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  • Articles  (2,831)
  • Springer  (1,556)
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  • 1980-1984  (2,831)
  • 1982  (2,831)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (2,831)
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  • Articles  (2,831)
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  • 1980-1984  (2,831)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 28 (1982), S. 136-137 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 2
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    European journal of wildlife research 28 (1982), S. 137-138 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 3
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    European journal of wildlife research 28 (1982), S. 139-144 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 4
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    European journal of wildlife research 28 (1982), S. 88-108 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The first part of this analysis introduces the 26 free-living populations, elaborates on the history of their introduction, describes their development and outlines the boundaries of their present distribution. The total population size is presently estimated at about 1300, the annual hunter harvest amounts to 350 to 400. Table 1 gives information about the habitats of these 26 populations, and in Table 2 biological factors of the populations are dealt with. The mean population size is about 40 animals, but 4 herds consists of 4 or less sheep, while 3 populations have 100 and more members. The size of the ranges varies accordingly. Some small populations in the vicinity of large cities (Dortmund, Bielefeld, Siegen) occupy habitats of 300 to 400 ha in size, others in the mountainous “Hochsauerland” may range over 6000 ha. Table 3 lists characteristics of the populations in regard to colour of the hide, percentage of ewes with horns, susceptability to diseases and parasites. Female sheep with horns have been observed in 12 populations, but only in 3 was that percentage 40 % or more. In 8 populations all rams have the typical “saddle” (“saddle” refers to a light grey-coloured saddle-shaped piece of the hide on the otherwise dark brown back of these sheep), in 13 populations such rams with saddles dominate, while dark rams (melanistic phase) make up less than 10 %. These two colour phases are of about equal magnitude in 7 populations. A woolly coat, which indicates cross-breeding with domestic sheep, has only been sporadically observed in 2 populations. The facial mask (the amount and configuration of white hair in an otherwise dark face) was recognized as a reliable characteristic for determining age in 7 populations, in 6 other populations it is rejected as unpredictable. In the majority its use for recognizing age of the sheep is only recommended in connection with other characteristics. Excessive outgrowing of houres of hooves was observed in 70 % of the mufflon herds. A very high parasite load was reported for 3 populations. The second part of this analysis deals with population dynamics and trophy quality. Table 5 gives population specific characteristics of horns of rams, such as annual growth increments, horn curl diameter and horn spread. Also listed are the percentage of those rams whose horns have the tendency of growing back into the neck or skull; or directly translated, so-called “in-growers”. In Table 4 dressed weights of moufflon sheep of both sexes are given. Great variations exist between different populations in regard to trophy quality. To some extent this difference is caused by differing percentage of rams with “in-growing” horns, referred to above. This characteristic forces the culling of such affected rams, at an early age — an age long before optimum trophy quality is reached. Of 23 populations inspected, only 6 had no rams with this characteristic. In 8 populations 50 % or more of the rams are affected. With few exceptions, the best horn growth characteristics were documented in relatively small, expanding populations, which also exhibited the largest body sizes. The paper concludes with a discussion on the interrelations between population dynamics and population quality.
    Abstract: Résumé Les implantations actuelles du Mouflon dans le Land sont décrites. La première partie de ce travail est consacrée à la présentation des 26 „populations“ vivant en parcours libre, à l'historique de leur acclimatation, l'évolution de leurs effectifs, les limites de leurs aires de distribution. L'effectif total est estimé à quelque 1300 têtes tandis que le tableau de tir annuel s'élève à 350 à 400 têtes. Le Tableau 1 fournit les cotes de bonité stationnelle de 26 implantations; au Tableau 2, on trouve une énumération des facteurs biologiques des populations. La taille moyenne des „populations“ est de 40 mais 4 peuplements comptent 10 têtes ou moins tandis que 3 autres totalisent 100 têtes et plus. Quelques implantations suburbaines (Dortmund, Bielefeld, Siegen) sont établies sur quelque 300 à 400 ha, d'autres, comme dans le Haut-Sauerland, occupent plus de 6000 ha. Le Tableau 3 renseigne des caractères des populations en question comme la couleur du pelage, le pourcentage de brebis à cornes et la sensibilité aux maladies. Des brebis à cornes ont été notées dans 12 „populations“ mais 3 seulement révèlent un pourcentage de 40 et plus. Dans 8 situations, tous les béliers portent la tache de selle typique; dans 13 autres, ce caractère est dominant tandis que 10 % des sujets présentent un pelage uniformément foncé. Dans 7 situations, il y a équilibre entre la fréquence de ces deux caractères. Le pelage laineux, révélateur d'un croisement avec le mouton domestique, n'est décelé que sporadiquement dans deux situations. Le masque du visage n'est retenu comme critère fiable de jugement de l'animal que dans 7 territoires; dans 6 autres, on ne lui accorde aucun crédit. Dans la plupart des cas le masque du visage n'est retenu comme critère de jugement qu'en association avec d'autres caractères. Dans 90 % des „populations“ on observe le phénomène de sur-développement des ongles. Dans 3 territoires, une forte infection parasitaire constitue un problème. La deuxième partie de ce travail concerne la dynamique de population et le développement des cornes. Le Tableau 4 renseigne des caractéristiques des cornes propres aux populations concernées, telles que les taux de croissance annuels, le diamètre de la courbe intérieure et l'envergure. On indique également, dans les différentes „populations“, le pourcentage des sujets dont les cornes sont dites „rentrantes“. Le Tableau 5 renseigne les poids de venaison. De grandes variations existent de „population“ à „population“ en ce qui concerne la qualité des trophées. Celle-ci dépend en partie d'une plus ou moins grande proportion de sujets à cornes rentrantes, ce qui nécessite une élimination prématurée. Parmi les 23 „populations“ examinées sous cet angle, 3 seulement ne présentent pas de cas de cornes rentrantes. Dans 8 des peuplements étudiés, 50 % ou plus des béliers présentent cette malformation. A quelques exceptions près, les taux de croissance et les poids de venaison les plus élevés sont notés dans des „populations“ relativement peu importantes et se trouvant en phase d'expansion. Le travail se conclut par une discussion à propos des corrélations entre dynamique et qualité de populations.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die gegenwärtig im Lande Nordrhein-Westfalen vorkommenden Muffelwildbestände werden beschrieben. Der erste Teil dieser Arbeit stellt die 26 freilebenden Populationen vor, erläutert die Geschichte ihrer Einbürgerung, die Entwicklung der Bestände, die Begrenzung ihrer Areale. Der Gesamtbestand wird auf ungefähr 1300 geschätzt, die jährliche Strecke beträgt 350 bis 400 Stück. Tabelle 1 gibt über Standortfaktoren der 26 Vorkommen Auskunft; in Tabelle 2 werden biologische Faktoren der Populationen aufgezählt. Die mittlere Populationsgröße beträgt etwa 40, aber 4 Bestände haben 10 oder weniger Tiere, während 3 Bestände sich aus 100 und mehr Tieren zusammensetzen. Die Größe der Einstände variiert entsprechend. Einige kleine Vorkommen in Großstadtnähe (Dortmund, Bielefeld, Siegen) leben auf 300 bis 400 ha, andere imHochsauerland nehmen über 6000 ha ein. Tabelle 3 befaßt sich mit Merkmalen der Populationen wie Färbung der Decke, Prozentsatz von gehörnten Schafen und Anfälligkeit für Krankheiten. Gehörnte Schafe wurden in 12 Vorkommen registriert, nur in 3 ist der Prozentsatz 40 % und mehr. In 8 Beständen haben alle Widder den typischen Sattelfleck, in 13 weiteren Beständen sind solche Widder dominierend, während Schwärzlinge weniger als 10 % ausmachen. In 7 Vorkommen halten sich Schwärzlinge und Widder mit dem arteigenen Sattelfleck etwa die Waage. Wollige Behaarung, die auf Hausschafeinkreuzung hindeutet, kommt nur noch vereinzelt in 2 Beständen vor. Die Gesichtsmaske wird nur für 7 Bestände als ein zuverlässiges Ansprechmerkmal bezeichnet, in 6 Vorkommen wird sie vollständig abgelehnt. In der Mehrzahl der Vorkommen wird die Gesichtsmaske als Ansprechmerkmal nur im Zusammenhang mit anderen Eigenschaften empfohlen. In 98 % der Vorkommen ist Schalenauswachsen beobachtet worden. In 3 Beständen bereitet ein hoher Parasitenbefall Probleme. Der zweite Teil dieser Arbeit befaßt sich mit der Populationsdynamik und Schneckenqualität. Tabelle 5 gibt populations-spezifische Merkmale der Schnecken wieder, wie jährliche Zuwachsraten, Innenkreisdurchmesser und Auslage. Aufgeführt ist ebenfalls der Prozentsatz der Einwachser in den einzelnen Beständen. Tabelle 4 führt Wildbretgewichte auf. Große Variationen bestehen zwischen den Beständen in bezug auf die Trophäenqualität. Diese sind zum Teil durch einen mehr oder weniger großen Anteil von Einwachsern bedingt, was einen frühen Abschuß erforderlich macht — einen Abschuß bevor das Reifealter in bezug auf die Trophäenqualität erreicht ist. Von den 23 diesbezüglich untersuchten Populationen weisen nur 3 keine Einwachser auf. In 8 der betroffenen Bestände haben 50 % oder mehr der Widder diese Veranlagung. Mit wenigen Ausnahmen wurden die höchsten Schneckenzuwachsraten und die größen Wildbretgewichte in verhältnismäßig kleinen, wachsenden Populationen beobachtet. Die Arbeit schließt mit einer Diskussion über die Zusammenhänge zwischen Populationsdynamik und Populationsqualität.
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  • 5
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    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 28 (1982), S. 162-169 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Qualitative analysis of Capercaillie faeces in a research district in the Northern Vosges Mountains showed a strong preference for Pinus sylvestris and Pinus mugo needles in the winter period and for non-lignified parts of Vaccinium spec. in the summer period. Abies alba needles and buds of the afore-mentioned conifers were also eaten in winter. The widely occurring Picea abies was not used for nutrition. During summer, remnants of the following plants were identified from the faeces. Abies alba, Calluna vulgaris, Fagus silvatica, Luzula silvatica, Pinus sylvestris, Pteridophyta, Sorbus aucuparia, Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium uliginosum. Insect components were found in the faeces of hens during the breeding period and during rearing of the young. Grit was mainly picked up in the first half of September and in early March.
    Abstract: Résumé Des analyses qualitatives de fientes du Grand Tétras dans une zone de recherches du Nord des Vosges révèlent une forte préférence d' aiguilles de Pinus sylvestris et de Pinus mugo en période hivernale et de parties non-lignifiées de Vaccinium spec. en période estivale. En hiver, les Tétras mangent en outre des aiguilles d' Abies alba et des bourgeons des conifères mentionnés. L' Epicéa, très répandu dans la zone d' études, n'intervient pas dans leur alimentation. Dans les fientes récoltées au cours de la période estivale, on note l'ensemble des plantes suivantes: Abies alba, Calluna vulgaris, Fagus silvatica, Luzula silvatica, Pinus sylvestris, Pteriodophyta, Sorbus aucuparia, Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium uliginosum. Des éléments animaux sont relevés au cours des périodes de couvaison et d' élevage dans les fientes des poules. Des gastrolithes sont principalement ingérés du début à la mi-septembre et au début mars.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Qualitative Untersuchungen von Auerwildlosung in einem Untersuchungsgebiet der Nordvogesen ergaben eine starke Bevorzugung von Waldkiefer- und Bergkiefernadeln im Winterhalbjahr und von unverholzten Teilen der Gattung Vaccinium im Sommerhalbjahr. Im Winter wurden außerdem Tannennadeln und Knospen der erwähnten Koniferen geäst. Die in großem Umfang vorkommende Fichte wurde als Nahrungspflanze verschmäht. Im Sommerhalbjahr wurden insgesamt folgende Pflanzen in der Nahrung festgestellt: Tanne, Heidekraut, Buche, Waldhainsimse, Waldkiefer, Farne, Vogelbeere, Heidelbeere, Moorbeere. Tierische Bestandteile wurden in der Brut- und Aufzuchtphase in Hennenlosung gefunden. Gastrolithen werden schwerpunktmäßig Anfang-Mitte September und Anfang März aufgenommen.
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  • 6
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    European journal of wildlife research 28 (1982), S. 178-193 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The purpose of this investigation was to find out how the annual kill results in the canton of Thurgovie (Switzerland) from 1932 to 1979 have changed under the influence of air temperature and precipitation. The investigation showed that the influence of weather factors depends on periods of time of varying length and that monthly meteorological values give better results than seasonal ones. Both these aspects must be considered for the kill analysis to be as informative as possible. Within the general climatic conditions, air temperature was of the greatest importance for the abundance dynamics of the field hare from October to December as well as in August and September whereas precipitation played a rather subordinate role in January and September only. The negative influence of mild winters proved to be considerable since such winters encourage the outbreak of Coccidiose and their influence is all the more pronounced the longer the sequence of mild winters lasts. The combination of some specific weather factors allowed the reconstruction of the actual kill development with a high degree of accuracy. The conclusion may therefore be drawn that the marked fluctuations of kill results in the canton of Thurgovie are mainly due to the weather and are not the result of hunting activities, predators, or agricultural methods.
    Abstract: Résumé La présente étude se propose d' examiner, pour le canton de Thurgovie en Suisse, comment, sous l'influence de la température de l'air et des précipitations les tableaux de chasse annuels ont évolué durant la période qui s'étend de 1932 à 1979. Il s'est avéré que l'action des éléments météorologiques diffère selon la longueur de la période pour laquelle ils sont calculés, et que les valeurs mensuelles offrent de meilleurs résultats que celles des saisons. Ces deux points sont à prendre en compte pour qu'une telle analyse de tableaux livre le plus d'informations possible. Etant donné le climat général, c'est la température de l'air entre octobre et décembre, ainsi que la température des mois d'août et de septembre, qui exerça l'influence la plus marquée sur l'évolution quantitative des populations du Lièvre; en revanche, les précipitations ne jouèrent un rôle, à vrai dire secondaire, qu'en janvier et septembre. En favorisant l'apparition de la coccidiose, les températures hivernales élevées ont un effet négatif, d'autant plus net que la suite des hivers doux persiste, dont l'importance s' est révélée considérable. Grâce à l'action conjuguée de quelques éléments métérologiques choisis, il a été possible de reproduire avec beaucoup de précision l'évolution des tableaux. On en arrive à la conclusion que les fluctuations prononcées que l'on observe dans les tableaux de chasse du canton de Thurgovie sont à assigner principalement aux conditions météorologiques et non à la chasse, aux prédateurs ou aux méthodes d'exploitation en vigueur dans l'agriculture.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurde für den Kanton Thurgau (Schweiz) die Frage geprüft, wie sich im Zeitraum zwischen 1932 und 1979 die Jahresstrecken unter dem Einfluß der Lufttemperatur und des Niederschlages verändert haben. Es zeigt sich dabei, daß die Wirksamkeit der Witterungselemente an unterschiedlich lange Zeiträume gebunden ist und daß die meteorologischen Werte der Monate bessere Ergebnisse liefern als diejenigen der Jahreszeiten. Beides muß berücksichtigt werden, wenn die Streckenanalyse möglichst aufschlußreich gestaltet werden soll. Unter dem gegebenen Allgemeinklima erlangte die Lufttemperatur zwischen Oktober und Dezember sowie während der Monate August und September für die Abundanzdynamik des Feldhasen die größte Bedeutung; die Niederschläge spielten dagegen einzig im Januar und September eine eher untergeordnete Rolle. Als bemerkenswert hoch erwies sich die negative Wirkung hoher Wintertemperaturen, die das Aufkommen der Coccidiose begünstigen und um so stärker zur Geltung kommen, je länger die Folge milder Winter andauert. Durch das Zusammenwirken einiger ausgewählter Witterungselemente ließ sich der ausgewiesene Streckenverlauf mit hoher Genauigkeit nachvollziehen. Daraus darf der Schluß gezogen werden, daß im Kanton Thurgau die ausgeprägten Schwankungen im Streckenverlauf zur Hauptsache der Witterung und nicht der Jagd, dem Raubwild oder den landwirtschaftlichen Nutzungsmethoden zuzuschreiben sind.
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  • 7
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    European journal of wildlife research 28 (1982), S. 169-177 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 60 hares were shot in driven shoots in hunting districts near Bayreuth/Bavaria and their digestive tracts, lungs, and some of the livers were examined for endoparasites. All hares were infested. 96,7 % of them accomodated helminths and in particular 96,5 %Trichostrongylus retoraeformis with an average number of worms of 409, 40,7 %Trichuris leporis (Ø 21), 3,4 % (2 animals) Passalurus ambiguus (Ø 936) and 44,1 % the lungwormProtostrongylus pulmonalis. One hare was infested with the cestodeMosgovoyia pectinata. Graphidium strigosum, Fasciola hepatica andDicrocelium dendriticum could not be found. — 83,1 % of the hares gave out coccidia oocysts. The most frequent species wasEimeria semisculpta (81,4 %), followed byE. leporis (37,3 %),E. europaea (22 %), andE. robertsoni (20,3 %). — Considerable differences in the frequency and intensity of the infestation could not be observed within various groups of hares such as male — female animals, younger — older, in good — poor condition or with bodyweights more — less then 3,6 kg. Only lungworms seemed to be more frequent in older (56,3 %) than in younger animals (28 %) and also in hares with a bodyweight less than 3,6 kg (50 %) compared with those of 3,6 kg and more (36 %). For the treatment of the infestation with endoparasites Fenbendazol (Panacur®) in a dosage of 5 mg/kg bodyweight per animal and day against the roundworms and 2 ml Whitsyn®-S per animal to reduce the giving off of oocysts, both medicaments mixed together with Carosil (100 g per hare and day), were put out to the animals for 5 days. It is supposed that the irregular intake of the medicated feed due to the mild weather is the reason for this experiment in therapy producing no evident success.
    Abstract: Résumé Dans des territoires de chasse aux environs de Bayreuth (Bavière), le tractus digestif, les poumons et quelques foies de 60 lièvres tirés lors de chasses en battue ont été analysés en ce qui concerne leur endoparasitisme. Tous les lièvres étaient contaminés: 96,7 % hébergeaient des Helminthes à savoir 96,5 % de Trichostrongylus retortaeformis (avec un nombre de larves moyen de 409), 40,7 % de Trichuris leporis (Ø 21), 3,4 % (2 sujets) de Passalurus ambiguus (Ø 936) et 44,1 % de vers pulmonaires Protostrongylus pulmonalis. Un animal était contaminé par le ver plat Mosgovoyia pectinata. Graphidium strigosum, Fasciola hepatica et Dicrocoelium dendriticum étaient absents. 83,1 % des lièvres expulsaient des oocytes de coccidies. L'expèce la plus fréquente était Eimeria semisculpta (81,4 %) suivie d'E. leporis (37,3 %), d'E. europaea (22 %) et d'E. robertsoni (20,3 %). Des différences importantes de fréquence et d'intensité de contamination n'apparurent pas en regroupant les sexes, les classes d'âge, la condition alimentaire, les catégories de poids inférieurs ou supérieurs à 3,6 kg. Les vers pulmonaires furent les seuls à être apparemment plus fréquents chez les sujets d'âge moyen (56,3 %) par rapport aux jeunes (28 %) et chez les lièvres avec un poids inférieur à 3,6 kg (50 %) par rapport à ceux présentant un poids supérieur à 3,6 kg (36 %). En vue du traitement anti-parasitaire, une dose de 5 mg/kg de poids corporel par animal et par jour de Fenbendazol (Panacur®) — pour combattre les vers ronds — et une dose de 2 ml de Whitsyn®-S par animal pendant 5 jours pour réduire l'excrétion d'oocytes — ont été appliquées en mélange avec du marc de Carosil à raison de 100 gr par animal et par jour. On présume que, par suite d'une adoption irrégulière liée à des conditions atmosphériques trop clémentes, cette tentative thérapeutique resta sans effet notoire.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In Revieren um Bayreuth/Bayern wurden 60 Hasen auf Treibjagden erlegt und ihre Gescheide (Magen-Darmtrakt, Lunge und teilweise Leber) auf Endoparasiten untersucht. Alle Hasen waren befallen. 96,7 % beherbergten Helminthen und zwar 96,5 % Trichostrongylus retortaeformis mit einer durchschnittlichen Wurmzahl von 409, 40,7 % (Trichuris leporis (Ø 21), 3,4 % (2 Tiere) Passalurus ambiguus (Ø 936) und 44,1 % die Lungenwürmer Protostrongylus pulmonalis. Ein Tier war mit dem Bandwurm Mosgovoyia pectinata befallen. Graphidium strigosum, Fasciola hepatica und Dicrocoelium dendriticum kamen nicht vor. — 83,1 % der Hasen schieden Kokzidienoozysten aus. Die am häufigsten auftretende Art war Eimeria semisculpta (81,4 %), dann folgten E. leporis (37,3 %), E. europaea (22 %) und E. robertsoni (20,3 %). — Erhebliche Unterschiede in der Befallshäufigkeit und -intensität traten innerhalb verschiedener Gruppierungen wie männliche — weibliche Hasen, junge — mitteljährige, in gutem — schlechtem Ernährungszustand sowie mit einem Gewicht über — unter 3,6 kg nicht auf. Lediglich Lungenwürmer schienen bei mitteljährigen Tieren (56,3 %) häufiger zu sein als bei jungen (28 %) und bei Hasen mit einem Gewicht unter 3,6 kg öfter (50 %) vorzukommen als bei solchen über 3,6 kg (36 %). Zur medikamentellen Behandlung des Endoparasitenbefalls wurden 5 Tage lang Fenbendazol (Panacur®) in einer Dosierung von 5 mg/kg KGW pro Tier und Tag zur Bekämpfung der Rundwürmer und 2 ml Whitsyn®-S pro Tier für 5 Tage zur Reduktion der Oozystenausscheidung mit Carosil-Trester (100 g pro Tier und Tag) vermischt angeboten. Es wird vermutet, daß durch die unregelmäßige Annahme infolge zu milder Witterung dieser Therapieversuch zu keinem nachweisbaren Erfolg führte.
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  • 8
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    European journal of wildlife research 28 (1982), S. 206-206 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 9
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    European journal of wildlife research 28 (1982), S. 193-202 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The increasing application of programmed exercises in various examination procedures is taken as the occasion to analyse the possibility of introduction of programmed questions within the scope of the written part of hunting examinations. An investigation of the current procedure in the States of the Federal Republic of Germany shows that in six Federal States the written hunting examination is either fully or partly conducted in programmed form, while in five States questions are posed without a choice of answers being provided. Positive and negative comments from the Supreme Hunting Authorities reflect the manifold attitudes on this subject. The article presents fundamental requirements of programmed examinations as well as their main advantages and disadvantages. A critical assessment of programmed exercises shows that their introduction within the scope of the hunting examination seems appropriate because thus at least two parts of the entire examination — the shooting and the written examination — fulfil the criterion of objective measurement of performance. Finally, by way of illustration, examples of programmed hunting examination questions are anexed.
    Abstract: Résumé L'usage croissant d'épreuves programmées pour l'examen d'aptitude cynégétique amène à s'interroger sur les possibilités de cette techniques dans le cadre de l'épreuve écrite de cet examen. Une étude sur les modalités de cette épreuve en République fédérale allemande révèle que, dans six Länder, l'épreuve écrite est complètement ou partiellement réalisée sous une forme programmée, tandis que dans cinq autres les questions sont posées sans un choix de réponses. Les prises de position positives et négatives des autorités supérieures en matière de chasse montrent la multiplicité des opinions à ce sujet. Les conditions indispensables posées aux épreuves programmées ainsi que leurs avantages et leurs inconvénients sont exposés. Une évaluation critique du système montre que son utilisation dans le cadre de l'examen d'aptitude cynégétique apparait comme justifié puisqu'ainsi deux parties au moins de l'ensemble de l'examen — le tir et l'épreuve écrite — satisfont au critère d'évaluation objective. Finalement, des exemples d'épreuves d'aptitude cynégétique programmées sont donnés à titre d'illustration.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die zunehmende Verwendung programmierter Aufgaben in unterschiedlichen Prüfungsverfahren wird zum Anlaß genommen, die Einsatzmöglichkeit programmierter Fragestellungen im Rahmen des schriftlichen Teils von Jägerprüfungen zu analysieren. Eine Untersuchung über die derzeitige Verfahrensweise in den Ländern der Bundesrepublik Deutschland zeigt, daß in sechs Bundesländern die schriftliche Jägerprüfung ganz bzw. zum Teil in programmierter Form durchgeführt wird, während in fünf Ländern Fragen ohne vorgegebene Antworten gestellt werden. Positive und negative Stellungnahmen der obersten Jagdbehörden spiegeln die Vielfalt der Meinungen zu diesem Thema wider. Grundlegende Anforderungen an programmierte Prüfungen sowie ihre wesentlichen Vor- und Nachteile werden aufgezeigt. Eine kritische Würdigung programmierter Aufgabenstellungen ergibt, daß ihr Einsatz im Rahmen der Jägerprüfung geeignet erscheint, weil somit mindestens zwei Teile der Gesamtprüfung — das Schießen und die schriftliche Prüfung — das Kriterium objektiver Leistungsmessung erfüllen. Zur Veranschaulichung werden abschließend Beispiele für programmierte Jägerprüfungsfragen angefügt.
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    European journal of wildlife research 28 (1982), S. 145-162 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The growth dynamics and morphometry of the horns of mufflon rams from Nordrhine-Westfalia are described and compared with other German and European populations. After 7 to 8 years of age rams have horn lengths of 600 to 900 mm. An influence of latitude of the mufflon habitats is indicated, in that rams from southern populations of the total distribution of this wild sheep species put on more horn growth during their first year of life compared to rams from northern populations and reach already 50 % of the total horn length after 2 years. Rams from more northern populations catch up after the third year and often obtain longer total horn lengths. The trophy quality of rams in Nordrhein-Westfalia varies greatly. The Bielefeld populations exceeds all others, including rams from C.S.S.R., in the horn growth rates during the first years. Other populations, for instance those from the Eifel Mountains, are of poor quality. The horn growth dynamics of these rams resemble those of rams from the Isle of Korsika. “Compensating horn growth”, whereby rams, that show poor initial growth make up for it by above-average horn growth in later years, as has been described for American wild sheep, chamois and ibex, could only be demonstrated for a few populations in Nordrhine-Westfalia. The wear of the horn tip of mufflon rams was investigated. In general, it could be demonstrated that this wear rate exceeds new growth put on at the horn base after the 8th year. Growth in horn circumference increases on the average to the 5th year. After that a decrease was observed, which, however, even in 10-year-old rams, did not amount to more than a 5 % reduction in horn circumference. The number of “adornment rings” of “ripples” per annual growth increment decreases with increasing age. A correlation appears to exist between number of such rings and length of the annual increment. There also appears to be a tendency to produce a certain “density of rings” per increment. On the other hand, no tendency could be demonstrated, to produce a certain number of rings per increment, which could have been correlated with “moon phases” or months. The term “monthly ring” instead of “adornment ring” is therefore rejected. The influence of sex glands on horn growth is discussed. An example is given, where a horn grew into the eye of a ram.
    Abstract: Résumé La dynamique de croissance et al morphométrie des cornes du Mouflon des Rhénanie-Westphalie sont décrites et comparées avec celles d'autres populations allemandes et européennes. Les béliers de Mouflon atteignent, après 7 à 8 ans, une longueur moyenne de cornes de 600 à 900 mm. Une influence de la latitude géographique d'origine sur la dynamique de croissance des cornes est perceptible, en ce sens que les béliers, originaires de peublements situés dans la partie méridionale de l'aire de dispersion générale de cet Ovidé, montrent une croissance plus forte au cours de la première année comparée à celle de sujets d'origine septentrionale, de telle sorte qu'après 2 ans, plus de 50 % de la longueur définitive des cornes est formée. Les béliers d'origine septentrionale rattrapent leur retard au cours de la 3ème élongation et atteignent souvent des dimensions finales plus importantes. La qualité des trophées des béliers des peuplements de Rhénanie-Wesphalie varie dans des proportions considérables. Les conformations de Bielefeld dominent toutes les autres — en ce compris celles que l'on retrouve ein Tchécoslovaquie — quant aux taux de croissance au cours des 7 premières années. D'autres conformations, par exemple celle de l'Eifel, sont de qualité moyenne; leur dynamique de croissance se rapproche de celle des béliers de Corse. La «croissance compensée» des cornes suivant laquelle le taux modéré de croissance initiale est compansé par un sur-développement ultérieur des cornes par rapport à la moyenne — à l'instar de ce qui se passe chez les moutons sauvaques américains, le Chamois et le Bouquetin des Alpes — n'a pu être démontrée que chez quelques population de Rhénanie-Westphalie. L'usure des extrémités des cornes a été examinée. On a pu constater qu'en général cette érosion dépassait l'accroissement de la base de la corne à partir de la 8ème année. La circonférence des cornes augmente en moyenne jusqu'à la 5ème année; ensuite s'observe un rétrécissement qui, même chez les sujets de 10 ans, n'entraîne cependant pas de réduction de la circonférence supérieure à 5 %. Le nombre d'annelures par segment annuel diminue avec l'âge. Une corrélation apparait entre le nombre d'annelures et la longueur des segments. On observe également une tendance à la formation d'une certaine densité d'annelures en fonction du taux de croissance des cornes. Par contre, aucune tendance n'a du être déclée quant à la formation d'un certain nombre d'annelures qui aurait pu être mis en corrélation avec les phases lunaires. L'expression «anneau lunaire» au lieu d'annelure décorative («Schmuckwulst») est donc écartée. L'influence des glandes sexuelles sur la croissance des cornes est évoquée. Description est donnée d'un cas de cornes rentrantes.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Wachstumsdynamik und Morphometrie der Schnecken nordrhein-westfälischer Muffelwidder wird beschrieben und mit anderen deutschen und europäischen Muffelwildbeständen verglichen. Muffelwidder erreichen nach 7 bis 8 Jahren eine Schneckenlänge von durchschnittlich 600 bis 900 mm. Ein Einfluß der geographischen Breite der Vorkommen auf die Wachstumsdynamik der Schnecken deutet sich an, indem Widder von südlichen Beständen des Gesamtareals dieser Wildschafart im ersten Jahr mehr Hornwachstum zeigen als Widder von nördlichen Populationen und nach zwei Jahren bereits über 50 % der Gesamtschneckenlänge ausgebildet haben. Widder von nördlichen Populationen holen aber im 3. Wachstumsabschnitt auf und erreichen oft größere Gesamtschneckenlängen. Die Trophäenqualität der Widder nordrhein-westfälischer Bestände variiert erheblich. Das Bielefelder Vorkommen übertrifft alle anderen, einschließlich tschechoslowakischer Widder, in den Wachstumsraten der ersten 7 Jahre. Andere Vorkommen, zum Beispiel die Eifelbestände, sind von mäßiger Qualität. Ihre Wachstumsdynamik ähnelt der der Widder von Korsika. „Kompensierendes“ Schneckenwachstum, in dem Widder, die anfänglich mäßiges Hornwachstum zeigen, in den späteren Jahren durch überdurchschnittliches Wachstum aufholen, wie es für amerikanische Wildschafe, Gams und Alpensteinbock beschrieben worden ist, konnte nur für wenige nordrhein-westfälische Populationen demonstriert werden. Die Spitzenabnutzung der Widderschnecken wurde untersucht. Es konnte festgestellt werden, daß im allgemeinen diese Abnutzungsrate die Zuwachsrate an der Hornbasis ab dem 8. Jahre übertrifft. Das Schneckenumfangswachstum nimmt im Schnitt bis zum 5. Jahre zu, danach wurde ein Zurücksetzen beobachtet, das aber selbst bei zehnjährigen Widdern nicht mehr als eine 5 %ige Umfangsreduktion ausmachte. Die Zahl der Schmuckwülste pro Jahreszuwachsrate nimmt mit zunehmendem Alter ab. Eine Korrelation deutet sich an zwischen Schmuckwulstzahl und Länge der Zuwachsrate. Auch besteht eine Neigung, pro Zuwachsrate eine gewisse Schmuckwulstdichte auszubilden. Dagegen konnte keine Neigung nachgewiesen werden, pro Jahresabschnitt eine bestimmte Anzahl von Wülsten auszubilden, die man mit Mondphasen hätte korrelieren können. Der Ausdruck „Monatsring“ anstatt Schmuckwulst wird daher abgelehnt. Auf einen Einfluß der Sexualdrüsen auf das Schneckenwachstum wird eingegangen. Ein Fall von Schneckeneinwachen ins Licht wird beschrieben.
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    European journal of wildlife research 28 (1982), S. 202-205 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A description is given (for the first time) of an anomaly in the central nervous system of an European lynx: the anomaly falls into the category of hydromely. The anomaly was present at birth and at least in reserves was not lethal. Nothing speaks contrary to the fact that ethiological influences play a rôle, similar to genetical influences in other animals (dogs, cattle).
    Abstract: Résumé On décrit pour la première fois chez un lynx européen une anomalie du système nerveaux central qui relève du syndrome de l'Hydromélie. L'anomalie était congénitale mais ne présentait pas de caractère léthal tout au moins pour ce sujet maintenu en enclos. Rien ne contredit le fait que, de façon analogue à ce qui s'observe chez d'autres animaux (Chien, Bovidé), des effets génétiques jouent un rôle sur le plan étiologique.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird (erstmals) beim europäischen Luchs eine Anomalie des Zentralnervensystems beschrieben, die zum Formenkreis der Hydromyelie zählt. Die Anomalie war angeboren, sie wirkte zumindest bei Gehegehaltung nicht letal. Es spricht nichts dagegen, daß ätiologisch, ähnlich wie bei anderen Tieren (Hund, Rind) genetische Einflüsse eine Rolle spielen.
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    European journal of wildlife research 28 (1982), S. 206-207 
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    European journal of wildlife research 28 (1982), S. 207-209 
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    European journal of wildlife research 28 (1982), S. 210-212 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    European journal of wildlife research 28 (1982), S. 252-255 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A microscopic method for botanical analysis of stomach content of hare is described. This method enables the identification of feed plants even to the species of plant.
    Abstract: Résumé Description est faite d'une méthode microscopique d'analyse botanique du contenu stomacal chez le Lièvre brun. Cette méthode permet une identification des constituants alimentaires jusqu' au niveau de l'espèce.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine mikroskopische Methode zur botanischen Mageninhaltsanalyse bei Feldhasen beschrieben, die eine Identifizierung der pflanzlichen Nahrungsbestandteile bis zur Art hin ermöglicht.
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    European journal of wildlife research 28 (1982), S. 213-231 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Based on studies of 100 north-west German game-preserves, a relationship between the relative abundance of the hare (Lepus europaeus) and the types of countryside and the ways in which they are utilized was established. For 98% of the game-preserves the EDV-analysis provides a satisfactory explanation for the possible reasons for the size of the relative abundance. The positive significance of wintergrains, hay-grazing meadows and of the seasonal attractiveness of the habitat provided by edges of bordering woodland (Saumhabitat) became especially apparent. It was determined that no single factor alone influenced the hare, but that the result of the combination of several factors did. This was achieved by subjecting the results to Rotated Analysis (Equimax) which emphasized and clearly divided the favourable and the unfavourable from intensive and extensive utilization of the areas. With the help of the correlation analysis it can be finally pointed out that very large monocultures must be disadvantageous for the hare. Especially in countryside where farming is predominantly mechanised the hare relies on “Saumhabitat” during the “famine periods” caused by harvesting.
    Abstract: Résumé C'est en se basant sur l'étude de 100 districts cynégétiques du nord-ouest de l'Allemagne que l'abondance relative (tableaux de chasse) du Lièvre (Lepus europaeus Pallas 1778) a été mise en corrélation avec la structure paysagère et les modes d'exploitation agricole. Pour 98% des districts cynégétiques, l'analyse de l'EDV apporte une explication satisfaisante quant aux causes probables des taux d'abondance relative. On souligne l'effet favorable des céréales d'hiver, des pâtures de fauche ainsi que l'attrait saisonnier des habitats de lisière constitués de bosquets. Il apparaît qu'aucun des facteurs considéré isolément n'influence le Lièvre mais que ce dernier est affecté par l'effet conjoint de plusieurs facteurs. Dans ce sens, on présente le résultat d'une analyse de type Equimax qui fait très clairement la part entre les effets favorables ou défavorables des surfaces exploitées de façon intensive ou extensive. L'analyse de corrélation permet finalement de montrer que de très grandes monocultures sont défavorables aux populations de lièvres. Dans l'habitat axé sur l'agriculture mécanisée, le Lièvre nécessite des biotopes constitués de lisières pour affronter les périodes de disette résultant des récoltes.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Auf der Grundlage von 100 nordwestdeutschen Jagdkreisen wurde die relative Abundanz (Jagdstrekken) des Feldhasen (Lepus europaeus) mit der Landschaftsstruktur und den Bewirtschaftungsformen des Agrarlandes in Beziehung gebracht. Für 98% der Jagdkreise bringt die EDV-Analyse eine befriedigende Aufklärung über die möglichen Gründe für die Höhe der relativen Abundanz. Es wird besonders auf die positive Bedeutung des Wintergetreides, der Mähweiden und auf die saisonale Saumhabitat-Attraktivität der Feldgehölze verwiesen. Herausgestellt wird, daß keiner der Faktoren den Feldhasen einzeln beeinflußt, sondern daß ihn die integrierte Wirkung mehrerer Faktoren trifft. Dafür wird das Ergebnis einer rotierten Hauptachsenfaktorenanalyse vorgestellt, die deutlich getrennt die Gunst bzw. Ungunst von intensiv und extensiv bewirtschafteten Flächen hervorhebt. Mit Hilfe der Korrelationsanalyse kann schließlich darauf hingewiesen werden, daß für den Feldhasenbesatz sehr große Monokulturen nachteilig sind. Der Feldhase benötigt in der maschinell landwirtschaftlich genutzten Landschaft Saumhabitate für die durch die Ernte hervorgerufenen „Hungerperioden“.
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    European journal of wildlife research 28 (1982), S. 255-259 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This is a report on the diploid set of chromosomes in the capercaillie. The capercaillie has 18 macrochromosomes: 2 of these are sex chromosomes, and an as yet uncertain number of micro-chromosomes. It is unfortunately unpossible at the moment to gather information for necessary population cytogenetic investigations, since the species has practically died out in Germany.
    Abstract: Résumé Le jeu diploïde des chromosomes de l'Urogalle est constitué de 18 grands chromosomes dont 2 sont des chromosomes sexuels et d'un nombre encore indéterminé de micro-chromosomes. La disponibilité de matériel nécessaire aux recherches sur la cytogénétique de populations de l'Urogalle est actuellement compromise en raison de la quasi-extinction de l'espèce en Allemagne.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird über den diploiden Chromosomensatz des Auerhahnes berichtet. Der Auerhahn besitzt 18 Makrochromosomen, 2 davon sind Geschlechtschromosomen, und eine noch nicht sicher bekannte Anzahl von Mikrochromosomen. Die Materialbeschaffung für notwendige populationszytogenetische Untersuchungen ist z. Z. leider nicht möglich, da die Art in Deutschland fast ausgestorben ist.
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    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Experiments were carried out in two periods on the worm infestation of roe deer. In both experimental periods, 4 non-infected roe deer were used as control animals. In the first experimental period, 4 worm-free roe deer were infected 4 times at 8–9 week intervals with 70.000 infections stomach/intestinal worm larvae. The infections caught on in every case, as shown clearly by egg excretion, decrease in the haematocrite and increase in the numbers of leukocites (white blood corpuscles) in the blood. Body weight, antler formation and general condition remained unaffected. Examination of the serum proteins with the carrier electrophoresis and the two-dimensional immune electrophoresis showed that no acut phase reactions occured with this subclinical worm infestation, but that humoral immune reactions (increase of gamma globulin) were activated. In the second experimental period, 4 worm-free roe deer, as well as an „immunized“ buck of the first series of experiments, each received 126.000 stomach/intestinal worm larvae and 24 days later 12.000 lungworms (D. viviparus) each. All the animals became seriously ill, two with acute illness and 3 with chronic illness. Three animals died; the other two could only be saved by anthelmintic treatment. The illness led to an exaggerated disproteinaemia, from which neither a particular age of the roe deer nor the one-year “immunisation” of the first experimental period gave protection.
    Abstract: Résumé Des recherches sur les helminthiases chez le Chevreuil se sont déroulées en deux phases. Chaque fois, 4 chevreuils non contaminés ont servi de témoins. Au cours de la première phase expérimentale, 4 chevreuils indemnes furent contaminés à quatre reprises, à intervalles de 8 à 9 semaines, au moyen de 70 000 larves gastro-intestinales infectantes. L'infection fut chaque fois nettement confirmée par l'expulsion d'oeufs, les résidus hématrocrites et l'augmentation du nombre de leucocytes dans le sang. Le poids du corps, le dévelopement du trophée et la condition générale ne furent en rien affectés. L'examen des séroprotéines par électrophorèse des patients et l'immuno-électrophorèse bi-dimensionnelle montrèrent qu'aucune réaction («Aktphasenreaktionen») n'apparut lors de cette contamination sub-clinique mais que des immuno-réactions humorales (augmentation des gamma-globulines) furent mobilisées. Au cours de la seconde phase expérimentale, on injecta à chacun des 4 chevreuils indemnes de même qu' à un brocard «immunisé» de la première série expérimentale 126 000 larves gastrointestinales et, 24 jours plus tard, 12 000 larves pulmonaires (D. viviparus). Tous les animaux furent rendus gravement malades, deux montrant une pathogénie aigüe et trois une pathogénie chronique. Trois animaux succombèrent, les deux autres ne purent être sauvés que grâce à un traitement anthelminthique. La maladie évolua en une dysprotéinémie, indépendante de l'âge des chevreuils ou de «l'immunisation» durant une année obtenue lors de la première phase expérimentale.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Untersuchungen über den Wurmbefall bei Rehen verliefen in zwei Perioden. In beiden Versuchsabschnitten dienten je 4 nicht infizierte Rehe als Kontrolltiere. Im ersten Abschnitt wurden 4 wurmfreie Rehe im Abstand von 8–9 Wochen 4mal mit 70.000 infektiösen Magendarmwurmlarven infiziert. Die Infektionen gingen alle an, was Eiausscheidung, Hämatokritabfall und Anstieg der Leukozytenzahlen im Blut deutlich zeigte. Körpergewicht, Trophäenbildung und Allgemeinzustand blieben unbeeinflußt. Die Untersuchung der Serumproteine mit der Trägerelektrophorese und der zweidimensionalen Immunelektrophorese ergaben, daß keine Akutphasenreaktionen auftraten bei diesem subklinischen Wurmbefall, daß aber humorale Immunreaktionen (Vermehrung von Gammaglobulin) mobilisiert wurden. Im zweiten Abschnitt erhielten 4 wurmfreie Rehe sowie ein „immunisierter“ Bock der ersten Versuchsreihe je 126.000 Magendarmwurmlarven und 24 Tage später je 12.000 Lungenwurmlarven (D. viviparus) appliziert. Alle Tiere erkrankten schwer, zwei mit akutem Krankheitsverlauf und 3 mit chronischem. Drei Tiere verendeten, die beiden anderen waren nur durch anthelmintische Behandlung zu retten. Die Erkrankung führte zu einer ausgeprägten Dysproteinämie, vor der weder ein bestimmtes Alter der Rehe, noch die einjährige „Immunisierung“ des ersten Versuchsabschnitts Schutz gab.
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    European journal of wildlife research 28 (1982), S. 264-283 
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    European journal of nutrition 21 (1982), S. 1-1 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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    European journal of nutrition 21 (1982), S. 51-56 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: serum alkaline phosphatase ; ascorbic-acid deficiency ; guinea pigs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei Meerschweinchen, die gut mit Vitamin C versorgt sind, findet sich eine lineare Beziehung zwischen der Aktivität der alkalischen Phosphatase im Serum und dem Körpergewicht. Untersuchungen bei Meerschweinchen, in denen durch zwei verschiedene Verfahren (völliger und partieller Entzug) niedrige Ascorbinsäurespiegel herbeigeführt worden waren, zeigten, daß die Aktivität der alkalischen Phosphatase im Serum nicht generell bei Vitamin-C-Mangel erniedrigt ist. Abnahmen der Enzymspiegel im Serum, die sich bei Meerschweinchen nach völligem Entzug von Vitamin C finden, d. h. bei akutem Mangel, sind vermutlich die Folge von Streßfaktoren. Enzyme: Alkaline phosphatase, orthophosphoric monoester phosphohydrolase (EC 3.1.3.1.)
    Notes: Summary Guinea pigs well supplied with vitamin C show a linear relation between serum alkaline phosphatase activity and body weight. Investigations in guinea pigs induced to low ascorbic-acid levels by two different procedures (complete and partial deprivation of vitamin C) demonstrated that the activity of the alkaline phosphatase is not generally decreased in the serum of ascorbic-acid-deficient guinea pigs. Decreases of the serum enzyme levels reported in guinea pigs completely deprived of vitamin C, i.e. in acute deficiency, may be due to stress factors.
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    European journal of nutrition 21 (1982), S. 43-50 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: dietary induced thermogenesis ; direct calorimetry ; postprandial core temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die postprandiale Thermogenese von Diäten unterschiedlichen Protein- und Fettanteils an jungen männlichen wachsenden Ratten mit der direkten Kalorimetrie bestimmt. Die postprandiale Thermogenese nach Kontrolldiät, die 30% Kasein enthält, betrug 8,3% der aufgenommenen Bruttoenergie. Nach Austausch der Hälfte des Kasein durch Gelatine erhöhte sich die postprandiale Wärmeabgabe auf 19,3% der aufgenommenen Bruttoenergie. Substitution von Schmalz durch mittelkettige Triglyceride und kombinierte Substitution durch mittelkettige Triglyceride und Gelatine verursachten einen weiteren Anstieg der Thermogenese auf 20,3 % bzw. 22,6% der aufgenommenen Bruttoenergie. Verglichen mit der Kontrolldiät sind diese Differenzen statistisch hoch signifikant. Die postprandiale Thermogenese nach Kasein- und Kasein-Gelatine-haltigen Diäten tritt 2,5 Stunden nach der Nahrungsaufnahme ein und dauert 2–3 Stunden. Die Diäten, die mittelkettige Triglyceride enthalten, rufen 45–90 Minuten nach der Nahrungsaufnahme einen signifikanten Anstieg der Wärmeabgabe hervor, der 2–3 Stunden dauert. Die Kombination von Diätkomponenten mit einer hohen postprandialen Wärmeabgabe führte nicht zu einer additiven Wärmeabgabe. Es bestand eine enge Korrelation zwischen der aufgenommenen Nahrungsmenge und der postprandialen Wärmeabgabe. Die Kerntemperatur der Ratten stieg nach Nahrungsaufnahme der Versuchsdiäten signifikant an. In der postprandialen Phase wurden jedoch keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen den vier Versuchsgruppen gefunden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die postprandiale Wärmeabgabe durch ausgewählte Diätkomponenten signifikant gesteigert werden kann. Die Entwicklung von Diäten mit einer geringen Effizienz der Energieverwertung könnte von Interesse sein für spezielle Diätbehandlungen wie zum Beispiel der Adipositas.
    Notes: Summary The postprandial thermic effect of diets containing different protein and fat moieties was estimated in young male growing rats by direct calorimetric measurements. The postprandial thermogenesis after ingestion of the control diet, which contained 30% of casein, corresponded to 8.3% of the gross energy. After exchange of half the casein by gelatine, the postprandial heat loss increased to 19.3% of the gross energy. Substitution of lard by medium-chain triglycerides and gelatine caused a further increase of thermogenesis to 20.3% and 22.6% of gross energy, respectively. Compared to the control diet, the differences are highly statistically significant. The postprandial heat production after ingestion of the casein and caseingelatine-containing diets occurred 2.5 hours after food intake and lasted about 2–3 hours. The medium-chain triglycerides-containing diets induced 45–90 minutes after food intake a significant increase of the heat production, lasting likewise 2–3 hours. The combination of dietary components with a high postprandial thermogenetic effect did not lead to an additive heat production. A very close correlation could be found between the amount of food intake and the postprandial heat loss. The core temperature of rats increased significantly after ingestion of the experimental diets. In the postprandial state it did not differ between the four experimental groups. The results demonstrate that the postprandial heat loss can be significantly increased by selected dietary components. The development of diets with a lower efficiency of energy utilization could be of interest for special dietary treatments, as for example, in certain states of obesity.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Blutlipide ; HDL ; LDL ; proteinreiche Ernährung ; Arginin ; Stärke ; Saccharose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The repeatedly reported effect of proteins on lipoprotein metabolism leaves the question if this is caused mainly by the amount or amino acid composition of the protein itself, by the accompanying fat or cholesterol content, or by the contemporary predominant kind of carbohydrate in the diet. We conducted experiments with male rats, feeding them in 6 groups of 20 animals for one year semipurified, cholesterol-free diets with constantly 40 (J−)% fat in all diets, 13 % (I), 20 % (II, III, IV) or 40% (V, VI) protein and complementary carbohydrates (50 % starch, 50 % sucrose). III received sucrose only, IV starch only. VI was given additionally 0.8 % arginine (arg). Rats on 40 % protein exhibited higher total plasma cholesterol levels in comparison to 13 % protein, HDL values were nearly identical in I, II, III, IV, and increased in V and VI. LDL was increased in V, compared to all other groups.Conclusion: The level of dietary protein alone may influence amount and distribution of lipoproteins in rats. LDL may be decreased by addition of arg, HDL remains unchanged. The type of carbohydrate had no influence on HDL or LDL on conditions of our experiment, whereas earlier experiments showed elevation of LDL values with sucrose in comparison to starch if cholesterol was present in the diet.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In einer Langzeitstudie untersuchten wir die Beeinflußbarkeit des Lipoproteinstoffwechsels der Ratte durch unterschiedlich hohe Proteinzufuhr mit und ohne Argininzusatz und durch unterschiedliche Kohlenhydratträger bei konstantem cholesterinfreiem Fettanteil der Diät (40 J%). Wir konnten nachweisen, daß sich der Plasma-Gesamtcholesterinspiegel mit steigender Proteinzufuhr erhöhte. Die HDL-Cholesterin-Konzentration im Plasma der proteinreich (40 J%) ernährten Tiere war im Vergleich zu den Gruppen mit 13 und 20 % Protein ebenfalls signifikant erhöht. Gesteigert war auch die LDL-Cholesterin-Konzentration bei den proteinreich ernährten Tieren. Dieser Anstieg der LDL bei hohem Proteingehalt trat bei Zusatz von Arginin zur Diät nicht auf. — Die Art des Kohlenhydrats (Saccharose oder Stärke) hatte bei der gewählten Versuchsanordnung keinen Einfluß auf die Zusammensetzung der Lipoproteine.
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  • 24
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    European journal of nutrition 21 (1982), S. 202-213 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Johannisbrotkernmehl ; Resorption ; Mineralstoffe ; Spurenelemente ; Bilanzversuch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The effect of carob bean gum (9.5 g/1000 kcal, 4184 kJ) in the daily diet on the absorption of Ca, Fe, Zn und Cu was determined during a 4-week balance study in 2 male and 6 female healthy subjects, aged 19 to 25 years. A normal mixed diet was used, to which carob bean gum was added during food preparation for the last 2 weeks of the study. The absorption of minerals and trace elements was calculated as the difference between dietary intake and fecal excretion. The ingestion of carob bean gum caused a significant reduction in the absorption of Ca, Fe and Zn when compared to the control diet, while the absorption of Cu remained unchanged.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In einem vierwöchigen Bilanzversuch wurde der Einflu\ von Johannisbrotkernmehl (JBM) in der Nahrung (9,5 g/1000 kcal, 4184 kJ) auf die Resorption von Ca, Fe, Zn und Cu in zwei männlichen und sechs weiblichen gesunden Versuchspersonen im Alter zwischen 19 und 25 Jahren geprüft. Die Versuchsdiät bestand aus einer normalen Mischkost, der während der letzten zwei Wochen der Untersuchung JBM bei der Speisezubereitung zugefügt wurde. Die Resorption der Mineralstoffe und Spurenelemente wurde als Differenz aus Zufuhr mit der Diät und Ausscheidung im Kot berechnet. Die Zufuhr von JBM führte gegenüber der Kontrolldiät zu einer signifikanten Verringerung der Resorption von Ca, Fe und Zn. Die Cu-Resorption blieb unverändert.
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  • 25
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    European journal of nutrition 21 (1982), S. 146-169 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Süßwaren ; Zucker ; Karies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The dissolution of sugar in the oral cavity was determined by measuring the enhancement of saliva flow and the resulting concentration of sugar after consumption of commercially available sweets as well as some test products. It was found that the dissolving rate of sugar is not a function of the absolute concentration of sugar in the sweets alone; it is determined mainly by the texture, consistency and its typical consuming behaviour as well as by the form in which the sugar is contained in the sweets (as a melt, solution or crystalline).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zur Ermittlung des Löslichwerdens von Zucker in der Mundhöhle wurden bei einer Reihe von handelsüblichen Süßwaren sowie Versuchsprodukten die oral auftretenden Zuckerkonzentrationen und der durch den Genuß stimulierte Speichelfluß ermittelt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß nicht vom absoluten Gehalt an Zucker in einem Produkt das Maß für das In-Lösung-Gehen allein bestimmt wird. Vielmehr kommen Textur, Konsistenz, Aggregatzustand des Zuckers (Schmelze, Lösung, kristallin) sowie den verzehrstypischen Eigenheiten einer jeden Süßware entscheidende Einflüsse auf das Lösungsverhalten zu.
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  • 26
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    European journal of nutrition 21 (1982), S. 257-265 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: carnitine ; foods ; dietary requirements ; adult ; neonate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Oxydation der langkettigen Fettsäuren ist carnitinabhängig. So dringen diese Fettsäuren nur an Carnitin gebunden, d. h. als Acylcarnitin, in die Mitochondrien ein, um dort oxydiert zu werden. Der tierische Organismus deckt seinen Bedarf an Carnitin durch exogene Zufuhr und endogene Synthese. Eine fleischreiche Nahrung führt dem Organismus viel Carnitin zu, während Gemüse, Obst und Getreide relativ wenig davon enthalten. Obwohl es sich um ein relativ kleines Molekül handelt, das in geringer Menge in einem lebenswichtigen Stoffwechselsystem wirkt (die Beta-Oxydation), darf Carnitin nicht als Vitamin angesehen werden, sondern vielmehr als eine Nährsubstanz. Es scheint nämlich nicht unbedingt notwendig zu sein, daß die Ernährung dem erwachsenen Menschen Carnitin zuführt. Der gesunde Organismus kann bei einer ausgeglichenen Ernährungsweise (ausreichende Zufuhr von Lysin und Methionin) seinen Bedarf vollständig selbst decken. Dies um so mehr, als eine Senkung der exogenen Zufuhr von Carnitin eine geringere Ausscheidung über den Harn zur Folge hat. Dem in Nahrungsmittel enthaltenen Carnitin kommt jedoch beim Neugeborenen eine größere Bedeutung zu. Der Übergang vom pränatalen zum postnatalen Leben bewirkt eine Erhöhung des Stellenwertes der Lipide bei der Deckung des Energiebedarfs. Diese Veränderung wird von einem Anstieg des Körpergehalts an Carnitin begleitet, das im wesentlichen durch die Muttermilch zugeführt wird. Zum Abschluß gibt dieser Bericht eine knappe Darstellung der Krankheiten, bei denen sich eine ergänzende Zufuhr von Nahrungs-Carnitin als nützlich erweist.
    Notes: Summary The oxidation of long-chain fatty acids is carnitine-dependent. Indeed, only when they are bound to carnitine, in the form of acyl-carnitines, do fatty acids penetrate into the mitochondria to be oxidized. To meet the need for carnitine, animals depend on both endogenous synthesis and an exogenous supply. A diet rich in meat supplies a lot of carnitine, while vegetables, fruits, and grains furnish relatively little. Although it has a low molecular weight and acts at low doses in a vital metabolic pathway, carnitine should not be considered a vitamin, but rather a nutritive substance. Indeed, it seems that the diet of the adult human need not necessarily furnish carnitine: the healthy organism, given a balanced nutrition (sufficiently rich in lysine and methionine), may well be able to meet all its needs. Furthermore, it seems that a reduction of the exogenous supply of carnitine results in a lowering of its elimination in the urine. However, dietary carnitine is more important during the neonatal period. The transition from fetal to extrauterine life is accompanied by an increased role of lipids in meeting energy needs. This change is accompanied by a rise in the body of the levels of carnitine, which is mainly supplied in the maternal milk. Finally, this review briefly surveys the illnesses in which a dietary carnitine supplement proves useful.
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  • 27
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    European journal of nutrition 21 (1982), S. 77-82 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Five protein sources, namely, sunflower seed protein concentrate, soy protein concentrate, lupine flour, rice bran flour, and fish protein concentrate, were used to enrich wheat bread. The protein sources were added at 5 % and 10 % levels. Chemical analysis of the enriched bread revealed increase in the protein content by values ranging from 16 to 62 %. Sensoric evaluation included: aroma, crumb colour, crust colour, texture, flavour, and overall acceptability. The mean scores for these characteristics show that the protein sources are favourable supplements especially at 5 % level.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Kalium und Natrium ; Klinik-Vollkost ; chemische Analyse ; Tabellenwerte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Our knowledge on the composition of general hospital diets still relates virtually exclusively to calculated values derived from food tables. To find out how relevant these are for the estimation of potassium and sodium contents of the general diet data were chemically analysed and compared to table values. The chemical analysis of daily general diet portions resulted in a mean value of 1.86 g potassium/day in contrast to the calculated mean value of 2.72 g/day. As far as the sodium contents of the general diets are concerned, the picture was reversed (calculated: 3.16 g/day, analysed: 5.20 g/day). These results suggest that only chemical analysis of hospital diets guarantees an adequate supply of potassium and sodium.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Unser Wissen über den Nährstoffgehalt der Klinikkost beruht fast ausschließlich auf Nahrungsmitteltabellen. Um herauszufinden, wie relevant diese für den Kalium- und Natriumgehalt der Klinik-Vollkost sind, wurden analytische Daten ermittelt und den berechneten gegenübergestellt. Beim Kalium lag der chemisch ermittelte Wert mit 1,86 g/Tag signifikant niedriger als der Tabellenwert (2,72 g/ Tag). Beim Natrium war das Verhältnis umgekehrt (Analysenwert: 5,20 g/Tag, errechneter Wert: 3,16 g/Tag). Diese Befunde sprechen dafür, daß nur eine chemische Analyse der Klinikkost ausreichende Information zur Kalium- und Natriumzufuhr liefert.
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  • 29
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    European journal of nutrition 21 (1982), S. 124-145 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Malnutrition ; Onkologie ; Ernährungserhebung ; Ernährungstherapie ; Ernährungszustand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The international literature is reviewed with respect to the malnutrition of oncological patients, its etiology, consequences for the cancer patient, and therapeutical management. The negative influences of oncological diseases and of tumor-therapy strategies on the nutritional status, as well as methods of nutritional assessment are discussed. The different possibilities of nutrition therapy are demonstrated with respect to the individual requirements of the cancer patient.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der heutige Stand der Arbeiten über das Thema „Malnutrition onkologischer Patienten“ wird dargestellt im Hinblick auf die Pathogenese der Malnutrition, ihre Folgen für den Krebspatienten und die Möglichkeiten der therapeutischen Beeinflußbarkeit. Die negativen Auswirkungen onkologischer Erkrankungen auf den Ernährungszustand sowie Methoden zur Erhebung des Ernährungszustandes werden diskutiert. In Abhängigkeit von den individuellen Bedürfnissen onkologischer Patienten werden die verschiedenen Formen der Ernährungstherapie vorgestellt.
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  • 30
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    European journal of nutrition 21 (1982), S. 266-271 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Petersilie ; Gefrierlagerung ; Lecithin ; Phosphatidsäure ; Phospholipase D
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In non-blanched deep-frozen parsley, the phospholipids are rapidly decomposed by phospholipase D. However, the degradation reactions stop already after a few days, with varying quantities of unchanged lipids remaining depending on the temperature. At −12°C approx. 16 % are retained, at −18°C approx. 25 %, at −24°C approx. 43 % and at −32 °C approx. 82 %. The importance of the lipid-degradation reactions for the quality loss during frozen storage is discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In nichtblanchierter gefrorener Petersilie werden die Phospholipide mit beträchtlicher Geschwindigkeit durch Phospholipase D abgebaut. Die Abbaureaktionen kommen jedoch bereits nach wenigen Tagen zum Stillstand, wobei je nach der Temperatur mehr oder weniger große Restmengen an unveränderten Lipiden zurückbleiben. Bei −12°C sind dies ca. 16 %, bei −18°C ca. 25, bei −24°C ca. 43 und bei −32°C ca. 82%. Die Bedeutung der Lipidabbaureaktionen für die bei der Gefrierlagerung eintretende Qualitätsverschlechterung wird diskutiert.
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  • 31
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    European journal of nutrition 21 (1982), S. 170-172 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 32
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    European journal of nutrition 21 (1982), S. 2-11 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: adipose tissue ; acetyl-CoA-carboxylase ; NADPH-forming dehydrogenases ; lipid formation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Während der Ausbildung von Schichten im Fettgewebe am Schweinerumpf ca. ab dem 80. Tag nach Geburt wurden bioptisch Gewebsproben gewonnen und analysiert auf Hauptbestandteile und auf Enzyme, die bei der Fettsäuren-Biosynthese mitwirken. Die beiden Schichten unterscheiden sich im Fett- und Wassergehalt und zeigen auch bei DNS-, Protein-, Kollagen- und Natrium-Konzentrationen feinere Differenzen, wenn verschiedene Lebensalter, Geschlechter und Zuchtlinien auf fettarme Tiere verglichen werden. Acetyl-CoA-Carboxylase, Malic enzyme und Glucose-6-phosphat-Dehydrogenase sind in der inneren Schicht stärker aktiv; 6-Phosphogluconat-Dehydrogenase und Isocitrat-Dehydrogenase sind ebenfalls in den beiden Schichten unterscheidbar, wenn Alter, Geschlecht und Zuchtlinien in die Betrachtung einbezogen werden. Die Ergebnisse bilden die Grundlage für eine ins einzelne gehende Untersuchung des lipogenen Potentials im Fettgewebe (nächste Arbeit).
    Notes: Summary During the formation of two layers of adipose tissue in the pig's body, starting from the 80th day after birth, samples were obtained by biopsy and analyzed for gross constituents and enzymes concerned with fatty-acid biosynthesis. These two layers differ in total lipid and water content and demonstrate more subtle differences amongst DNA, protein, collagen, and sodium concentrations when comparisons are made in regard to age, sex, and breeding selection for low-fat animals. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase, malic enzyme and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase are more active in the inner layer, while 6-phosphogluconate and isocitrate dehydrogenases are distinguishable in the two layers of adipose tissue as well if age, sex, and breeding lines are taken into consideration. The data form the basis for a more detailed study of lipogenic potentials in adipose tissue (next paper).
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Xylit ; Glucose ; Kohlenhydrat ; Fett ; Proteinstoffwechsel ; postoperative Phase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary After a 5-day preoperative preparing period, 24 metabolically healthy patients, who had to undergo gastric resection, were fed postoperatively by hypocaloric total parenteral nutrition for a 5-day period. Group I, n=13; received 0.11 g Xylitol/kg BW · h; Group II, n=11, received 0.11 g Glucose/kg BW · h. Both groups received 1.71 g L-crystalline amino acids/kg BW · day. During the whole postoperative period, group II had significantly higher serum glucose and insulin levels. Due to the high postoperative insulin concentration in group II, free fatty acids, acetoacetate, Β-hydroxybutyrate and branched chained amino acids were significantly lower. The augmented release of muscle amino acids and the covering of a part of the energy expenditure by increased fatty acid oxidation in group I led to a higher postoperative synthesis rate of visceral proteins. From postoperative day 3 on transferrin and from postoperative day 6 on albumin and total protein were significantly higher in group I. This study could demonstrate that due to its special role in the intermediary metabolism during the postoperative period xylitol leads to a significantly higher regeneration rate of visceral proteins compared to glucose during total parenteral nutrition.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 24 stoffwechselgesunde Patienten, die sich einer Magenoperation unterziehen mußten, wurden nach einer 5tägigen präoperativen Vorbereitungszeit 5 Tage lang postoperativ hypokalorisch total parenteral ernährt. Kollektiv I, n=13; erhielt 0,11 g Xylit/kg KG · Std.; Kollektiv II, n=11; erhielt 0,11 g Glucose/kg KG · Std. Beide Kollektive erhielten 1,71 g L-kristalline Aminosäuren/kg KG · die. Während der gesamten postoperativen Phase konnten bei Kollektiv II signifikant höhere Glucose- und Insulinspiegel im Serum gemessen werden. Der postoperativ stark erhöhte Insulinspiegel bei Kollektiv II führte zu signifikant niedrigeren Werten an freien Fettsäuren, Acetacetat, Β-Hydroxybutyrat- und verzweigtkettigen Aminosäuren. Die erhöhte Freisetzung muskulärer Aminosäuren sowie die Deckung eines Teiles des energetischen Bedarfes durch eine gesteigerte Fettoxydation bei Kollektiv I führten zu einer verstärkten Synthese viszeraler Proteine. Das Transferrin lag vom 3., das Albumin und das Gesamteiweiß vom 6. postoperativen Tag an signifikant höher bei Kollektiv I. Diese Untersuchung konnte zeigen, daß Xylit aufgrund seiner besonderen Bedeutung für den Intermediärstoffwechsel in der postoperativen Phase bei der Regeneration viszeraler Proteine der Glucose als Energieträger überlegen ist.
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  • 34
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    European journal of nutrition 21 (1982), S. 254-256 
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: elektive Operation ; Ketonkörper ; Glucose ; Kohlenhydratkom-binationslösung ; Xylit ; hyper- und hypokalorische TPN
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 44 patients who had to undergo gastric resection and 28 patients who had to undergo cholecystectomy were divided into 4 groups each. Each group received parenterally a different energy source and calorie-nitrogen ratio. We intended to investigate the influence of different intravenous regimens on pre- and postoperative acetoacetate and Β-hydroxybutyrate levels. Patients undergoing gastric resection who received 0.36 g glucose/kg BW x h together with 1.14 g/kg BW x day l-crystalline amino acids had the lowest postoperative ketone body concentration. A comparable group who received 0.36 g/kg BW x day of a carbohydrate-mixture solution consisting of glucose-fructose and xylitol in a proportion of 1∶1∶1 had significantly higher ketone bodies. The comparison of glucose with xylitol in a hypocaloric dosis of 0.11 g/kg BW x h led to a physiologic ketosis only in the group with xylitol as energy source from postoperative day 2 on. In patients undergoing cholecystectomy, the sole infusion of amino acids in a dosage of 1.14 g/kg BW x h led to the highest ketone bodies from the operation day on. The intravenous infusion of a polyol-mixture solution containing xylitol and sorbitol in a relation of 1∶1 in a dosage of 4.2 g/kg BW x day led to the lowest ketone body production. The infusion of a polyol-mixture solution in a dosage of 2 g/kg BW x day enabled the development of a physiologic ketosis. In this study we could demonstrate that the infusion of xylitol or a polyol-mixture solution in a dosage of 2–3 g/kg BW x day after elective surgery enables the development of physiologic ketosis.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 44 magenchirurgische Patienten und 28 gallenchirurgische Patienten wurden je vier Kollektiven zugeteilt und diese mit unterschiedlichen Energieträgern und Kalorien-Stickstoff-Quotienten parenteral ernährt. Dabei sollte der Einflu\ unterschiedlicher intravenöser Ernährungsregime auf den Acetacetat- und Β-Hydroxybutyratspiegel in der prä- und postoperativen Phase studiert werden. Bei den Patienten mit einer Magenresektion konnte gezeigt werden, da\ die Zufuhr von Glucose in einer Dosierung von 0,36 g/kg KG x Stunde zusammen mit 1,14 g l-kristalline Aminosäuren/kg KG x Tag zu den niedrigsten postoperativen Ketonkörperspiegeln führte. Eine Kohlenhydratkombinationslösung, bestehend aus Glucose, Fructose und Xylit im Verhältnis 1∶1∶1 in einer Dosierung von 0,36 g/kg KG x-Stunde, führte zu signifikant höheren Ketonkörperspiegeln. Beim Vergleich von Glucose mit Xylit in hypokalorischer Dosierung von 0,11 g/kg KG x Stunde war die Ausbildung einer physiologischen Ketose beim Xylit-Kollektiv vom 2. postoperativen Tag an signifikant höher. Bei den Patienten mit einer Cholezystektomie wiesen die Patienten mit ausschlie\licher intravenöser Zufuhr von Aminosäuren in einer Dosierung von 1,14 g/ kg KG x Tag die höchsten Werte vom Operationstag an auf. Patienten mit einer Polyol-Mischlösung, Xylit-Sorbit im Verhältnis 1∶1, in einer Dosierung von 4,2 g/kg KG x Tag, wiesen die niedrigsten Ketonkörperspiegel auf. Die Zufuhr einer Polyol-Mischlösung in einer Dosierung von 2 g/kg KG x Tag ermöglichte die Ausbildung einer physiologischen Ketose. In dieser Untersuchung konnte gezeigt werden, da\ während der hypokalorischen Zufuhr von Xylit oder einer Polyol-Mischlösung in einer Dosierung von 2–3 g/kg KG x Tag während der postoperativen intravenösen Substratzufuhr die Ausbildung einer physiologischen Ketose gewährleistet ist.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: totale parenterale Ernährung ; Frühgeborene ; Dicarbonsäuren ; Transsulfuration-pathway ; Krebs-Henseleit-Zyklus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Within the scope of clinically indicated total parenteral nutrition of premature infants, a comparative randomized study was performed to examine — by means of notrogen-balance studies and determination of the free amino acids in the serum — the metabolic effects of absent or parallel intake of 1.140 Μmoll-aspartic acid plus 2.160 Μmoll-glutamic acid per kg body weight per day in completel-amino acid solutions with a comparative E/T-ratio and with identical intake of all other nutrients adapted to the requirement. 1. The nitrogen balance level was not affected by the absent or parallel intake of the dicarbonic acids. 2. Intravenous intakes of glycine plusl-serine, which are higher than 2.5 mmol per kg body weight and day, caused statistically significant increased serum concentrations of glycine andl-serine. Such intakes are obviously above the physiologic regulation range. 3. The absent intake ofl-aspartic acid andl-glutamic acid resulted in parallel, statistically significant reduced serum concentrations of aspartic acid and asparagine as well as in homeostatic serum concentrations of glutamic acid and glutamine. Despite the only 15–20% higher intake of proline, alanine and arginine under the infusion regimen lacking dicarbonic acids, there was a parallel, statistically significant marked increase in the serum concentrations of proline, alanine, arginine and methionine as well as a statistically significant marked decrease in those of taurine. Under the infusion regimen containing dicarbonic acids exclusively, constant homeostatic serum concentrations of these amino acids as well as of aspartic acid and glutamic acid were measured. 4. A direct or indirect effect of the exogenous supply ofl-aspartic acid and/orl-glutamic acid on the homeostasis of aspartic acid and asparagine, on the endogenous turnover ofl-alanine andl-proline as well as on the physiologic course of the Krebs-Henseleit cycle and of the “transsulfuration pathway” must be discussed. 5. Since the supply rates ofl-aspartic acid plusl-glutamic acid chosen in series 2 (when continuously administered during 24-hour periods) apparently do not cause any disturbance in amino-acid homeostasis, it is established that under the nutritional conditions given this intake lies within the respective physiologic regulation range and therefore is atoxic.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Rahmen klinisch erforderlicher totaler parenteraler Ernährung Frühgeborener wurden mittels Stickstoffbilanzstudien und Bestimmung der freien Aminosäuren im Serum in einer vergleichenden randomisierten Studie die metabolischen Wirkungen fehlender bzw. paralleler Zufuhren von 1,140 Μmoll-Asparaginsäure plus 2,160 Μmoll-Glutaminsäure/kg Körpergewicht und Tag in kompletten Aminosäurenlösungen mit vergleichbarer E/T-Ratio bei identischen bedarfsdeckenden Zufuhren aller übrigen Bau- und Betriebsstoffe überprüft. 1. Das Stickstoffbilanzniveau wurde durch die fehlende bzw. parallele Zufuhr von Dicarbonsäuren nicht beeinflu\t. 2. Summarische Zufuhren von mehr als 2,5 mmol Glycin plus Serin/kg Körpergewicht und Tag bedingen statistisch signifikant erhöhte Serumkonzentrationen von Glycin und/oder Serin. 3. Fehlende Zufuhren vonl-Asparaginsäure undl-Glutaminsäure verursachen parallel statistisch signifikant erniedrigte Serumkonzentrationen von Asparaginsäure und Asparagin sowie homöostatische Serumkonzentrationen von Glutaminsäure und Glutamin. Ausschlie\lich unter der Dicarbonsäure-freien Infusionsernährung wurden trotz nur 15–20% höherer Zufuhr von Prolin, Alanin und Arginin, ansonsten identischer Zufuhr aller Bau- und Betriebsstoffe statistisch signifikant sehr deutlich erhöhte Serumkonzentrationen von Prolin, Alanin, Arginin und Methionin sowie statistisch signifikant sehr deutlich erniedrigte Serumkonzentrationen von Taurin gemessen. Unter der Dicarbonsäure-haltigen Infusionsernährung waren die Serumkonzentrationen dieser Aminosäuren ebenso wie von Asparaginsäure und Glutaminsäure ausschlie\lich im Normbereich gelegen. 4. Eine direkte bzw. indirekte Einwirkung der exogenen Zufuhr von Asparaginsäure und/oder Glutaminsäure auf die Homöostase von Asparaginsäure und Asparagin, den endogenen Umsatz von Prolin und Alanin sowie den physíologischen Ablauf des Krebs-Henseleit-Zyklus und des „transsulfuration-pathway“ mu\ diskutiert werden. 5. Da die in Serie 2 gewählten Zufuhren vonl-Asparaginsäure plusl-Glutaminsäure bei kontinuierlicher Zufuhr über jeweils 24 Stunden nachweislich keine Aminosäurehomöostase-Störung bedingten, sind diese Zufuhren unter den gegebenen Ernährungsbedingungen gesichert innerhalb des jeweils zugeordneten physiologischen Regelungsbereiches gelegen und damit atoxisch.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: N-Acetyl-L-tyrosin ; N-Acetyl-L-cystein ; Acylasen ; Niere ; Leber
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary N-Acetyl-L-tyrosine and N-acetyl-L-cysteine are deacylated by enzyme preparations from kidney and liver in vitro. It is likely that this is caused by two different acylases. Michaelis constants and activities are shown. Kidney contains much more activity than liver per unit of weight. No activity can be detected in muscles.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung N-Acetyl-L-tyrosin und N-Acetyl-L-cystein werden in vitro durch Enzympräparate aus Niere und Leber der Ratte gespalten. Wahrscheinlich handelt es sich um zwei verschiedene Acylasen. Michaelis-Konstanten und Aktivitäten werden angegeben. Niere enthält pro Gewichtseinheit wesentlich mehr Aktivität als Leber. In der Muskulatur wird keine meßbare Aktivität gefunden.
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  • 38
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    European journal of nutrition 21 (1982), S. 12-20 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: acetyl-CoA-carboxylase ; adipose tissue ; biotin ; fatty acid biosyn-thesis ; epididymal fat pad ; liver
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Aktivität der Acetyl-CoA-Carboxylase wurde im Fettgewebe von Schweinen bei einem Züchtungsversuch auf magere Tiere und bei Ratten und Mäusen unter verschiedenen Ernährungsbedingungen gemessen. Das Enzym verhält sich gleichförmig mit den vier hauptsächlichen NADPH liefernden Dehydrogenasen wie ein Block lipogener Enzyme und wird in Schweinen als genetisch determiniert gefunden. Wird die Enzymaktivität unter einer Reihe verschiedener Versuchsbedingungen mit dem Körperfett korreliert, so wird die geschwindigkeitsbestimmende Funktion der Acetyl-CoA-Carboxylase nicht nur für die Fettsäuren-Biosynthese bestätigt, sondern auf deren Veresterung und Ablagerung im Gewebe ausgedehnt. Quotienten der Enzymaktivität in der äußeren: inneren Schicht des Unterhaut-Fettgewebes vom Schwein, auch in epididymalem: subkutanem oder epididymalem: perirenalem Fettgewebe bei Ratte und Maus stehen in guter Korrelation mit der vorhergesagten Fettablagerung beim Schwein und mit der Verfettung bei Labornagern. Gestufter Biotinmangel führt bei fettsüchtigen Mäusen zu einer Bevorzugung der Fetteinlagerung in den epididymalen Fettkörper im Vergleich zu normaler Biotinversorgung. Aus den Aktivitätsquotienten der Acetyl-CoA-Carboxylase wird das Konzept eines lipogenen Potentials in den Versuchstieren abgeleitet.
    Notes: Summary Acetyl-CoA-carboxylase activities were measured in adipose tissues of pigs during a breeding experiment for a low-fat line, and of rats and obese mice under different nutritional conditions. Acetyl-CoA-carboxylase behaves uniformly with the four major NADPH-generating dehydrogenases, like a block of lipogenic enzymes, and is found to be genetically determined in pigs. Correlation with body fat under a variety of experimental conditions confirms the rate-limiting character of acetyl-CoA-carboxylase, not only for the biosynthesis of fatty acids, but obviously also for their esterification and for triglyceride deposition. Activity ratios of this enzyme in different adipose tissues, e.g. outerversus inner layer of subcutaneous adipose tissue in pigs, epididymalversus subcutaneous, or epididymalversus perirenal adipose tissue in rats and obese mice, correlate well with predicted fattening in pigs and with fat deposition in laboratory rodents. Moderate biotin deficiency in obese mice leads to a preferred fat deposition in the epididymal fat pad in comparison with normal biotin supply. The concept of a lipogenic potential in the body is derived from the activity ratios of acetyl-CoA-carboxylase.
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  • 39
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    European journal of nutrition 21 (1982), S. 83-85 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Thiamin ; Sterilisation ; Schweinefleisch ; freies Thiamin ; gebundenes Thiamin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wurde der Einfluß einer ganzen Reihe von technologischen für die Produktion sterilisierter Konserven charakteristischen Faktoren auf Veränderungen des Gehaltes an freiem und gebundenem Thiamin erforscht. Es wurde der Fortschrittsgrad der autolytischen Veränderungen des Fleisches, das Vorhandensein von Pökelsalzen, der Zusatz von Zucker, Stärke und Kalträucherpräparat berücksichtigt. Es wurde nachgewiesen, daß — je größer der Fortschrittsgrad der autolytischen Veränderungen des Fleisches war —, desto mehr enthielt dieses an freiem Thiamin und weniger an gebundenem Thiamin. Verluste an allgemeinem Gehalt von Thiamin im Fleisch mit fortgeschrittenen autolytischen Veränderungen war infolge von Sterilisation der Konserven geringer. Gebundenes Thiamin wies sodann eine spezielle Empfindlichkeit gegen den thermischen Abbau auf, als sein Anteil in der Zusammensetzung mit freiem Thiamin 30 % überschritt. Der Zusatz von Zucker zum Konservenbrät setzte den thermischen Abbau des freien Thiamins langsamer herab, das Kalträucherpräparat dagegen steigerte diese Verluste. Die Menge an freiem Thiamin stand in enger Beziehung zu dem Gehalt an allgemeinem Thiamin. Der Korrelationsgrad gestaltete sich auf dem Niveau r=0,995.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Mangelernährung ; Diagnostik der Mangelernährung ; Anabolie ; Katabolie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the present paper the significance of anthropometric, laboratory-chemical and immunological indices for the initial assessment of the nutritional status and the observation of its development is evaluated. For this purpose the results of personal investigations in abstinent alcoholics under intensive nutritional rehabilitation during three weeks and of catabolic malignoma patients with infaust prognosis are discussed in connection with the available reference literature. It is our aim to combine simple and highly significant parameters and data in an informative and practicable assessment profile.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Aussagekraft anthropometrischer, laborchemischer und immunologischer Kenngrößen für die Ersterhebung des Ernährungszustandes und die Verlaufsbeobachtung bewertet. Hierfür werden die Ergebnisse eigener Erhebungen bei abstinenten Alkoholikern unter intensiver Ernährungsrehabilitation über drei Wochen und kataboler Malignompatienten mit infauster Prognose im Zusammenhang mit der vorliegenden Literatur diskutiert. Unser Ziel ist es, einfache und möglichst gewichtige Meßgrößen und Angaben in einem Bewertungsprofil zusammenzufassen, das aussagekräftig und praktikabel ist.
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  • 42
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    European journal of nutrition 21 (1982), S. 173-173 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 43
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    European journal of nutrition 21 (1982), S. 175-190 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 44
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    European journal of nutrition 21 (1982), S. 191-201 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: fat deterioration ; essential fatty acids ; polymeric triglycerides ; frying fats ; nutritive value
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurden die Veränderungen von Sonnenblumenöl, Rüböl und Schweinefett während des Fritierprozesses durch Ermittlung der Abnahme an essentiellen Fettsäuren im Vergleich zur Akkumulation der Zersetzungsprodukte untersucht. Der Gehalt an Linol- und Linolensäure wurde durch GLC gernessen, und GPC-Bestimmung der polymeren Triglyceride wurde für die Erfassung der Abbauprodukte angewendet. In 12 Fritierversuchen, deren Zweck die „Modellierung“ der Praxis und die Untersuchung von einigen Fakten war, wurden die Fette unter verschiedenen Bedingungen ohne oder mit Bratgut belastet und die erhaltenen 110 Proben analysiert. Die Abnahme an essentiellen Fettsäuren, die im Einklang mit dem Anstieg der Zersetzungsprodukte steht, ist ein Indikator für die Abnahme des Nahrungswertes sowie für die Verdorbenheit von gebrauchten Fritierfetten. Aus den Ergebnissen ging hervor, da\ Fettsäurezusammensetzung des Fettes und Fritierbedingungen die mögliche Gebrauchsdauer stark beeinflussen. Es wurde festgestellt, da\ zwischen dem Gehalt an polymeren Triglyceriden und der Abnahme an essentiellen Fettsäuren von den Fettsorten abhängige, strenge lineare Korrelationen bestehen. Korrelationskoeffizienten und Gleichungen der Regressionsgeraden wurden berechnet.
    Notes: Summary Degradation of sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, and lard during the frying operation was investigated by studying the loss of essential fatty acids compared to the accumulation of decomposition products. Linoleic and/or linolenic acid concentration was measured by GLC, and for detecting decomposition products determination of polymer content by GPC was chosen. Twelve laboratory experiments with different heating or frying conditions were run aimed at modelling practice and studying the effects of certain factors. The results indicated that loss of essential fatty acids being a parallel process to the accumulation of breakdown products is suitable both for detecting the decrease in nutritive value and for quality assessment of used frying fats. It was also found that the rate of deterioration is considerably affected by the nature of fat and the frying parameters. Study of the relationship between polymer content and the decrease in essential fatty acid concentration (using data from 110 samples) showed that high, linear correlation depending on the nature of fat can be found. Correlation coefficients and equations of regression lines were calculated.
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  • 45
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    European journal of nutrition 21 (1982), S. 246-253 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: coliforme Bakterien ; Streptococcus ; Kiemen ; Indikatoren ; coliform ; streptococcus ; gills ; indicators
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A study was made for the occurrence of coliform and streptococcal groups on the skin surface (32 samples), gills (32 samples), intestinal tract (4 samples) and raw fish flesh (4 samples) and raw fish flesh (4 samples) of Boulti fish (Tilapia nilotica Linn.), a fresh water fish caught from Nasser's Lake in Aswan. Streptococcus group was detected in 13 samples taken from fish surface, 12 samples out of 32 swabs from gills. All intestine samples and raw fish flesh were positive for the streptococcus group. Coliform organisms were detected at nearly 43 % of skin or gill samples, 100 % of intestine and raw fish flesh samples.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird über das Auftreten von coliformen Bakterien und Bakterien der Streptokokkengruppe auf der Haut (32 Proben), den Kiemen (32 Proben), im Verdauungstrakt (4 Proben) sowie im frischen Fischfleisch (4 Proben) vonTilapia nilotica Linn., einem Frischwasserfisch aus dem Nassersee in Aswan berichtet. Streptokokken wurden in 13 Proben der Fischoberfläche, 12 Proben der Kiemenabstriche sowie in allen Darmproben und den Proben aus rohem Fischfleisch gefunden. Coliforme Organismen befanden sich in fast 43% der Haut- und Kiemenproben sowie in allen Proben des Darmtraktes und des rohen Fischfleisches.
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  • 46
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    European journal of nutrition 21 (1982), S. 272-278 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Zuckeraustauschstoff ; Palatinit ; Saccharose ; Energiewechsel ; Retention ; Protein ; Fett ; Energie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The retention of protein, fat and energy of Palatinit was measured in a trial with carcass analyses and compared with that of sucrose. Therefore 39 male rats weighing about 200 g were divided in three groups. In order to get basic values, 4 animals of each group were slaughtered. The other 3×9 animals were fed 56 days in one group the basal diet, in two other groups the same diet plus sucrose and Palatinit, respectively. The retention of dry matter, protein, fat and energy was calculated with carcass analyses. The results show that the supplement of Palatinit gave higher values of retention compared with the basal diet, but there was no change in the body composition. Compared with this, the supplement of sucrose brought not only higher values of retention, but also a changed carcass composition compared with the basal diet and the supplement of Palatinit, too; thereby the fat content was significantly higher, and the protein content was lower. The retention of energy was reduced by 33 % with the supplement of Palatinit, compared with the isocaloric supplement of sucrose.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In einem Schlachtkörperversuch wurde der Protein-, Fett- und Energieansatz von Palatinit gemessen und mit dem von Saccharose verglichen. Dazu wurden 39 etwa 200 g schwere männliche Ratten in drei Gruppen eingeteilt. Zu Versuchsbeginn wurden zur Ermittlung der Ausgangswerte jeweils 4 Tiere pro Gruppe getötet. Die restlichen 3×9 Tiere wurden in einer Gruppe mit Grunddiät, in zwei weiteren Gruppen mit derselben Diät plus Saccharose bzw. Palatinit 56 Tage gefüttert. Mittels Ganzkörperanalyse wurde der Trockensubstanz-, Rohprotein-, Fett- und Energieansatz berechnet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Zulage von Palatinit zwar zu höheren Ansatzwerten, jedoch im Vergleich zur Grunddiät zu keiner Veränderung im Schlachtkörper führte. Demgegenüber konnte bei Saccharosezulage im Vergleich zur Grunddiät, somit auch zur Palatinitzulage, neben erhöhten Ansatzwerten auch eine veränderte Schlachtkörperzusammensetzung beobachtet werden; bei einem erhöhten Trokkensubstanzgehalt lag dabei der Fettanteil in der TS deutlich höher, der Rohproteinanteil in der TS niedriger. Der Energieansatz bei Palatinitzulage war um 33 % niedriger als bei isokalorischer Saccharosezulage.
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  • 47
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    European journal of nutrition 21 (1982), S. 312-322 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Tetrahymena pyriformis ; biologische Bewertung des Eiweißes ; T-PER ; T-RNV
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A survey has been provided about the possibilities of using the protozoon Tetrahymena in studies on the nutritional value of food proteins. The structure of the protozoon and the elementary requirements regarding its cultivation under laboratory conditions are described. Particular emphasis has been laid on a great many proposals concerning analytical methods. The variability of solutions in this field influences the variability of the results and thus the resulting consequences for research. The presence of technological additives in the investigated food protein reduces the possibility of using the protozoon considerably.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wurde ein Überblick über die Möglichkeiten gegeben, das Protozoon Tetrahymena bei Untersuchungen über den Nährwert von Eiweißstoffen aus Lebensmitteln anzuwenden. Die Struktur des Protozoons sowie die elementaren Anforderungen an seine Züchtung im Labor wurden dargestellt. Besonderes Augenmerk richtete sich auf zahlreiche Vorschläge zu den analytischen Methoden. Die Vielfältigkeit von Lösungen in diesem Bereich beeinflußt die Variabilität der Ergebnisse und der damit verbundenen Forschungsfolgerungen. Das Vorhandensein von technologischen Zusätzen im untersuchten Eiweiß der Lebensmittel beschränkt in bedeutendem Maße die Möglichkeit einer Anwendung des Protozoons.
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  • 48
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    European journal of nutrition 21 (1982), S. 279-298 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Trauma ; hormonelle ; metabolische Veränderungen ; Leberenzyme ; Trauma-adaptierte Nährstoffzufuhr
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In this paper we introduce a new perioperative infusion regime. We will discuss problems associated with the water and electrolyte metabolism and show the influence of pre- and postoperative beginning of an intravenous nutrition support on metabolic and hormonal changes after trauma. We also will show the influence of hypercaloric and trauma-adapted nutritional support on hormonal, metabolic and liver-specific enzyme changes after trauma.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In dieser Publikation stellen wir ein neues Konzept der perioperativen Infusionstherapie vor. Dabei wird im einzelnen auf die Physiologie und Pathophysiologie des Wasser- und Elektrolythaushaltes sowie der Einfluß eines prä- und postoperativen Beginnes einer parenteralen Nährstoffzufuhr auf den Stoffwechsel und die hormonellen Veränderungen nach einem Trauma dargestellt. Darüber hinaus wird auf den Einfluß einer hyperkalorischen bzw. der Trauma-adaptierten Nährstoffzufuhr auf die hormonellen, metabolischen und leberspezifischen Enzymveränderungen nach einem Trauma eingegangen.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: chronic renal failure ; dietary treatment ; essential amino acids ; α-keto acids ; nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Oral therapy with essential amino acids (EAA) or α-keto acids (α-KA) has been recommended in patients with renal failure, but quality and quantity of optimal protein intake are still controversial. This study compares sequentially the effect of supplementation with EAA, and with α-KA versus placebo in 15 ambulatory patients with chronic renal failure (average creatinine clearance 10.8 ml/min), maintained on a protein diet of 0.57 g/kg body weight (40 g for a 70-kg patient). The actual dietary intake averaged 0.55 g protein/kg and 27 kcal/kg according to repeated 7-day dietary recordings. After a 6-week baseline period on this diet, all patients received additionally 0.112 g EAA/kg for 6 weeks followed by a double-blind cross-over study of 0.105 g α-KA/kg versus placebo supplementation for 6 weeks each. Fasting blood samples for multiple parameters, including 15 indicators for protein deficiency, as well as anthropometric and clinical data were evaluated every 3 weeks. Laboratory data revealed no indications of protein deficiency. Therapy with α-KA diminished serum phosphate concentration (p〈0.05), however no other significant beneficial effects could be demonstrated during supplementation with either EAA or α-KA. Therefore, such supplementation to a 0.55-g/kg-protein diet appears superfluous in stable ambulatory patients with renal insufficiency.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Art und Zusammensetzung einer optimalen eiweißarmen Ernährung für Patienten mit Niereninsuffizienz sind weiterhin umstritten. Die orale medikamentöse Behandlung mit essentiellen Aminosäuren oder α-Ketosäuren wird häufig empfohlen. Unsere Untersuchungen vergleichen nacheinander bei 15 ambulanten Patienten mit chronischem Nierenversagen (mittlere Kreatinin-Clearance 10,8 ml/min) unter einer eiweißarmen Ernährung von 0,57 g/kg Körpergewicht (40 g/70 kg) die Wirkung einer Substitution mit essentiellen Aminosäuren, danach die Substitution mit α-Ketosäuren gegenüber Plazebo. Der nachgewiesene Proteingehalt in der Nahrung betrug 0,55 g/kg, die Energiezufuhr 27 kcal/kg Körpergewicht, wie mehrfach Ernährungsprotokolle über jeweils 7 Tage bei den Patienten zeigen ließen. Nach einer Vorperiode von 6 Wochen nur unter diätetischen Maßnahmen erhielten alle Patienten zusätzlich 0,112 g essentielle Aminosäuren/kg Körpergewicht über 6 Wochen, danach in einer Doppelblinduntersuchung 0,105 g α-Ketosäuren/kg Körpergewicht im Vergleich gegenüber Plazebo, ebenfalls jeweils über 6 Wochen. Nüchtern-Blutuntersuchungen wurden für ein Standard-Laborwertprogramm, insbesondere für 15 Proteinmangelparameter, alle 3 Wochen durchgeführt, ferner anthropometrische und klinische Kontrollen. Die Laborwerte erbrachten keine Hinweise auf einen manifesten Proteinmangel. Die Therapie mit α-Ketosäuren erniedrigte die Phosphatspiegel signifikant (p〈0,05). Dagegen konnten weder unter essentiellen Aminosäuren oder α-Ketosäuren andere für den Patienten wesentliche Effekte nachgewiesen werden. Deshalb erscheint uns eine Substitution mit essentiellen Aminosäuren oder Ketosäuren überflüssig bei Patienten mit einer chronischen Niereninsuffizienz, die sich in einem stabilen Stoffwechselgleichgewicht befinden und mit einer Eiweißzufuhr von 0,55 g/kg Körpergewicht behandelt werden.
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  • 50
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 423-433 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: methods ; phophate fertilization ; reaction rate ; soil ; variable charge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The reaction between soil and phosphate was studied using a method in which a sample of the soil solution was displaced by centrifuging moist soil with a dense, immiscible organic liquid. The soil solution floats on the organic liquid and can be removed for analysis. Phosphate concentrations in the soil solution so displaced were lower than those estimated by the null-point method using 0.01M calcium chloride. The differences were shown to be closely associated with the lower calcium concentration of the soil solution. Adsorption from solutions of monovalent phosphate salts was accompanied by accumulation of cations in the soil solution. It was argued that this occurred because the average charge conveyed to the adsorbing surfaces was less than unity. Calculated values were between 0.90 and 0.96. The remainder of the charge was balanced by release of hydroxide ions and small increases in pH were observed. The immiscible displacement method appeared to be potentially valuable for many studies of the reaction between chemicals and soil. Its main disadvantage is that the volume of solution available for analysis is small and this places limits on the sensitivity.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 13-16 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: cocoa ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; soil analysis ; Nigeria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract No extensive investigation on the effect of fertilizers on Amazon cocoa variety (Theobroma cacao L.) has been performed in Nigeria. Therefore eight fertilizer treatments involving nitrogen and phosphorus, replicated six times at four locations across southern Nigeria, were established in 1973. The four N levels (N0, N1, N2, N3) involved were 0, 80, 160 and 240 kg ha−1 y−1, and the two P levels (P0, P1) were 0 and 67 kg ha−1 y−1. Results of the first 5 years of fertilizer application are reported. Response to P was observed at all locations, and the response was statistically significant at 2 of the locations. There was no response to the application of nitrogen. The data suggest, however, that there is only a response to phosphorus when nitrogen is applied.
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  • 52
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 3-12 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: biosuper ; Florida phosphate rock ; North Carolina phosphate rock ; oxidation of sulphur ; phosphate rock/sulphur granules ; slow-release fertilizer ; pot experiment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A pot trial was conducted to determine the influence of phosphate rock (PR) reactivity and granule size on the effectiveness of biosuper. Perennial ryegrass was grown as the test crop for 9 months in a volcanic ash soil of pH 5.4. The PRs used were North Carolina (NC) (reactive) and Florida (Fl) (less reactive). Single superphosphate was used as the standard fertilizer. The fertilizers were added at 6 rates 3 mm below the soil surface. The dry matter yield and phosphate uptake data indicated that the effectiveness of the fertilizers were in the order of NC/S (biosuper indicated by adding S to the PR names) = superphosphate 〉 NC 〉 F1/S 〉 F1 〉 control. The performance of biosupers and PRs relative to superphosphate, improved with time. The effectiveness of NC/S increased by 18–30% and that of F1/S by 50–70%, depending on the rate of application, in comparison with addition as PR granules. Plant phosphate uptake and soil Olsen bicarbonate extractable phosphate values indicated that the increase in yield in biosuper treatments was due to enhanced phosphate supply, caused by the oxidation of sulphur to sulphuric acid and the subsequent reaction of the acid with the PRs. Increasing the NC/S granule size from 0.2–0.5 to 1–2 mm range resulted in a small but significant decrease in effectiveness. However, the calculated yield maxima were the same. The size of the granules did not make significant difference with F1/S. Olsen bicarbonate extractable phosphate values increased by 140 to 310% and 140 to 330% respectively when NC and Fl were added as biosupers compared to addition as PR granules. The values for superphosphate decreased rapidly with time and were less than those for biosupers five months after addition of the fertilizers.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 25-36 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: iodine ; lucerne ; ryegrass ; growth ; chemical composition ; nutrient-solutions ; ammoniacal and nitrate nitrogen ; acidity ; volatilization ; fertilizers ; grazing animals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Growth of lucerne was inhibited by sodium iodide even more than that of ryegrass above a concentration equivalent to 1µg cm−3 of iodine in an applied solution. In sand-culture the extent to which the iodide depressed yield of dry matter depended on the type of nutrient-solution used to stimulate and maintain vigorous growth. In contrast, where the plants were grown in soil the depression was independent of the nutrient-solution used. This difference between solutions is a reflection of the extent to which growing plants can modify pH in the root-zone of a sandy unbuffered substrate and leads to a conclusion that acidity greatly enhances the toxic effect of the iodine. There are reasons for believing that in sunlight iodine may be lost by volatilization even from living plant-tissue. The implication of these findings is discussed in relation to using either iodized fertilizers or iodized salt-blocks in order to maintain iodine in pastoral systems at levels satisfactory for animal-health.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 127-139 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: cropping system ; optimum fertilizer use ; residual fertility ; sequential cropping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Results of an eight-year study on long-term effect of N and P application in a pearlmillet—wheat sequence is reported. There was little or no residual effect of N on any of the crops. Pearlmillet needed 70 to 80 kg N and wheat required more than 120 kg N ha−1 every year for optimum grain yield. There was no soluble P build up in soil by continuous P application. Fertilizing wheat every year with 19 kg P and pearlmillet with 13 kg P ha−1 is considered optimum. Continuous cropping leading to a production of 216 tonnes of biomass ha−1 in 17 crops and use of high analysis N (urea) and P (triple superphosphate) fertilizers had not impaired the K and Zn supplying capacity of these alluvial soils containing illite clay minerals. The experiment is being continued to monitor the productivity of the soil as affected by continuous cropping.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 97-110 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen fertilization ; grass varieties ; cutting interval ; chemical composition ; major elements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Effects of three levels of applied nitrogen and 4- and 8-week intervals between cuts on the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sodium content and yield of four grasses grown in field swards were studied in three full harvest years. Concentrations of elements in herbage lower than those required by some classes of livestock were found as follows: in the case of phosphorus, where high yields of grass were obtained without any very recent application of phosphorus; in the case of calcium, mainly at harvests in late April/early May; in the case of magnesium, in most of the grass harvested in April, May, June and July; in the case of sodium, where no nitrogen or the intermediate level was applied, except at the October/November harvests; in the case of nitrogen, at harvests in May and July with the 8-week interval and no applied N. Suggestions are made as to ways of raising the concentrations where necessary. The concentration of potassium in herbage was greatly in excess of animal requirements; possible ways of economizing on potassium application are considered. Applied nitrogen (as ‘Nitro-chalk’) greatly reduced extractable soil potassium, reduced soil magnesium, and had little or no effect on soil calcium, sodium or pH.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 111-125 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: grasslands ; phosphorus maintenance model ; phosphorus utilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A balance sheet model has been used to calculate the efficiency of phosphorus applied at stable levels of pasture production. This shows that P is used efficiently, with 70 to 90% of fertilizer and recycled P being utilized by plants. The remaining P not used by plants (10 to 30%) is lost due to chemical reactions or downward movement in the soil. Utilization efficiency declines as the maximum yield (in respect to P nutrition) is approached on any soil. The fertilizer phosphate maintenance requirements of grasslands can be calculated on the basis of the efficiency of P utilization by pasture plants and the amount of P recycled in plant and animal residues at any stable P output, i.e. steady state. The amount of recycled P has been obtained by deducting from P uptake the amount of P removed in produce and lost by transfer under (a) dairy farming, and (b) cattle and sheep farming. In this paper the phosphate maintenance requirements have been calculated for soils of low, medium and high production potential, each at 70 and 85% utilization at 90% of maximum production.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 169-175 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: growth response ; NPK fertilizers ; rubber seedlings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A two-year study (1977/78 and 1978/79) was carried out using GT I seedlings raised in polybags at the Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria (RRIN) main station, to determine the response of rubber seedlings to the application of N, P, K fertilizer. The fertilizers were each applied at three rates as follows: 0, 45 and 90 kg N per ha as sulphate of ammonia; 0, 14.80 and 29.60 kg P per ha as single superphosphate and 0, 9 and 18 kg K per ha as muriate of potash. Stem diameter and height were measured at monthly intervals, while dry matter of tops was estimated at the end of each year of study. P emerged as the single most important nutrient followed by N and K in order of magnitude. Growth response to N and K were enhanced by the presence of P at both levels. The degree of response was related to the level of each nutrient in the soil. Best growth was obtained in the treatments containing all three nutrients. In conclusion, application of fertilizers to rubber seedlings on the soils used, is justified by the growth increases obtained, especially where all three nutrients were applied together.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. i 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 293-302 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: critical P level ; fertilizer factor ; optimum yield ; P fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A greenhouse fertilizer trial was carried out on 60 surface soils of the western Nigeria savannah derived from basement complex rocks. Bray's P1 available P in the soils varied between 1 and 112µg ml−1. There was maize response to P addition and a critical P level of 12.7µg ml−1 was calculated for the soils. For 22 of the soils, a laboratory incubation technique was used in evaluating changes in Bray's P1 extractable P at various rates with time. The initial rapid decline in soil available P was completed between 28 and 84 days of incubation. A fertilizer factor, calculated from extracted P in treated and untreated soils varied between 1.5 and 16.7µg ml−1 and was significantly correlated with soil pH and citrate-dithioniteextractable oxides of Fe and Al. Fertilizer rates based on critical soil P, available soil P and fertilizer factor, correlated significantly with greenhouse estimates for optimum yield obtained with the linear response plateau model (r = 0.91,p 〈 0.001). At ten field locations varying in available P content, response was only to P applications lower than 60 kg ha−1 and the calculated P rates using a mean fertilizer factor of 3.0µg ml−1 corresponded to P rates at which maximum yields were obtained in the sites.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 303-314 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: direct effect ; organic manure ; residual effect ; rice—wheat rotation ; soil fertility ; substitution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field studies on the substitution of N and P fertilizers with farm yard manure (FYM) and their effect on the fertility status of a loamy sand soil in rice—wheat rotation are reported. The treatments consisted of application of 12 t FYM ha−1 in combination with graded levels of N and P. Application of fertilizer N, FYM and their different combinations increased the rice yield significantly. There was no significant response to P application. The magnitude of response to the application of 12 t FYM and its combined use with each of 40 kg and 80 kg N ha−1 was 0.7, 2.2 and 3.9 t ha−1 respectively. Application of 120 kg N ha−1 alone increased the yield by 3.9 t ha−1, and was comparable to rice yield obtained with 80 kg N and 12 t FYM ha−1. This indicated that 12 t FYM ha−1 could be substituted for 40 kg N as inorganic fertilizer in rice. In addition FYM gave residual effects equivalent to 30 kg N and 13.1 kg P ha−1 in the succeeding wheat. The effect of single or combined use of inorganic fertilizers and FYM was significantly reflected in the build up of available N, P, K and organic carbon contents of the soil. The relationship for predicting rice yield and nutrients uptake were also computed and are discussed.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 325-336 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: N mineralization ; P fertilization ; K fertilization ; nitrification ; permanent grassland ; soil incubation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Three experiments were carried out to study the effect of superphosphate, potassium fertilizer salts on the extent of N mineralization and on the nitrification rate with increasing time of incubation of soil samples from a meadow. Experiment 1: Increasing amounts of superphosphate, up to 96 mg per 30 g soil (equivalent to 174 kg P per ha) had only a small effect on the N mineralization. The samples treated with potassic fertilizer, up to 126 mg per 30 g soil (equivalent to 996 kg K per ha), reached values up to 65% higher than the control without any fertilizer. There was a positive and significant P × K interaction. The nitrification decreased with applications of any fertilizer. Experiment 2: The addition of potassium as chloride, sulfate and carbonate increased the amount of mineralized N to the same extent. Chloride and sulfate reduced the nitrification rate, whereas carbonate promoted it. Experiment 3: The addition of potassium chloride to soil sterilized with thimerosal had no effect on the amount of N released. With increasing time of incubation the content of mineral N in the samples increased. The abiotical release of N without K addition amounted to nearly 1.9 mg N per 100 g soil after 3 days of incubation and 15 days later to 6.0 mg N per 100 g soil.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 353-366 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: aluminium toxicity ; chemical composition ; lime ; lucerne ; nodulation ; nutrient-uptake ; phosphate ; ryegrass ; shoot/root ratios ; soil acidity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The proposition that difficulty in establishing pasture in an allophanic soil was caused by aluminium toxicity was examined in a pot trial using ryegrass and lucerne as test plants. Ionic aluminium was added to the soil in the presence and absence of both phosphate and limestone, and its effects on yield and chemical composition of the plants, and on nodulation of lucerne roots, were recorded. Aluminium accumulated in the roots of the plants, in amounts similar to those found for calcium, without depressing yield very much; in fact the small depression which occurred seemed less associated with aluminium than with an accompanying increase in soil acidity. Since ions of aluminium are very toxic where they penetrate living cells, it seems that these plants have an in-built resistance whereby the element is immobilized outside the cell, probably in cell walls and as insoluble phosphates and hydroxides.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 385-397 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Eucalyptus grandis ; foliar levels and ratios ; interaction responses ; liming ; N, P, K fertilizing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The interaction responses to N, P, K fertilizing and limimg in four experiments withEucalyptus grandis are described. Inclusion of the N—P and P—K relationships gives a clearer understanding of the nutrient requirements of this species. Phosphorus and nitrogen supply is of great importance, but must be well balanced when either or both are adequately supplied in specific circumstances. Potash supply is also of importance, especially in conjunction with phosphorus, although no direct benefit has been found in these experiments. Increased soil pH reduces the uptake of these latter two nutrients. Magnesium is of greater importance and more readily taken up than calcium inE. grandis. Zinc seems to be the most important of the micro-nutrients and its interactions make it evident that Zn-enriched fertilizers should be used. Manganese levels are generally high where growing conditions are adverse. The great importance is indicated of the foliar N/P and P/K ratios as diagnostic criteria for evaluating fertilizer needs inE. grandis.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 17-23 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen ; potassium ; fertilization ; Norway spruce ; quartzite ; podzol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In young spruce plantations on mineral soils the growth of the trees is improved by N application only in rare cases, and by P or K application only on sites over parent rock, which is poor in available fractions of these nutrients. Interpretation of a field trial showed that on extremely poor quartzitic soils potassium deficiency limited growth during the first years of crop development. Potassium deficiency ended at pole stage (about 15 years after planting). N deficiency began at sapling stage (about 8 years after planting) and increased later. On quartzitic and similar sites with a low cation-exchange capacity, appropriately phased applications of K and N markedly improve the site index and yield level of young spruce stands. Thus, it was shown that the stock of stemwood can be raised from 3 to 13 m3 per ha up to an age of 16 years.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 63-71 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen efficiency ; nitrogen fate ; rational use ; rice ; supergranules of urea ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Using15 N tracer technique, the fate and efficiency of nitrogen in supergranules of urea as compared with that in powdered urea were studied in rice fields. The results obtained show that supergranules of urea were characterized by the slight N loss and high N recovery as well as by delayed but long lasting fertilization effects. It follows that the supergranules should be applied earlier and at a lower rate as compared with powdered urea.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 37-62 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: ammonium-N ; distillation ; fertilizers ; mass spectrometer ; nitrate-N ; nitrogen ; urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Although the stable isotope15N is an indispensable tool in research to trace the fate of fertilizer nitrogen in soil/plant systems, the analytical methods used in this research are time consuming and prone to many errors. This paper outlines the methods used in an international program of nitrogen research coordinated by the International Fertilizer Development Center (IFDC). The different steps in the digestion, distillation, and isotope ratio analysis of15 N-labeled soils, plant material, and fertilizers are described. Details on the use of a series of controls to check the precision and accuracy of the methods are also given. It is hoped that this comprehensive description of procedures will encourage the expanded and proper use of15N.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 73-89 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: aggregate stability ; dispersion ; dissolution kinetics ; flocculation ; Gibbs phase rule ; infiltration ; phosphogypsum ; reclamation ; sodicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Gypsum is the source of calcium most commonly used to reclaim sodic soils and to improve soil water infiltration when it has been decreased by low electrolyte concentration. The electrolyte concentration of the soil water and exchangeable sodium fraction,E Na, are the two predominant chemical factors that influence soil hydraulic properties. In sodic soil reclamation with gypsum, the maximum electrolyte concentration increases with increasingE Na: for soil solutions in equilibrium with both gypsum and anE Na of 0 and 0.4, the concentrations are 15 and 133 mol m−3. These concentrations are generally adequate to maintain the existing hydraulic conductivity. Higher concentrations can increase the soil hydraulic conductivity and the rate of reclamation. Thus, combining calcium chloride or sulphuric acid with gypsum, can reduce both the time and amount of water required to achieve reclamation. Infiltration is especially sensitive to low electrolyte concentration. Thus, surface application of gypsum or its direct addition to irrigation water, can potentially increase water infiltration rates of soils susceptible to aggregate dispersion and crusting. This is particularly true in areas where rainfall is interspersed with the application of irrigation water — as in the Midwest and Plains States of the US — or where mediterranean or monsoon climates prevail and wet and dry (irrigation) seasons alternate. As supplemental irrigation and the use of poor quality irrigation waters (sewage effluents, brackish well waters, irrigation drainage waters, etc.) intensify the need for gypsum will increase and phosphogypsum may help meet this need. Recent data indicate phosphogypsum dissolves faster than mined gypsum, and hence it develops a higher electrolyte concentration during an infiltration event. This attribute of phosphogypsum, in conjunction with its acid content, would increase its effectiveness as compared to mined gypsum for both sodic soil reclamation and maintenance of infiltration rates. The acid content of phosphogypsum is of direct benefit for reducing aggregate dispersion through promotion of soil particle flocculation and bonding by calcium, iron and aluminium released by dissolution of calcite and other soil minerals. It would decrease soil pH, thereby increasing the availability of trace metal nutrients and of phosphate which are typically deficient in sodic soils (E Na 〉 0.15) because of high pH. Also, the phosphate content of phosphogypsum has value as a phosphate fertilizer. Significant expansion of the agricultural use of gypsum would depend on its application in both irrigated and dryland agriculture to increase water infiltration. An annual production rate of phosphogypsum of 30 × 106 Mg (1 Mg = 1 tonne) is sufficient to treat 73 000 km2 (29 000 mi2) at a rate of 4 Mg per ha, or nearly half the total area irrigated in the USA. Although extensive farmland areas with limited rainfall exist along the Gulf of Mexico within the North American continent, market development within this area would require extensive field evaluation by local agricultural research personnel in cooperation with the phosphate fertilizer industry to determine if the economic benefits exceed the cost of phosphogypsum.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 161-167 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: methods of zinc application ; rice ; sodic soils ; zinc deficiency ; zinc uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments were conducted in zinc-deficient sodic soil to study the effect of levels and methods of zinc fertilization on yield, concentration and uptake of zinc by rice. Zinc was incorporated in the soil at the rate of 0, 5.6, 11.2 and 22.4 kg Zn per ha as zinc sulfate; sprayed on the plants at 1% and 2% zinc sulfate solution; and roots of rice seedlings were dipped in 2% and 4% ZnO suspensions in water. Grain yield, zinc content and its uptake increased in all the experiments up to 22.4 kg Zn per ha. Soil applied zinc was significantly correlated with yield of rice (r = 0.80**) and zinc uptake (r = 0.89**). Zinc content in 45-day old plants gave a significantly higher correlation with grain yield (r = 0.84**) than the zinc content of rice straw and grain at maturity. Roots of rice seedlings dipped in 2% or 4% zinc oxide suspension in water were not only comparable with soil application of Zn at 5.6 and 11.2 kg Zn per ha, but also proved to be more economical for sodic soils showing moderate zinc deficiency.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 141-159 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench) ; nutrient concentration ; nutrient uptake ; fertilizer response ; balanced fertilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Researches on the mineral nutrition and fertilizer response of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench) carried out during the last 25 years in India are reviewed here. In general, N,P,K, Fe and Mn concentrations in vegetative plant parts decreased with crop age, while the concentrations of Ca, Mg and Cu increased. The concentration of N and P increased in panicle or grains of sorghum with advance in crop age. The seasonal change for other nutrients has not, however, been studied. Accumulation and uptake of N,P, and K by grain sorghum were characterized. Usually N and P accumulated slowly compared with the rapid accumulation of K in early crop growth stage and vice-versa in later stages of growth. As against the sizable mass of N and P into panicle, K was partitioned into stalk. Fertilizer responses to N and P were observed throughout India. Improved varieties and hybrids of sorghum responded to N rates ranging from 60 to 150 kg N ha−1, whereas a response to P application was observed up to 40 kg P ha−1. Although responses to K application had been inconsistent, an increase in grain yield of sorghum was observed due to 33 kg K ha−1. A balanced fertilizer schedule consisting of 120 kg N ha−1, 26 kg P ha−1, 33 kg K ha−1 and 15–25 kg Zn504 ha−1 is recommended for improved productivity of grain sorghum. It is concluded that systematic research efforts should be directed so as to identify problem soils showing deficiencies and toxicities of different nutrients. Characterization of the seasonal changes in the concentration and uptake of different nutrients and determination of critical concentration and hidden hunger of different nutrients in plant tissues would lead to the recommendation of balanced fertilization for different sorghum-growing regions in India.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 177-189 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: agronomic effectiveness of rock phosphates for rice ; citrate solubility ; F and CO3 substitution for PO4 in rock phosphates ; unit cell dimension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Comparative reactivity and efficiency of eight Indian, six US, two African and one Middle East sources of rock phosphates for growing rice on laterite, red and alluvial soils under flooded conditions were evaluated in pot and laboratory experiments. When applied to moist aerobic soils, 15 days prior to flooding and transplanting rice, all the Indian sources were as poor as theno phosphate control in the three soil types, in respect of P availability in soil, grain yield response and P uptake by rice. North Carolina rock phosphate used in this study was as good as superphosphate in the laterite and red soils, but was also as poor as control in the black soil. NH4 -citrate was found to interfere in the colorimetric determination of citrate soluble P by the vanado-molybdate colour method. A modified sulpho-molybdate-Sn Cl2 blue colour method could successfully be used to determine 2–8µg P in the presence of 0.02 to 0.2 meq NH4 -citrate, especially in rocks containing small amounts of citrate soluble P. All the Indian, as well as Idaho, Missouri and Tennessee rock phosphates were found to be less reactive as they contained much lower amounts of citrate extractable P in eight successive extracts as compared to North Carolina rock phosphate. The cumulative citrate soluble P of 10 rock phosphates determined experimentally in eight successive extracts was significantly correlated with their reported a0 (length of ‘a’ axis of unit apatite crystal), mole ratio of CO3/PO4 or weight ratio of F/P2O5 of rocks. In the absence of X-ray and computer facilities, these regression equations were used to calculate the a0, CO3/PO4, F/P2O5, ACS, empirical formula and the apatite content of the unknown Indian rock samples. The Indian rock phosphates had a lower degree of CO3 and F substitution for PO4 in the apatite crystal, giving low ACS values and hence were less reactive. This might explain their lower efficiency for direct application for growing rice, obtained in the present experiment. These Indian rock phosphates had also lower apatite content. The use of the statistical method was limited to francolites alone. Scope for the use of this method for other unknown francolite rock phosphate samples has been discussed.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 191-292 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: spinach ; NO3-content ; ionic balance ; plant age ; season of growth ; soil moisture ; soil pH ; Mo-spraying ; light intensity ; temperature ; K-dressing ; P-dressing ; varietal differences ; N-dressing ; plant-available N ; N-form ; NO3: NH4-ratio ; nitrification ; inhibitors ; type of N-carrier ; time of application of N
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Environmental factors and cultural measures affecting the NO3-content in spinach were studied indoors, in water-, sand- and soil-culture experiments. In the field, the influences of variations in N-fertilizing practices and in spinach varieties were also tested. High NO3-contents in spinach were found with low light intensities, with low soil-moisture contents, and with high temperatures. NO3-contents increased with increasing K-dressing (less so with KCl than with K2SO4), but decreased with increasing soil pH. In pot experiments, positive results were obtained with sulphur-coated urea, with farmyard manure and with pigmanure slurry. Application of Mo as a spray onto spinach leaves, and variations in P-dressings and in soil P-status were found not to affect the NO3-content in spinach. In pot experiments, NO3-contents decreased with progressing plant age (in autumn less so than in spring). Within spinach plants, NO3-contents were highest in petioles and older leaves. Varietal differences in NO3-contents were observed in a pot- and a field experiment. In pot- and field experiments, partial or complete replacement of NO3-N by NH4-N in general caused the NO3-content in spinach to decrease. However, such a replacement was shown not always to result in lower NO3-contents. Additional factors involved are e.g. the use and effectiveness of nitrification inhibitors, the soil type and the amount of available N. The amount of N added and, in the field, the amount of N available in the soil before sowing, strongly affected the NO3-content in spinach. Under field conditions, nitrogen appeared to be taken up from the top 60 cm of the soil profile. The effects of variations in timing of nitrogen applications were absent in a pot experiment and not consistent in field experiments.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 315-324 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen source ; time of application ; tropical soils ; use of dung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field trials were conducted at Kadawa, northern Nigeria, during 1975–77 to study the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer use under maize (Zea mays L.)—wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotation; the study also examined the impact of continuous N use on some soil properties. Grain and straw dry matter yields, grain N content, crop N uptake and whole plant N concentration of wheat at different growth stages increased significantly with increasing levels of N application. Per cent increases in mean grain yield of N treated plots over control were 77, 131 and 141 for maize and 195, 308 and 326 for wheat at 60, 120 and 180 kg N per ha levels, respectively. The calculated N rates for maximum yield were 177.5 and 164.0 kg N per ha for maize and wheat, respectively. Short-term beneficial effect of dung on maize yield was ascribed to its additional N supply. Urea and calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) were equally good for both maize and wheat; full and split N application gave no significant difference in yield. The values for mean fertilizer N recovery over all the crops were 64, 58 and 44% respectively, at 60, 120 and 180 kg N per ha levels. Nitrogen application at the highest rate (180 kg per ha) reduced the soil pH significantly in the top 40 cm of the soil profile. The magnitude of soil acidification at levels of N below 120 kg per ha was not appreciable in this study. High N application also depleted the soil of its cations at differential rates. Other factors such as N source, time of N application and addition of dung along with N fertilizer did not have much influence on the rate of short-term soil acidification due to N fertilizer use.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 337-351 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fate ; fertilizer sulphur ; field studies ; pastures ; transformations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nine field trials involving the application of35S-labelled gypsum fertilizer to various soil—pasture systems were conducted on five different soil types belonging to the New Zealand recent (Entisol) and yellow-brown earth (Inceptisol) soil groups. After application to the soil, the fertilizer sulphur (S) was converted rapidly into organic forms by microbial immobilization. Within 34 to 75 days from the time of S fertilizer application, 17 to 40% of the applied S was in organic forms in the topsoil (0–15 cm depth). A higher rate of incorporation occurred in improved pasture sites compared to unimproved sites. A lower rate of fertilizer S application enhanced the extent of organic incorporation while a difference in the time of fertilizer application reduced the fertilizer conversion. At most sites, leaching of fertilizer S beyond the topsoil was most important at two months after fertilizer application. The rate of plant uptake of fertilizer S decreased with time and was similar to the immobilization rate. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to possible manipulations of the pasture—soil system to improve the efficiency of fertilizer S utilization.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 367-378 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: diagnostic norms ; DRIS system ; fertilization ; foliar diagnosis ; Helianthus annus L ; macro-nutrients ; mineral nutrition ; nutrient balance ; plant analysis ; sub-humid tropics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Sunflower (Helianthus annus L), a drought resistant crop, is cultivated widely throughout the world. Still, few studies on the fertility requirements of the crop have been published, particularly in relation to cultivation on highly weathered soils and in terms of using foliar analysis as a tool in diagnosing nutritional needs. Two 34 (N, P, K, lime) factorial experiments (high and low fertility levels) with trace elements as split plots were conducted on Farningham clay loam, a Typic Haplorthox. No significant yield response to added N or micronutrients was found on either experiment. Liming and P fertilization increased seed yields in the low fertility experiment. Increased K application gave significant yield increases in both experiments. Preliminary foliar diagnostic norms were developed using the Diagnosis and Reccommendation Integrated System (DRIS). The prognostic value of these norms was tested using the low fertility experiment. In 32 of the 37 cases where the DRIS analysis could be checked against actual experimental yield results, application of the nutrient diagnosed as the most yield limiting resulted in a positive yield response. These data suggest that sunflowers can be a successful crop on Oxisols provided fertility is adequate.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 379-383 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: band placement ; computer modelling ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A model was developed to describe the distribution of mineral nitrogen when applied in a fertilizer band, taking into account nitrification and diffusion. Good agreement was found between the calculated values and those measured in a field experiment.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Gossypium hirsutum L ; growth response ; nitrogen effects ; yield ; yield components
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Effects of rate and time of nitrogen fertilization on growth, yield and yield components of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L) were studied in two years (1975–76). Four rates of nitrogen application (0, 26, 52 and 78 kg ha−1) timed at 3 or 8 weeks after sowing were compared. Seed cotton yield components increased significantly with increased N application at least up to 52 kg N ha−1, with yield increases between 49% and 73%. Seed cotton yield was influenced by treatments mainly through boll number. Both crop growth rate and fruiting were enhanced by nitrogen fertilization. Applying N at 8 weeks (flowering) favoured yield only slightly over that at 3 weeks (thinning), but improved crop growth and fruiting by about 64% and 24%, respectively. There were significant N rate × time interactions in favour of fertilization at flowering. Applying 52 kg N ha−1 at 8 weeks seems best for cotton in the Nigerian savannah.
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    Agroforestry systems 1 (1982), S. 13-27 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les techniques agroforestiéres désignet toutes les méthodes de production, où des arbres sont associés aux cultures agricoles, à l'élevage, voire même aux deux à la fois. Du fait de leur caractère interdisciplinaire, elles s'imposent dans de nombreux pays du Tiers-Monde pour atteindre un développement harmonieux du milieu rural. Il n'est en effect plus permis de considérer séparément forêts et agriculture dans les tropiques et de gérer le patrimoine forestier en vase clos. Le paysan du Tiers-Monde est un agroforestier par tradition et il s'agit de mettre en valeur ses connaissances forestières pouvant améliorer les rendements agricoles, et vice-versa. Une agriculture à rendement soutenu est la meilleure protection pour les forêts tropicales! L'article propose une classification des principales techniques agroforestiéres en décrivant quelques pratiques bien établies. L'énumération des avantages sociaux, économiques et écoolgiques de ces techniques suggère quelques principes pour les travaux de recherche qui doivent résoudre les nombreux problèmes posés.
    Notes: Abstract Agroforestry designates land management techniques, which implies the combination of forest trees with crops, or with domestic animals, or both. Because of their interdisciplinary character, they are of particular interest for many countries of the Third World, where an equilibrated development of all rural lands must be obtained. It is no longer tolerable to consider separately forestry and agriculture in the tropics, and to manage forest resources as an isolated ecosystem. Through his traditions, the tropical farmer is an agro-forester and it is possible to take advantage of his experience in forestry, in order to increase the yields of his agricultural crops. A sustained yield agriculture is the best protection for tropical forests. A classification of the principal agroforestry techniques is proposed and some traditional practices are described. The outstanding advantages of agroforestry in the social, economic and ecological fields suggest some principles for future investigation programs, which will still have many problems to solve.
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    Agroforestry systems 1 (1982), S. 71-74 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Irrigation science 3 (1982), S. 63-73 
    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In rainfed rice, the nitrogen status of soil and plant is closely related to the moisture regime in the soil. The lower the soil moisture content, the lower the nitrogen use efficiency in the plants. In this study, the yield and growth responses of four rice cultivars to seven irrigation and three nitrogen levels were evaluated using the line source sprinkler system. Visual observations on the degree of drought reaction and measurement of leaf water potential (LWP) were also made. The effect of drought was least on the traditional variety Kinandang Patong and most on the modern variety IR 20. Increasing nitrogen levels from 0 (no nitrogen fertilizer) to 60 and 120 Kg N/ha increased the degree of water stress. This also resulted in decreased LWP especially when the total water applied was minimal. At all levels of nitrogen, Kinandang Patong had significantly higher LWP than IR 20. There was a curvilinear decrease in the number of days to heading and a linear increase in plant height and dry matter production with increase in total water applied. The yield-water-fertilizer relationships of the four cultivars revealed different production surfaces. The early-maturing IR 52 rice gave the highest grain yield at 120 kg N/ha and with maximum water application of 850 mm. Without nitrogen fertilizer application, Kinandang Patong gave the highest predicted yield with 550 mm of water applied. At 120 kg N/ha and 550 mm of water, IR 36 was superior in yield to other rices tested. Results suggest that in areas of uncertain moisture supply, nitrogen application rate should be reduced from that normally used for irrigated rice.
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  • 80
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of partial wetting of the root zone on yield and water use efficiency in a drip- and sprinkler-irrigated mature grapefruit grove was tested in a long-term experiment from 1976 to 1979. Three different percentages of the surface soil areas (∼ 30%, 40% and 70%) were wetted by the use of single and double drip laterals and sprinklers, respectively. Irrigation frequencies were 3 and 7 days for the drip treatments and 14 and 21 days for the sprinkler-irrigated plots. Two amounts of water, 80% and 100% of the total seasonal water application as previously determined from the soil moisture depletion data (ca. 630 and 800 mm), were applied at the different irrigation intervals for the drip- and sprinkler-irrigated treatments during the irrigation season (April–November). Soil moisture and salinity patterns were determined by the neutron scattering method and by gravimetric sampling. The partition of water extraction from the wet and dry zones in the drip-irrigated treatments was determined. About 86% of the total amount of water depletion was from the wet zone and 14% from the dry zone. Percolation losses in the irrigated treatments receiving 80% of the total seasonal water application decreased as compared with the 100% irrigated plots. Salts accumulated during the irrigation season were leached out by the winter rainfall. The effect of the reduction of irrigation application amount, first introduced in 1976, on the grapefruit yield was cumulative. The average yield (for the three years 1977, 1978, 1979) in the 80%, drip-irrigated plots at 3-day intervals, was 89 t/ha, compared with 98 t/ha in the 100% irrigated plots. The average yields obtained in the sprinkler and trickle irrigation treatments receiving 100% of the water application was 84 t/ha and 100 t/ha, respectively. Yield reductions in the plots receiving reduced water application of 80% were 11% for the drip treatments and 13% for the sprinkler treatment; the extent of the yield reduction varied according to the time interval between irrigations. The fruit quality was up to the required standards in all treatments. Water use efficiency was greater in the drip-irrigated plots than in the sprinkled ones, and also greater in the plots given the reduced water applications (80% of the maximum seasonal amount of the irrigation water applied), as compared with plots receiving the full amount of irrigation.
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Bacterial numbers and predominant bacterial types were determined in trickle irrigation systems receiving treated Colorado River water. Fourteen bacterial genera were isolated and identified from 86 water and sediment samples collected from trickle emitter systems receiving six water treatments. The bacteria identified were common aquatic and soil microbes and the genera in order of prevalence were Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Vibrio, Brevibacterium, Micrococcus, and Bacillus. A greater diversity of bacterial types was found in water that was sand filtered and received no chemical treatment. Regardless of the water treatment, Pseudomonas stutzeri was the predominant bacterium followed by Flavobacterium lutescens. The data indicated that pigmented bacteria, F. lutescens and ytophaga hutchinsonii caused the yellow color of the slime deposits in biologically clogged emitters; and, their growth was presumably supported by P. stutzeri., a nonpigmented bacterium. The occurrence of Bacillus sp. was enhanced by sand and screen filtration and markedly reduced by chemical conditioning the water with either chlorine and acid or acid alone. No strictly anaerobic bacteria, such as Clostridium sp., were detected in water treated with chlorine and acid. Iron bacteria, Sphaerotilus spp., were not detected in any water or sediment samples from trickle irrigation systems.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This study was conducted to determine the conditions and causes of foliar salt absorption and injury from sprinkler irrigation with saline water. Bell pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Yolo Wonder B) grown in covered nutrient solution cultures in the greenhouse were sprinkled daily with NaCl and CaCl2 waters for up to 10 weeks. Unsprinkled plants grown in nonsaline, and in one experiment, saline cultures were compared with plants sprinkled with waters containing different concentrations of NaCl and/or CaCl2. Both the frequency and duration of sprinkling (up to 32 min each day) were tested. The results showed that Ca2+, Na+, and Cl− were readily absorbed through the leaves at rates that were essentially linear functions of salt concentration and duration of sprinkling. Increasing frequency of sprinkling increased salt uptake and injury more than increasing duration. Sprinkling with either NaCl or CaCl2 waters was more toxic to pepper than mixtures of the two salts. Although CaCl2 was more toxic than NaCl, low concentrations of Ca2+ ameliorated the detrimental effects of NaCl waters. Foliar analyses indicated that leaf injury was not correlated with Cl− accumulation. It appeared that it was caused directly by excessive cation accumulation or indirectly by the resultant ionic imbalance.
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    Irrigation science 3 (1982), S. 210-210 
    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Irrigation science 3 (1982), S. 157-168 
    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Many crops accumulate salts through the leaves when they are wetted by sprinkler irrigation. This accumulation may cause foliar injury and decrease crop yield. This study was conducted to test the salt sensitivity of sprinkled alfalfa, barley, cauliflower, cotton, potato, safflower, sesame, sorghum, sugarbeet, sunflower and tomato. Plants were grown in a greenhouse in covered sand cultures that were trickle-irrigated with nonsaline nutrient solutions. Sprinkling with 15 and 30, and in the case of cotton and sunflower, 30 and 60 meq/l waters (9:1 NaCl:CaSO4) was begun when plants were 1 to 3 months old and was continued for 4 to 7 weeks at a frequency of 1 h/day, 5 days/week. Except for sorghum, Na+ and Cl− absorption through the leaves was essentially a linear function of salt concentration and duration of sprinkling. Most species absorbed Nat at approximately the same rate as Cl−; however, in potato and sugarbeet Nat absorption exceeded Cl−; and in barley and sesame Cl−; exceeded Na1. The mean rates of Na+ and Cl−; absorption among species increased in the order: sorghum ≪ cotton = sunflower 〈 cauliflower 〈 sesame = alfalfa = sugarbeet 〈 barley = tomato 〈 potato = safflower. Susceptibility to leaf injury among species did not vary in strict relation to rates of salt absorption from 30 meq/l water. Potato and tomato readily absorbed Na+ and Cl−; and quickly exhibited symptoms of leaf tip and margin necrosis. On the other hand, safflower, with one of the highest rates of salt absorption was only slightly injured by sprinkling. Barley readily absorbed salt, particularly Cl−; and exhibited minor injury symptoms; whereas sesame and alfalfa had intermediate absorption rates but were somewhat more susceptible to injury. Sugarbeet was uninjured by sprinkling but absorbed appreciable amounts of Nat; whereas sorghum developed some necrosis along leaf edges but absorbed very little salt. Cauliflower, cotton, and sunflower absorbed salt slowly and exhibited almost no injury.
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    Irrigation science 3 (1982), S. 197-207 
    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary There have been a few investigations on the effect of moisture on root development of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), but none have attempted to describe the relationships in a quantitative manner. Therefore, alfalfa root patterns along with yield and evapotranspiration (ET) were examined under different moisture levels, using a line-source sprinkler system. Water application ranged from 28 to 153 cm, the latter representing the potential evapotranspiration. Alfalfa root mass and yield were highest under high moisture levels, and the shoot/root ratio increased with increasing moisture level. The relationships between ET and root mass and between ET and shoot/root ratio were curvilinear. The largest percentage of root mass under all moisture treatments was found in the top 45 cm of the soil profile where the largest differences in total root mass between treatments were observed. The percentages of roots at each soil depth averaged over three ranges of moisture levels were curvilinear functions of soil depth. Although alfalfa roots were found to a depth of at least 150 cm for all moisture levels, there was a greater rooting depth with a higher moisture level. Roots were detected to a depth of 210 cm for the high moisture treatment, although root biomass was small below 170 cm where a sand layer was encountered which may have impeded root penetration. The root diameter was found to be independent of moisture level, which means that there was a greater root surface area with higher moisture levels. Root length density distribution was similar to root mass distribution.
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    Irrigation science 3 (1982), S. 148-148 
    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Irrigation science 3 (1982), S. 149-156 
    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), although known to be one of the most salt tolerant crops, shows a significant reduction in plant size and yield when grown on highly saline soils. A field plot study was therefore conducted to determine the feasibility of increasing yield on highly saline soils by increasing population density by decreasing the distance between rows. Three row widths and four salinity levels were imposed on a nonsaline Pachappa fine sandy loam (mixed, thermic, Mollic Haploxerall). Canopy closure, plant height, earliness, and several yield components were measured. A significant yield increase was obtained at all salinity levels by decreasing the distance between rows from 102 to 86 or 71 cm.
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    Irrigation science 3 (1982), S. 185-195 
    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A plot irrigator was used to develop a response curve relating cabbage yield to watering level on coarse sandy soils in Western Australia. The daily replacement of 120 to 150% of pan evaporation maximised yield of crops harvested during the late summer and early autumn. With summer harvested crops maturing under high moisture stress, watering twice daily at the same percentage evaporation gave optimum yields. Over-watering and too frequent watering were both found to reduce yields, although not as much as insufficient irrigation. The combined crop and pan factors relating actual crop water needs to pan evaporation were found to be much higher than factors hitherto published.
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    Irrigation science 3 (1982), S. 75-87 
    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Field experiments were conducted at two sites with differing root zone water holding capacities. Corn grain yield was measured as a function of water management treatments. Stress development in given treatments was generally limited to one of three periods (planting-to-12-leaf, 12-leaf-to-blister-kernel, and blister-kernel-to-physiologic-maturity) during the growing season. Stress levels were defined as low (L), moderate (M) or severe (S) and were based on degree of soil water depletion and an allowable level of leaf xylem pressure depression in midafternoon. Yield vs seasonal ET exhibited linear relationships. Slope of an estimated upper bound function was 0.28 T/ha-cm of water use. Maximum seasonal grain yields were consistently produced with an L-L-L stress sequence allowing about 30–40% depletion of the root zone available water capacity (to 122 cm depth) between irrigations. A trickle irrigated treatment that maintained near zero soil water potential averaged about 4% more yield than the 30–40% depletion criteria, but this difference was not significant at P=0.05. Results, when normalized as relative yield (Y/Ym) vs relative seasonal evapotranspiration (ET/ETm), indicated an upper bound slope of 1.50% yield loss per 1% decline in seasonal ET from the ETm level. When stress was concentrated in the 12 leaf to blister kernel period, the yield reduction slope was 2.60%. Average observed Y/Ym ratios were 0.95 for M-L-L, 0.92 for S-L-L, 0.85 for L-M-L, 0.62 for L-S-L, 0.62 for L-S-L, 0.90 for L-L-M, and 0.69 L-L-S stress sequences. If water stress is limited to one growth period per season an upper bound yield attainment is likely if irrigations relieve stress before available root zone storage capacity is 90–95% depleted in the planting to 12 leaf period, 80–90% depleted in 12 leaf to blister kernel period or when a programmed depletion to 100% available water exhaustion near physiological maturity is achieved in the later grain fill period. Yield reduction of less than 5 % from potential levels appears likely in the climatic setting of this study when root zone available water depletions are limited to 60–70% in the early vegetative period (assumes near field capacity moisture at planting), 30–40% in the 12 leaf to blister kernel period, and 50–60% in the later grain fill period.
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    Irrigation science 3 (1982), S. 133-147 
    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The stability of 22 commercially available soil salinity sensors was studied: 23% were considered to be stable under the imposed experimental conditions during a period of 14 months. During the same time period, accuracy of sensors decreased from ±0.32 to ±0.98 mmho cm−1. Time response is adequate under saturated conditions (Fig. 3) but it may be extremely long for unsaturated soils (Fig. 4 and Table 2). Measurements of the soil solution electrical conductivity with salinity sensors and by the suction probe extraction technique demonstrated that the soil matrix affects the salt distribution near soil surfaces and within the pore space. Time response (63% of total change) of sensor thermistor is 0.9 min, with an estimated accuracy of ±0.3 °C.
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    Irrigation science 3 (1982), S. 111-121 
    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Barley plants (Hordeum distichum, L., cv. ‘Zita’) grown in a sandy soil in pots were adjusted during a pretreatment period of 5 days to three levels of soil water osmotic potential by percolating 61 of a nutrient solution with additional 0, 22.3 and 44.6 mM KCl. A drying cycle was then started and the plants were harvested when the soil water matric potential had decreased to −1.4 MPa, respectively 6, 7 and 8 days later. No significant differences in dry matter yields, transpiration coefficients and wilting percentages were found between treatments. During the drying cycle leaf water potential (ψ l ) decreased concomitantly with decrease in soil water potential (ψ s ) with almost constant and similar differences (ψ l −ψ s ) for all treatments despite differences in levels of potentials. The concomitant decrease in leaf osmotic potential (π) was due partly to dehydration (58%) and partly to increase in leaf solute content (42%) independent of treatment. The part of total osmotic solutes due to K decreased relatively during the drying cycle. Close relationships were found between π and ψ l as functions of relative water content (RWC). Identical curves for the two levels of salt treatment agree with similar concentrations of K, Cl, and ash found for salt treated plants indicating that maximum uptake of macro nutrients may have been reached. During the main part of the drying cycle the turgor potential as function of RWC was higher and decreased less steeply with decreasing RWC in the salt treated than in the non-salt treated plants. In the beginning of the drying cycle additions of KCI lowered the transpiration rates of the salt treated plants resulting in a slower desiccation of the soil and hence an increased growth period. A delay in uptake from a limited soil water supply may be advantageous during intermittent periods of drought.
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  • 92
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    Irrigation science 3 (1982), S. 169-175 
    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Adequate information on salt tolerance is lacking for cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.), a crop grown under both dryland and irrigated conditions. A two-year field plot study was conducted to determine the responses of both the vegetative and dry seed yield of cowpea to a range of soil salinities. Four salinity levels were imposed each year on a Pachappa fine sandy loam (mixed, thermic, Mollic Haploxeralf). Vegetative growth, dry seed yield, and several components of seed yield were measured. Vegetative yield was decreased more by increasing soil salinity than was dry seed yield. Vegetative growth was reduced 9.0% for each unit increase in electrical conductivity of the soil saturation extract beyond a threshold value of 1.6 dS/m. Dry seed yield was reduced 12% for each unit increase beyond 4.9 dS/m. Fewer pods per plant accounted for nearly all of the seed yield reduction associated with increasing salinity levels. Germination was significantly reduced when electrical conductivity in sand cultures exceeded 12.0 dS/m.
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  • 93
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    Irrigation science 3 (1982), S. 177-184 
    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A field experiment was conducted to determine the effect of overirrigation on the growth characteristics and production of cotton. Over-irrigation, resulting in saturated soil conditions, was achieved by flood irrigation at different levels of soil water depletion on a soil with a low percolation rate. The highest seedcotton and lint yields were obtained from plants that did not experience over-irrigation at any time during the growing season; similar yields were obtained from plants that only experienced moderate over-irrigation after the onset of flowering (Table 9). The yield response could be related to branch growth, flowering rate and length of growing season (Tables 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8).
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 95
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    Wood science and technology 16 (1982), S. 1-18 
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary A method has been developed for the determination of lignin distribution in wood cell walls by studying bromine concentrations in 0.5 μm sections with scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDXA) technique. Evaluation of backscattering, absorption and fluorescence effects on quantitative assay of lignin distribution indicated that these effects may all be ignored, if relative comparisons are made. Thus, a relative ratio of the measured Br-L X-ray intensities directly provides bromine concentration ratio, from which the ratio of lignin concentrations in different morphological regions can be estimated. Additionally, the effect of electron beam bombardment on bromine was found to be negligible. Therefore, the SEM-EDXA technique provides quantitative information of lignin distribution with relatively high accuracy. The potential and limitations of this technique were also elucidated.
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  • 96
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    Wood science and technology 16 (1982), S. 35-57 
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary Acoustic emission (AE) monitoring is a non-destructive testing technique widely used to detect flaw development and crack propagation in metals, ceramics, polymers and composite materials. This paper relates the AE-strain characteristics from three softwoods tested in tension to mechanisms of deformation observed by scanning electron microscopy. All wood specimens are identical in size and radial-longitudinal in orientation, enabling the path of failure through planes of earlywood and latewood to be examined. It is found that the proportion of earlywood to latewood in each species has a marked effect on the shape of the AE-strain curves. Parana pine, containing very few latewood tracheids, exhibits a close to linear relationship between log cumulative emissions and strain until close to failure when the count rate increases rapidly. Douglas-fir, which has well-defined earlywood-latewood boundaries generates many AEs at low strain and there is greater variation in the shape of the AE characteristic between samples. Parana pine and Douglas-fir are tested at 20 °C (12.5 % EMC). Scots pine is also stressed at 20°C (12.5%EMC), 20°C (0.7%EMC) and 80°C (0.7%EMC), to assess the effect of moisture content on AE. Values of Young's modulus, stress at failure and work of fracture for the three softwoods are compared with the AE-strain data. Although the work of fracture is related to the total AEs to failure, no direct proportionality exists between the two parameters. Finally, the AE-strain data for plywood and glass-reinforced plastic (GRP), both man-made composite materials, are compared with those of wood, the natural composite material.
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  • 97
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    Wood science and technology 16 (1982), S. 67-70 
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary A reply to the note by Nimz (1981) on the occurrence of benzyl non-cyclic ether bonds in lignin.
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  • 98
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    Wood science and technology 16 (1982), S. 71-78 
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary The reaction of enzymatically generated superoxide radical with coniferyl alcohol in aqueous solution at pH 8.0 was studied. In the absence of calcium (II) no reaction occurred, but with a calcium (II) concentration of about 50 mM or more, coniferyl alcohol was oxidized by the superoxide radical. Dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol and pinoresinol were identified in the reaction mixture. From this result it is concluded that in the presence of calcium (II) the superoxide radical can achieve a one electron oxidation of coniferyl alcohol. It is suggested that a superoxide-generating enzyme outside the cell wall is responsible for the lignification. This suggestion is based on knowledge of the pore structure of wood cell walls, the high calcium concentration in non-lignified cells, the course of lignification and the existence of superoxide-producing enzyme systems in plant cell walls.
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  • 99
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    Wood science and technology 16 (1982), S. 79-80 
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 100
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    Wood science and technology 16 (1982), S. 83-122 
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary A review of the chemistry and topochemistry of compression wood with 200 references. Compression wood contains on the average 30% cellulose, 35–40% lignin, 10% galactan, 9% galactoglucomannan, 8% xylan, and 2% of a 1,3-glucan (laricinan). The cellulose is less crystalline, and the xylan has fewer arabinose side chains than in normal wood. The lignin is composed of guaiacylpropane and p-hydroxyphenylpropane units. It is more condensed, has a higher proportion of carbon-carbon bonds, and contains fewer arylglycerol-β-aryl ether structures than a normal conifer lignin. The ray cells and the primary wall of the tracheids have the same chemical composition in normal and compression woods. The galactan is largely located in the outer region of the secondary wall. Only 5–10% of the lignin in compression wood tracheids is extracellular. The middle lamella is less lignified than in normal wood, while the S1 and inner S2 layers have a lignin concentration of 30–40% which is twice as high as in normal wood. The lignin content of the S2 (L) layer is equal to or higher than that of the intercellular region along the wall. The review is concluded with a brief reference to areas where present information is incomplete or lacking.
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