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  • Articles  (39)
  • Nitrogen  (39)
  • 1980-1984  (39)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1984  (26)
  • 1983  (13)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (39)
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  • Articles  (39)
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  • 1980-1984  (39)
  • 1945-1949
Year
Topic
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A concise simulation model for interpreting N-fertilizer trials (1984)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 5 (1984), S. 355-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; fertilizer ; dynamic model ; sugar beet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A concise model is described for calculating day-to-day increments in nitrogen uptake and dry matter of crops grown with different levels of N-fertilizer. Inputs are the initial distribution of inorganic-N down the profile, the maximum yield, the maximum depth of rooting, and the mineralization rate. The validity of the model was tested against measurements of the %N and total dry weights of storage roots and foliage in nine N-fertilizer trials with sugar beet, six of which included both irrigated and unirrigated treatments. Agreement between the model and experiment was good except in one experiment severely attacked by virus yellows. Simulation studies with the model indicated that no simple correlation would be expected between N fertilizer requirement and any single indicator of N availability for crops grown under a wide range of conditions in the UK.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049116
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Removal of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by rice-wheat double cropping system as affected by duration of rice variety, methods of planting rice and levels and sources of nitrogen (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 70 (1983), S. 287-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Neem cake coated urea ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Rice ; Rice-wheat ; Sulphur coated urea ; Urea ; Urea briquette
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Removal of NPK in the rice-wheat double cropping system was studied in a field experiment conducted for two crop years (1977–79) at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. The double cropping system producing 8×103 kg/ha/yr grain (4.5×103 kg rice and 3.5×103 kg wheat) removed 166 kg N, 35 kg P and 174 kg K per hectare per year. Thus the rice-wheat double cropping system heavily depletes the soils of their NPK content and calls for balanced fertilization for continued high production. NPK removal was higher when a 135-day duration rice variety was grown than when a 105-day duration variety was grown, because the former resulted in overall (rice + wheat) more grains and straw. Similarly grain and straw yield and NPK removal was more with transplanted rice than when sprouted rice seeds were sown on puddled seedbed; the latter method was in turn superior to direct drilling. Use of urea briquette, neem cake coated urea and sulphur coated urea gave higher yields and resulted in removal of more NPK than prilled urea.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374787
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen nutrition, photosynthesis and carbon allocation in ectomycorrhizal pine (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 71 (1983), S. 415-431 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Carbon allocation ; Light Mycorrhizas ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Photosynthesis ; Pinus contorta ; Pinus taeda ; Pisolithus tinctorius ; Respiration ; Source-sink ; Suillus granulatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Studies examined net photosynthesis (Pn) and dry matter production of mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizalPinus taeda at 6 intervals over a 10-month period. Pn rates of mycorrhizal plants were consistently greater than nonmycorrhizal plants, and at 10 months were 2.1-fold greater. Partitioning of current photosynthate was examined by pulse-labelling with14CO2 at each of the six time intervals. Mycorrhizal plants assimilated more14CO2, allocated a greater percentage of assimilated14C to the root systems, and lost a greater percentage of14C by root respiration than did nonmycorrhizal plants. At 10 months, the quantity of14CO2 respired by roots per unit root weight was 3.6-fold greater by mycorrhizal than nonmycorrhizal plants. Although the stimulation of photosynthesis and translocation of current photosynthate to the root system by mycorrhiza formation was consistent with the source-sink concept of sink demand, foliar N and P concentrations were also greater in mycorrhizal plants. Further studies examined Pn and dry matter production ofPinus contorta in response to various combinations of N fertilization (3, 62, 248 ppm), irradiance and mycorrhizal fungi inoculation. At 16 weeks of age, 6 weeks following inoculation with eitherPisolithus tinctorius orSuillus granulatus, Pn rates and biomass were significantly greater in mycorrhizal than nonmycorrhizal plants. Mycorrhizal plants had significantly greater foliar %P, but not %N, than did nonmycorrhizal plants. Fertilization with 62 ppm N resulted in greater mycorrhiza formation than either 3 or 248 ppm. Increased irradiance resulted in increased mycorrhiza formation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182683
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Agronomical and physiological aspects of the role of nitrogen in yield formation of cereals (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 75 (1983), S. 379-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Crop development ; Grain yield ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen dressing ; Nitrogen economy ; Nitrogen harvest-index ; Soil Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nitrogen exerts its influence on crop growth and grain yield in various ways. Early top dressings or a high level of soil nitrogen stimulate tiller formation and leaf growth, which results in an increase of shoot dry weight and leaf area index. Late top dressings promote the survival of ear-bearing tillers, grain set and leaf area duration. Nitrogen compounds for grain growth are mainly supplied by the vegetative aerial parts (65–80%); the remainder originating from uptake and relocation by the roots after anthesis. The proportion of the total amount of nitrogen present in the grains, the nitrogen harvest-index, centers around 0.78 under optimum conditions. The recommendations for nitrogen dressing are based on the amount of residual soil nitrogen and on the requirement of the crop in the given environment. Both components may vary considerably due to environmental constraints. Despite inaccuracies in the assessment of mineral nitrogen content of the soil and the predicted nitrogen requirement of the crop, the recommendations for splitting nitrogen dressing in winter wheat have considerably improved the efficient use of nitrogen fertilizer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02369972
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The uptake of soil and fertilizer-nitrogen by barley growing under Scottish climatic conditions (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 49-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonium ; Barley ; Fertilizer ; Mineralization ; Nitrate ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen-15
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Field experiments were carried out using15N-labelled calcium nitrate, to investigate the relative uptake by barley of fertilizer-N and soil-N. On imperfectly drained till soils uptake of soil-N increased with increasing rate of fertilizer, but remained constant on a brown sand, possibly due to more efficient root exploration in the latter soil. In four out of five seasons, late uptake of soil-derived N was a major feature, and uptake from ploughed soil as compared with uptake from direct-drilled soil was correlated with seasonal rainfall patterns. Significantly higher quantities of both fertilizer- and soil-derived N were taken up by winter barley than by spring barley, reflecting the longer growth period and higher dry matter yield from the former crop.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02205566
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biological and biochemical analysis of soils (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 127-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Adenylate pool ; Biomass volume ; CO2 evolution ; Chitin ; DNA ; Electron microscopy ; Enzymes ; Fluorescent antibody ; Fumigation-respiration ; Fungi Histochemistry ; Imunofluorecence ; Jones-Mollison technique ; Microcosms ; Monoclonal antibodies ; Nitrogen ; Nutrients ; Oxygen consumption ; Phosphorus ; Phytotoxins ; Plate counts ; Rhizobium ; Rhizosphere ; Sulphur ; Xenobiotics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary There is an immense literature on biological and biochemical analyses of soils. Such analyses have revealed the enormous richness of species in soil and their vast range of metabolic potentials and ecological diversity. Accordingly, the approaches used to investigate the soil biota and its biochemistry usually have to be modified or adapted depending upon the purpose of the investigation. Studies of micro-organisms in the soil environment, are complicated because microbial cells are commonly attached to surfaces where they live side-by-side with other populations in consortia usually containing different morphological and physiological types. Such assemblages of organisms cannot be described quantitatively using cultural techniques, such as plate counts, which underestimate both cell numbers and viable biomass. The development of more powerful observational and staining techniques has improved our knowledge of the diverse morphological and biochemical composition of soil micro-communities. Such findings have been amplified at a grosser level by laboratory studies with multi-component systems (microcosms) to mimic field situations and to assess the range of biochemical potentials of microbial consortia. But despite notable advances in analytical methods we are still, with a few exceptions, unable to detect or identify those microorganisms which carry out specific biochemical transformations or determine whether particular cells are alive, dormant or dead at the time of observation. Considerable work has been done to define some of the fundamental ecological attributes of microbial assemblages in soil. Productive work on the metabolic activities of the soil microbiota, specially geochemical transformations of C, N, S and P, has been under way for more than a century. But only in more recent years have more sensitive and reproducible analytical methods become available to measure viable biomass in soil. This will enable some insight to be gained into the role that microbial biomass plays as a labile source and sink for plant nutrients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02205573
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Denitrification in field soils (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 213-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylene ; Arable crops ; Cultivation ; Denitrification ; Drainage ; Gas ; Chromatography ; Grassland ; Inorganic N fertilizer ; Irrigation ; Nitrogen ; Nitrous oxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Recent denitrification research is reviewed to answer questions a) how much N is lost from the soil as N2 and N2O and b) how do agronomic practices affect this loss? The methods used to quantify denitrification are also discussed. Gaseous losses of inorganic N range between the equivalent of 0 to 20 per cent of the fertilizer N applied to arable soils and 0–7 per cent on grassland soils. Losses are greater on undrained land and also after using direct drilling to establish arable crops. Appendix 1 summarizes reported measurements of gaseous N losses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02205581
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Concepts of soil organic matter transformations in relation to organo-mineral particle size fractions (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 287-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Carbon ; Concepts ; Cultivation effects ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen-15 ; Organic matter models ; Particle size fractions ; Phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Changes in the composition of organo-mineral particle size fractions as a result of cultivation of a grassland soil are discussed with reference to models of soil organic matter formation and turnover. The data presented indicated that physically stabilized organic matter is an important reservoir, with an intermediate turnover time, which is responsible for nutrient supply in agricultural soils. Possible mechanisms of stabilization and mobilization of organic matter are presented in the light of the arrangement of organic and inorganic components of the soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02205587
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Litterfall and nutrient returns in red alder stands in western Washington (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 79 (1984), S. 343-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alnus rubra ; Aluminum ; Annual returns ; Essential elements ; Litterfall ; Leaf litter ; Nitrogen ; Nutrients ; Red alder
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Litterfall was collected over 1 year from eight natural stands of red alder growing on different sites in western Washington. The stands occurred at various elevations and on different soils, and differed in age, basal area, and site index. Most litterfall was leaf litter (average 86 percent). Amounts of litterfall and leaf litter varied significantly (P〈0.05) among the sites. Average weights of litterfall and leaf litter in kg ha−1 yr−1, were 5150 and 4440, respectively. Weight of leaf litter was not significantly (P〈0.05) related to site index, stand age, or basal area. The sites varied significantly (P〈0.05) in concentrations of all elements determined in the leaf litter, except Zn. Average chemical concentrations were: N, 1.98 percent; P, 0.09 percent; K, 0.44 percent; Ca, 1.01 percent; Mg, 0.21 percent; S, 0.17 percent; SO4−S, nil; Fe, 324 ppm; Mn, 311 ppm; Zn, 53 ppm; Cu, 13 ppm; and Al, 281 ppm. There were significant correlations between some stand characteristics and concentrations of some elements, and among the different chemical components of the leaf litter. Important correlations were found between stand age and P concentration (r=−0.84,P〈0.01); weight of leaf litter and P concentration (r=0.74,P〈0.05); weight of leaf litter and K concentration (r=0.71,P〈0.05); concentrations of N and S (r=0.81,P〈0.05); and concentrations of Fe and Al (r=0.98,P〈0.01). Returns of the different elements to the soil by leaf litter varied among the different sites. Average nutrient and Al returns, in kg ha−1 yr−1, were: N, 82; Ca, 41; K, 19; Mg, 8; S, 7; P, 4; Fe, 1; Mn, 1; Al, 1; Zn, 0.2, and Cu, 〈0.1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02184327
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of N fertilisation on populations of fine roots and mycorrhizas in spruce humus (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 71 (1983), S. 49-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Fertiliser ; Fine roots ; Mycorrhizas ; Nitrogen ; Picea sitchensis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Fertilisation with N alters the numbers, biomass and seasonal pattern of activity of fine roots and mycorrhizas in spruce humus. Production and mortality decrease, and longevity increases. Fertilisation reduces mycorrhizal infection, alters the relative proportions of mycorrhizal types and permits the appearance of new types.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182640
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plant genotype differences in the uptake, translocation, accumulation, and use of mineral elements required for plant growth (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 72 (1983), S. 175-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Boron ; Calcium ; Copper ; Genotypic differences ; Iron ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Mineral nutrition ; Molybdenum ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Plant adaptation ; Plant breeding ; Potassium ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Plant genotypes differ in their uptake, translocation, accumulation, and use of mineral elements. Examples of genotype differences to iron, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, boron, copper, zinc, and molybdenum are discussed. Current knowledge is sufficient to indicate that many crop plants can be improved for the efficient use of mineral elements and better adaptation to mineral stress conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181957
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nutrient inflows into apple roots (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 71 (1983), S. 371-380 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Apple ; Calcium ; Copper ; Iron ; Irradiance ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Nitrogen ; Nutrient uptake rate ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Scion effects ; Season ; Source of nitrogen ; Temperature ; Tissue nutrient level ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The rates of uptake of nutrients from solution by apple roots were measured (a) in a root laboratory, using intact roots of mature trees growing under field conditions and (b) in controlled environment using young trees. Maximum nitrate inflows into Discovery/M.9 roots under field conditions were only slightly lower than those into roots of the same genotype in controlled environment, but up to 80 times lower than those into roots of Worcester Pearmain seedlings. At any given external P concentration, P inflows into roots of field-grown trees were about 2.5-times lower than those into the roots of young trees in controlled environment. Nitrate inflows were constant above a solution concentration of 20 mmol m−3 in both field-grown and small trees. In both cases, phosphate inflows increased linearly with solution concentration up to 10 mmol m−3. Among the various plant and environmental factors influencing nutrient uptake characteristics of apple roots were: the scion genotype, tissue nutrient levels, root origin, the form in which N is supplied, level of irradiance of the shoot, root temperature and the season of the year. The effects of these factors are illustrated with examples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182678
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nutrient reserves in roots of fruit trees, in particular carbohydrates and nitrogen (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 71 (1983), S. 401-413 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Carbohydrates ; Cultural factors ; Environment ; Fruit trees ; Nitrogen ; Reserves ; Seasonal pattern
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In trees, nutrient reserves built up in the previous year are of primary importance for early spring growth. Despite the relatively great importance of roots for nutrient storage, the root system should not be regarded as a special storage organ. Quantitatively, carbohydrates predominate in these reserves, but qualitatively N and other minerals are of more than minor significance. In roots carbohydrates are usually stored in insoluble form, mainly as starch; sorbitol is the predominant soluble compound in apple and peach. For nitrogen reserves, the soluble form predominates in roots, especially arginine in apple and peach, followed by asparagine. The level of reserves usually becomes maximal early in the winter. During leafing-out the reserves are drawn on until, later in the season, the supply of newly produced or absorbed nutrients exceeds the demand and replenishment occurs. The initial carbohydrate reserves do not determine the amount of new growth, whereas reserve nitrogen is of decisive importance for shoot growth vigour. Environmental factors such as light intensity and temperature affect the level of carbohydrates in roots; the concentration can be reduced by defoliation and summer pruning and increased by ample supply of nitrogen fertilizer in the autumn. The main cultural factors that influence nitrogen reserves are the amount and the time of nitrogen fertilization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182682
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rationale of selection for specific nutritional characters in crop improvement withPhaseolus vulgaris L. as a case study (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 72 (1983), S. 351-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acid soils ; Cation exchange capacity ; Fertilizer use ; Nitrogen ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; Phosphorus ; Selection ; Soil stresses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Genetic effects are obtainable for any aspect of transport, accumulation, and efficiency of nutrient use by plants, and for virtually any element. Some of the important characters are: tolerance to acid soils (18% of soils or 2.4 billion ha), tolerance to high pH induced Fe-chlorosis, and tolerance to salinity (about 1,000 m ha). Genotypes which made better use of N and P would be the means of saving fertilizers, especially important to developing countries. A 10% economy of fertilizer use represents a minimum world saving of US$6 billion annually. Phaseolus vulgaris is taken as a model to show that although we know quite a lot about the extent of its nutritional variation, e.g. adaptability to acid soils, and the crop's utilization of N and P, we are handicapped in exploiting this because of lack of genetic information. This in turn depends on knowledge of specific mechanisms, and investigating these must be a priority.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181973
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Efficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium use by corn, sunflower, and sugarbeet for the synthesis of organic matter (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 72 (1983), S. 219-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Corn ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Sugarbeet ; Sunflower
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A three-year experiment was conducted in natural conditions on chernozem soil to examine the efficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium use by corn (C4 type), sunflower and sugarbeet (C3 type) grown in optimum conditions of mineral nutrition (N100P100K100 kg/ha). Plant materials were analysed for the concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium and dry matter mass per individual plant parts and the whole plant. Leaves of different age, of all three plant species, were analysed to find eventual differences in the efficiency of use of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the synthesis of organic matter depending on leaf age. It was found that corn had the lowest concentration of the elements studied but the highest dry matter mass. In other words, corn was more efficient than sunflower or sugarbeet in the use of these elements for the synthesis of an organic matter unit. Such results were arrived at in both sets of analyses, i.e., the analyses of leaves performed in the course of ontogenetic plant development as well as the analyses of leaves of different age.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181960
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cycling of nitrogen in modern agricultural systems (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 3-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Barley ; Budgets ; Fauna ; Fertilizers ; Global cycles ; Lucerne ; Meadow fescue ; Microorganisms ; Nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Agro-ecosystems have developed from mixed- and multiple-cropping systems with relatively closed N cycles to intensively managed monocultures with large N inputs in the form of commercial fertilizers. Cultivation of increasingly larger areas of land has resulted in substantial losses of soil organic matter and N. Also, the move from slash and burn agriculture to intensively ploughed systems has resulted in losses through increased erosion. The use of N fertilizers has increased rapidly toca. 60 Tg N yr−1 (1980/81), which is equivalent to at least 40% of the N fixed biologically in all terrestrial systems and 36% more than is fixed in all croplands. On a global scale, the major losses of N from agro-ecosystems are estimated to be: harvest, 30 Tg; leaching, 2 Tg; erosion, 2–20 Tg; denitrification 1–44 Tg; and ammonia volatilization, 13–23 Tg. However, the data base is very crude and several estimates may be wrong by as much as one order of magnitude. Additions of N fertilizers have both direct and indirect effects on soil microorganisms. The possible importance of such effects is briefly discussed and a specific example is given on long-term effects on soil microbial biomass and nitrification rates in 27-year-old cropping systems with different N additions: (i) 0 kg N ha−1 yr−1, (ii) 80 kg N ha−1 yr−1, (iii) farmyard manureca. 80 kg N ha−1 yr−1. Few detailed N budgets exist for agro-ecosystems, despite its major importance as a limiting plant nutrient and the large losses of N from such systems. In conclusion, preliminary nitrogen budgets for four cropping systems (barley receiving 0 or 120 kg N ha−1 yr−1; meadow fescue ley with 200 kg N ha−1 yr−1 and a lucerne ley) are presented, with special attention to N flow through the soil organisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02205563
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tillage effects on nitrogen uptake by maize from fine textured soils in the northwestern Corn Belt, USA (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 67-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Maize ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen uptake ; Tillage ; Zea mays L
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nitrogen (N) accumulation data from a replicated field study were fitted to a tanh (time) function and the derivate obtained to determine relative maximum rates of accumulation by maize. Both positive and negative effects of tillage on N accumulation rates were observed. Most of the N accumulation occurred over a 30-day period and time of N accumulation was not affected by tillage. Tilled profiles tend to contain greater NO3−N, greater aeration, and lower moisture contents than untilled profiles, and these characteristics interact to affect plant N accumulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02205568
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    Copper deficiency inPinus radiata planted in a podzol in Victoria, Australia (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 77 (1984), S. 73-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Fertiliser ; Foliar analysis ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Pinus radiata ; Potassium ; Soil organic matter ; Steenbjerg effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Copper deficiency inPinus radiata in Gippsland, Victoria was found to be associated with acid, organic-rich sandy podzols. A trial designed to find a Cu supplement for P and NPK fertilisation on these soils showed significant growth in stem-length following Cu-solution treatment in the nursery, and Cu fertiliser applied in the field up to at least 13.5 kg Cu ha−1. The Steenbjerg effect was evident in foliar concentrations of nutrients following fertilisation; this makes diagnosis from foliar analysis difficult. Foliar Cu∶N ratios proved a more sensitive indicator of Cu fertiliser treatment than either Cu or N alone. Two phases of seasonal drainage and podzol development were identified in the experiment. Trees growing on the better-drained, more acid soil with a high content of organic matter responded better to Cu fertiliser.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182813
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    Effect of substrate concentration, inorganic nitrogen, O2 concentration, temperature and pH on dehydrogenase activity in soil (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 77 (1984), S. 285-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Dehydrogenase ; Electron transport system ; Nitrogen ; Oxygen pH ; Substrate ; Temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Dehydrogenase activity was measured in a sandy loam soil under a variety of incubation conditions using the reduction of 2-(p-iodophenyl-3-(p-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl tetrazolium chloride (INT) to iodonitrotetrazolium formazan (INT-formazan). There was a high positive correlation between dehydrogenase activity and substrate concentration, incubation temperature, and soil pH. Dehydrogenase activity also displayed a high negative correlation with O2 concentrations. Ammonium sulfate at concentrations from 40 to 120 μg/g soil had no significant effect on dehydrogenase activity. However, at concentrations of 160 and 200 μg/g, dehydrogenase activity was significantly reduced. Potassium nitrate at concentrations ranging from 40 to 200 μg/g had no significant effect on soil dehydrogenase activity, whereas sodium nitrite significantly inhibited activity at concentrations of 120 and 160 μg/g soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182931
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    The release, diffusion and nitrification of nitrogen in soils surrounding sulfur-coated urea granules (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 78 (1984), S. 345-356 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonium sulfate ; Nitrification ; Nitrogen ; Slow-release fertilizers ; Sulfur-coated urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary We have compared sulfur-coated urea granules (SCU) with ammonium sulfate granules (AS) in regard to nitrogen (N) release, diffusion, nitrification and the effect of irrigation. In the experiments plastic containers were filled with six layers of soil, separated from each other by fine nylon cloths. The fertilizer granules were placed between the two central layers, and irrigation was simulated by application of tap water to the uppermost layer. Nitrogen release from the SCU was slow, and after three months, 29.5% of the applied N remained in the granules. At the end of the experiment there was a deficit of 37.1% N in the case of the AS granules, while there was virtually none with the SCU. Throughout the experiment, N from SCU remained at a relatively even level, while 95% of the N applied as AS had disappeared after irrigation. Nitrification was rapid in both cases.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02450368
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    Gains and losses in soil nutrients associated with harvesting and burning eucalypt rainforest (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 74 (1983), S. 437-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Burning controlled ; Calcium ; Carbon ; CEC ; Eucalyptus ; Magnesium ; Nitrogen ; N. mineralisation ; Potassium ; Rainforest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In mixed eucalypt/rainforest in southern Tasmania, samples of surface soil 0 to 2 cm, 2 to 5 cm, and 5 to 10 cm were taken from a clear-felled coupe before and after burning in 1982, from a similar coupe after burning in 1979, and from an uncut area adjacent to each coupe. Factors compared were bulk density; total organic C, N, P, Ca, Mg, and K; pH; exchangeable Ca, Mg, and K; cation exchange capacity; extractable P; and N-mineralisation rates. The effect of burning was found to be restricted mainly to the upper 2 cm of soil. The combustion of organic matter caused losses of 7360 kg organic C and 211 kg N/ha; 348 kg Ca and 282 kg Mg and 151 kg K/ha were added to the soil in ash. Burning caused significant increases in pH, exchangeable Ca, Mg, and K, and in extractable P; cation exchange capacity was reduced. In the 6 months after burning only K was leached from the upper 2 cm of soil. Equilibrium levels of NH4−N increased initially after the fire, but between 6 and 18 months, equilibrium levels and rate of production of NH4−N during anaerobic incubation in soil of burned coupes differed little from that in adjacent uncut forest. Rates of production of NO3−N during aerobic incubation were very low throughout the period of study. It is concluded that for soils developed on dolerite in mixed eucalypt/rainforest, a single regeneration burn probably improves the nutritional status of the soil. Nutrients lost from the area as particulate ash are in quantities that will probably be replaced in rainfall in 15 to 20 years.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181361
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    Studies on sulphur in vertisols (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 70 (1983), S. 133-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Glycine max L. Merr ; Nitrogen ; Soybean ; Sulphur deficiency ; Vertisols
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Some soil and plant test methods were evaluated for predicting response of soybean crop (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) to S application in vertisols. Morgan's reagent, 500 ppm P containing Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O and KH2PO4 solutions, 0.5N NH4OAc+0.25N HOAc and 0.15% CaCl2 were found to be suitable extractants for measuring available soil S. The critical limits of extractable S were 9.0 ppm by Morgan's reagent, 10.0 ppm by phosphate solutions, 8.0 ppm by 0.5N NH4OAc +0.25N HOAc and 14.0 ppm by 0.15% CaCl2. Morgan's reagent was regarded as superior to other soil test methods in view of its high relationship with S uptake by plants, A values and relative yield. Critical S concentration in soybean plants varied with age. It was 0.15% and 0.185% for 36 and 60 days old plants, respectively. The critical N/S ratio on the other hand appeared to be constant at about 16.5 during vegetative growth period. Constancy of critical N/S ratio in plants was attributed to the near constancy of N/S ratio in plant proteins. There was highly significant relationship between response of soybean to S and to N, supporting the conclusion of some earlier workers that any soil showing large responses to N may not be supplying adequate S from the mineralization of soil organic matter.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374756
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    The acquisition of phosphorus byLupinus albus L. (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 70 (1983), S. 391-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Intercropping Lupins ; Lupinus albus ; Manganese ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Triticum aestivum ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Significant interactions between wheat and lupins occur below ground and wheat intercropped with lupins has access to a larger pool of available P, Mn and N than has wheat grown in monoculture. This suggests that the wheat is able to take up nutrients produced or made available by lupins grown in association with it.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374894
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    Effect of seed nitrogen on response to applied nitrogen in six spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars in a glasshouse (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 73 (1983), S. 203-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Barley ; Cultivars ; Early vigour ; Glasshouse ; Hordeum vulgare L. ; Nitrogen ; Seed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Variation in the nitrogen content of seed of six barley cultivars was brought about by growing parent plants at four nitrogen levels. Shoot dry weight of plants grown for 23 days from these seeds was generally enhanced by an increase in seed nitrogen content. The most responsive cultivar was a primitive type of barley from Ethiopia. Cultivars with a longer breeding history were less responsive. Risø 1508 apparently had physiological and biochemical limitations in responding to extra seed nitrogen. In the barley cultivars studied extra seed nitrogen seems to supplement, rather than substitute for, nitrogen fertilizer in the seed bed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197716
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    Mineralization of C and N from microbial biomass in paddy soil (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 165-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Biomass ; Carbon ; Chloroform fumigation ; Drying ; Mineralization flush ; Nitrogen ; Paddy soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Soil samples of paddy fields with different fertilizer managements in Yamaguchi Agricultural Experiment Station, Japan were used to investigate the contribution of microbial biomass to the pool of mobile plant nutrients in paddy soil. The quantities of nutrients mobilized in soils which had been fumigated or dried were closely related to the quantities available in freshly killed biomass. A “KN-factor” (28 days) of 0.24 for the proportion of total N mineralized from dead biomass in paddy soils was obtained. It was observed that the C to N ratio mineralized from freshly killed biomass by chloroform fumigation of paddy soils was nearly 10 under aerobic conditions. For an approximate calculation of biomass C from the flush-N by chloroform fumigation of paddy soils, the equations of (B=33 Fn, 10 days) and (B=26 Fn, 28 days) were indicated. In oven-dried (70°C, 24 h) and rewetted soils, about 66% of N was mineralized from the freshly killed biomass during 28 days of incubation and the remaining 34% was derived from non-biomass organic matter of paddy soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02205577
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    Nitrite: a key compound in N loss processes under acid conditions? (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 233-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Chemo-denitrification ; Iron oxyhydroxide ; Nitrate ; Nitric oxide ; Nitrite ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen dioxide ; Reduced conditions ; Soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nitrite is very important in N transformation processes because it is an intermediate product in the aerobic nitrification as well as in the anaerobic denitrification process. Under soil conditions whereby aerobic and anaerobic zones are close to each other, the mobile nitrite can be a link between both N transformation processes. Because of its low stability in acid conditions, nitrite can be a key compound in N loss processes. The results are presented in three sets of incubation experiments using soil+added nitrite before and after oxidation of organic matter; soil+added nitrite and various iron oxide minerals; nitrite solutions without soil but with added ferrous iron. It was found that under acid conditions, soil organic matter as well as the soil mineral phase have a stimulating effect on the nitrite decomposition. Conditions favouring the solubility of Fe(III)-compounds and promoting the formation of Fe2+ increase the nitrite decomposition, even under slightly acid conditions. Of the gaseous decomposition products, only trace amounts of NO2 occur while NO is the major component. Conditions whereby NO and NO2 cannot escape from the medium promote production of some nitrite.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02205583
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    Modelling C and N turnover through the microbial biomass in soil (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 257-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Biomass turnover ; Carbon ; Experimental verification ; Models ; Nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Many mathematical descriptions of C and N transformations in soils have been developed in the last decade, but only a few explicitly model the activity and mass of soil organisms. Great difficulties still exist in establishing basic parameters governing the kinetics of microbial turnover. The present state of the art is discussed briefly. The model of Van Veen and Frissel on C transformations and related mineralization and immobilization of N has been developed further based on laboratory and field data obtained with different Australian soils. Firstly, case studies show the large effects of the frequency of drying and rewetting of soils on the decomposition of organic matter and on the turnover of biomass. Secondly, the more refined model embraces the concept that soils have characteristic capacities to preserve both organic matter and microorganisms. Preservation of microorganisms could result from protection against predation and/or from amelioration of harsh environmental conditions. Biomass formed in excess of a soil's preservation capacity is assumed to die at a relatively high rate. Furthermore, biomass and its immediate organic products of decay are considered to form mainly a closed system from which only small proportions of the products leak out as stabilized materials. These concepts have been tested with data from laboratory experiments in which14C- and15N- labelled substrates and bacteria were added to a clay and sandy soil. Net mineralization of C and N (labelled and unlabelled) and changes in the total and labelled biomass as determined by the chloroform fumigation technique allowed for a thorough testing of these concepts in the manner in which they were included in the model. The fits between experimental observations and model outputs were very close. The model indicated that the contrasting metabolism of both C and N in a clayversus a sandy soil could largely be explained by differences in the capacities of the two soils to preserve microorganisms. The ability of a simulation model to describe accurately not only short-term events,e.g. N cycling during one growing season, but also the same processes over, say a decade, is an important criterion in assessing its predictive power. In this paper some of the results will be discussed of testing the model, developed from a consideration of the aforementioned laboratory studies, for its accuracy in describing the decomposition of plant residues in an 8-year field experiment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02205585
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    Extractable N and P in relation to microbial biomass in UK acid organic soils (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 139-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Chloroform-fumigation ; Microbial biomass ; Mor humus ; Nitrogen ; Peat ; Phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Samples of peat and mor humus were treated with CHCl3 to kill microbial cells and the amounts of C as CO2, N as soluble- and mineral-N, and P as inorganic-P released by the treatment were compared with estimates of the microbial biomass by the Anderson and Domsch test and ATP determination. Increased amounts of soluble-N and inorganic-P, extracted with 1M KCl and 0.01M CaCl2 respectively, were detected immediately after the fumigation treatment. However, the subsequent rates of production of CO2−C and mineral-N measured during a 10-day incubation period at 25°C were low and variable, resulting in anomalously low estimates of microbial biomass. The flush of inorganic-P was more consistent and, in mor humus, generally related to biomass-C as measured by the Anderson and Domsch test.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02205574
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    Dynamics of organic matter in soils (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 275-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Biomass dynamics ; carbon ; Nitrogen ; Nutrient management ; Soil organic matter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Dynamics of C, N, S, and to some extent P are expressed by a knowledge of the size and turnover rates of plant constituents such as soluble C and N components, cellulose and hemicellulose, and lignin. Soil organic matter constituents include: the microbial biomass as determined chemically or microscopically, non-biomass active components determined by isotopic dilution, stabilized N constituents for which good techniques are not yet available, and resistant or old C and associated N determined by carbon dating. The processes involved in the nutrient transformations and transfers are reasonably well understood. The control mechanisms require further elucidation to be able to extrapolate from the laboratory to the field, and between field sites. Major control mechanisms requiring further insight include the effects of C availability on transformations of C and N. The other control for which every little is known is that of spatial compartmentalization. Compartmentalization ranges from landscape or management sequences to pedogenic layers, rhizosphere-mycorrhizal effects, clay-sesquioxide surfaces, aggregation, localized enzymes, and microbial effects such as membrane boundaries. Control mechanisms for concurrent mineralization-immobilization, the stabilization of microbial products, and the relative role of the biomass as a catalyst rather than as a source-sink for nutrients, must be understood. There is potential for combining a knowledge of microbial production and turnover with that of the roles of the soil organic active fraction as a temporary storehouse for nutrients. This, in conjunction with management techniques such as zero tillage and crop rotation, should make it possible to better utilize soil and fertilizer N, especially in areas of the world where the cost of nutrients is high relative to the value of the crop grown.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02205586
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    Relationships of bio-climatic zones and lithology with various characteristics of forest soils in Greece (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 79 (1984), S. 101-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Base saturation ; Bio-climatic zones ; Calcium ; Clay accumulation ; Copper ; C:N ratio ; EDTA ; Forest soils ; Greece ; Iron ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Nitrogen ; Phosphate ; Potassium ; Soil classification ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Soils derived from a number of different parent materials (lithologies) and developed along a climatic gradient, manifested by the altitudinal succession of natural vegetation zones (Mediterranean, sub-Mediterranean, Mountainous and Pseudoalpine), were sampled throughout mainland Greece. In soils derived from siliceous parent materials low in clay, acidity increase and percent base saturation decreases from the Mediterranean to the Pseudoalpine vegetation zones. Clay illuviation is found mainly in soils developed in the Mediterranean and the sub-Mediterranean zones. No such changes are apparent in clayey soils rich in bases. Organic matter content of the mineral portion of the soil profile increases by a factor of 2 with a decrease in mean annual air temperature of about 10°C. The pattern of change in clay and soil organic matter content with climate is in relatively good agreement with soil development trends in the area, when soil profiles are named according to the FAO-Unesco soil map of the world. Concentrations of Ca and Mg decrease and those of total N, total and extractable P, K, Fe, Mn and Zn increase from the Mediterranean to the Mountainous zone. Within the same zone, however, concentrations of N, Ca, K, Fe, Mn and Zn decrease, but those of Mg, total and extractable P increase with soil depth. The concentrations of most macro- and micronutrients in the humic horizon are several times higher than those in the mineral portion of the soil profile due to biological enrichment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182148
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    The effects of pH and aluminium toxicity on the growth and symbiotic development of cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 80 (1984), S. 423-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acidity ; Aluminium ; Cowpea ; Nitrogen ; Rhizobium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The interaction of pH (4 or 6), aluminium (0 or 16 ppm at pH 4) and N source (symbiotic or combined) on the growth and nutrient status of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) was studied in a glasshouse experiment. Low pH significantly decreased the growth of the plants dependent on symbiotic nitrogen fixation but at pH 4 the addition of 16 ppm Al further depressed growth in both nitrogen regimes. Al-ions appear to exert their effect primarily on the root system, as shown by the reduction in total length and fresh weight. The symbiotic development of the plants was affected by low pH but more markedly by the Al treatment. Shoot nitrogen concentrations were reduced from ca. 2.6% at pH 6 to 1.8% and 0.9% at pH 4 without and with aluminium respectively. Calcium concentration was decreased by low pH and further by Al in both nitrogen regimes. In all Al-treated plants, the aluminium was mainly accumulated in the roots and was associated with an increase in their phosphorus concentration.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02140049
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    Effects of nitrogen nutrition on xylem sap composition of Casuarinaceae (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 81 (1984), S. 291-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Casuarinaceae ; Citrulline ; Frankia ; Nitrogen ; Nutrition ; Xylem sap
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The major nitrogenous compound in the xylem sap ofCasuarina equisetifolia is citrulline, irrespective of nitrogen nutrition (dinitrogen fixation, nitrate or ammonium). The detection of citrulline in non-nodulated Casuarina suggests that its formation is not confined to root nodules. This precludes the possibility of using the relative citrulline content of xylem sap for quantification of N2 fixation in Casuarina. The possibility exists, however, that the relative abundance of citrulline to other nitrogenous compounds (e.g. amides or nitrate) in the xylem sap could be used as an indicator of N2 fixation and should be evaluated further.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197162
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    Effects of fertilization on the nutrient distribution of aboveground components ofAbies balsamea (L.) Mill (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 80 (1984), S. 433-439 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Balsam fir ; Foliar analysis ; Lime ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The following fertilizer treatments were applied to a 20-year-old aspen-birch-sprucefir stand in southeastern Maine: N at 448 kg/ha, P at 112 kg/ha, N and P applied as above in addition to 1751 kg/ha Ca and 27 kg/ha Mg. Five years after treatment, foliar concentrations of N, P and Ca for understory blasam fir exhibited significant increases in response to fertilization with those nutrients. Mean five-year height growth, adjusted for pretreatment differences, increased 36 percent in response to fertilization with N alone and in combination with P and lime.
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    Seasonal changes in foliar macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) inEucalyptus saligna Sm. andE. wandoo Blakely growing in rehabilitated bauxite mine soils of the Darling Range, Western Australia (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 81 (1984), S. 377-388 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcium ; Eucalyptus saligna ; Eucalyptus wandoo ; Foliar nutrients ; Magnesium ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Rehabilitation ; Seasonal trends
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Seasonal changes in the foliar concentration of macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) in sapling trees ofEucalyptus saligna Sm. andE. wandoo Blakely growing in rehabilitated bauxite mined areas in the Darling Range of Western Australia are described. Foliar N concentration decreased with age of the fully expanded leaf tissue. Leaf N concentrations were also high when rates of litter decomposition were expected to be high during the period of early spring. The greatest foliar N difference between trees growing in good soil conditions and those from poorer soil conditions also occurred during this period. Levels of P in leaves were highest in young developing leaves but once the leaves reached full size, no seasonal trend in P concentration was observed. Foliar K was lower during the winter and probably related to the period of maximum leaching by precipitation. High foliar K during summer, however, could be related to the role of K in lowering cellular water potential. Leaf Ca was highest during early sping. Low mobility of cellular Ca during the cool portion of the year was indicated. Foliar Mg showed a weak pattern of decreasing concentration with leaf age. The best season for sampling for these broadleafed evergreen species to provide information on plant nutrient status appears to be in spring.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02323052
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    Effects of roots and litter on mineralization processes in forest soil (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 80 (1984), S. 391-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Carbon ; Clear cutting ; Exponential decay ; Forest ; Litter ; Mineralization ; Nitrogen ; Podzol ; Respiration ; Rhizosphere Soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Leaf litter breakdown and fine root production, including exudation, are two major influences upon carbon and nitrogen mineralization rates in forest soil. Sieving and root removal experiments were used to examine their effects. Although carbon mineralization rates declined in smaller particle size fractions of forest litter, this trend largely disappeared when results were calculated on an ash-free basis. Nitrogen mineralization by contrast, was greatest in smaller fractions. Much of the variation in carbon mineralization rates appeared to be associated with fine roots. A rapid initial exponential decay phase noted in laboratory respiration studies was probably associated with disappearance of available carbon in the form of root exudates and/or the microorganisms dependent on them. Clear cutting caused a marked reduction in the size of available carbon pools, reflecting decreased root exudation and rhizosphere activity. A model of mineralization is proposed which represents the available and humified carbon pools.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02140046
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    Preliminary studies of the fertilizer capability of some novel high analysis multinutrient compounds (1984)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 5 (1984), S. 245-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Adamantane-type compounds ; Fertilizer ; High analysis nutrient compounds ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Phytotoxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a preliminary assessment of the fertilizer capability of three high analysis NP(S) compounds, their possible phytotoxic effects were investigated in solution culture tubes. One of the compounds was studied in more detail in pot experiments with sand and a red-brown earth soil. Two adamantane-type compounds (APA and APAS) were capable of supplying N and P to plants, but also showed toxicity effects. With APA, this effect appeared to be dissipated in soil but not in sand. The toxic effect was alleviated by addition of soluble P or soluble P + N. Some plants absorbed excessive amounts of P, probably not all in the form of orthophosphate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01051623
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    Prevalence of nitrous oxide reducing capacity in denitrifiers from a variety of habitats (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 81 (1984), S. 421-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylene inhibition ; Denitrifiers ; Electron acceptor ; Incubation ; Nitrate ; Nitrous oxide ; Nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A total of 81 strains isolated by T. N. Gamble from soils from eight countries, fresh water lake sediments and nitrified poultry manure were examined for their ability to grow on N2O as their electron acceptor, as well as for their tendency to produce N2O from NO 3 − in the absence and presence of acetylene. Seventy-seven of the 81 strains were confirmed as denitrifiers. Fifty-nine of the 77 strains grew on N2O, while 12 strains produced N2O but could not utilize it. Six strains reduced NO 3 − to N2 but could not grow on N2O, suggesting that even if N2O is always an intermediate product of denitrification, it is not always a freely diffusible intermediate. The organisms, however, would consume N2O that accumulated early in growth and accumulated N2O in the presence of acetylene. Thus the total number of N2O users was 65 strains or 83% of the total tested. This implies that the N2O reducing capacity of denitrifiers occur widely in nature. A high proportion ofPseudomonas fluorescens biotype II reduced N2O. The accumulation of N2O from NO 3 − in the presence of acetylene provides strong evidence that N2O is generally an intermediate in denitrification as well as provides additional support for the usefulness of this chemical as a general inhibitor of N2O reduction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02323056
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  • 38
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    Electronic Resource
    Fertilization of orange trees with sulfur-coated urea. Nitrogen levels in leaves and fruits (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 80 (1984), S. 247-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Citrus ; Controlled-release fertilizers ; Nitrogen ; Nutrition ; Sulfur-coated urea ; Ammonium nitrosulphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of one application of the slow-release fertilizer, sulfur-coated urea, on the nitrogen level in leaves, fruit and bark of Washington Navel orange trees was studied during the different periods of the annual vegetative cycle, in comparison with two annual applications of the fertilizer ammonium nitrosulphate. Results indicate that a single spring application of 750 g nitrogen per tree maintains N levels in old leaves, spring shoots, ovaries, fruit and bark statistically equal to those obtained using double doses of ANS in two applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02161180
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  • 39
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Foliar and twig macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) in selected species ofEucalyptus used in rehabilitation: sources of variation (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 81 (1984), S. 363-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Branch nutrients ; Calcium ; Eucalyptus saligna ; Eucalyptus wandoo ; Foliar nutrients ; Magnesium ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Rehabilitation ; Soil nutrients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The macronutrient variation within four 6 year oldEucalyptus saligna and four 5 year oldE. wandoo growing on rehabilitated bauxite pits was determined. Significant differences in mean nutrient concentrations were generally recorded between good soil condition sites and poor soil sites, between tree individuals, branch height, and plant organ type; but mean nutrient values were not different among canopy aspects. Fully expanded leaves of the current year provided the most uniform nutrient levels among the plant organs and showed major differences between sites with good soil nutrient conditions and those with poor conditions. Differences in foliar and branch levels of N, P, K, Ca and Mg, the variation between sites, canopy heights and plant organ types, and the use of foliar nutrient levels to indicate deficiencies are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02323051
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