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  • 1
    Publication Date: 1983-04-01
    Print ISSN: 0027-0644
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0493
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The effects the selection of the orographic data for the boundary conditions has on results of simulations with the NASA-Goddard Laboratory for Atmospherics fourth order GCM were examined. Two different lower boundary conditions were compared in generating preliminary weather forecasts: mean areally averaged heights, and an enhanced significant height orography for rugged terrain. The latter condition was developed to emphasize the effects the tallest peaks in a given region have on the atmospheric flow by considering only the highest 1/3 of the 1 deg x 1 deg values in the averaging process. Simulations were carried out for five 10 day forecasts with a 4 deg lat x 5 deg long resolution and six with a horizontal grid resolution of 2 deg lat by 2.5 deg long, three with each boundary condition. The rms errors of the sea level pressure and the 500 mb geopotential heights were calculated. The mean errors decreased after the second or third day with the enhanced significant height orography.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Format: text
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The general circulant matrix is introduced, and its inversion is shown.
    Keywords: NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 71-73
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Abarbanel-Gottleib (AG) modification of the Kreiss-Oliger (KO) scheme is applied to a global 1-level shallow water model and the results compared to results obtained using the standard KO scheme. The standard KO scheme consists of the second order leapfrog scheme for time derivatives and fourth order space differencing for spatial derivatives. The AG scheme modifies the KO scheme in a manner similar to that done by Wilson to the multidimensional leapfrog scheme, obtaining a 35-40% improvement of the maximum time step. Application of the AG scheme expands the domain of influence of the KO scheme by including off-axis grid points.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 105-113
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The application of various Fourier filtering techniques in a coarse resolution grid point model and the poor simulation of the nonlinear effects responsible for change in the mean zonal flow is discussed. The poor simulation results in spurious energy and momentum transfers. An operational filter, a second order filter on a staggered grid, a fourth order filter on a nonstaggered grid, and a biharmonic diffusion filter were considered.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 96-104
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Global atmospheric mass field error correlations based on satellite observations and on numerical forecasts show strong and systematic latitude dependence. A model for the latitude dependent spatial correlation structure of mass field forecast errors is derived from dynamical considerations. Three methods of solution were tested. In the first method, the equation was solved by expansion in spherical harmonics, and the correlation function was computed analytically using the expansion coefficients. In the second method, the finite difference equivalent of the equation was solved using a fast poisson solver. The correlation function was computed using stratified sampling of the individual realizations. In the third method, a higher order equation was derived, and solved directly in finite differences by two successive applications of the fast poisson solver. The three methods were compared for accuracy and efficiency, and the third method was chosen as clearly superior.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 81
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Spatial differencing schemes which are not enstrophy conserving nor implicitly damping require global filtering of short waves to eliminate the build-up of energy in the shortest wavelengths due to aliasing. Takacs and Balgovind (1983) have shown that filtering on a sphere with a latitude dependent damping function will cause spurious vorticity and divergence source terms to occur if care is not taken to ensure the irrotationality of the gradients of the stream function and velocity potential. Using a shallow water model with fourth-order energy-conserving spatial differencing, it is found that using a 16th-order Shapiro (1979) filter on the winds and heights to control nonlinear instability also creates spurious source terms when the winds are filtered in the meridional direction.
    Keywords: NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 131-140
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2014-10-09
    Description: The development of a 2 deg latitude by 2.5 deg longitude version of the GLAS Fourth Order General Circulation Model has necessitated the specification of a correspondingly fine horizontal resolution orographic data set to act as a lower boundary condition for the GCM. The S1 topography attempts to relate the mean areally averaged height of such terrain while the Q3 topography emphasizes the effect of the flow of the tallest peaks in such regions by specifying an exaggerated significant height. In order to assess the relative merits of these two orographic data sets. A series of tests was initiated to evaluate the comparative weather forecasting and climate simulation skills of the GLAS Fourth Order GCM when the S1 and Q3 topographies are applied to the lower boundary. Three sets of Northern Hemispheric winter forecasts at the 2 deg x 2.5 deg resolution indicate that the Q3 topography gives slightly better results over the Northern Hemisphere than does the S1 topography. It is apparent that more forecasts will be necessary at both horizontal resolutions before any definitive conclusions are made regarding the choice of an optimal orographic data set.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 53-54
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  • 9
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2014-10-09
    Description: The GLA Fourth-Order model is needed to smooth the topography. This is to remove the Gibbs phenomenon. The Gibbs phenomenon occurs whenever we truncate a Fourier Series. The Sigma factors were introduced to reduce the Gibbs phenomenon. It is found that the smooth Fourier series is nothing but the original Fourier series with its coefficients multiplied by corresponding sigma factors. This operator can be applied many times to obtain high order sigma filtered field and is easily applicable using FFT. It is found that this filter is beneficial in deriving the topography.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Res. Rev., 1983; p 50
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  • 10
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2014-10-09
    Description: The Fourth-Order model necessitates representation of the topography. The problem of the representation of the topography at grid points is addressed. The attempted was to derive an envelope topography. The TI is obtained by taking local mean plus one standard deviation at each grid point and sigma filtering it. The method was greatly influenced by large standard deviations at steep mountains. The O1 topography is the local mean. The S1 is obtained by Sigma filtering in both latitude and longitude the mean O1. The S2 is when the operation is applied twice and S3 thrice, the Q3 is the sigma filtered local mean of the upper third quantile of the source data.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Res. Rev., 1983; p 48-49
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