor H. J. Cantow on the occasion of his 60th birthday (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 1771-1779 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Asymmetric inclusion polymerization of the prochiral monomers (E)- and (Z)-2-methyl-1,3-pentadiene (3a and 3b), in apocholic acid (2) canals was performed under various conditions to find out the factors controlling the asymmetric induction during the polymerization. Ozonolysis of the resulting polymers and subsequent transformation of the resulting 2-methyl-4-oxovaleric acid (4) into its 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone revealed the predominant formation of the (R)-absolute configuration. The optical yield was high in the initial stage of the polymerization and decreased gradually as the polymerization proceeds. To obtain a high optical yield the polymerization was performed at low temperature applying a 1:1 mole ratio monomer/apocholic acid, and an irradiation dose 〈 1 Mrad. The optical yield amounted to 36% at maximum, which is the highest value obtained so far in the asymmetric polymerization of 1,3-pentadiene derivatives using canal complexes or other known methods.
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    29Si NMR-untersuchungen an polykieselsäureestern (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 1817-1822 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Linear and branched siloxanes were prepared by partial hydrolysis of silicon tetrachloride and by esterification of the products of hydrolysation with methyl and ethyl nitrite. 29Si NMR spectra made it possible to distinguish between the isomers of each oligomer up to the heptamer. Linear relationships between the 29Si chemical shifts of the ethyl and the methyl esters on one hand and between the ethyl esters and the poly(silicic acid)s on the other hand were observed. However, due to the different effect of neighboring building units, there are only poor relationships between the 29Si data of the esters and the chloro derivatives.
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    Radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate initiated by the liquid crystalline compound cholesteryl oleyl carbonate (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 1555-1560 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and vinyl acetate (VAc) at 30, 55, 65, 75, and 85°C in the presence of the cholesteryl liquid crystal compound cholesteryl oleyl carbonate (CHOC) are reported. The conversion increases, whereas the molecular weight remains constant, with increase in concentration of CHOC in the range 0,2 to 0,6 mol-%. The activation energy for the polymerization of MMA was found to be 66,3 kJ/mol. The polymerization is inhibited in the presence of the radical scavengers 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroquinone. VAc does not polymerize in the presence of CHOC for 20 h at 65°C. The interaction between MMA and CHOC is investigated by viscometry of toluene solutions and by UV spectrophotometry of CCl4 solutions. The equilibrium constants and the molar absorption coefficients for a 1:1 complex for MMA-CHOC and for a 2:1 complex for VAc-CHOC are reported. A plausible mechanism for the spontaneous polymerization of MMA in the presence of CHOC is presented. The tacticities of the polymers formed in the presence of CHOC are discussed.
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    Polymerization of aromatic methacrylates to high degrees of conversion (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 1571-1576 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Polymerizations of 2,4,6-tribromophenyl methacrylate (1a), p-tolyl methacrylate (1b), p-cyclohexylphenyl methacrylate (1c), and p-methoxyphenyl methacrylate (1d) were carried out up to conversions higher than 99%. The kinetics of the process was followed by the refractometric technique using a He-Ne laser as light source. The influence of the concentration of initiator on the appearing of the gel effect was examined, taking the polymerization of 1a as an example.
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    Influence of the structure of chlorophenyl 2,3-epoxypropyl ethers on their reactivity in ionic polymerization (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 1577-1584 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Empirical correlation equations could be derived for comparison of the relative reactivities of a homologous series of chlorophenyl 2,3-epoxypropyl ethers in cationic polymerization initiated by SnCl4, and in anionic polymerization initiated by KOH. These equations include a conformation constant, Sk, accounting for the interaction between the oxirane ring and the aromatic substituent. For the anionic polymerization the saponification number must be introduced additionally into the correlation equation to account for a side reaction between initiator and substituent.
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    Parameters of the generalized exponential function for the molar mass distribution of the polystyrene standard NBS 706 (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 1653-1659 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The experimental molar mass distribution of the polystyrene standard NBS 706, as determined by high performance size exclusion chromatography, has been fitted with the generalized exponential function, whose parameters have been evaluated by a computer procedure. Comparison is made with the Schulz-Zimm and logarithmic normal distributions, and the consistency of the different average molar masses is discussed.
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    Comparison of methods for determination of the number of active centers in Ziegler-Natta polymerizationsDedicated to Professor Ing. Dr. O. Wichterle on the occasion of his 70th birthday (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 1975-1985 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Four intrinsically different methods for the determination of the number of active centers were employed in propylene polymerization catalyzed by the typical heterogeneous system TiCl3/AlEt2Cl: (i) determination of M̄n (GPC method) and calculation of number of macromolecules therefrom; (ii) quenching with BuOT and determination of tritium in the polymer; (iii) quenching with CO or CO2 and determination of carbonyl groups in the polymer (IR spectroscopy); (iv) quenching with SO2 and determination of sulfur in the polymer. The first two methods exhibited a reasonable agreement for the number of active centers. Method (iii) gave much lower values, whereas method (iv) was found to be virtually unsuitable due to a high extent of side reactions of SO2 with the polymer. A similar comparison of the methods was made in ethylene polymerization catalyzed by the typical homogeneous systems Cp2TiEtCl/AlEtCl2 and Cp2TiEtCl/alumoxane. Method (ii) gave a much lower number of active centers than method (i), due perhaps to a low extent of alcoholysis of the Ti—C bond or to a high kinetic isotope effect. CO2 appeared to be entirely inert as a quenching agent and CO had been reported to show side reactions. It follows that none of the above quenching methods have universal application and thus literature data should be considered with caution.
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    Vinyl polymers with aromatic substituents, 2Part 1: cf.2. Polymerization of 9-allylanthracene and structures of the polymers (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 2033-2040 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Radical, cationic, and Ziegler-Natta polymerizations of 9-allylanthracene (1) were carried out. The radical polymerization was found to be an inefficient method leading to oligomers with complex structure. Reaction of initiator radicals and growing macroradicals with the anthryl group or with the allylic hydrogen leads to resonance stabilized radicals which stop the polymerization. The cationic and Ziegler-Natta polymerizations gave a copolymer with 9-anthrylmethylethylene units (8) (from normal 1,2 addition) and 9,10-anthrylenepropylene units (11) (from the electrophilic attack of carbocations at the aromatic nucleus). Low polymerization temperatures lead to a preference for the alkylation reaction.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Metalloester, 109. Mitteilung: cf.1. Die in den Veröffentlichungen Metalloester 9 and 10 enthaltenen Ergebnisse wurden auf dem V. Internationalen Mikrosymposium über «Fortschritte in den Ionenpolymerisationen» in Prag, im Juni 1982, vorgetragen. Untersuchung des anfangsstadiums der anionischen polymerisation von methylmethacrylat. einfluß von reaktionsbedingungen auf die umsetzung von methyl-2-sodioisobutyrat mit methylmethacrylatProf. Dr. Otto Wichterle zu seinem 70. Geburtstag gewidmet (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 2021-2031 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: In continuation of a preceding study, the course of the reaction between methyl methacrylate (2) and methyl 2-sodioisobutyrate (1) was investigated, applying reaction times between 0,02 and 1,4 s, as a function of the following conditions: character of the solvent, effect of the addition of sodium tert-butoxide, mole ratio 2/1, concentration of the reactants, and temperature. Under all conditions used, the reaction between 2 and 1 was very fast and gave rise, along with other compounds, to a mixture of oligomers of 2 with the average molecular weight obeying the ratio [2]:[1]eff.. The balance of products showed that in some cases only a part of 1 has reacted with 2, giving rise to the expected oligomers. The efficiency of 1 varied in the range from 24 to 100%, being mainly dependent on the character of the solvent (efficiency in THF 〉 in toluene). Moreover, it was higher in the presence of sodium tert-butoxide and with a higher 2/1 mole ratio. In experiments with a low efficiency of 1 a certain part of it remained unreacted, in spite of the presence of 2, for reasons not yet clear. The resulting oligomers undergo consecutive reactions. Starting with the trimer 3b, cyclizing selfcondensation was the most important of the consecutive reactions and could be easily investigated in the case of the trimer. The rate of this cyclization was much higher in THF than in other solvents used, and it was, therefore, difficult to obtain the linear trimer at room temperature. On the contrary, the addition of sodium tert-butoxide or lowering the temperature suppressed the cyclization, which was especially easy to perceive in THF. Using the experience described in the study, it is possible to choose such conditions of the reaction between 1 and 2, under which the required oligomers are formed in good yield.
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    Hydrodynamic crossover in two-polymer mixtures from viscosity measurements (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 2153-2158 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A very sharp crossover is observed in the variation of the reduced viscosity ηsp/c as a function of the concentration c for mixtures of 1:1 by weight mixtures of polystyrene and poly(methylmethacrylate) in benzene at 20°C and a 1:1 by weight mixture of poly(ethylene glycol) and polystyrene in benzene at 20°C. The crossover is attributed to the critical to the concentration of the two respective polymers in the solution and its sharpness is due to the incompatibility between the two different polymers.
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    Preliminary results on ethylene/propene copolymerization in the presence of Cp2Ti(CH3)2/Al(CH3)3/H2O (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 2193-2198 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Ethylene/propene copolymerizations were carried out in the presence of the catalyst system Cp2Ti(CH3)2/Al(CH3)3/H2O (Cp = cyclopentadienyl group), and the reactivity ratios r1, r2 were determined through the Fineman and Ross equation and via 13C NMR. A nearly alternating copolymer structure was pointed out. The yields as well as the molecular weights of the copolymers strongly decrease with increasing propene mole fraction in the copolymers.
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    Lichtinitiierte polymer- und polymerisationsreaktionen, 10Teil 9: cf.21.. Photoinduzierte zersetzung von diareniodonium- und triarensulfoniumsalzen durch kaliumtrisoxalatoferrat (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 2409-2419 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: In order to elucidate kinetics and mechanism of photoinitiation processes based on potassium trioxalatoferrate(III) (K3[Fe(cx)3])/ onium compounds/acrylamide (AA) interactions, photolysis and stationary photopolymerization were carried out. Diphenyliodonium chloride (Ph2I⊕Cl⊖) and triphenylsulfonium tetrafluoroborate (Ph3S⊕BF⊖4) were used as onium compounds. These compunds react with photolytically formed ·CO⊖2 radicals by an electron transfer mechanism. The resulting phenyl radicals were detected by spin trapping with nitrosodurene. The quantum yield of the decomposition of onium salts, φIn, depends both on their reduction potentials and concentrations. Thus, an efficient redox reaction between ·CO⊖2 radical and Ph3S⊕BF⊖4 is impossible because the former reacts faster with the Fe(III) complex. The ratio between rate constants of these competitive reactions (onium compound/Fe(III)) are 0,1 (Ph2I⊕Cl⊖) and 4 · 10-4 (Ph3S⊕BF⊖4). Only with the system K3[Fe(ox)3]/Ph2I⊕Cl⊖/AA a radically induced photopolymerization was observed. Both the rate and the quantum yield (φBr) depend on the Ph2I⊕Cl⊖ concentration. A correlation between φBr and √φIn was found.
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    Synthesis and characterization of some new polyamides containing azomethine groups in the polymer backbone, 2Part 1: cf.7. (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 2447-2455 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: New aromatic polyamides containing azomethine groups in the backbone and also having different linking groups like —CH2—, —CH2—CH2—, and —O— were synthesized by reacting 4,4′-[1,4-phenylenebis(methylidynenitrilo)]dibenzoyl dichloride (2) with some diamines 1a - d, 4, and 6 by the low temperature solution polycondensation method. The physical, spectral, and thermal properties of the synthesized polyamides were investigated. The effect of the nature of different linking groups on the properties of these aromatic polymides was explored by comparing their spectral and thermal data.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Aqueous gel permeation chromatography of electrolytes and polyelectrolytes, 2Part 1: cf. 10.. Donnan salt exclusion effectDedicated to Professor Dr. H.-J. Cantow on his 60th birthday (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 2593-2601 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The salt exclusion of electrolytes and polyelectrolytes in aqueous GPC was investigated theoretically and experimentally, in order to elucidate the feasibility of GPC as a technique for measuring the Donnan salt exclusion parameter, Γ¯, of polyelectrolytes. Three simple salts different in the valency of the anion, i.e., sodium chloride, sodium sulfate and naphthalene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid trisodium salt, were eluted with aqueous NaNO3 solution on a Sephadex G-10 gel column. The experimental results were analyzed in terms of the Donnan equilibrium established on the gel, and the Γ¯ value of these simple salts was evaluated. It was found that the Γ¯ value from GPC was in good agreement with the theoretical value of 1/2 for an ideal case, showing that the colligative properties of electrolytes and polyelectrolytes such as Γ¯ can be accurately investigated by means of GPC. GPC experiments on the Donnan salt exclusion were further carried out for the heparin-NaCl system by using a Sephadex G-25 gel column. From the experimental data, the Γ¯ value of heparin was estimated.
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    IR-bandenstrukturanalyse der amidstreckschwingungen von N-methylacetamid als modellsubstanz für makromoleküle mit peptidbindungen (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 2693-2704 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The C=0 and N—H stretching vibrations of N-methylacetamide in solution were studied at different concentrations and temperatures. By means of bandfitting and using the second derivative, the C=O stretching band (Amide I) was resolved into four component bands. An assignment of these frequencies is discussed. The band splitting of amide I indicates the presence of cis-trans isomerism about the peptide (—CO—NH—) link and a frequency shift of the free C=O end groups of associated molecules. The H-bond enthalpy seems to be influenced by the chain length of the associates.
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    Degradation and depolymerization of poly(propylene carbonate) by diethylzinc (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 907-912 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) was treated with diethylzinc in 1,4-dioxane solution at 30°C, Zn(C2H5)2 being used in excess or defficiency with regard to carbonate units. PPC was found to undergo degradation and depolymerization reactions, which were followed via the polymer intrinsic viscosity and the propylene carbonate yield. A model reaction between diethyl carbonate and diethylzinc was carried out too. From the results, a mechanistic view for both pathways, degradation and depolymerization, is proposed.
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    The fifth international symposium on finite element methods in flow problems (1983)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. i 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620190102
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    A relaxation technique for evaluating stress intensity factors by the finite element method (1983)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 17-26 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A simple two-step corrective technique is presented in this paper for evaluating stress intensity factors in crack problems. In the first step an approximate evaluation of the stress intensity factor was made by considering the cracked plate to be of infinite size. The stresses of the problem were relaxed by the stresses of the infinite body which corresponds to the approximate value of the stress intensity factor. The expected discrepancy in the value of SIF by the infinite plate approximation was corrected in the second step where the existing residual stresses are equilibrated at the cracked plate by using any of the conventional finite element techniques and the corrective value of the stress intensity factor is calculated by using an appropriate collocation formula. The method was applied to three typical plane problems of cracked plates with satisfactory results.
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    A comparative study on three boundary element method approaches to problems in elastodynamics (1983)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 73-91 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this study, three boundary element method approaches are compared by solving a typical problem in linear elastodynamics. The first approach formulates and solves the problem in the real time domain in conjunction with a time-stepping algorithm. The other two approaches formulate and solve the problem in the Laplace and the Fourier transformed domains, which necessitates a numerical inversion of the results to the time domain. The results obtained compare favourably with available analytic solutions. A detailed tabulation of the computer time and memory requirements of each approach is presented.
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    Masthead (1983)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983) 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620190201
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    A study of nonlinear periodic systems via the point mapping method (1983)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 185-215 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: It is well known that one way to treat nonlinear periodic dynamical systems governed by ordinary differential equations is to find first the corresponding point mappings. This approach has many advantages but it has a main obstacle in that it is difficult to obtain the exact mapping except in very special cases. Presented in this paper is a procedure which allows us to determine the point mapping in a polynomial form up to any specific degree of accuracy. The procedure when applied to linear periodic systems reduces to the one proposed by Friedmann et al.22 After presenting the algorithm for finding the point mappings, the method is applied to several problems in order to study the dynamical properties of the systems and to demonstrate the usefulness of the method.
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    On the inclusion principle for the hierarchical finite element method (1983)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 281-291 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The inclusion principle provides a qualitative characterization of the eigenvalues of a matrix. The principle has been shown to apply to systems described by a single Hermitian matrix, the most important of which being the real symmetric matrix. Self-adjoint distributed systems, when discretized by either the classical Rayleigh-Ritz method or by the finite element method, lead to algebraic eigenvalue problems described in terms of two real symmetric matrices. The algebraic eigenvalues problem derived by the classical Rayleigh-Ritz method possesses the embedding feature required by the inclusion principle, but that derived by the finite element method in general does not. This paper demonstrates that the inclusion principle can be extended to discretized systems derived by the hierarchical finite element method.
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    Engineering plasciticty by mathematical programming, M. Z. Cohn and G. Maier (Editors), Pergamon Press, 1979. ISBN 0-08-022736-8 (pbk). No. of pages: 648 (1983)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 310-310 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Finite element iterative techniques for determining the interface boundary between Laplace and Poisson domains - characteristic analysis of a field effect transistor (1983)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 315-329 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Two kinds of techniques for solving a shape determination problem are proposed. The determination of the interface boundary between two domains governed by Poisson and Laplace equations under the compatible and constraint condition is considered. Influence coefficient and inverse variational approaches are examined by using the iterative finite element procedure. A two-dimensional model of a junction-type field effect transistor is a test example. The determination of its interface boundary and the prediction of the potential distribution and static characteristic are demonstrated.
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    A novel boundary infinite element (1983)
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 393-404 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A new, improved infinite element based on mapping is proposed for modelling unbounded domain problems. Mapping has previously been used in such problems, not only for the entire domain, but also for the infinite element itself. The novelty of the present approach is the simplicity of the mapping, and the retention of standard integration abscissae and weights. The implementation of these elements is very straightforward, and they are ideally suited for the analysis of infinite domain static problems in two and three dimensions.
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    Damped second-order Rayleigh-Timoshenko beam vibration in space - an exact complex dynamic member stiffness matrix (1983)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 431-449 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A uniform linear beam in a uniform linear ambient medium is studied. The beam performs stationary harmonic damped nonsynchronous space vibration in simultaneous tension, torsion, bending and shear in the presence of a large static axial load. Hysteretic and viscous dampings of the beam material and ambient medium are considered. Generalized complex Koloušek functions are derived. A 12 × 12 complex symmetric stiffness matrix is established for a supported beam member excited at its ends by prescribed harmonic translations and rotations which have the same frequency but may be out of phase. This matrix allows for an exact analysis of nonproportionally damped built-up beam structures, thus avoiding assumed mode shapes and lumped or consistent masses. A general notation is suggested. Numerical examples are given, including applications of the computer program SFVIBAT-DAMP.
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    Announcements (1983)
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 468-472 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Letters to the editor (1983)
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 467-468 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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    Predictor-corrector methods for parabolic partial differential equations (1983)
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 451-465 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: In this paper we extend predictor-corrector methods, commonly used for the numerical solution of ordinary differential equations (o.d.e.s), to parabolic partial differential equations (p.d.e.s), typically of the form ut = auxx + ƒ(u, ux, x, t).We describe linear multistep methods for p.d.e.s, the nonlinear algebraic equations arising from implicit formulae being solved using a corrector analogous to those used for o.d.e.s. A sufficient condition for convergence of the iteration is then derived and is found, in most cases, to be far less restrictive than that obtained from the usual method of lines approach. Numerical results are presented to investigate the necessity of this condition. They also indicate that we can accelerate convergence by reducing the time increment. This allows us to achieve convergence within a prescribed number of iterations and so to construct PCm methods corresponding to P(EC)m methods for o.d.e.s. Numerical results are also given to test the absolute stability of the Crank-Nicolson corrector for various predictors P, and iterations, m.
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    Announcements (1983)
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 626-630 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620190414
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    Fortran computer program for inextensional bending of a doubly curved shell triangular elementCopyright © Controller H.M.S.O., London, 1981. (1983)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 647-664 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A Fortran computer program is described which calculates physical quantities for a class of shell triangular elements undergoing inextensional bending. These elements are in quadratic parametric representation and may have positive, zero or negative Gaussian curvature.The exact inextensional bending solutions for the rectangular displacement components are cubic in the surface co-ordinates and the curvature changes are relatively slowly varying.
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    Determination of the meridian and stresses of the drop-shaped tank (1983)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 757-764 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: An algorithm based on a new formulation of problem is used in generating the co-ordinates of the meridian of the drop-shaped tank. The stresses and moments of this form, due to the varying hydrostatic pressure head, are obtained by a finite element simulation and the usefulness of this approach is assessed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Masthead (1983)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983) 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620190601
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    Universal serendipity elements (1983)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 803-810 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Universal serendipity elements (USE) are defined as isoparametric elements having linear, quadratic and cubic node configurations at their edges in an arbitrary manner. Formulation of shape functions and their derivatives for USE is presented. A computer algorithm which allows the efficient application of USE is explained. Only corner nodes are kept transparent to the user. Changing the order of USE is fully automated. It is concluded that the USE concept allows interactive mesh refinement in an efficient manner and eliminates the difficulties encountered in the use of higher order isoparametric serendipity elements.
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    Lanczos versus subspace iteration for solution of eigenvalue problems (1983)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 859-871 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper we consider solution of the eigen problem in structural analysis using a recent version of the Lanczos method and the subspace method. The two methods are applied to examples and we conclude that the Lanczos method has advantages which are too good to overlook.
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    Constraint equations from rigid elements including initial strains (1983)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 145-151 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: In many commercial finite element method systems, the formulation of constraint equations from rigid elements is based entirely on rigid body mechanics. However, when initial (thermal) strains exist, a more general approach is required for rigidizing the element. This new approach also opens up a more versatile generation scheme of constraint equations for rigid or partially rigid elements.
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    Computations in limit analysis for plastic plates (1983)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 169-184 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A class of mixed finite element discretizations of the problem of limit analysis for plastic plates is analysed. For the discrete problem we discuss a linear programming approach based on linearization of the yield condition and a convex programming approach based on the exact Mises condition. Applying the method to rectangular plates with uniform load and concentrated loads we get improved and new results partly in disagreement with one of our references.
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    Dynamic (transient) analysis of layered anisotropic composite-material plates (1983)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 237-255 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A shear-flexible finite element is employed to investigate the transient response of isotropic, orthotropic and layered anisotropic composite plates. Numerical convergence and stability of the element is established using Newmark's direct integration technique. Numerical results for deflections and stresses are presented for rectangular plates under various boundary conditions and loadings. The parametric effects of the time step, finite element mesh, lamination scheme and orthotropy on the transient response are investigated. The present results agree very closely with the results available in the literature for isotropic plates, and the results for composite plates should serve as bench marks for future comparisons by other investigators.
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    A note on locking in a shear flexible triangular plate bending element (1983)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 305-309 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Soil mechanics - transient and cyclic loads, Edited by G. N. Pande and O. C. Ziekiewicz, Wiley, Chichester, 1982. No. of pages: 627. Price: £34.50 (1983)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 311-311 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620190214
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    Solution of a free boundary problem by finite elements: Numerical considerations and results (1983)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 355-371 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This paper contains numerical considerations on, and the results of the problem of a fluid filtering through a porous, isotropic, homogeneous, three-dimensional dam with variable cross-section. The numerical solution is obtained by the finite element method using cylindrical elements that exactly match the curved part of the boundary.Furthermore, a lower and an upper numerical enclosure of the free boundary are considered, together with a description of the procedure of calculations performed by an IBM 370/158 computer.
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    A numerical solution of singular integral equations without using special collocation points (1983)
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 421-430 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A new technique for the solution of singular integral equations is proposed, where the unknown function may have a particular singular behaviour, different from the one defined by the dominant part of the singular integral equation. In this case the integral equation may be discretized by two different quadratures defined in such a way that the collocation points of the one correspond to the integration points of the other. In this manner the system is reduced to a n × n system of discrete equations and the method preserves, for the same number of equations, the same polynomial accuracy. The main advantage of the method is that it can proceed without using special collocation points. This new technique was tested in a series of typical examples and yielded results which are in good agreement with already existing solutions.
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    Coupled vibrations of beams - an exact dynamic element stiffness matrix (1983)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 479-493 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A uniform linearly elastic beam element with non-coinciding centres of geometry, shear and mass is studied under stationary harmonic end excitation. The Euler-Bernoulli-Saint Venant theory is applied. Thus the effect of warping is not taken into account. The frequency-dependent 12 × 12 element stiffness matrix is established by use of an exact method. The translational and rotational displacement functions are represented as sums (real) of complex exponential terms where the complex exponents are numerically found. Built-up structures containing beam elements of the described type can be analysed with ease and certainty using existing library subroutines.
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    Finite element, boundary element and coupled analysis of unbounded problems in elastostatics (1983)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 567-580 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The implementation of a combined boundary element-finite element analysis capability is discussed. A comparison is then made between the finite element, boundary element and coupled method as applied to unbounded problems in elasticity and plasticity.
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    Masthead (1983)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Quality of trial functions in quadratic isoparametric representation of an arc (1983)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 37-47 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An examination is made of displacement trial functions found in the quadratic isoparametric representation of an arc. Special attention is given to the quality of curvature change description and to effective manipulation of the trial functions. Various interpolation formulae are derived which have relevance to curved shell finite element design under Love-Kirchhoff assumptions.
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    A finite element model for thin-walled members (1983)
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 59-71 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Thin-walled members subject to generalized loading may be modelled by using a finite element approach with conventional stress and strain parameters. A solution method for a class of problems that would use these elements is described. A numberical example of an elastic beam is given.
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    Development of mixed time partition procedures for thermal analysis of structures (1983)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 125-140 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The computational methods used to predict and optimize the thermal-structural behaviour of aerospace vehicle structures are reviewed. In general, two classes of algorithms, implicit and explicit, are used in transient thermal analysis of structures. Each of these two methods has its own merits. Due to the different time scales of the mechanical and thermal responses, the selection of a time integration method can be a difficult yet critical factor in the efficient solution of such problems.Therefore mixed time integration methods for transient thermal analysis of structures are being developed. This proposed methodology would be readily adaptable to existing computer programs for structural thermal analysis.
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    The application of the theorems of structural variation to finite element problems (1983)
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 141-144 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: In this paper the application of the theorems of structural variation to finite element problems is presented and a simplified procedure for constant strain triangular elements is developed. Applications for these techniques are discussed.
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    Announcements (1983)
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 152-156 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620190116
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    Structural optimization to include material selection (1983)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 217-235 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The mini-max dual method ia applied for solving the material selection structural optimization problems. A somewhat general objective function is introduced to consider structural weight and material cost simultaneously. It is expressed by the sum of scaled structural weight and material cost. The present formulation can yield minimum cost and minimum weight designs as two distinct special cases. It is shown that practically useful intermediate optimal designs can exist between the two extremes. Only truss structures are considered as a representative example. One numerical example is provided to illustrate the change in optimal material distribution when various objective functions are employed. A particular advantage in using the dual method for the material selection problem is also described.
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    Comparison of magnetic fields computed by finite element and classical series methods (1983)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 271-280 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The finite element reduced scalar potential method of calculating magnetic fields is investigated by comparing it with a classical series method. Both methods are applied to two problems having a current band surrounding a ferromagnetic shell. The magnetic field distributions obtained by both methods are shown to be in generally good agreement.
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    Letter to the editor (1983)
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 310-310 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Announcements (1983)
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 312-314 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620190215
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    A finite strip method for the geometrically nonlinear analysis of plate structures (1983)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 331-340 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A finite strip method is presented for the geometrically nonlinear analysis of prismatic structures under arbitrary loading. The method employs an iterative finite element approach but replaces numerical integration by an explicit formulation. A computer program has been developed and is described in the paper; a numerical example is given.
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    A stabilization procedure for the quadrilateral plate element with one-point quadrature (1983)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 405-419 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A stabilization procedure is developed for controlling the kinematic modes of the four-node, bilinear quadrilateral element when single-point quadrature is used. These kinematic modes manifest themselves by spatial oscillations or singularity of the total stiffness. In this stabilization procedure, additional generalized strains are defined which are activated by the kinematic modes; these generalized modes are furthermore not activated by rigid body motions regardless of the shape of the quadrilateral. By using a scaling law developed in an earlier paper, the stabilization parameters are defined so they do not adversely affect the element's performance. Several problems which are subject to kinematic modes are presented to illustrate the performance of this stabilization procedure for linear problems.
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    Finite element analysis of elastic-plastic layered soil using discrete Fourier series expansion (1983)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 473-478 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A method is developed which basically concerns how to reduce the necessary storage and cost of solving a set of algebraic equations arising from applying the initial stress technique to the analysis of a uniformly layered elastic-plastic soil. Advantage is taken of the geometrical symmetry of the problem and the consequent symmetry of the stiffness matrix. The nodal values are expanded in a discrete Fourier series so that a two-dimensional problem is reduced to a number of one-dimensional problems.
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    Damping and phase analysis for some methods for solving second-order ordinary differential equations (1983)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 495-503 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: We consider numerical methods for initial value problems for second-order systems of ordinary differential equations, analysing them by applying them to the test equation We discuss conditions which ensure an oscillatory numerical solution and the desirability of such a property. We also use a slightly more general test equation to derive conditions which ensure that the numerical forced oscillation is in phase with the true forced oscillation.To illustrate the theory, we consider the damping and phase properties of some frequently used methods.
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    Anisotropic elasto-plastic finite element analysis of thick and thin plates and shells (1983)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 541-566 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An elasto-plastic analysis of anisotropic plates and shells is undertaken by means of the finite element displacement method. A thick shell formulation accounting for shear deformation is considered, which is based on a degenerate three-dimensional continuum element. The accommodation of variable material properties, not only along the surface of the structure but also through the thickness, is made possible by a discrete layered approach. Although isoparametric elements of the Serendipity family give satisfactory solutions for thick and moderately thin shells the results exhibit ‘locking’ for an increasing ratio of span to thickness. To develop a numerical model which is applicable to thick or thin plates and shells, the nine-node Lagrangian element and the Heterosis element are also introduced into the present model. Plastic yielding is based on the Huber-Mises yield surface extended by Hill for anisotropic materials. The yield function is generalized by introducing anisotropic parameters of plasticity which are updated during the material strain hardening history. Numerical examples are presented and compared with available solutions. The effects of anisotropy on these solutions are also discussed.
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    Applied iterative methods, L. A. Hageman and D. M. Young, Academic Press, New York, 1981. No. of pages: 386. Price: $39.50 (1983)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 625-625 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Errata (1983)
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. i 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620190502
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    Spurious reflection of elastic waves due to gradually changing finite element size (1983)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 631-646 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: When a homogeneous elastic continuum is modelled by a non-uniform finite element grid, the differences in the size of adjacent finite elements can cause a spurious wave reflection which does not exist in the continuum. Extending previous studies in which the spurious wave reflection was investigated for the case of two uniform grids with a sudden element size change from one grid to the other, the present study deals with the case when the two uniform grids of different element sizes are separated by a transition zone through which the element size varies gradually, either by a geometric progression or by an arithmetic progression. The solution is carried out in complex variables and numerical plots of the results are given. When the ratio of wavelength to the largest element size is as low as 4 : 1, the spurious wave reflection is very significant, while for the ratios over 10 : 1 it is insignificant. Inserting a transition zone with gradually varying element size between the two uniform parts of the grid somewhat mitigates the phenomenon of spurious reflection, but this is significant only when the ratio of element sizes in the uniform grids is small (less than about 1·5 : 1). Varying the element size throughout the transition zone in an arithmetic progression seems slightly better than in a geometric progression. The spurious wave reflection is less pronounced for higher-order elements, in particular for linear strain elements as compared to constant strain elements. The spurious reflection is also less severe for consistent mass than for lumped mass.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620190503
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  • 96
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    An accurate scalar potential finite element method for linear, two-dimensional magnetostatics problems (1983)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 725-737 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: We have assessed the accuracy of a commercially available computer software package for finite element method calculations of magnetostatic fields. The computer program, MSC/NASTRAN,Available from the MacNeal-Schwendler Corporation, Los Angeles, CA 90041, U.S.A. is well known for its wide applicability in structural analysis and heat transfer problems. We exploit the fact that the differential equations of magnetostatics are identical to those for heat transfer if the magnetic field problem is formulated with the reduced scalar potential.1 Consequently, the powerful, optimized numerical routines of NASTRAN can immediately be applied to two- and three-dimensional linear magneto-statics problems. Application of the NASTRAN reduced scalar potential approach to a ‘worst case’ two-dimensional problem for which an analytic solution is available has yielded much better accuracy than was recently reported2 for a reduced scalar potential calculation using a different finite element program. Furthermore, our method exhibits completely satisfactory performance with regard to computational expense and accuracy for a linear electromagnet with an air gap. Our analysis opens the way for large three-dimensional magnetostatics calculations at far greater economy than is possible with the more commonly used vector potential and boundary integral methods.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620190507
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  • 97
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    Algorithms for determining invertible two- and three-dimensional quadratic isoparametric finite element transformations (1983)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 789-802 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presents an algorithm which determines the invertibility of any planar, triangular quadratic isoparametric finite element transformation. Extensions of the algorithm to three-dimensional isoparametric finite element transformations yield conditions which guarantee invertibility of 10-node tetrahedra and 8-node bricks. The mathematical basis for the algorithm focuses on the Jacobian as a continuous function defined over a compact set where the Jacobian attains a maximum and a minimum value. The algorithm then determines whether these values are of opposite sign.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620190602
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  • 98
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    An iterative algorithm for solving inverse problems in structural dynamics (1983)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 825-829 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The pulse-spectrum technique (PST), an iterative numerical algorithm, is presented and extended to solve the inverse problems arising from the dynamic structural identification and structural design problems. A simple one-dimensional shear beam model is used to demonstrate the applicability of PST. Numerical simulations are carried out to test the feasibility and to study the general characteristics of this technique without the real measurement and design data. It is found that the PST is not only quite robust in providing accurate results but also an excellent numerical method according to the four practical criteria for evaluating numerical methods.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620190605
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
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    A two-step approach to finite element ordering (1983)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 891-911 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A two-step approach to finite element ordering is introduced. The scheme involves ordering of the finite elements first, based on their adjacency, followed by a local numbering of the nodal variables. The ordering of the elements is performed by the Cuthill-McKee algorithm. This approach takes into consideration the underlying structure of the finite element mesh, and may be regarded as a ‘natural’ finite element ordering scheme. The experimental results show that this two-step scheme is more efficient than the reverse Cuthill-McKee algorithm applied directly to the nodes, in terms of both execution time and the number of fill-in entries, particularly when higher order finite elements are used. In addition to its efficiency, the two-step approach increases modularity and flexibility in finite element programs, and possesses potential application to a number of finite element solution methods.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620190610
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  • 100
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    A method for eigenvalues of sparse λ-matrices (1983)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 943-948 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The matrix N(λ) whose elements are functions of a parameter λ is called the λ-matrix. Those values of λ that make the matrix singular are of great interest in many applied fields. An efficient method for those eigenvalues of a λ-matrix is presented. A simple explicit convergence criterion is given, as well as the algorithm and two numerical examples.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620190613
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