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  • Inorganic Chemistry  (702)
  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY  (353)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984  (1,055)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1983  (1,055)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984  (1,055)
  • 1925-1929
Year
  • 101
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    Photographs of lightning from the Space Shuttle (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The equipment used in the Nighttime Daytime Optical Survey of Lightning experiment, carried out on the second and fourth Space Shuttle missions, is described. Attention is then given to one of the more spectacular lightning photographs, that of a Y-shaped discharge taken by Thomas K. Mattingly II on the night of June 29, 1982, over southern Brazil. Since the orientation of the camera with respect to the earth is not known, the scale of the photograph cannot be determined accurately. If the camera had been looking directly down from the vehicle at its altitude of 300 km, the Y-shaped pattern would be approximately 60 km long and 40 km wide. If, as is thought probable, the camera was not looking directly down, the pattern would have somewhat greater dimensions. The photographs show that illumination from lightning discharges can cover a rather wide area.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 64
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  • 102
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    Observations of optical lightning emissions from above thunderstorms using U-2 aircraft (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: In order to determine how to achieve orders of magnitude improvement in spatial and temporal resolution and in sensitivity of satellite lightning sensors, better quantitative measurements of the characteristics of the optical emissions from lightning as observed from above tops of thunderclouds are required. A number of sensors have been developed and integrated into an instrument package and flown aboard a NASA U-2 aircraft. The objectives have been to acquire optical lightning data needed for designing the lightning mapper sensor, and to study lightning physics and the correlation of lightning activity with storm characteristics. The instrumentation and observations of the program are reviewed and their significance for future research is discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 64
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  • 103
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    Some scientific objectives of a satellite-borne lightning mapper (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Lightning Mapper Sensor is proposed as an instrument for use on a geosynchronous satellite in the late 1980s to monitor lightning activity continuously over broad areas of the earth. The system was suggested in response to a variety of needs and the resulting data will provide important research information for such fields of geoscience as magnetospheric and ionospheric physics, atmospheric electricity, atmospheric chemistry, and storm physics. The research applications of Lightning Mapper Sensor data and related research programs are explored and sensor requirements are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 64
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  • 104
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    Determination of rain rate from a spaceborne radar using measurements of total attenuation (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N81-29709)
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing; GE-21; Jan. 198
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  • 105
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    The first winter of MAP-dynamics, 1982-1983: A winter with three different warming periods (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A synoptic description is given for the first winter of the Middle Atmosphere Program's atmospheric dynamics efforts for 1982-83. After a cold early winter period three warming periods were observed at the end of December, the end of January, and the end of February. In March a pronounced late winter cooling occurred in the upper stratosphere, whereas in the lower levels the final warming started slowly, but was not accomplished before mid-April. The momentum budget, calculated from the daily height and temperature charts, is discussed in terms of the divergence of the Eliassen-Palm-Vector.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 8; p 1-15
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  • 106
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    Cumulus clouds - Interactions between laboratory experiments and observations as foundations for models (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Early Woods Hole cumulus observations conducted with the aid of an aircraft suggested that buoyancy dilution by entrainment was a major brake upon tropical cumulus growth. The mechanism by which entrainment occurred, however, was not well understood. Ludlam and Scorer (1953) postulated that buoyant bubbles were the building blocks of cumulus clouds and that it was aerodynamic drag which caused the tops to cease rising. The present investigation is concerned with laboratory experiments and analyses which have been conducted to clarify remaining questions. Attention is given to bubbles in water of uniform density, bubbles released into stably stratified fluids, bubbles released into a two-layer fluid, some observational questions, and buoyant plumes and thermals. The considered experiments provide some insight concerning the mechanism involved in the conversion of buoyancy into motion, taking into account a simpler fluid situation.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 107
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    The impact of satellite sounding data on the systematic error of a NWP model (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 108
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    The impact of Seasat-A scatterometer data on GLAS model forecasts (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The effect of SASS (Seasat-A Satellite Scatterometer) data on the GLAS analysis and forecast system is assessed. After discussing the objective analysis and assimilation of SASS winds, consideration is given to a scheme developed to objectively dealias the SASS data. Results are then presented from analysis and forecast experiments. The evaluation finds a negligible effect of the SASS data in the Northern Hemisphere. In the Southern Hemisphere, the impact is larger and for the most part beneficial when the VTPR (vertical temperature profile radiometer) is excluded. However, the inclusion of VTPR data effectively eliminates this positive impact, suggesting some redundancy between the two data sets.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 109
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    The impact of satellite soundings and their distribution on forecast accuracy (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The impact of satellite data is found to vary considerably from one map to another and from one geographic region to another. However, the impact of satellite data is generally small in comparison with forecast error. On the average, over land areas (where good conventional data permit accurate verification), the impact of satellite data on 48-hr forecasts of 500-mb height is seen to be neutral. Indirect numerical evidence is found, however, that satellite data has a marked positive impact in the lower and middle troposphere in ocean regions, especially those regions where conventional data are sparse. The impact over oceans is found to be especially noticeable in maps depicting the mean differences between the satellite and the conventional-data-only maps averaged over the period of the data set (January 1-14, 1980), both for analyses and for forecasts to 48 hours.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 110
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    Range reference atmosphere models (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A description is given of the methods used to establish the statistical parameters and models for wind and various thermodynamic quantities at an altitude of 0-70 km for nine geographical locations. It is noted that wind is modeled as a vector quantity using the bivariate normal probability function. With the five parameters of the bivariate normal distribution, the distribution for wind speed is derived as a generalized Rayleigh distribution. In addition, the frequency of wind direction is derived, and the conditional distribution of wind speed given the wind direction is derived. It is pointed out that these and other wind models are consistent with the rigorous mathematical properties of the bivariate normal probability theory. The thermodynamic quantities are consistent with the hydrostatic equation and the equation of state for the mean values. With these methods, many statistical relationships can be derived.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 111
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    Downward longwave radiation at the surface from satellite measurements (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A new technique is presented for generating downward longwave flux at the earth's surface from satellite meteorological data and a radiative transfer model. The technique was tested by using TIROS-N data from 41 passes over a ground site covering a period of one month. Satellite-derived fluxes were compared with those measured by a ground-based pyrgeometer during each overpass. The standard error of the satellite-derived fluxes relative to the mean ground-measured values was found to be 6.5 percent.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0733-3021); 22; 1956-196
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  • 112
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    Cumulus clouds - Numerical models, observations and entrainment (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The first computer simulation of the organization phase of a buoyant atmospheric thermal is described. Although crude, it showed the spontaneous development of a rounded tight-gradient 'cap' and internal vortical circulation. The complexities involved in these 'field of motion' models in part motivated the development of entity models, based upon laboratory thermals. These one-dimensional models and their uses with observations are briefly described as well as their limitations. Finally, an application of Schlesinger's three-dimensional model to a GATE cumulus situation clarifies many apparently conflicting observations and postulates, thereby raising further challenging questions to be addressed jointly by the more sophisticated measuring and modeling tools available in the 1980's.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 113
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    On error detection in the dynamics part of primitive equation models (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Rossby-Haurwitz waves have been commonly employed as initial conditions for testing the dynamics part of global atmospheric models. Difficulties arise in connection with the primitive equation (PE) model. Chao and Geller (1982) have suggested that it would be better if normal mode solutions of the linearized primitive equations would be used as initial conditions. However, tests involving normal mode conditions are not adequate for the detection of errors in the nonlinear terms. The present investigation has the objective to review the study conducted by Chao and Geller and to provide tests for the nonlinear terms.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 114
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    On the measurement of vertical velocity by MST radar (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: An overview is presented of the measurement of atmospheric vertical motion utilizing the MST radar technique. Vertical motion in the atmosphere is briefly discussed as a function of scale. Vertical velocity measurement by MST radars is then considered from within the context of the expected magnitudes to be observed. Examples are drawn from published vertical velocity observations.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program, Vol. 9; p 215-226
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  • 115
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    Estimating unbiased horizontal velocity components from ST/MST radar measurements: A case study (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: In this paper a self-editing quick look procedure is presented for use at the Sunset radar. It is used for determining relatively unbiased hourly estimates of the u and v components of the wind. The technique presented here should be applicable to all height ranges, though only ST results are presented here. The vertical wind component, w, may be measured directly by pointing the radar beam straight up. The east and west components of the wind, u and v, however, must be estimated by projecting to the horizontal plane the radial velocity, vr, actually observed by pointing the radar suitably off zenith.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program, Vol. 9; p 210-214
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  • 116
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    Mesoscale meteorology - Theories, observations and models; Proceedings of the Advanced Study Institute, Bonas, Gers, France, July 13-31, 1982 (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-09
    Description: Among the topics discussed are mesoscale processes and variability, regional and cyclonic scale motions and their prediction modeling, fronts, mesoscale instabilities, buoyancy (gravity) waves and topographic forcing, buoyant convection, boundary layers, and observational technology. The specific issues investigated include methods for initializing mesoscale forecast models, an energy theory for the propagation of gravity currents, a theory for rain bands within extratropical cyclones, the morning glory as a nonlinear wave phenomenon, cumulus clouds, the prediction of severe convection, planetary boundary layer parameterization, and three-dimensional wind field analysis from Doppler radar data.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 117
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    Laboratory and field observations related to ice particle and aircraft charging in convective storms (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: Graupel particle charging in simulated cloud conditions which show the need for the presence of ice crystals and cloud water simultaneously except under conditions where secondary ice crystal production occurs when charging initially occurs in the absence of ice crystals was examined. The magnitude of the charging increases with size of ice crystals, and impact velocity; it is also sensitive to impurities. The magnitude of the charge is also sensitive to temperature and the sign changes between -10 and -20 C, depending on cloud liquid water content. Aircraft studies were carried out in Montana convective clouds to test the validity of the extrapolation of the laboratory data to the atmosphere from the viewpoint of generation of charge, electric field, and aircraft charging during cloud penetration.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: FAA Eighth Intern. Aerospace and Ground Conf. on Lightning and Static Elec.; 8 p
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  • 118
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    Lightning activity observed in upper and lower portions of storms and its relationship to storm structure from VHF mapping and Doppler radar (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: Space time mapping of very high frequencies (VHF) sources reveals lightning processes for cloud to ground (CG) and for large intracloud (IC) flashes are confined to an altitude below about 10 km and closely associated with the central high reflectivity region of a storm. Another class of IC flashes was identified that produces a splattering of small sources within the main electrically active volume of a storm and also within a large divergent wind canopy at the top of a storm. There is no apparent temporal association between the small high altitude IC flashes occurring almost continuously and the large IC and CG flashes sporadically occurring in the lower portions of storms.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: FAA Eighth Intern. Aerospace and Ground Conf. on Lightning and Static Elec.; 9 p
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  • 119
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    Linear and nonlinear interpretation of the direct strike lightning response of the NASA F106B thunderstorm research aircraft (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The objective of the work reported here is to develop a methodology by which electromagnetic measurements of inflight lightning strike data can be understood and extended to other aircraft. A linear and time invariant approach based on a combination of Fourier transform and three dimensional finite difference techniques is demonstrated. This approach can obtain the lightning channel current in the absence of the aircraft for given channel characteristic impedance and resistive loading. The model is applied to several measurements from the NASA F106B lightning research program. A non-linear three dimensional finite difference code has also been developed to study the response of the F106B to a lightning leader attachment. This model includes three species air chemistry and fluid continuity equations and can incorporate an experimentally based streamer formulation. Calculated responses are presented for various attachment locations and leader parameters. The results are compared qualitatively with measured inflight data.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-3746 , NAS 1.26:3746 , EMA-83-R-21
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  • 120
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    The 1982 direct strike lightning data (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Wideband waveforms data which were obtained during the 1982 direct-strike lightning tests utilizing the NASA F106-B aircraft specially instrumented for lightning electromagnetic measurements. The aircraft was operated in a thunderstorm environment to elicit strikes to the aircraft during this testing period. Electromagnetic field data were recorded to both attached lightning and free field excitation of the aircraft.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-84626 , NAS 1.15:84626
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  • 121
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    Analysis of direct and nearby lightning strike data for aircraft (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A method for interpreting direct strike and nearby strike lightning data on aircraft is discussed. The theoretical basis for the interpretation involves a transmission line model for the aircraft, and is discussed. Results of applying this model to the F-106 aircraft are presented and in the natural resonances are computed for several different electrical representations of the aircraft. The signal processing techniques useful for extracting pole (resonance) information from experimental data are discussed, and the use of these techniques on the measured lightning data is illustrated. Finally, the results of a related ground-based lightning experiment are discussed and data are presented. The purpose of this test was to gain additional understanding of the resonance properties of the F-106 aircraft.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-172127 , NAS 1.26:172127
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  • 122
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    Investigation of the Arc Cloud Complex (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-10
    Description: Thunderstorm gust fronts, frequently identifiable as arc clouds, are recognized as triggering mechanisms for new convective activity at points of intersections. Arc clouds are recognizable as such only by high resolution meteorological satellite observations and may take on several configurations, depending upon the circumstances. A situation in which an arc cloud is associated with a large convective area is called an arc cloud complex. Several arc cloud complex cases are analyzed based upon a combination of satellite, radar and conventional meteorological observations. The circumstances which led to the development of the arc clouds and their subsequent impact upon their environment are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Alabama Univ. Res. Rept.: 1983 NASA(ASEE Summer Faculty Fellowship Program; 27 p
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  • 123
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    Low-level flow conditions hazardous to aircraft (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Low level flow conditions known to be hazardous to aircraft during takeoff/climbout and approach/landing operations are turbulence, wind shear, and vertical motion. These conditions can and frequently do occur separately and in combinations. The identification and selection were completed of representative data cases to determine magnitude, frequency, duration, and simultaneity of occurrence of turbulence (gustiness and gust factor), wind shear (speed and direction), and vertical motion (updraft and downdraft), along with temperature inversions. New representations of temporal and spatial variations in the atmospheric boundary layer were developed. Efforts continued relative to low level flow conditions where published results imply strong vertical shear with virtually no horizontal shear and where order of magnitude analyses of the equations of motion for an aircraft illustrates that low values of horizontal shear (along the flight path) are much more hazardous than larger values of vertical wind shear (altitude).
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA(MFSC FY-83 Atmospheric Res. Rev.; p 22-23
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  • 124
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    Feasibility study of a procedure to detect and warn of low-level wind shear (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The wind shear program is directed toward investigating the effects of wind shear on aerodynamic performance. Combining the Joint Airport Weather Studies wind shear data with the B-57B gust gradient data, the transient scales of motion involved in wind shear aircraft accidents or mishaps are being identified. The effect of variable winds having these time scales on the aerodynamic coefficients of moist airfoils were fully investigated. Transient and spatial variation of flow over the airfoil may cause premature stall or hysteresis effects which significantly impact the lift and drag (i.e., aerodynamic coefficients). Analysis of airfoil performance subject to 4-D variable flows will be carried out.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA(MFSC FY-83 Atmospheric Res. Rev.; p 18-19
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  • 125
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    Doppler lidar signal and turbulence study (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Comparison of the second moments of the Doppler lidar signal with aircraft and tower measured parameters is being carried out. Lidar binary data tapes were successfully converted to ASCII Code on the VAX 11/780. These data were used to develop the computer programs for analyzing data from the Marshall Space Flight Center field test. Raw lidar amplitude along the first 50 forward and backward beams of Run No. 2, respectively was plotted. Plotting techniques for the same beams except with the amplitude thresholded and range corrected were developed. Plotting routines for the corresponding lidar width of the first 50 forward and backward beams were also established. The relationship between raw lidar amplitude and lidar width was examined. The lidar width is roughly constant for lidar amplitudes less than 120 dB. A field test with the NASA/MSFC ground based Doppler lidar, the instrumented NASA B-57B gust gradient aircraft, and the NASA/MSFC eight tower array was carried out. The data tape for the lidar was received and read. The aircraft data and tower data are being digitized and converted to engineering units. Velocities computed sequentially along each of the lidar beams beginning at 16:40:00, May 12, 1983 were plotted for Run No. 1.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA(MFSC FY-83 Atmospheric Res. Rev.; p 20-21
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  • 126
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    Low-level gust gradient program and avialtion workshop effort (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The Proceedings of the Workshop on Meteorological and Environmental Inputs to Aviation Systems, hosted by the University of Tennessee Space Institute, October 26-28, 1982, were prepared for publication. The Proceedings were submitted to FAA and will be distributed by August. Also, the proceedings of a one day workshop devoted specifically to wind shear and hosted during the same time frame were prepared and distributed. Plans for the 1983 workshop are proceeding extremely well. The workshop theme was established, the committee topics identified, and all ten committee chairmen contacted have agreed to accept their respective assignments. Additional logistics for the workshop are being carried out. The 1983 workshop is scheduled for October 26-28, 1983. Data gathered with the B-57B during the Joint Airport Weather Studies Project in Denver, Colorado, were analyzed. All runs for Flight 6 on July 16, 1982, were analyzed. Spectra, cross spectra and probability distributions were computed for each run. Also, Runs 10-14 of Flight 7 on July 15, 1982, were analyzed in similar detail.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA(MFSC FY-83 Atmospheric Res. Rev.; p 16-17
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  • 127
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    Warm fog dispersal (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The charged particle generator was further tested after some design modification. The generator performance was measured with additional instrumentation and found to confirm previous measurements. Plans for a field testing were than developed. The overall status of the program and the field test plans were presented to a group of atmospheric scientists and electrostatic experts at the NASA/MSFC sponsored USRA Workshop on Electrostatic Fog Dispersal at NCAR, Boulder, Colorado discussed in previous sections. The recommendations from this workshop are being evaluated as to whether NASA should proceed with the field test or whether further theoretical research on the phenomenon of electrostatic fog dispersal and additional development of the charged particle generator should be carried out. Information obtained from the USRA Workshop clearly identified three physical mechanisms that could possibly influence the fog dispersal process, which heretofore have not been considered, and which may provide additional insight to the direction of further fog dispersal work. These mechanisms are: the effect of corona discharge on the electric field strength at the surface, the influx of fog into the cleared volume by turbulent diffusion, and the increase in supersaturation as liquid water is removed, activating haze particles, and thus generating more fog. Plans are being formulated to investigate these mechanisms.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-83 Atmospheric Res. Rev.; p 14-15
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  • 128
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    Development of an operational specific CAT risk (SCATR) index (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The original formulations of Roach (1970) and Oard (1974) for the calculation of clear air turbulence (CAT) potential from synoptic scale data were extended. An index which gives a measure of the specific risk of encountering CAT - the specific clear air turbulence risk (SCATR) index - was defined. This index takes into account both the locally and advected contributions to the energy necessary for CAT. The advected contribution is associated with the role of atmospheric gravity waves. The SCATR index was calculated for a number of cases where documented encounters with CAT occurred. Of particular interest were those made for cases involving severe CAT. The results for the two severe CAT cases run were quite impressive and elicited considerable interest from operational aviation meteorologists.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-83 Atmospheric Res. Rev.; p 11-12
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  • 129
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    The Joint Airport Weather Studies (JAWS) project (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A block diagram of the joint airport weather studies program is presented. Background leading to the development of the program is reviewed. Basic studies, aircraft performance, and detection and warning techniques used to develop fine scale structure of thunderstorm dynamics and kinematics in the vicinity of a major airport; effect of thunderstorm low level wind shear on aircraft performance; and development of real time testing of flow level wind shear detection and warning techniques and displays are described.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-83 Atmospheric Res. Rev.; p 5-10
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  • 130
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    B-57B gust gradient program (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Analysis of data obtained from the Joint Airport Weather Studies Flights 6 and 7 is underway. Data from Flight 7 indicate that the B-57B encountered the upper portion of an outflow feature (microburst) at an altitude of 400 meters above ground level. Horizontal wind vector plots along the flight path have provided clues concerning the meteorological setting of the flights. In addition to suspected outflow features, wavelike variations of the horizontal wind vectors were observed. Statistical studies of gust gradients were undertaken with the goal of fitting probability density functions to the data. As expected, the density functions were highly non-Gaussian. Spectral analyses are proceeding and several spectral models for the gust gradient data are being investigated.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA(MFSC FY-83 Atmospheric Res. Rev.; p 3-4
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    Some spatial and temporal relationships between lightning and storm structure and evolution (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: A number of systems were used to study relationships between lightning and other storm parameters. Instrumentation includes a system for locating cloud to ground lightning strike points, an acoustic lightning mapper and very high frequencies (VHF) (30 to 80 MHz) lightning mapper to study the structure and location of lightning, and S band radar to provide other storm data. Several characteristics of the reconstructed lightning have been relatively constant: (1) lightning structure is usually predominately horizontal; (2) lightning tends to occur preferrentially in certain altitude ranges that are only a few kilometers thick and above the O C isotherm; (3) it tends to occur near, but not necessarily inside, cores of high reflectivity (approximately or 45 dBz), and it often connects with regions of relatively weak reflectivity downstream from stronger reflectivity and updraft cores. Other relationships are also discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: FAA Eighth Intern. Aerospace and Ground Conf. on Lightning and Static Elec.; 7 p
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  • 132
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    Analysis of selective chopper radiometer data (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Data from SCR-B on Nimbus 5 have been processed to yield global, orbital temperatures at 10, 5, 2, 1, and 0.4 mb for the period January 1977 through April 1978 under the current task. In addition gridded values at 10 deg latitude by 20 deg longitude were prepared by space-time interpolation for the period January 1975 through April 1978. Temperature retrieval was based on regression of radiances against Meteorological Rocket Network data, with regressions recomputed at approximately six-month intervals. This data now completes a consistent time series from April 1970 to April 1978 for all available radiance data from SCR A and SCR B on Nimbus 4 and 5. The processing details for the current period are discussed, but is also applicable to the previous data periods. The accuracy of the temperature retrievals for each 6-month period for the entire eight years is given in the Appendices.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-175157 , NAS 1.26:175157
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  • 133
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    Radiative effects of the arctic haze (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: During the recent Arctic Gas and Aerosols Sampling Project flight series, the absorption of solar radiation by the Arctic haze was measured directly for the first time. Absorpton was measured in three narrow band channels, and the measurements were used to calibrate a high resolution solar flux model, which was then used to compute atmospheric heating rates. Analyses of data from three flights with estimated optical depths of 0.26, 0.17, and 0.31 at 500 nm produced instantaneous solar heating rates of the order of 1.1 to 1.5 K/day. These rates are greater by a factor of 2 to 3 than heating in the absence of the haze. Possible climatic implications are briefly discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 10; 1184-118
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  • 134
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    Cloud cover typing from environmental satellite imagery. Discriminating cloud structure with Fast Fourier Transforms (FFT) (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The use of two dimensional Fast Fourier Transforms (FFTs) subjected to pattern recognition technology for the identification and classification of low altitude stratus cloud structure from Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) imagery was examined. The development of a scene independent pattern recognition methodology, unconstrained by conventional cloud morphological classifications was emphasized. A technique for extracting cloud shape, direction, and size attributes from GOES visual imagery was developed. These attributes were combined with two statistical attributes (cloud mean brightness, cloud standard deviation), and interrogated using unsupervised clustering amd maximum likelihood classification techniques. Results indicate that: (1) the key cloud discrimination attributes are mean brightness, direction, shape, and minimum size; (2) cloud structure can be differentiated at given pixel scales; (3) cloud type may be identifiable at coarser scales; (4) there are positive indications of scene independence which would permit development of a cloud signature bank; (5) edge enhancement of GOES imagery does not appreciably improve cloud classification over the use of raw data; and (6) the GOES imagery must be apodized before generation of FFTs.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-173727 , JPL-PUB-84-17 , NAS 1.26:173727
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  • 135
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    Effects of geophysical noise on the accuracy of wind determination (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The effects of geophysical noise on the accuracy of wind determination are discussed. The line-of-sight velocity is measured using an mst radar error analysis is also discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program, Vol. 9; p 235-236
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  • 136
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    Remote sensing of Arkansas tornadoes on 11 April 1976 from a satellite, a balloon and an ionospheric sounder array (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 4; July-Sep
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  • 137
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    Monitoring tropical cyclone evolution with NOAA satellite microwave observations (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: NOAA satellite microwave soundings, which penetrate high clouds, delineate the development and dissipation of the upper tropospheric warm core associated with a tropical cyclone. The storm's 'core" may be detected from microwave imagery. Vertical cross sections reveal the intensification of the upper tropospheric warm core as the storm develops, and the downward propagation of the warm core as the storm dissipates. Excellent correlation is found between the horizontal Laplacian of an upper tropospheric temperature field and the intensity of the storm, as categorized by its surface central pressure and maximum sustained wind speed at the eye wall. The microwave monitoring of tropical cyclones is achieved in real time at the University of Wisconsin's Space Science and Engineering Center through high-speed teleconnections to direct readout receiving systems at Wallops Island, Virginia and Redwood City, California.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0733-3021); 22; May 1983
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  • 138
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    Improved cloud motion wind vector and altitude assignment using VAS (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A CO2 cloud tracking technique to determine simultaneous heights and velocities of cloud motion winds is presented. Using animated CO2 channel imagery from VAS (Visible Infrared Spin-Scan Radiometer Atmospheric Sounder), multi-level cloud situations are separated into high, middle and low level cloud motion wind vectors by the CO2 slicing method. The VAS CO2 channel radiometric values are used in the CO2 absorption method to assign quantitative heights to the cloud vectors; cloud top pressures are determined from the ratio of the deviations in cloud produced radiances and the corresponding clear air values for three CO2 channels in a radiative transfer equation formulation. Two case studies are presented that show CO2 cloud-motion wind vectors to be in good agreement with radiosonde wind observations and CO2 cloud heights to be within a 50 mb rms deviation of radiosonde, bispectral and stereo height determinations.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0733-3021); 22; March 19
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  • 139
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    High-latitude stratospheric winds near summer solstice - The diurnal and semidiurnal solar tides (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A technique for studying winds and tides at altitudes of approximately 30 km is the continuous and precise tracking of zero-pressure, stratospheric balloons. The CONSOL navigation system allows tracking of a balloon over the North Atlantic for two days or longer. Tidal wind data from 14 balloon trajectories (approximately 670 balloon hours) are presented and compared with theoretical predictions.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; June 20
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  • 140
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    A comparison of methods for computing the sigma-coordinate pressure gradient force for flow over sloped terrain in a hybrid theta-sigma model (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: In connection with the employment of the sigma coordinates introduced by Phillips (1957), problems can arise regarding an accurate finite-difference computation of the pressure gradient force. Over steeply sloped terrain, the calculation of the sigma-coordinate pressure gradient force involves computing the difference between two large terms of opposite sign which results in large truncation error. To reduce the truncation error, several finite-difference methods have been designed and implemented. The present investigation has the objective to provide another method of computing the sigma-coordinate pressure gradient force. Phillips' method is applied for the elimination of a hydrostatic component to a flux formulation. The new technique is compared with four other methods for computing the pressure gradient force. The work is motivated by the desire to use an isentropic and sigma-coordinate hybrid model for experiments designed to study flow near mountainous terrain.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 111; April 19
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  • 141
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    A stochastic-dynamic model for the spatial structure of forecast error statistics (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The present investigation is concerned with the presentation of a simplified model of the spatial structure of forecast error statistics, a comparison of the model with actual numerical weather prediction results, and the extent to which simplifying assumptions made in the model are justified. A stochastic-dynamic model is derived for the spatial structure of the global atmospheric mass-field forecast error. The model states that the relative potential vorticity of the forecast error is random. The covariance function of the model's solutions is found to be governed by a simple deterministic equation. The agreement between the stochastic model and actual mass-field forecast errors fields for 12-36 h periods validates the assumptions on which the model is derived. Within this period, the difference between the potential voriticity fields of the atmosphere and of the numerical forecasts used in the comparison is well represented by white noise.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 111; April 19
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  • 142
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    Charney's problem for baroclinic instability applied to barotropic instability (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: If barotropically unstable easterly jets may be approximated by broken line profiles, it becomes possible to use the solutions of the Charney (1947) problem for baroclinic instabilithy in order to solve the barotropic problem. Results are presented for easterly jets having an arbitrary degree of symmetry, and it is noted that the convenient calculation obtained for the growth of both localized and normal mode perturbations is important in the study of monsoon depressions over India.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 40; April 19
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  • 143
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    Stratospheric sudden coolings and the role of nonlinear wave interactions in preconditioning the circumpolar flow (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The mechanisms responsible for the transition of the circumpolar flow from its normal midwinter state to the preconditioned state that should evolve before a wavenumber-2 major warming are investigated, through a combination of observational, numerical and theoretical studies. Observations of Eliassen-Palm flux cross sections indicate that while wave zonal mean flow interaction theory could account for the qualitative evolution of the circumpolar flow during the warming, substantial nonlinear wave interactions were active during the cooling period, and these interactions significantly influenced the evolution of the circumpolar flow. Numerical experiments employing a truncated, semispectral model indicate that this cooling phenomenon is realistically reproducible in an idealized integration in which wave-wave interactions are present. Two different mechanisms are proposed to account for these nonlinearities.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 40; April 19
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  • 144
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    Thermally driven flow in a rotating spherical shell Axisymmetic states (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A spherical analogue of the rotating annulus experiments modeling atmospheric motion, in which a liquid is contained between two rigid, corotating and concentric hemispheres upon both of which thermal gradients are imposed, is presently studied by means of numerical models. Temperatures are lower on the inner than on the outer sphere, and decrease towards the pole. Using Navier-Stokes equations which assume symmetry about the polar axis, finite difference numerical models yield steady-state solutions to the equations. Hydrostatic and nonhydrostatic solutions are compared for cylindrical and spherical cases, and it is found in the case of the spherical shell that the differences between hydrostatic and nonhydrostatic solutions are small and largely confined to the regions near the pole and equator. It is suggested that nonhydrostatic effects on the axisymmetric state will not affect the flow's baroclinic stability.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 40; April 19
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  • 145
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    Instabilities in a stratified fluid having one critical level. I - Results. II - Explanation of gravity wave instabilities using the concept of overreflection. III - Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities as overreflected waves (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 40; March 19
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  • 146
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    An analysis of periodicities in the 1470 to 1974 Beijing precipitation record (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An analyis of a time series consisting of an annual index of dryness/wetness for the years 1470 to 1974 in Beijing, China is presented. Its power spectrum shows that dominant cycles occur with long periods of the order of 80 years. Cycles with periods of 11 and 22 years are weak or non-existent, but a significant signal at 18.7 years (which is also the period of a component of the lunar tide generating force) is detected. The long term variations in Beijing precipitation appear to lag long term (Gleissberg) variations in solar activity by nearly 75 years. A pattern which spans nearly 150 years in the Beijing record is found to be repeated with notable similarity.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 10; June 198
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  • 147
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    An evaluation of soundings, analyses and model forecasts derived from TIROS-N and NOAA-6 satellite data (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: TIROS-N and NOAA-6 temperature soundings over North America during three days in January 1980, and synoptic analyses and numerical-model forecasts derived from them, are compared with conventional data and analyses from NMC's limited-area fine-mesh model (LFM). The collocated sounding comparison revealed significant errors, especially near the surface and the tropopause. Satellite-derived thermal gradients were found to be weak, and thickness-analysis difference fields to propagate eastward, suggesting that sounding errors are correlated with synoptic patterns. The same pattern of anomalies is seen in the model forecasts. More detailed determinations of the correlation detected here could be used to optimize the assimilation of satellite soundings to conventional data.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 111; March 19
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  • 148
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    The effects of the Asselin time filter on numerical solutions to the linearized shallow-water wave equations (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: In the present investigation, a one-dimensional linearized analysis is used to determine the effect of Asselin's (1972) time filter on both the computational stability and phase error of numerical solutions for the shallow water wave equations, in cases with diffusion but without rotation. An attempt has been made to establish the approximate optimal values of the filtering parameter nu for each of the 'lagged', Dufort-Frankel, and Crank-Nicholson diffusion schemes, suppressing the computational wave mode without materially altering the physical wave mode. It is determined that in the presence of diffusion, the optimum filter length depends on whether waves are undergoing significant propagation. When moderate propagation is present, with or without diffusion, the Asselin filter has little effect on the spatial phase lag of the physical mode for the leapfrog advection scheme of the three diffusion schemes considered.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 111; March 19
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  • 149
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    Acoustic and electric signals from lightning (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Observations of infrasound apparently generated by the collapse of the electrostatic field in the thundercloud, are presented along with electric field measurements and high-frequency thunder signals. The frequency of the infrasound pulse is about 1 Hz and amplitude a few microbars. The observations seem to confirm some of the theoretical predictions of Wilson (1920) and Dessler (1973). The signal is predominated by a compressional phase and seems to be beamed vertically. Calculation of the parameters of the charged region using the infrasound signal give reasonable values.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; April 20
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  • 150
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    Theoretical study of multiple equilibria in simple axisymmetric tropical circulations (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The possibility that the asymmetric part of the atmospheric circulation can possess multiple equilibrium states is examined using a two-layer axisymmetric model involving balance equations on an equatorial beta plane. Mountains are excluded from consideration and a Newtonian cooling formulation represents thermal forcing. A temperature maximum at 25 deg N is selected to simulate summer conditions in the Northern Hemisphere. Steady-state solutions obtained are investigated for stability with regard to first and second y-mode perturbations. A single stable mode is found, together with two other quasi-stable states. Attention is given to numerically modeling multiple equilibria in symmetric circulations, and one steady-state is determined for the two-layer model. A model employing primitive equations with the Boussinesq approximation is also examined, and it also furnishes only one steady state. The reasons for the lack of multiple steady-states as derived by the models are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tellus; vol. 35A
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  • 151
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    The MST radar technique: Requirements for operational weather forecasting (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: There is a feeling that the accuracy of mesoscale forecasts for spatial scales of less than 1000 km and time scales of less than 12 hours can be improved significantly if resources are applied to the problem in an intensive effort over the next decade. Since the most dangerous and damaging types of weather occur at these scales, there are major advantages to be gained if such a program is successful. The interest in improving short term forecasting is evident. The technology at the present time is sufficiently developed, both in terms of new observing systems and the computing power to handle the observations, to warrant an intensive effort to improve stormscale forecasting. An assessment of the extent to which the so-called MST radar technique fulfills the requirements for an operational mesoscale observing network is reviewed and the extent to which improvements in various types of forecasting could be expected if such a network is put into operation are delineated.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program, Vol. 9; p 3-11
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  • 152
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    Pilot climate data system: A state-of-the-art capability in scientific data management (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The Pilot Climate Data System (PCDS) was developed by the Information Management Branch of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center to manage a large collection of climate-related data of interest to the research community. The PCDS now provides uniform data catalogs, inventories, access methods, graphical displays and statistical calculations for selected NASA and non-NASA data sets. Data manipulation capabilities were developed to permit researchers to easily combine or compare data. The current capabilities of the PCDS include many tools for the statistical survey of climate data. A climate researcher can examine any data set of interest via flexible utilities to create a variety of two- and three-dimensional displays, including vector plots, scatter diagrams, histograms, contour plots, surface diagrams and pseudo-color images. The graphics and statistics subsystems employ an intermediate data storage format which is data-set independent. Outside of the graphics system there exist other utilities to select, filter, list, compress, and calculate time-averages and variances for any data of interest. The PCDS now fully supports approximately twenty different data sets and is being used on a trial basis by several different in-house research grounds.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-85115 , NAS 1.15:85115
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  • 153
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    Atmospheric environment for space shuttle (STS-8) launch (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Selected atmospheric conditions observed near Space Shuttle STS-8 launch time on August 30, 1983, at Kennedy Space Center, Florida are summarized. Values of ambient pressure, temperature, moisture, ground winds, visual observations (cloud), and winds aloft are included. The sequence of prelaunch Jimsphere measured vertical wind profiles is given. Also presented are wind and thermodynamic parameters representative of surface and aloft conditions in the SRB descent/impact ocean area. Final meteorological tapes, which consist of wind and thermodynamic parameters versus altitude, for STS-8 vehicle ascent and SRB descent/impact were constructed. The STS-8 ascent meteorological data tape was constructed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-82560 , NAS 1.15:82560
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  • 154
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    The influence of convective activity on the vorticity budget (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The influence of convective activity on the vorticity budget was determined during the AVE VII and AVE-SESAME I periods. This was accomplished by evaluating each term in the expanded vorticity equation with twisting and tilting and friction representing the residual of all other terms. Convective areas were delineated by use of radar summary charts. The influence of convective activity was established by analyzing contoured fields of each term as well as numerical values and profiles of the various terms in convective and nonconvective areas. Vertical motion was computed by the kinematic method, and all computations were performed over the central United States using a grid spacing of 158 km. The results show that, in convective areas in particular, the residual is of comparable magnitude to the horizontal advection and divergence terms, and therefore, cannot be neglected. In convective areas, the residual term represents a sink of vorticity below 500 mb and a strong source near 300 mb. In nonconvective areas, the residual was small in magnitude at all levels, but tended to be negative (vorticity sink) at 300 mb. The local change term, over convective areas, tended to be balanced by the residual term, and appeared to be a good indicator of development (vorticity becoming more cyclonic). Finally, the shape of the vertical profiles of the term in the budget equation agreed with those found by other investigators for easterly waves, but the terms were one order of magnitude larger than those for easterly waves.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-3752 , NAS 1.26:3752
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  • 155
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    Lightning mapper sensor design study (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: World-wide continuous measurement of lightning location, intensity, and time during both day and night is to be provided by the Lightning Mapper (LITMAP) instrument. A technology assessment to determine if the LITMAP requirements can be met using existing sensor and electronic technologies is presented. The baseline concept discussed in this report is a compromise among a number of opposing requirements (e.g., ground resolution versus array size; large field of view versus narrow bandpass filter). The concept provides coverage for more than 80 percent of the lightning events as based on recent above-cloud NASA/U2 lightning measurements.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-170909 , NAS 1.26:170909
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  • 156
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    Lightning mapping sensor study (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A technology assessment to determine how a world-wide, continuous measurement of lightning could be achieved from a geostationary platform is provided. Various approaches to the detector sensors are presented. It was first determined that any existing detector chips would require some degree of modification in order to meet the lightning mapper sensor requirements. The elements of the system were then analyzed, categorized, and graded for study emphasis. The recommended approach for the lightning mapper sensor is to develop a monolithic array in which each detector cell has circuitry that implements a two-step photon-collecting method for a very high dynamic range with good measurement accuracy. The efficiency of the array is compatible with the use of a conventional refractive optics design having an aperture in the neighborhood of 7 to 10 cm.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-170908 , NAS 1.26:170908
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  • 157
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    Statistical analysis of turbulence data from the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center atmospheric boundary layer tower array facility (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Statistical properties of atmospheric turbulence near the Earth's surface are presented. Emphasis is placed on the probability density distribution two point spatial correlation, length scale, and two point and single point spectrum. Comparison of the data with isotropic homogeneous models is made. In general, agreement with the models is poor. For the design of aircraft during operations in the lower levels associated with approach, takeoff, and terrain following, it appears necessary to improve existing models or develop new nonisotropic turbulence models.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-3737 , NAS 1.26:3737
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  • 158
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    Rain estimation from satellites: An examination of the Griffith-Woodley technique (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The Griffith-Woodley Technique (GWT) is an approach to estimating precipitation using infrared observations of clouds from geosynchronous satellites. It is examined in three ways: an analysis of the terms in the GWT equations; a case study of infrared imagery portraying convective development over Florida; and the comparison of a simplified equation set and resultant rain map to results using the GWT. The objective is to determine the dominant factors in the calculation of GWT rain estimates. Analysis of a single day's convection over Florida produced a number of significant insights into various terms in the GWT rainfall equations. Due to the definition of clouds by a threshold isotherm the majority of clouds on this day did not go through an idealized life cycle before losing their identity through merger, splitting, etc. As a result, 85% of the clouds had a defined life of 0.5 or 1 h. For these clouds the terms in the GWT which are dependent on cloud life history become essentially constant. The empirically derived ratio of radar echo area to cloud area is given a singular value (0.02) for 43% of the sample, while the rainrate term is 20.7 mmh-1 for 61% of the sample. For 55% of the sampled clouds the temperature weighting term is identically 1.0. Cloud area itself is highly correlated (r=0.88) with GWT computed rain volume. An important, discriminating parameter in the GWT is the temperature defining the coldest 10% cloud area. The analysis further shows that the two dominant parameters in rainfall estimation are the existence of cold cloud and the duration of cloud over a point.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-84969 , NAS 1.15:84969
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  • 159
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    Forecasting tropical cyclone recurvature with upper tropospheric winds (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Data from 17 tropical cyclones during the 1974 through 1979 hurricane seasons are used to investigate whether the high level winds far to the northwest, north and northeast of the hurricane center can be used to predict hurricane track recurvature. When the man 200-mb winds 1500 to 2000 km northwest and north of the storm center equal or exceed 20 m/s, 80 per cent of the storms recurved before traveling as much as 12 degrees of longitude farther west. The high winds were also used to predict change in direction of forward motion during the next 72 hours. The regression equations developed explain up to 41 per cent of the variance in future direction. In addition to the geostrophic winds used, winds were also obtained by tracking clouds with successive satellite imagery. The u-components of the satellite winds are highly correlated with the geostrophic winds at 200-mb and could probably be used instead of them when available. The v-components are less highly correlated.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-85114 , NAS 1.15:85114
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  • 160
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    Application of the Lienard-Wiechert solution to a lightning return stroke model (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The electric and magnetic fields associated with the lightning return stroke are expressed as a convolution of the current waveform shape and the fields generated by a moving charge of amplitude one (i.e., the Lienard-Wiechert solution for a unit charge). The representation can be used to compute the fields produced by a current waveform of non-uniform velocity that propagates along a filament of arbitrary, but finite, curvature. To study numerically the effects of linear charge acceleration and channel curvature two simple channel models are used: the linear and the hyperbolic.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-85082 , NAS 1.15:85082
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  • 161
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    Design and verification of a cloud field optical simulator (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A concept and an apparatus designed to investigate the reflected and transmitted distributions of light from optically thick clouds is presented. The Cloud Field Optical Simulator (CFOS) is a laboratory device which utilizes an array of incandescent lamps as a source, simulated clouds made from cotton or styrofoam as targets, and an array of silicon photodiodes as detectors. The device allows virtually any source-target-detector geometry to be examined. Similitude between real clouds and their CFOS cotton or styrofoam counterparts is established by relying on a linear relationship between optical depth and the ratio of reflected to transmitted light for a semiinfinite layer. Comparisons of principal plane radiances observed by the CFOS with Monte Carlo computations for a water cloud at 0.7 micron show excellent agreement. Initial applications of the CFOS are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0733-3021); 22; May 1983
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  • 162
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    An analysis of the ground temperature and reflectivity pattern about St. Louis, Missouri, using HCMM satellite data (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0733-3021); 22; April 19
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  • 163
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    Large-scale energy transformations in the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The kinetic energy balance and kinetic energy sources are studied for high latitudes north of 55 deg N with twice daily upper air observations during a seven-year period from 1973 to 1979. Energy variables are presented for 5 deg latitudinal zones from 55 to 75 deg N and for the polar cap north of 75 deg N. Spatial distributions of important energy variables are also presented. The upper level maximum of the cross-isobaric generation in high latitudes is observed in th lower stratosphere above the tropopause level in the winter and becomes insignificant during the summer. The flux convergence of potential energy from the source in lower latitudes is identified as the single major source for kinetic energy in higher latitudes. The contribution of the baroclinic conversion is minor. Examination during the First GARP Global Experiment winter indicates that the cold air outbreaks of the Asian winter monsoon are associated with noticeable changes in the hemispherical distributions of the fields of vertical motion and energetics in the high latitudes.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 40; May 1983
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  • 164
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    Ship waves and lee waves (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Dynamics analogous to those of surface ship waves on water of finite depth are noted for the three-dimensional trapped lee wave modes produced by an isolated obstacle in a stratified fluid. This vertical trapping of wave energy is modeled by uniform upstream flow and stratification, bounded above by a rigid lid, and by a semiinfinite fluid of uniform stability whose wind velocity increases exponentially with height, representing the atmosphere. While formal asymptotic solutions are produced, limited quantitative usefulness is obtained through them because of the limitations of the approximations and the infinity of modes in the solution. Time-dependent numerical models are accordingly developed for both surface ship waves and internal and atmospheric ship waves, yielding a variety of results.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 40; Feb. 198
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  • 165
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    A second-order effect of stratospheric vertical motions (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A byproduct of stratospheric motion distinct from the normal downgradient transport represented by vertical eddy diffusion is studied. It is suggested that an air parcel executes a random walk over a range that could be several kilometers, and similar amplitudes could be present in wavelike oscillations. The photochemical loss rate should therefore be averaged over this range, which give an effect that is proportional to the curvature of the profile of loss rate, and is particularly large for fluorocarbon-11, CFCl3. Test computations are presented which indicate that the known discrepancy between observations and predictions for this compound can be at least partly reconciled for plausible values of the amplitude.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 10; April 19
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  • 166
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    Spectral study of wintertime kinetic energy of the Northern Hemisphere in the troposphere (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Characteristics of the kinetic energy of wind fields at various pressure levels were analyzed, and significant wavenumbers in the wavenumber-frequency domain were identified. The nonlinear interaction terms of the kinetic energy equation were examined, and the distribution of the kinetic energy at the 850 mb, 500 mb, and 200 mb levels was calculated. A 5 deg latitude-longitude square grid was used, with NMC data for the 1975-1976 winter in the 20-60 deg N at 500 mb and 20-85 deg N for the 200 mb and 850 mb levels. The kinetic energy distribution was determined to be geography-dependent, with wavenumbers 6-9 westerly waves in the midfrequency range contributing significantly to kinetic energy maxima over the North Pacific and the east coast of North America. The contribution of the nonlinear interactions of these waves, which correspond to the longitudinal convergence of the kinetic energy flux, was found to be larger than the meridional convergence of the kinetic energy flux, and to occur mainly between 30-50 deg N. The nonlinear interactions were a negative contribution over the North Pacific at the 200 mb level.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tellus; vol. 35A
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  • 167
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    Properties of multilayered cloud systems from satellite imagery (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The spatial coherence method for obtaining fractional cloud cover from satellite imagery is extended to the case of multilayered cloud systems. Examples are presented in which simultaneous observations at 3.7 microns and 11 microns are used to solve a system of linear equations for the nonoverlapped fractional cover contributed by each of two layers. The retrieval relies on the assumption that the clouds reside in distinct, well-defined layers and are optically thick at the wavelengths of observation. Simultaneous observations at 3.7 microns and 11 microns of the separate layers indicate that the assumptions are generally valid. Owing to the reflection of solar radiation at 3.7 microns by low-level water clouds, the method is limited to nighttime observations.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; 10818-10
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  • 168
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    Analysis of severe storm data (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The Mesoscale Analysis and Space Sensor (MASS) Data Management and Analysis System developed by Atsuko Computing International (ACI) on the MASS HP-1000 Computer System within the Systems Dynamics Laboratory of the Marshall Space Flight Center is described. The MASS Data Management and Analysis System was successfully implemented and utilized daily by atmospheric scientists to graphically display and analyze large volumes of conventional and satellite derived meteorological data. The scientists can process interactively various atmospheric data (Sounding, Single Level, Gird, and Image) by utilizing the MASS (AVE80) share common data and user inputs, thereby reducing overhead, optimizing execution time, and thus enhancing user flexibility, useability, and understandability of the total system/software capabilities. In addition ACI installed eight APPLE III graphics/imaging computer terminals in individual scientist offices and integrated them into the MASS HP-1000 Computer System thus providing significant enhancement to the overall research environment.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-170947 , NAS 1.26:170947 , ACI-111483-FR
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  • 169
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    Hy-wire and fast electric field change measurements near an isolated thunderstorm, appendix C (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Electric field measurements near an isolated thunderstorm at 6.4 km distance are presented from both a tethered balloon experiment called Hy-wire and also from ground based fast and slow electric field change systems. Simultaneous measurements were made of the electric fields during several lightning flashes at the beginning of the storm which the data clearly indicate were cloud-to-ground flashes. In addition to providing a comparison between the Hy-wire technique for measuring electric fields and more traditional methods, these data are interesting because the lightning flashes occurred prior to changes in the dc electric field, although Hy-wire measured changes in the dc field of up to 750 V/m in the direction opposite to the fair weather field a short time later. Also, the dc electric field was observed to decay back to its preflash value after each flash. The data suggest that Hy-wire was at the field reversal distance from this storm and suggest the charge realignment was taking place in the cloud with a time constant on the order of 20 seconds.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-85072 , NAS 1.15:85072
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  • 170
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    Variation in light intensity with height and time from subsequent lightning return strokes (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Photographic measurements of relative light intensity as a function of height and time have been conducted for seven return strokes in two lightning flashes at 7.8 and 8.7 km ranges, using film which possesses an approximately constant spectral response in the 300-670 nm range. The amplitude of the initial light peak is noted to decrease exponentially with height, with a decay constant of 0.6-0.8 km. The logarithm of the peak light intensity near the ground is found to be approximately proportional to the initial peak electric field intensity, implying that the current decrease with height may be much slower than the light decrease. Absolute light intensity is presently estimated through the integration of the photographic signals from individual channel segments, in order to simulate the calibrated, all-sky photoelectric data of Guo and Krider (1982).
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; Aug. 20
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  • 171
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    Absolute barotropic instability and monsoon depressions (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Monsoon depressions over the Bay of Bengal develop almost entirely in July and August. After studies conducted by Lindzen et al. (1980) and Stevens and Lindzen (1978), only barotropic instability remains as a mechanism for the development of the wave disturbances associated with monsoon depressions. The present investigation has the objective to show that barotropic instability is able to explain the wave aspects of monsoon depressions, but that normal mode analysis is inadequate. It is found that the local barotropically unstable response to regional perturbations in the Bay of Bengal during July and August will be dominated by the lower troposphere. The analysis clearly identifies the features of the mean flow which lead to monsoon depressions in July. The features include the development of an easterly jet as opposed to semijet structure in the mean flow, and the development of a modest easterly flow at the jet center as opposed to westerly flow.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 40; May 1983
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  • 172
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    A diagnostic study of the forcing of the Ferrel cell by eddies, with latent heat effects included (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A diagnostic study of the forcing of the Ferrel cell by eddy fluxes in the Northern Hemisphere is carried out. The quasi-geostrophic omega equation, and Oort and Rasmusson's (1971) data set, are used. The effects of condensation associated with the large scale motions are introduced to the omega equation by using the quasi-geostrophic moisture conservation equation. Thus, the dry static stability is replaced by a moist static stability, and the forcing of the Ferrel cell by eddy latent heat fluxes as well as sensible heat and momentum fluxes is included. Both effects tend to enhance the forcing of the Ferrel cell. The numerical analysis indicates that the effects are small in January, but in July the maximum vertical velocities are enhanced by about 30 percent.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 20; May 1983
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  • 173
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    Shuttle subsonic horizontal wind estimation (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Previously cited in issue 19, p. 3075, Accession no. A82-39109
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: (ISSN 0022-4560)
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  • 174
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    Satellite microwave radiances correlated with radar rain rates over land (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The characteristics of upwelling microwave radiation from raindrops as measured by satellite sensors are examined. The scanning multichannel microwave radiometers on board the Nimbus 7 and Seasat satellites have the capability of quantifying the perpendicularly polarized antenna temperatures at 37, 21, 18, 10.7, and 6.6 GHz. The instruments scan the earth at a constant 50 deg angle to the surface with a footprint that varies from 20-70 km. Radar rainfall measurements have an accuracy of within 60 percent, whereas a series of test measurements using SMMR data in comparison with radar data for rainfall in the same areas showed that the microwave data depicted rainfall rates with less than 1.55 mm/h error. Details of the rainfall rate algorithms used to treat the satellite microwave data are provided, noting that the identification of rainfall rates is dependent on quantifying the amount the upwelling radiance is reduced due to rainfall.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 304; July 14
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  • 175
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    Case study of the March 24, 1976 Elton, Louisiana tornado using satellite infrared imagery, Doppler sounder, rawinsonde, and radar observations (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The Elton, Louisiana tornado on March 24, 1976 has been studied using GOES digital infrared data for the growth and collapse of the cloud top, the temperature-height relationship and air mass instability from rawinsonde data, gravity waves from Doppler sounder records, and radar summaries from storm activity during the three-hour time period immediately preceding the touchdown of the tornado. In this case, the overshooting turret collapsed 30 minutes before the tornado touchdown as the eastward moving cloud reached Elton, Louisiana. Results show that the gravity waves were excited by the enhanced convection of the storm penetrating through the tropopause in the 2.5 hour time period before the tornado touched down.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: International Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves (ISSN 0195-9271); 4; May 1983
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  • 176
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    A concentrated outbreak of tornadoes, downbursts and microbursts, and implications regarding vortex classification (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A remarkable case of severe weather occurred near Springfield, Illinois on 6 August 1977. Aerial and ground surveys revealed that 17 cyclonic vortices, an anticyclonic vortex, 10 downbursts and 19 microbursts occurred in a limited (20 km x 40 km) area, associated with a bow-shaped radar echo. About half of the vortices appeared to have occurred along a gust front. Some of the others appear to have occurred within the circulation of a mesocyclone accompanying the bow echo, but these vortices seem to have developed specifically in response to localized boundary-layer vorticity generation associated with horizontal and vertical wind shears on the periphery of microbursts. Some of these vortices, and other destructive vortices in the literature, do not qualify as tornadoes as defined in the Glossary of Meteorology. A more pragmatic definition of a tornado is suggested.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 111; Jan. 198
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  • 177
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    On the nonlinear versus linearized lower boundary conditions for topographically forced stationary long waves (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: For quasi-geostraphic stationary long waves forced by topography, the nonlinear lower boundary condition is derived in terms of the geopotential height and compared with the linearized version. The common practice of replacing terms describing the flow over and around a mountain by upstream zonal flow over the mountain and evaluating the resulting condition at sea level is found to be a good approximation for the cases considered and does not need to be modified as sometimes suggested. Specifically, it is found that this approximation does not affect, for most cases, the lower boundary condition expressed in terms of the geopotential height provided that the stationary wave is not near resonance. At resonance, the eddy advection terms may become important for large-amplitude waves when dissipation and surface diabatic heating are taken into account.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 111; Jan. 198
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  • 178
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    The measurement of the synoptic scale wind over the ocean (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The effects of mesoscale and microscale fluctuations of the winds on the determination of the synoptic scale wind are studied in order to show the effects of mesoscale variability on the verification of wind forecasts and on the comparison of remotely sensed and anemometer-averaged winds, and to show how to measure the synoptic wind scale more accurately. The frequencies involved correspond to periods longer than one hour and extend to the microscale. Nondimensional spectra that span both the mesoscale and the microscale are derived. Both conventional anemometer averages and remotely sensed winds contain a random component of the mesoscale wind in their values. These components are differences and not errors when winds are compared, and quantitative values for these differences are given. Ways of improving the measurement of the synoptic scale wind by transient ships, data buoys, and scatterometers on future spacecraft are described.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 88; Feb. 28
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  • 179
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    Lightning propagation and flash density in squall lines as determined with radar (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Lightning echo rise times and range-time variations due to discharge propagation are determined using S and L band radars, and the evolution of precipitation reflectivity and the associated lightning activity in squall lines is investigated using VHF and L band radars. The rise time of radar echoes can be explained by ionized channel propagation through the radar beams. Speeds of at least 250,000 m/s are found from measurements of the radial velocity of streamer propagation along the antenna beam. The range-time variations in lightning echoes indicate that either new ionization occurs as streamers develop into different parts of the cloud, channel delay occurs during which adequate ionization exists for radar detection, or continuing current occurs. Determinations of the lightning flash density for a squall line in the U.S. show that the maximum lightning density tends to be near the leading edge of the precipitation cores in developing cells. Long discharges are produced as a cell in the squall line develops and the total lightning density increases, although short discharges predominate. As the cell dissipates, short flashes diminish or cease and the long flashes dominate the lightning activity.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 88; Feb. 20
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  • 180
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    Stationary waves in the winter stratosphere - Seasonal and interannual variability (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The zonal mean wind and stationary waves 1 and 2 in the January 1973 - February 1977 northern winter stratosphere are determined, on the basis of monthly average conventional and satellite data, by diagnosing wave propagation with the aid of the Eliassen-Palm (1961) flux and the refractive index-squared. Both the seasonal trend and the interannual variability of the amplitude of wave 1 reflect variations in zonal mean wind and the corresponding refractive index. During each year studied, a midwinter minimum in wave 1 amplitude occurs at and above 1 mb as a consequence of a midwinter curvature maximum. In three of the four sudden warmings of wave 1 type which occurred during the study period, the month prior to the warming was characterized by abnormally weak winds near the climatological mean jet, a detached secondary jet at low and high altitude, and abnormally large wave 1 amplitude throughout the upper and middle stratosphere.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 40; Jan. 198
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  • 181
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    The role of latent heat release in baroclinic waves - Without beta-effect (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An attempt is made to understand the role of latent heat release in the development of baroclinic waves by developing the analytical theory of two-level, quasi-geostrophic baroclinic waves proposed by Phillips (1954) without beta effect, for the case of an atmosphere initially saturated with water vapor and subject to pseudo-adiabatic lifting and dry adiabatic subsistence. The saturated atmosphere condition precludes consideration of conditional convective instability. A consideration of disturbances at each level which depends only on the zonal coordinates and time results in a set of differential equations which is linear in all respects except for the latent heating term in the thermodynamic energy equation. A fundamental nonlinearity is present in this model which is due to heating via the release of latent heat when vertical motion is upward.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 40; Jan. 198
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  • 182
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    Improved spatial mapping of rainfall events with spaceborne SAR imagery (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The Seasat satellite acquired the first spaceborne synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) images of the earth's surface, in 1978, at a frequency of 1.275 GHz (L-band) in a like-polarization mode at incidence angles of 23 + or - 3 deg. Although this may not be the optimum system configuration for radar remote sensing of soil moisture, interpretation of two Seasat images of Iowa demonstrates the sensitivity of microwave backscatter to soil moisture content. In both scenes, increased image brightness, which represents more radar backscatter, can be related to previous rainfall activity in the two areas. Comparison of these images with ground-based rainfall observations illustrates the increased spatial coverage of the rainfall event that can be obtained from the satellite SAR data. These data can then be color-enhanced by a digital computer to produce aesthetically pleasing output products for the user community.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing; GE-21; Jan. 198
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  • 183
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    Thunderstorm observations from Space Shuttle (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Results of the Nighttime/Daytime Optical Survey of Lightning (NOSL) experiments done on the STS-2 and STS-4 flights are covered. During these two flights of the Space Shuttle Columbia, the astronaut teams of J. Engle and R. Truly, and K. Mattingly II and H. Hartsfield took motion pictures of thunderstorms with a 16 mm cine camera. Film taken during daylight showed interesting thunderstorm cloud formations, where individual frames taken tens of seconds apart, when viewed as stereo pairs, provided information on the three-dimensional structure of the cloud systems. Film taken at night showed clouds illuminated by lightning with discharges that propagated horizontally at speeds of up to 10 to the 5th m/sec and extended for distances on the order of 60 km or more.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-82530 , NAS 1.15:82530
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    A climate hypothesis describing the solar-terrestrial system as a frequency domain with specific response characteristics (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A climatological model of the earth-sun system based on an analogy to Planck's law of quantum mechanics is developed. The role of the diabatically important trace gases O3, H2O, and CO2 in the complex processes by which solar cycles affect tropospheric-stratospheric stability, and the value of the resonance concept in understanding these phenomena are examined. Consideration is given to climate complexity and the Laplace transform of the solar cycle, direct versus indirect solar signals, intense convection in coupled dynamics, the basic mechanisms of solar-terrestrial interaction, and the Planck's-law analog. The quantum approach, taking complexity into account, is shown to be more appropriate for evaluating the effects of anthropogenic modifications of the atmosphere (e.,g., increasing CO2) than the linear bulk-heating approaches usually applied.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: EOS (ISSN 0096-3941); 64; Research
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  • 185
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    Short-term climate variability and atmospheric teleconnections from satellite-observed outgoing longwave radiation. I Simultaneous relationships. II - Lagged correlations (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Attention is given to the low-frequency variability of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) fluctuations, their possible correlations over different parts of the globe, and their relationships with teleconnections obtained from other meteorological parameters, for example, geopotential and temperature fields. Simultaneous relationships with respect to the Southern Oscillation (Namais, 1978; Barnett, 1981) signal and the reference OLR fluctuation over the equatorial central Pacific are investigated. Emphasis is placed on the relative importance of the Southern Oscillation (SO) signal over preferred regions. Using lag cross-correlation statistics, possible lagged relationships between the tropics and midlatitudes and their relationships with the SO are then investigated. Only features that are consistent with present knowledge of the dynamics of the system are emphasized. Certain features which may not meet rigorous statistical significance tests but yet are either expected a priori from independent observations or are predicted from dynamical theories are also explored.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 40; 2735-276
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  • 186
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    Waterspout, Gust Fronts and Associated Cloud Systems (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Nine waterspouts observed on five experimental days during the GATE period of observations are discussed. Primary data used are from 2 aircraft flying in different patterns, one above the other between 30 and 300 m. There is strong evidence associating whirl initiation with cumulus outflow. Computations prepared from estimates of convergence with the region suggest the possibility of vortex generation within 4 minutes. This analysis supports (1) the importance cumulus outflows may have in waterspout initiation and (2) the possibility that sea surface temperature gradients may be important in enabling waterspout development from modest size cumuli.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-85032 , NAS 1.15:85032
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  • 187
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    Atmospheric environment for Space Shuttle (STS-6) launch (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Selected atmospheric conditions observed near Space Shuttle STS-6 launch time on April 4, 1983, at Kennedy Space Center, Florida are summarized. Values of ambient pressure, temperature, moisture, ground winds, visual observations (cloud), and winds aloft are included. The sequence of prelaunch Jimsphere measured vertical wind profiles is given. Also presented are the wind and thermodynamic parameters measured at the surface and aloft in the SRB descent/impact ocean area. Final meteorological tapes, which consist of wind and thermodynamic parameters versus altitude, for STS-6 veicle ascent and SRB descent were constructed. The STS-6 ascent meteorological data tape was constructed by Marshall Space Flight Center in response to Shuttle task agreement No. 936-53-22-368 with Johnson Space Center.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-82529 , NAS 1.15:82529
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  • 188
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    The 1980 stratospheric-tropospheric exchange experiment (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Data are presented from the Stratospheric-Tropospheric Water Vapor Exchange Experiment. Measurements were made during 11 flights of the NASA U-2 aircraft which provided data from horizontal traverser and samplings in and about the tops of extensive cirrus-anvil clouds produced by overshooting cumulus turrets. Aircraft measurements were made of water vapor, ozone, ambient and cloud top temperature, fluorocarbons, nitrous oxide, nitric acid, aerosols, and ice crystal populations. Balloonsondes were flown about twice daily providing data on ozone, wind fields, pressure and temperature to altitudes near 30 km. Satellite photography provided detailed cloud and cloud top temperature information. Descriptions of individual experiments and detailed compilations of all results are provided.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-84297 , A-9093 , NAS 1.15:84297
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  • 189
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    Evaluation of the synoptic and mesoscale predictive capabilities of a mesoscale atmospheric simulation system (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The overall performance characteristics of a limited area, hydrostatic, fine (52 km) mesh, primitive equation, numerical weather prediction model are determined in anticipation of satellite data assimilations with the model. The synoptic and mesoscale predictive capabilities of version 2.0 of this model, the Mesoscale Atmospheric Simulation System (MASS 2.0), were evaluated. The two part study is based on a sample of approximately thirty 12h and 24h forecasts of atmospheric flow patterns during spring and early summer. The synoptic scale evaluation results benchmark the performance of MASS 2.0 against that of an operational, synoptic scale weather prediction model, the Limited area Fine Mesh (LFM). The large sample allows for the calculation of statistically significant measures of forecast accuracy and the determination of systematic model errors. The synoptic scale benchmark is required before unsmoothed mesoscale forecast fields can be seriously considered.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-84995
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  • 190
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    Significant events in low-level flow conditions hazardous to aircraft (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Atmospheric parameters recorded during high surface winds are analyzed to determine magnitude, frequency, duration, and simultaneity of occurrence of low level flow conditions known to be hazardous to the ascent and descent of conventional aircraft and the space shuttle. Graphic and tabular presentations of mean and extreme values and simultaneous occurrences of turbulence (gustiness and a gust factor), wind shear (speed and direction), and vertical motion (updrafts and downdrafts), along with associated temperature inversions are included as function of tower height, layer and/or distance for six 5 sec intervals (one interval every 100 sec) of parameters sampled simultaneously at the rate of 10 speeds, directions and temperatures per second during an approximately 10 min period.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-82522 , NAS 1.15:82522
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  • 191
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    AVE/VAS 5: 25-mb sounding data (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The rawinsonde sounding program is described and tabulated data at 25 mb intervals for the 24 and 14 special stations participation in the experiment are presented. Soundings were taken at 3 hr intervals. The method of processing soundings is discussed briefly, estimates of the RMS errors in the data are presented, and an example of contact data is given. Termination pressures of soundings taken in the meso beta scale network are tabulated, as are observations of ground temperature at a depth of 2 cm.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-170740 , NAS 1.26:170740
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  • 192
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    User's guide for the Solar Backscattered Ultraviolet (SBUV) and the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) RUT-S and RUT-T data sets: October 31, 1978 to November 1, 1980 (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Raw data from the Solar Backscattered Ultrviolet/Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (SBUV/TOMS) Nimbus 7 operation are available on computer tape. These data are contained on two separate sets of RUTs (Raw Units Tapes) for SBUV and TOMS, labelled RUT-S and RUT-T respectively. The RUT-S and RUT-T tapes contain uncalibrated radiance and irradiance data, housekeeping data, wavelength and electronic calibration data, instrument field-of-view location and solar ephemeris information. These tapes also contain colocated cloud, terrain pressure and snow/ice thickness data, each derived from an independent source. The "RUT User's Guide" describes the SBUV and TOMS experiments, the instrument calibration and performance, operating schedules, and data coverage, and provides an assessment of RUT-S and -T data quality. It also provides detailed information on the data available on the computer tapes.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-RP-1112 , REPT-910 , NAS 1.61:1112
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  • 193
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    A study of the influence of soil moisture on future precipitation (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Forty years of precipitation and surface temperature data observed over 261 Local Climatic Data (LCD) stations in the Continental United States was utilized in a ground hydrology model to yield soil moisture time series at each station. A month-by-month soil moisture dataset was constructed for each year. The monthly precipitation was correlated with antecedent monthly precipitation, soil moisture and vapotranspiration separately. The maximum positive correlation is found to be in the drought prone western Great Plains region during the latter part of summer. There is also some negative correlation in coastal regions. The correlations between soil moisture and precipitation particularly in the latter part of summer, suggest that large scale droughts over extended periods may be partially maintained by the feedback influence of soil moisture on rainfall. In many other regions the lack of positive correlation shows that there is no simple answer such as higher land-surface evapotranspiration leads to more precipitation, and points out the complexity of the influence of soil moisture on the ensuring precipitation.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-85042 , REPT-911 , NAS 1.15:85042
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  • 194
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    A comparative study of measurements from radiosondes, rocketsondes, and satellites (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Direct comparisons of operational products derived from measurements of radiance by satellites to measurements from conventional in situ sensors are important for the evaluation of satellite systems. However, errors in the in situ measurements themselves complicate such comparisons. Atmospheric temporal and spatial variability are also influential. These issues are investigated by means of a special field program composed of flights of dual radiosondes and multiple radiosondes launched near the time of NOAA-6 overpasses. Satellite derived mean layer temperatures, geopotential heights, and winds are compared with the same quantities determined from the in situ sensors. Of particular interest is the impact of in situ errors on these comparisons. It is shown that the radiosonde provides a precise pressure height relationship and therefore precise data for synoptic type use. Radar tracking of the radiosondes reveals, however, an imprecise pressure measurement which causes large differences between the actual altitude of the radiosonde and the altitude at which it is calculated to be. Radiosondes should be radar tracked and pressures calculated if the data are to be used for purposes other than synoptic use. Evaluation of rocketsonde data reveals a temperature precision of 1 to 2 K below about 55 km. Above 55 km, the precision decreases rapidly; rms differences of up to 11 K are obtained.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-168343 , NAS 1.26:168343
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  • 195
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    Contributions of divergent and nondivergent winds to the kinetic energy balance of a severe storm environment (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Divergent and rotational components of the synoptic scale kinetic energy balance are presented using rawinsonde data at 3 and 6 h intervals from the Atmospheric Variability Experiment (AVE 4). Two intense thunderstorm complexes occurred during the period. Energy budgets are described for the entire computational region and for limited volumes that enclose and move with the convection. Although small in magnitude, the divergent wind component played an important role in the cross contour generation and horizontal flux divergence of kinetic energy. The importance of V sub D appears directly to the presence and intensity of convection within the area. Although K sub D usually comprised less than 10 percent of the total kinetic energy content within the storm environment, as much as 87 percent of the total horizontal flux divergence and 68 percent of the total cross contour generation was due to the divergent component in the upper atmosphere. Generation of kinetic energy by the divergent component appears to be a major factor in the creation of an upper level wind maximum on the poleward side of one of the complexes. A random error analysis is presented to assess confidence limits in the various energy parameters.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-3702 , NAS 1.26:3702
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  • 196
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    Documentation of the GLAS fourth order general calculation model. Volume 3: Vectorized code for the Cyber 205 (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Volume 3 of a 3-volume technical memoranda which contains documentation of the GLAS fourth order genera circulation model is presented. The volume contains the CYBER 205 scalar and vector codes of the model, list of variables, and cross references. A dictionary of FORTRAN variables used in the Scalar Version, and listings of the FORTRAN Code compiled with the C-option, are included. Cross reference maps of local variables are included for each subroutine.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-86064-VOL-3 , NAS 1.15:86064-VOL-3
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  • 197
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    Documentation of the GLAS fourth order general circulation model. Volume 2: Scalar code (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Volume 2, of a 3 volume technical memoranda contains a detailed documentation of the GLAS fourth order general circulation model. Volume 2 contains the CYBER 205 scalar and vector codes of the model, list of variables, and cross references. A variable name dictionary for the scalar code, and code listings are outlined.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-86064-VOL-2 , NAS 1.15:86064-VOL-2
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  • 198
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    Documentation of the GLAS fourth order general circulation model. Volume 1: Model documentation (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The volume 1, of a 3 volume technical memoranda which contains a documentation of the GLAS Fourth Order General Circulation Model is presented. Volume 1 contains the documentation, description of the stratospheric/tropospheric extension, user's guide, climatological boundary data, and some climate simulation studies.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-86064-VOL-1 , NAS 1.15:86064-VOL-1
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  • 199
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    The optical power radiated by lightning return strokes (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; Oct. 20
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  • 200
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    The peak electromagnetic power radiated by lightning return strokes (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Estimates of the peak electromagnetic (EM) power radiated by return strokes have been made by integrating the Poynting vector of measured fields over an imaginary hemispherical surface that is centered on the lightning source, assuming that ground losses are negligible. Values of the peak EM power from first and subsequent strokes have means and standard deviations of 2 + or - 2 x 10 to the 10th and 3 + or - 4 x 10 to the 9th W, respectively. The average EM power that is radiated by subsequent strokes, at the time of the field peak, is about 2 orders of magnitude larger than the optical power that is radiated by these strokes in the wavelength interval from 0.4 to 1.1 micron; hence an upper limit to the radiative efficiency of a subsequent stroke is of the order of 1 percent or less at this time.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; Oct. 20
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