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  • sediments  (42)
  • Lepidoptera  (28)
  • Coleoptera
  • Springer  (90)
  • 1980-1984  (90)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1982  (90)
Collection
Keywords
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  • Springer  (90)
Years
  • 1980-1984  (90)
  • 1950-1954
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of adult defense glands in chrysomelids (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and its significance in the evolution of defense mechanisms within the family (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 67-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Defense ; glands ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Defense glands were examined in the adults of 65 species belonging to 10 different subfamilies. They were found in the pronota and elytra of members of the subfamilies Criocerinae, Chrysomelinae, Galerucinae, and Alticinae. It is suggested that these glands appeared monophyletically in the course of evolution and that the absence of glands in several species of the two most evolved subfamilies is a secondary event, explained by the presence of alternative efficient defensive behaviors: reflex bleeding in the Galerucinae and escape mechanism of jumping in the flea beetles. It is also suggested that a large distribution of the glands at the surface of the beetles is a primitive condition and that in the course of evolution only the glands most efficiently located along the edges of the pronotum and elytra were maintained. Such evolution has occurred several times. Alternative and complementary defensive mechanisms are also listed and discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984006
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Site of secretion of the trail marker of the eastern tent caterpillar (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 31-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Malacosoma americanum ; eastern tent caterpillar ; Lepidoptera ; Lasiocampidae ; trail pheromone ; pheromone secretory site ; silk trail
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A new site of secretion of a chemical trail marker was found on the sternum at the tip of the last abdominal segment of the larva of the eastern tent caterpillarMalacosoma americanum. Larvae marked from this site by drawing their sterna along the substrate when they extended existing trails in search of food and again when they established recruitment trails to food-finds. Differences in the quantity or quality of the marker deposited by exploring and recruiting caterpillars may account for the greater activity of the recruitment trails.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984003
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of two attempts to trap defined populations ofScolytus multistriatus (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 125-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Aggregation ; pheromone ; elm ; mark-release ; multilure ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Scolytus multistriatus ; trap-out ; Ulmus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two experiments were conducted to investigate the use of a pheromone-based trap-out technique for suppressing populations ofScolytus multistriatus. In the first experiment, elm bolts containing the immature stages ofS. multistriatus were placed in an isolated community that contained elm trees, but which was essentially devoid of a resident beetle population. The infested bolts produced a total of 46,485 adult beetles of which 20% were recovered on traps baited with synthetic pheromone. In the second experiment beetles were released in a desert valley containing no resident elms or beetles. Only 1% of 20,000 released beetles were recaptured on traps erected on vertical cardboard cylinders and on elm logs. These rates of recapture are related to the attraction of beetles to naturally occurring brood sources versus pheromone-baited traps.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984010
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sex pheromone of fall armyworm (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 267-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Fall armyworm ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; (Z)-9-dodecen-1-ol acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol acetate ; pheromone ; mating behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two components of the fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), sex pheromone, (Z)-9-dodecen-1-ol acetate (DDA) and (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol (TDA), were tested alone and in combination to determine their effects on male sexual response and inhibition of mating in the laboratory. The threshold response for FAW males was lower for TDA than for DDA, and males responded to TDA over a wider range of dosages. Although TDA is not attractive to FAW males in the field, this compound was highly effective in reducing mating under laboratory conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984022
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Directional flow of male scent released byPseudaletia separata walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its repellent effect on adults and larvae of four noctuid and one phycitine moth (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 1263-1270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Pseudaletia separata ; male scent ; repellent pheromone ; repellent allomone ; nonspecificity ; sexual selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Air movement around a malePseudaletia separata Walker, observed using the smoke of an incense stick during wing-fanning, showed that the air moves away from the female and backwards. Moths moved or flew away immediately when vaporized benzaldehyde was blown over their antennae in a screen cage set in a greenhouse. This repellency lacked species, sex, or individual specificity. Male scent acts as an inhibitor to conspecific males and, at the same time, to other moths if they approach the male in courtship. Inhibition of ovipositional and larval locomotory behavior by benzaldehyde was also demonstrated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987759
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sex pheromone components of the turnip moth,Agrotis segetum (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 1305-1321 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Agrotis segetum ; turnip moth ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; straight-chain acetates ; single-cell recordings ; electroantennography ; behavior ; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ; entrainment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of female abdominal tips ofAgrotis segetum by means of GC-MS showed the presence of 13 aliphatic acetates and alcohols. (Z)-7-Dodecenyl acetate was found to be the main component in the extracts at amounts of about 1 ng/female. (Z)-9-Tetradecenyl acetate and (Z)-7-dodecenol were present to the extent of 49 and 19%, respectively, of the main component. Minor components could be identified as decyl acetate, (Z)-5-decenyl acetate, dodecyl acetate, (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate, tetradecyl acetate, a tetradecenyl acetate, hexadecyl acetate, a hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-5-decenol, and (Z)-9-tetradecenol. The presence and biological activity of decyl acetate, (Z)-5-decenyl acetate, and (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate in the extracts could be detected by GC-EAD. Tested by EAG (Z)-5-decenyl acetate evoked the highest response among pheromone candidates, followed by (E)-5-decenyl acetate and (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate. Single-cell recordings from 100 male antennal sensilla trichodea revealed receptorcells highly sensitive to (Z)-5-decenyl, (Z)-7-dodecenyl, (Z)-8-dodecenyl, and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate as well as (Z)-5-decenol. The (Z)-5-decenyl, (Z)-7-dodecenyl, and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate receptors were activated significantly also by female extracts. When tested in a tube olfactometer, a blend of decyl, (Z)-5-decenyl, (Z)-7-dodecenyl, and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate evoked the same male response as did female glands. Tested in the field, this blend was more attractive than virgin females. Other authors previously reported many of the compounds identified in the present study. However, both quantitative and qualitative discrepancies exist among the various investigations, possibly due to the existence of geographical races.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987764
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    Response ofScolytus multistriatus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to α- and δ-multistriatin in Switzerland (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 1345-1352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone ; multistriatin ; 4-methyl-3-heptanol ; brevicomin ; frontalin ; Scolytus multistriatus ; Scolytus scolytus ; Scolytus pygmaeus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory bioassays and field tests demonstrated that a Swiss population ofS. multistriatus responded much more strongly to α- than to δ-miltistriatin in combination with 4-methyl-3-heptanol and α-cubebene. High concentrations of brevicomin appeared to replace α-multistriatin in evoking a response byScolytus species, but this effect can be explained by the fact that the brevicomin was contiminated with small amounts of α-multistriatin. Frontalin, another bicyclic ketal, showed no biological activity. Field tests indicated thatS. pygmaeus aggregates to the same attractant mixture asS. multistriatus. S. scolytus also responded preferentially to this mixture, but the relative amounts of α-multistriatin to 4-methyl-3-heptanol do not appear to be as important as forS. multistriatus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01403098
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Synthesis of (±)-10-methyl-1-dodecanol acetate, the chiral component of the smaller tea tortrix moth (Adoxophyes sp.), with an option for asymmetric induction (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 41-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Smaller tea tortrix moth ; Adoxophyes sp. ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; asymmetric induction ; 10-methyl-1-dodecanol acetate ; ester ; chirality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A new route to (±)-10-methyl-1-dodecanol acetate, a minor component of the smaller tea tortrix moth (Adoxophyes sp.), is described. An optional sequence that permits the generation of the chiral center with enantiomeric excesses (ee's) as high as 74% (R) or 80% (S) employing the available (S)-(−)-prolinol as a chiral auxiliary may be included. High-performance liquid chromatography of diastereomeric intermediates allows preparation of products with greater ee's.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984004
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Feeding responses of eastern spruce budworm larvae to sucrose and other carbohydrates (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 233-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Choristoneura fumiferana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; carbohydrates ; sucrose ; feeding preference ; behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Spruce budworm larvae reared on an artificial diet were tested for preference of twelve carbohydrates over a water control. A strong preference for sucrose was seen, followed by fructose, inositol, and glucose. Male and female larvae do not differ in their responses to sucrose. The behavioral threshold for sucrose is at 10−4 to 10−3 M, with a peak response in the range of 0.01 to 0.05 M sucrose.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984019
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  • 10
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    Sex pheromone of the avocado pest,Amorbia cuneana (Walsingham) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 255-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Western avocado leafroller ; Amorbia cuneana ; sex pheromone ; Tortricidae ; (E,E)- and (E,Z)-10,12-tetradecadien-1-ol acetate ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The major volatile components in the extract of the female sex pheromone gland ofAmorbia cuneana consisted of (E,E)- and (E,Z)-10,12-tetradecadien-1-ol acetates. The identification was based on electroantennogram bioassay of gas Chromatographic effluent from sex pheromone gland extract, relative retention times on polar and nonpolar gas chromatographic columns, chemical degradation (ozonolysis, saponification), mass spectrometry, chemical synthetic methods, and field tests. Based on mass spectrometry and retention times by capillary gas chromatography, traces of (E)-10-tetradecen-1-ol acetate and 1-tetradecanol acetate were also present in the extract. Traps baited with a combination of synthetic (E,E)- and (E,Z)-10,12-tetradecadien-1-ol acetates caught more males than did traps baited with females.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984021
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  • 11
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    Range of action and interaction of pheromone traps for the summerfruit tortrix moth,Adoxophyes orana (F.v.R.) (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 1251-1262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Adoxophyes orana ; pheromone traps ; attraction ; interaction ; trap spacing ; wind ; monitoring ; mass trapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In a spindle-tree apple orchard, sex pheromone traps for the summerfruit tortrix moth were distributed at different spacings. From the captures, information was derived about influence of prevailing wind direction and of trap spacing on interactions between traps. Prevailing wind direction in the experimental area had no appreciable influence on trap interaction, perhaps because of eddying within the planting. The relationship between density and capture of traps was first considered theoretically and interaction by overlap of active-space areas was distinguished from that by overlap of mere capturing areas, which depend also on distance of dispersal. The actual results were in accordance with these considerations and indicated that the diameter of the active-space areas averaged 15 m. The variation in the captures of the wider-spaced traps was too large to be conclusive about the average width of the capturing areas, but the diameter of these seemed to be more than about 45 m. These data have been related to adequate trap distances for monitoring and mass trapping.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987758
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    Electroantennogram responses ofScolytus multistriatus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to its pheromone components and to associated compounds (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 1333-1344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Scolytus multistriatus ; pheromone ; insect olfaction ; electroantennogram ; electrophysiology ; differential adaptation ; multistriatin ; 4-methyl-3-heptanol ; α-cubebene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Electroantennograms were recorded fromScolytus multistriatus in response to 4-methyl-3-heptanol, the four geometric isomers of multistriatin, and cubeb oil. Charateristic dose-response curves for response amplitude and the time required for the voltage trace to return to 1/2 baseline (recovery rate) were established. Recovery rates were significantly more rapid following stimulation with 4-methyl-3-heptanol or cubeb oil than with the multistriatin isomers. At most intensities, α-multistriatin, the isomer that evokes behavioral response, gave significantly larger EAGs with significantly longer recovery rates than the other isomers. Results of differential adaptation experiments suggested that 4-methyl-3-heptanol interacted with the processes involving multistriatin and cubeb oil activity. However, cross-activity of acceptors for these compounds seems unlikely; single sensillum recordings are needed to ascertain the response spectra for individual receptor neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01403097
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Frontalin in the male mountain pine beetle (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 1399-1409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Dendroctonus ponderosae ; pheromone ; frontalin ; exo-brevicomin ; Pinns contorta ; Pinus ponderosa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Frontalin andexo-brevicomin were identified by GC-MS in air drawn over maleDendroclonus ponderosae Hopk. (MPB) from Oregon that had joined females for 1–2 days in the bark of lodgepole and ponderosa pine logs. Unfed males releasedexo- andendo-brevicomin but not frontalin. These three compounds were not detected in either unfed or fed females. Arrestment of males bytrans-verbenol and terpenes in an olfactory walkway was reduced by the addition of racemic frontalin; production of attractant chirps also diminished. Racemic frontalin also strongly reduced the aggregation of MPB in lodgepole and ponderosa pine stands to sticky traps baited with the aggregation pheromonetrans-verbenol and host terpenes; however, the function of the natural enantiomer of frontalin in MPB is unknown.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01403103
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  • 14
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    Defensive secretions of three oxytelinae rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 1411-1420 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Staphylinidae ; Oxytelinae ; defensive secretion ; glands ; acetates ; lactones ; alkenes ; quinones ; citral
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The secretions of the abdominal glands ofBledius spectabilis Kraatz,Platystethus arenarius Fourcr., andOxytelus piceus L. have been shown to contain four 1-alkenes; toluquinone; toluhydroquinone; C10 −-,C11 −, C12 −-, and C14 − γ-lactones; C12-δ-lactone; citral; and decyl-, undecyl-, and dodecyl acetates. Quantitative results indicate that 1-alkenes are formed probably from present lactones by decarboxylation. According to the known life histories of the beetles, it is suggested that the gland material is not used as an algal growth regulator but represents a unique defensive blend characteristic for the whole subfamily.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01403104
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  • 15
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    Effects of cotton condensed tannin, maysin (Corn) and pinitol (soybeans) onHeliothis zea growth and development (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 1429-1436 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Heliothis zea ; bioassay ; host plant resistance mechanisms ; allelochemicals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Maysin, a flavone glycoside from corn silks, inhibits ingestion, and thus growth, ofHeliothis zea (Boddie) larvae. Pinitol from soybeans inhibitedH. zea growth by the same mechanism. Despite the widely held assumption that tannins inhibit growth by inhibiting assimilation, cotton condensed tannin inhibitedH. zea growth by reducing ingestion; no evidence was found for a reduction in assimilation. Neonate larvae are shown to be much more sensitive to allelochemics than larvae that have fed on control diet before being transferred to diet containing plant allelochemics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00989100
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  • 16
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    Olfactory responses of adultTribolium castaneum (Herbst), to volatiles of wheat and millet kernels, milled fractions, and extracts (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 1463-1472 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Red flour beetle ; Tribolium castaneum ; Coleoptera ; Tenebrionidae ; food volatiles ; olfactory responses ; olfactometer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Olfactory responses of 72- to 96-hr-old, 24-hr starved adult male, female, or mixed-sex groups of the red flour beetle,Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), to volatiles from wheat and millet kernels, certain milled fractions, and solvent extracts were recorded by using a lightsensitive apparatus. Wheat-germ volatiles from intact germ or solvent extracts were generally more attractive than volatiles of wheat endosperm or wheat bran. Volatiles of whole wheat kernels were the least attractive among test materials of wheat origin, whereas there were no significant differences among whole wheat flour, germ, and endosperm. Wheat-germ extracts, however, were more attractive than were extracts of the other fractions. Whole millet flour or fermented millet flour volatiles were more attractive than those from whole millet kernels or millet starch. Beetles reached maximum responsiveness to grain volatiles by 72–96 hr after adult ecdysis. Groups of virgin female beetles generally were more responsive than male or mixed-sex groups to volatiles of substances tested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00989103
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  • 17
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    Effect of artificial destratification on iron, manganese, and zinc in the water, sediments, and two species of benthic macroinvertebrates in an Oklahoma lake (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 87 (1982), S. 11-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: lake stratification ; artificial destratification ; lake mixing ; heavy metals ; sediments ; benthic macroinvertebrates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ham's Lake was destratified in the summers of 1977 and 1978 by pumping surface water to the bottom. However, an arm was prevented from mixing by a submerged dam of a former farm pond and remained stratified. The concentration of manganese in the water increased to over 5 000 µg 1−1 in the hypolimnion of the anoxic arm in summer. Soluble manganese averaged 28% of total concentration. Total iron concentrations were relatively high in the water and sorbed iron values were extremely low in the sediments. Soluble iron averaged 12% of total concentration. Zinc values were low in the water and sediments. Chaoborus punctipennis and Chironomus riparius concentrated iron and zinc and discriminated against manganese. Concentration factors were unaffected by mixing.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016657
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  • 18
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    The fractionation of iron-phosphorus compounds in sediments studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 697-700 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; Mössbauer spectroscopy ; iron ; phosphorus ; geochemistry ; analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Iron compounds of phosphorus form a large part of the phosphorus bound in sediments. Mössbauer spectroscopy is a technique that enables us to study, directly, chemical forms of iron in solid samples. Mössbauer spectroscopy allowed us to check, directly, the selectivity of the extraction scheme for soil phosphorus proposed by Chang & Jackson (1957), but only as far as the iron compounds are concerned. It appears that selectivity of the extraction method leaves much to be desired.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00000069
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  • 19
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    Introduction (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: symposium ; sediments ; freshwater
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02391917
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  • 20
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    Lake sediments as recorders of geomagnetic field variations — applications to dating post-Glacial sediments (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 587-596 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: dating ; sediments ; geomagnetic variations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Field and laboratory methods, developed to recover the record of past secular variations of geomagnetic declination and inclination carried by the remanent magnetization of some lake sediments, are described. Type curves, delineating these parameters through post-Glacial time, have now been constructed for Europe and east-central N. America. These curves, once established for any region, are useful for dating lake sediments from that region. The principal inclination features exhibited by the European curves can also be identified along the N. American curves with a delay of some 600 years, on average.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00000057
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  • 21
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    Stratigraphic and dynamic effects of sediment reworking by Great Lakes zoobenthos (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 611-622 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: zoobenthos ; Great Lakes ; sediments ; radionuclides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Recent sediments of the North American Great Lakes are inhabited by numerous species of macrobenthos which alter the physical and chemical properties of sediments and modify interface transport characteristics. Distributions of such radionuclides as cesium-137, lead-210, and isotopes of plutonium exhibit a zone of constant activity extending down from the sediment-water interface from 1 to 15 cm. Recent studies have confirmed that radiometrically determined mixed depths are consistent with the vertical distribution of oligochaete worms and the amphipod, Pontoporeia hoyi. Generally, 90% of the benthos are contained within the radiometrically defined mixed zone. Where comparisons are possible, rates of sediment reworking by ‘conveyor belt’ species are comparable to or exceed sedimentation rates. Systematic variations in the mixed depth occur within depositional basins with greatest depths tending to be associated with least consolidated, organically rich materials. A quantitative steady-state mixing model accounts satisfactorily for observed radioactivity and heavy metal profiles. Bioturbation appears to be an important process, limiting the resolution with which historical records of particle-associated contaminants may be reconstructed from sediment cores. As bioturbation serves to maintain contact of contaminated sediments with overlying water, this time may also characterize the long-term lake recovery for contaminants removed by burial. As the time varies with location, a mean for an entire lake is not well known, but is on the order of 20 years for Lake Huron.
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    Standardization of methods of analysis for heavy metals in sediments (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 689-695 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: standardization ; heavy metals ; sediments ; base-line levels ; chemical partition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In studies of heavy metals in sediments, there is a need for standardization of the procedures for sample collection and preservation, chemical analyses and presentation of results. The method and depth of sampling depend on the aim of the investigation and on local sediment conditions, such as consistency of the sediment, rate of sedimentation, diagnetic processes and bioturbation. Therefore no general recommendations can be given in this respect. During collection and preservation, contamination and loss of constituents ust be avoided. In sediments, the best means for estimating total contents of metals is digestion with HF, in combination with strong acids. Other methods include X-ray fluorescence and neutron activation analyses. The use of HF is considered objectionable by some laboratories. A reasonable alternative is aqua regia. Because variations in granular composition affect metal contents, it is advisable to use the fraction 〈 63 μm for the analysis. Chemical partition of sediments provides an insight into the source of metallic constituents, and their pathways to deposition areas. A three-step extraction procedure, in the sequence 0.1 M hydroxylamine-HCl, H2O2 30% and HF, is proposed. Finally, attention is paid to the anthropogenic enrichment of metals in sediments. The establishment of base-line levels is discussed.
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  • 23
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    Whole-lake lead burdens in sediments of lakes in southern Ontario, Canada (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 121-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; lead
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The anthropogenic stable lead content of the sediments of eight softwater Precambrian lakes in southern Ontario was measured at 34–92 sites per lake. Whole-lake anthropogenic lead burdens varied between only 610 and 770 mg m−2. There was no relationship between lead burden and either water replenishment time of the lake (TW) or the ratio of watershed area to lake area (Ad/A0), which varied by factors of 4 and 12 respectively. These results can be explained if a) the lead deposition in this region is uniform, and b) the only significant input of lead to the lakes is via deposition from the atmosphere directly on the lakes' surfaces. Therefore spatial differences in anthropogenic lead within a lake represent the redistribution or focusing pattern of the sediments.
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  • 24
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    Zinc in water and sediments of two finnish lakes (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 155-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: heavy metals ; zinc ; lakes ; sediments ; pollution ; industrial load ; sedimentation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of zinc in Lake Vanajavesi and Lake Mallasvesi, South Finland, was determined on the basis of water and sediment studies. Lake Vanajavesi is one of the most polluted of large inland lakes, in Finland. The zinc load comes mainly from industrial sources. Lake Mallasvesi, situated near Vanajavesi, is in almost natural condition. The water samples were taken by a Ruttner sampler. In collecting sediment samples, a freezing technique was used. The results of zinc analyses indicate that, during several winters, zinc has spread with waste water to different parts of L. Vanaja against the main course of flow. A close correlation between sedimentation of zinc and waste discharge from a textile factory was found in the present study.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940105
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  • 25
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    Model for instream regulation of radioisotopes and heavy metals in riverine waters subjected to a uranium mill discharge (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 175-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: simulation ; sediments ; radioisotopes ; heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the Athabaska sandstone region of northern Saskatchewan, mining and milling of uranium-bearing ore is subjecting, and will continue to subject, surface waters to inputs of soluble heavy metals and uranium and thorium decay series radioisotopes. A mathematical simulation model was developed to assess the role of riverine sediments in regulating soluble concentrations of heavy metals and radioisotopes released to the environment through treated mining and milling process effluents. Specific elements studied included As, Ni, Pb, U, and Ra-226. The model considered that diffusion into sediment porewater and adsorption by sediment particulates from sediment porewater were the two dominant mechanisms regulating sediment loading. Experiments indicated that the equilibrium adsorption behaviour of the heavy metals and radioisotopes studied could be adequately explained using a linear adsorption isotherm, over the range of concentrations expected in the environment. Experimentally determined linear isotherm slopes ranged from 200 ml g−1 to 21 000 ml gl. Diffusion into the effective depth of the sediments (20 cm) was modelled using a quadratic (second order) driving force and a corresponding mass transfer coefficient. The model coefficients were calibrated using field and laboratory data. Results of the modelling suggested that the sediments have a small effect on instream concentrations during the active phases of mining and milling. The sediments were predicted to accumulate sufficient adsorbed mass, during the operational phase of mining and milling, to act as a distributed instream source after completion of milling activities. The significance of this post-operational source was a function of the initial effluent loading, elapsed time and site specific river characteristics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940108
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    Microbial metabolism in surface sediments and its role in the immobilization of phosphorus in oligotrophic lake sediments (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 261-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: microbial metabolism ; phosphorus ; sediments ; oligotrophic lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rapid microbial metabolism and a large phosphorus uptake potential were observed in surface sediments of Lake George, New York. This sediment (termed the flocculent layer) also exhibited a phosphorus limited condition and a large reservoir of inorganic phosphorus associated with humic substances. These observations suggest that the empirically observed phosphorus retention in oligotrophic lake sediments may be promoted by a rapid cycling of phosphorus between microflora and its associated organic matter.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940117
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  • 27
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    Distribution and concentrations of naturally-occurring radionuclides in sediments in a uranium mining area of northern Saskatchewan, Canada (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 355-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; uranium ; radium ; radionuclides ; models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Uranium mining and milling operations can contribute to environmental degradation through the increased release of naturally-occurring radionuclides. However, studies of the interactions of these radionuclides with freshwater sediments have been limited. The present study examined the vertical distribution of uranium, thorium, radium-226, polonium-210 and lead-210 in undisturbed sediment cores collected in the vicinity of mining, milling and exploration activities. Uranium levels in surface sediments ranged from 1.9 to 5650 µg g−1, Ra-226 from 〈0.1 to 480 pCi g−1 and Pb-210 from 0.8 to 931 pCi g−1 in the samples reported here, with the highest values occurring downstream of waste rock disposal areas. Concentrations usually decreased with depth, and there was little evidence of any strong effect of bioturbation on radionuclide profiles at the scale examined here. Mathematical models of uranium and radium-226 adsorption on and movement into the sediment were constructed, based on expected adsorption coefficients and estimated loading. The model predictions of radionuclide distribution with depth were qualitatively similar to those actually measured, but the predicted concentrations were generally lower than those observed, both in unaffected areas and in areas adjacent to uranium extraction activities.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940125
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    Transport of iron and manganese in relation to the shapes of their concentration-depth profiles (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 463-471 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: iron ; manganese ; sediments ; water ; transport ; model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A model is presented which describes the transport of iron and manganese in the vicinity of a redox boundary. It is based on input of a particulate component, to form a point source, from which soluble species diffuse along a concentration gradient. The shapes of concentration-depth profiles in marine and freshwater sediments and water columns are reviewed and discussed in terms of the model. Transport, either entirely within a water column or within the sediment, may be simply treated because the rate of vertical transport can be regarded as constant. The discontinuity in the rate of vertical transport which occurs at the sediment-water interface can provide a complicated example of the model, especially when it coincides with the redox boundary. Authigenic mineral formation processes can modify the model, sometimes to such an extent that it becomes invalid. This is particularly true for soluble iron profiles in organically rich marine sediments. Sampling interval is critical to the resultant profile shape and must be relevant to the particular environment, e.g. metres in water columns and millimetres in sediments. The differences in the rates of reduction and oxidation of iron and manganese tend to modify both the position of the profile with respect to the redox-cline and its stage of development in a seasonally anoxic system. It is these factors which determine why most of the iron which reaches a sediment is permanently incorporated whereas manganese is re-released. This mechanism determines the average ratio of iron to manganese in sedimentary rocks. The development of peaked profile shapes in water columns implies that under certain conditions dissolved iron and manganese may be transported from the water column to the pore waters of the sediment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940134
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    Lake sediments as recorders of geomagnetic field variations — applications to dating post-Glacial sediments (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 587-596 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: dating ; sediments ; geomagnetic variations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Field and laboratory methods, developed to recover the record of past secular variations of geomagnetic declination and inclination carried by the remanent magnetization of some lake sediments, are described. Type curves, delineating these parameters through post-Glacial time, have now been constructed for Europe and east-central N. America. These curves, once established for any region, are useful for dating lake sediments from that region. The principal inclination features exhibited by the European curves can also be identified along the N. American curves with a delay of some 600 years, on average.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940147
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    The fractionation of iron-phosphorus compounds in sediments studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 697-700 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; Mössbauer spectroscopy ; iron ; phosphorus ; geochemistry ; analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Iron compounds of phosphorus form a large part of the phosphorus bound in sediments. Mössbauer spectroscopy is a technique that enables us to study, directly, chemical forms of iron in solid samples. Mössbauer spectroscopy allowed us to check, directly, the selectivity of the extraction scheme for soil phosphorus proposed by Chang & Jackson (1957), but only as far as the iron compounds are concerned. It appears that selectivity of the extraction method leaves much to be desired.
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    Deepwater sediments and trophic conditions in Florida lakes (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 597-602 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: eutrophication ; diagenesis ; sediments ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sediment cores were taken from near maximum depth in 15 Florida lakes representing a wide range of trophic conditions. Chemical analyses of surface sediments showed Al, Fe, and Ca to be the most abundant elements in all samples, and the ratio of Al to Ca to be smaller for eutrophic lakes. Sediment organic matter increased with trophic state, as did the degree to which it was enriched in nitrogen. Corresponding sediment C/N ratios decreased with increasing lake trophic state and showed significant negative correlation with chlorophylla, total N, and total P in the water column. Concentrations of sedimentary chlorophyll derivatives showed some relation to trophic state but differences in basin morphometry hinder its use as an inter-lake index of chlorophyll production.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940148
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    Experimental measurement of sediment nitrification and denitrification in Hamilton Harbour, Canada (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 207-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; water column ; nitrification ; denitrification ; experiments ; modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This research examines the role of sediment nitrification and denitrification in the nitrogen cycle of Hamilton Harbour. The Harbour is subject to large ammonia and carbon loadings from a waste-water treatment plant and from steel industries. Spring ammonia concentrations rapidly decrease from 4.5 to 0.5 mg 1−1, while spring nitrate concentrations increase from 1 to 2 mg l−1, by mid-summer. A three-layer sediment model was developed. The first layer is aerobic; in it, oxidation of organics and nitrification occurs. The second layer is for denitrification, and the third layer is for anaerobic processes. Ammonia sources for nitrification include diffusion from the water column, sources associated with the oxidation of organics, sources from denitrification and from anaerobic processes. Diffusion of oxygen, ammonia and nitrate across the sediment-water interface occurs. Temperature effects are modelled using the Arrhenius concept. A combination of zero-order kinetics for nitrate or ammonia consumption with diffusion results in a half-order reaction, with respect to the water column loss rate to sediments. From experimental measurement, the rate of nitrification is 200 mg N 1−1 sediment per day, while that of denitrification is 85 mg N 1–1 sediment per day at 20 °C. The Arrhenius activation energy is estimated as 15 000 cal/ mole-K and 17 000 cal/ mole-K for nitrification and denitrification, respectively, between 10 °C and 20 °C. Calculations of the flux of ammonia with the sediments, using the biofilm model, compare favourably with experimental observations. The ammonia flux from the water column is estimated to account for 20% of the observed decrease in water column stocks of ammonia, while the nitrate flux from the water column is estimated to account for 25% of the total nitrogen produced by the sediments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02391937
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    Comparison of sediment energy-texture relationships in marine and lacustrine environments (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 71-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; lakes ; seas ; oceans ; energy relationships ; population statistics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sediments in the marine environment are generally subject to higher energy levels than those of lake systems, and lakes are virtually unaffected by tidal range which modifies beach structures formed in response to wave effects. However, despite different energy levels, the textural characteristics of both marine and lacustrine sediments are very similar. The main difference between marine and lacustrine facies is the depth range over which these characteristics remain consistent. In lakes, depth limitation may influence the development of surface waves and restrict textural distributions. Simple textural relationships can be used to describe comparable marine and lacustrine sedimentary conditions. Sediments which have been altered by post-depositional erosion, such as lag deposits, or by ice-drop or wind blown settlement, show comparable textural modifications. The settlement of silt and clay size particulates, in the marine environment and lakes, may differ slightly because of the chemical differences between salt and fresh water.
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    Whole-lake lead burdens in sediments of lakes in southern Ontario, Canada (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 121-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; lead
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The anthropogenic stable lead content of the sediments of eight softwater Precambrian lakes in southern Ontario was measured at 34–92 sites per lake. Whole-lake anthropogenic lead burdens varied between only 610 and 770 mg m−2. There was no relationship between lead burden and either water replenishment time of the lake (TW) or the ratio of watershed area to lake area (Ad/A0), which varied by factors of 4 and 12 respectively. These results can be explained if a) the lead deposition in this region is uniform, and b) the only significant input of lead to the lakes is via deposition from the atmosphere directly on the lakes' surfaces. Therefore spatial differences in anthropogenic lead within a lake represent the redistribution or focusing pattern of the sediments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02391927
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    Transport of iron and manganese in relation to the shapes of their concentration-depth profiles (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 463-471 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: iron ; manganese ; sediments ; water ; transport ; model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A model is presented which describes the transport of iron and manganese in the vicinity of a redox boundary. It is based on input of a particulate component, to form a point source, from which soluble species diffuse along a concentration gradient. The shapes of concentration-depth profiles in marine and freshwater sediments and water columns are reviewed and discussed in terms of the model. Transport, either entirely within a water column or within the sediment, may be simply treated because the rate of vertical transport can be regarded as constant. The discontinuity in the rate of vertical transport which occurs at the sediment-water interface can provide a complicated example of the model, especially when it coincides with the redox boundary. Authigenic mineral formation processes can modify the model, sometimes to such an extent that it becomes invalid. This is particularly true for soluble iron profiles in organically rich marine sediments. Sampling interval is critical to the resultant profile shape and must be relevant to the particular environment, e.g. metres in water columns and millimetres in sediments. The differences in the rates of reduction and oxidation of iron and manganese tend to modify both the position of the profile with respect to the redox-cline and its stage of development in a seasonally anoxic system. It is these factors which determine why most of the iron which reaches a sediment is permanently incorporated whereas manganese is re-released. This mechanism determines the average ratio of iron to manganese in sedimentary rocks. The development of peaked profile shapes in water columns implies that under certain conditions dissolved iron and manganese may be transported from the water column to the pore waters of the sediment.
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    Deepwater sediments and trophic conditions in Florida lakes (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 597-602 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: eutrophication ; diagenesis ; sediments ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sediment cores were taken from near maximum depth in 15 Florida lakes representing a wide range of trophic conditions. Chemical analyses of surface sediments showed Al, Fe, and Ca to be the most abundant elements in all samples, and the ratio of Al to Ca to be smaller for eutrophic lakes. Sediment organic matter increased with trophic state, as did the degree to which it was enriched in nitrogen. Corresponding sediment C/N ratios decreased with increasing lake trophic state and showed significant negative correlation with chlorophylla, total N, and total P in the water column. Concentrations of sedimentary chlorophyll derivatives showed some relation to trophic state but differences in basin morphometry hinder its use as an inter-lake index of chlorophyll production.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02391974
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    Zinc in water and sediments of two finnish lakes (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 155-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: heavy metals ; zinc ; lakes ; sediments ; pollution ; industrial load ; sedimentation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of zinc in Lake Vanajavesi and Lake Mallasvesi, South Finland, was determined on the basis of water and sediment studies. Lake Vanajavesi is one of the most polluted of large inland lakes, in Finland. The zinc load comes mainly from industrial sources. Lake Mallasvesi, situated near Vanajavesi, is in almost natural condition. The water samples were taken by a Ruttner sampler. In collecting sediment samples, a freezing technique was used. The results of zinc analyses indicate that, during several winters, zinc has spread with waste water to different parts of L. Vanaja against the main course of flow. A close correlation between sedimentation of zinc and waste discharge from a textile factory was found in the present study.
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    Spatial heterogeneity in whole lake sediments — towards a loading estimate (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 235-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; nutrients ; loading estimates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Studies of nutrient loadings, to shallow culturally eutrophied Alberta lakes, suggest internal inputs are significant. In this regard, estimation of bottom sediment P loads to Lake Wabamun (80 km2, 5.5 m $$\bar x$$ depth) were examined. Initially we determined the spatial variability in Total Organic Content (% loss on ignition) and Total Phosphorus, as indicators. Phosphorus fractions and biologically available phosphorus (BAP) were measured at specific stations. These data showed a very uniform distribution in sediment type with a Total Organic Content of 40.6 ± 3.3 (95% C.L.) at the west end, gradually declining to 26.3 ± 0.9 at the east end. Transects performed at routine monitoring stations indicate the representativeness of each station, e.g., station 2, 40.8 ± 1.3 (10 sites). One explanation of this uniformity is provided from210Pb analysis of shallow cores which indicate mixing to a depth of 16 cm. This is also thought to explain the mechanics of P loading to the water phase. Finally, Total Organic Content relates well to BAP (r2 = 0.80). It is hoped that this simple technique may well permit more precise extrapolation to whole lake BAP estimates at least on this lake.
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    Stratigraphic and dynamic effects of sediment reworking by Great Lakes zoobenthos (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 611-622 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: zoobenthos ; Great Lakes ; sediments ; radionuclides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Recent sediments of the North American Great Lakes are inhabited by numerous species of macrobenthos which alter the physical and chemical properties of sediments and modify interface transport characteristics. Distributions of such radionuclides as cesium-137, lead-210, and isotopes of plutonium exhibit a zone of constant activity extending down from the sediment-water interface from 1 to 15 cm. Recent studies have confirmed that radiometrically determined mixed depths are consistent with the vertical distribution of oligochaete worms and the amphipod,Pontoporeia hoyi. Generally, 90% of the benthos are contained within the radiometrically defined mixed zone. Where comparisons are possible, rates of sediment reworking by ‘conveyor belt’ species are comparable to or exceed sedimentation rates. Systematic variations in the mixed depth occur within depositional basins with greatest depths tending to be associated with least consolidated, organically rich materials. A quantitative steady-state mixing model accounts satisfactorily for observed radioactivity and heavy metal profiles. Bioturbation appears to be an important process, limiting the resolution with which historical records of particle-associated contaminants may be reconstructed from sediment cores. As bioturbation serves to maintain contact of contaminated sediments with overlying water, this time may also characterize the long-term lake recovery for contaminants removed by burial. As the time varies with location, a mean for an entire lake is not well known, but is on the order of 20 years for Lake Huron.
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    Standardization of methods of analysis for heavy metals in sediments (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 689-695 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: standardization ; heavy metals ; sediments ; base-line levels ; chemical partition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In studies of heavy metals in sediments, there is a need for standardization of the procedures for sample collection and preservation, chemical analyses and presentation of results. The method and depth of sampling depend on the aim of the investigation and on local sediment conditions, such as consistency of the sediment, rate of sedimentation, diagnetic processes and bioturbation. Therefore no general recommendations can be given in this respect. During collection and preservation, contamination and loss of constituents ust be avoided. In sediments, the best means for estimating total contents of metals is digestion with HF, in combination with strong acids. Other methods include X-ray fluorescence and neutron activation analyses. The use of HF is considered objectionable by some laboratories. A reasonable alternative is aqua regia. Because variations in granular composition affect metal contents, it is advisable to use the fraction 〈 63 μm for the analysis. Chemical partition of sediments provides an insight into the source of metallic constituents, and their pathways to deposition areas. A three-step extraction procedure, in the sequence 0.1 M hydroxylamine-HCl, H2O2 30% and HF, is proposed. Finally, attention is paid to the anthropogenic enrichment of metals in sediments. The establishment of base-line levels is discussed.
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    Gas chromatographic determination of total amino acids and protein in sediments using the ninhydrin-CO2 reaction (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 97 (1982), S. 81-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: amino acids ; protein ; sediments ; ninhydrin reaction ; gas chromatography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A sensitive modification of the ninhydrin-CO2 method involving the gas chromatographic determination of the total protein and amino acid content of sediment is described. The method gives a linear response over the amino acid concentration range 10−5 M to 4 × 10−2 M. It can be used for whole sediment, hydrolysates and interstitial water. The performance of the method is compared with the fluorescamine method for primary amines.
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    Experimental measurement of sediment nitrification and denitrification in Hamilton Harbour, Canada (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 207-216 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; water column ; nitrification ; denitrification ; experiments ; modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This research examines the role of sediment nitrification and denitrification in the nitrogen cycle of Hamilton Harbour. The Harbour is subject to large ammonia and carbon loadings from a waste-water treatment plant and from steel industries. Spring ammonia concentrations rapidly decrease from 4.5 to 0.5 mg 1−1, while spring nitrate concentrations increase from 1 to 2 mg l−1, by mid-summer. A three-layer sediment model was developed. The first layer is aerobic; in it, oxidation of organics and nitrification occurs. The second layer is for denitrification, and the third layer is for anaerobic processes. Ammonia sources for nitrification include diffusion from the water column, sources associated with the oxidation of organics, sources from denitrification and from anaerobic processes. Diffusion of oxygen, ammonia and nitrate across the sediment-water interface occurs. Temperature effects are modelled using the Arrhenius concept. A combination of zero-order kinetics for nitrate or ammonia consumption with diffusion results in a half-order reaction, with respect to the water column loss rate to sediments. From experimental measurement, the rate of nitrification is 200 mg N 1−1 sediment per day, while that of denitrification is 85 mg N 1–1 sediment per day at 20 °C. The Arrhenius activation energy is estimated as 15 000 cal/ mole-K and 17 000 cal/ mole-K for nitrification and denitrification, respectively, between 10 °C and 20 °C. Calculations of the flux of ammonia with the sediments, using the biofilm model, compare favourably with experimental observations. The ammonia flux from the water column is estimated to account for 20% of the observed decrease in water column stocks of ammonia, while the nitrate flux from the water column is estimated to account for 25% of the total nitrogen produced by the sediments.
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    Particle size distribution and chemical parameters of the sediments of a shallow turbid impoundment (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 341-353 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Impoundment ; sediments ; particle size ; major ions ; nutrients ; cation exchange
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract As part of an ecosystem study of a small mesotrophic turbid impoundment in the semi-arid part of South Africa, an investigation was made of the particle size distribution, organic content and inorganic chemical composition of the sediment. Nine transects 50 m apart were made during February 1980. Sediments were sampled with an Eckman grab. The following analyses were made: size fractionation by wet sieving, cation exchange capacity, exchangeable Na, K, Ca, Mg and PO4, total P, and loss on ignition. From the results it was clear that the finer particles, in or near the original river bed, had higher cation exchange capacity, total P, exchangeable phosphorus and organic content. Littoral areas with avian habitat and extensive macrophyte vegetation, contained coarser sediments. Organic detritus apparently migrated to the deeper part of the impoundment. Sediments of lacustrine and fluvial origin were identified by means of the Passega classification.
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    Spatial heterogeneity in whole lake sediments — towards a loading estimate (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 235-240 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; nutrients ; loading estimates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Studies of nutrient loadings, to shallow culturally eutrophied Alberta lakes, suggest internal inputs are significant. In this regard, estimation of bottom sediment P loads to Lake Wabamun (80 km2, 5.5 m $$\bar x$$ depth) were examined. Initially we determined the spatial variability in Total Organic Content (% loss on ignition) and Total Phosphorus, as indicators. Phosphorus fractions and biologically available phosphorus (BAP) were measured at specific stations. These data showed a very uniform distribution in sediment type with a Total Organic Content of 40.6 ± 3.3 (95% C.L.) at the west end, gradually declining to 26.3 ± 0.9 at the east end. Transects performed at routine monitoring stations indicate the representativeness of each station, e.g., station 2, 40.8 ± 1.3 (10 sites). One explanation of this uniformity is provided from210Pb analysis of shallow cores which indicate mixing to a depth of 16 cm. This is also thought to explain the mechanics of P loading to the water phase. Finally, Total Organic Content relates well to BAP (r2 = 0.80). It is hoped that this simple technique may well permit more precise extrapolation to whole lake BAP estimates at least on this lake.
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    Particle size distribution and chemical parameters of the sediments of a shallow turbid impoundment (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 341-353 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Impoundment ; sediments ; particle size ; major ions ; nutrients ; cation exchange
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract As part of an ecosystem study of a small mesotrophic turbid impoundment in the semi-arid part of South Africa, an investigation was made of the particle size distribution, organic content and inorganic chemical composition of the sediment. Nine transects 50 m apart were made during February 1980. Sediments were sampled with an Eckman grab. The following analyses were made: size fractionation by wet sieving, cation exchange capacity, exchangeable Na, K, Ca, Mg and PO4, total P, and loss on ignition. From the results it was clear that the finer particles, in or near the original river bed, had higher cation exchange capacity, total P, exchangeable phosphorus and organic content. Littoral areas with avian habitat and extensive macrophyte vegetation, contained coarser sediments. Organic detritus apparently migrated to the deeper part of the impoundment. Sediments of lacustrine and fluvial origin were identified by means of the Passega classification.
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    Introduction (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 1-1 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: symposium ; sediments ; freshwater
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940091
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    Comparison of sediment energy-texture relationships in marine and lacustrine environments (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 71-84 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; lakes ; seas ; oceans ; energy relationships ; population statistics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sediments in the marine environment are generally subject to higher energy levels than those of lake systems, and lakes are virtually unaffected by tidal range which modifies beach structures formed in response to wave effects. However, despite different energy levels, the textural characteristics of both marine and lacustrine sediments are very similar. The main difference between marine and lacustrine facies is the depth range over which these characteristics remain consistent. In lakes, depth limitation may influence the development of surface waves and restrict textural distributions. Simple textural relationships can be used to describe comparable marine and lacustrine sedimentary conditions. Sediments which have been altered by post-depositional erosion, such as lag deposits, or by ice-drop or wind blown settlement, show comparable textural modifications. The settlement of silt and clay size particulates, in the marine environment and lakes, may differ slightly because of the chemical differences between salt and fresh water.
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    The fractionation of iron-phosphorus compounds in sediments studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 697-700 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; Mössbauer spectroscopy ; iron ; phosphorus ; geochemistry ; analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Iron compounds of phosphorus form a large part of the phosphorus bound in sediments. Mössbauer spectroscopy is a technique that enables us to study, directly, chemical forms of iron in solid samples. Mössbauer spectroscopy allowed us to check, directly, the selectivity of the extraction scheme for soil phosphorus proposed by Chang & Jackson (1957), but only as far as the iron compounds are concerned. It appears that selectivity of the extraction method leaves much to be desired.
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    Model for instream regulation of radioisotopes and heavy metals in riverine waters subjected to a uranium mill discharge (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 175-188 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: simulation ; sediments ; radioisotopes ; heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the Athabaska sandstone region of northern Saskatchewan, mining and milling of uranium-bearing ore is subjecting, and will continue to subject, surface waters to inputs of soluble heavy metals and uranium and thorium decay series radioisotopes. A mathematical simulation model was developed to assess the role of riverine sediments in regulating soluble concentrations of heavy metals and radioisotopes released to the environment through treated mining and milling process effluents. Specific elements studied included As, Ni, Pb, U, and Ra-226. The model considered that diffusion into sediment porewater and adsorption by sediment particulates from sediment porewater were the two dominant mechanisms regulating sediment loading. Experiments indicated that the equilibrium adsorption behaviour of the heavy metals and radioisotopes studied could be adequately explained using a linear adsorption isotherm, over the range of concentrations expected in the environment. Experimentally determined linear isotherm slopes ranged from 200 ml g−1 to 21 000 ml gl. Diffusion into the effective depth of the sediments (20 cm) was modelled using a quadratic (second order) driving force and a corresponding mass transfer coefficient. The model coefficients were calibrated using field and laboratory data. Results of the modelling suggested that the sediments have a small effect on instream concentrations during the active phases of mining and milling. The sediments were predicted to accumulate sufficient adsorbed mass, during the operational phase of mining and milling, to act as a distributed instream source after completion of milling activities. The significance of this post-operational source was a function of the initial effluent loading, elapsed time and site specific river characteristics.
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    Lake sediments as recorders of geomagnetic field variations — applications to dating post-Glacial sediments (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 587-596 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: dating ; sediments ; geomagnetic variations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Field and laboratory methods, developed to recover the record of past secular variations of geomagnetic declination and inclination carried by the remanent magnetization of some lake sediments, are described. Type curves, delineating these parameters through post-Glacial time, have now been constructed for Europe and east-central N. America. These curves, once established for any region, are useful for dating lake sediments from that region. The principal inclination features exhibited by the European curves can also be identified along the N. American curves with a delay of some 600 years, on average.
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    Stratigraphic and dynamic effects of sediment reworking by Great Lakes zoobenthos (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 611-622 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: zoobenthos ; Great Lakes ; sediments ; radionuclides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Recent sediments of the North American Great Lakes are inhabited by numerous species of macrobenthos which alter the physical and chemical properties of sediments and modify interface transport characteristics. Distributions of such radionuclides as cesium-137, lead-210, and isotopes of plutonium exhibit a zone of constant activity extending down from the sediment-water interface from 1 to 15 cm. Recent studies have confirmed that radiometrically determined mixed depths are consistent with the vertical distribution of oligochaete worms and the amphipod,Pontoporeia hoyi. Generally, 90% of the benthos are contained within the radiometrically defined mixed zone. Where comparisons are possible, rates of sediment reworking by ‘conveyor belt’ species are comparable to or exceed sedimentation rates. Systematic variations in the mixed depth occur within depositional basins with greatest depths tending to be associated with least consolidated, organically rich materials. A quantitative steady-state mixing model accounts satisfactorily for observed radioactivity and heavy metal profiles. Bioturbation appears to be an important process, limiting the resolution with which historical records of particle-associated contaminants may be reconstructed from sediment cores. As bioturbation serves to maintain contact of contaminated sediments with overlying water, this time may also characterize the long-term lake recovery for contaminants removed by burial. As the time varies with location, a mean for an entire lake is not well known, but is on the order of 20 years for Lake Huron.
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    Transport of iron and manganese in relation to the shapes of their concentration-depth profiles (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 463-471 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: iron ; manganese ; sediments ; water ; transport ; model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A model is presented which describes the transport of iron and manganese in the vicinity of a redox boundary. It is based on input of a particulate component, to form a point source, from which soluble species diffuse along a concentration gradient. The shapes of concentration-depth profiles in marine and freshwater sediments and water columns are reviewed and discussed in terms of the model. Transport, either entirely within a water column or within the sediment, may be simply treated because the rate of vertical transport can be regarded as constant. The discontinuity in the rate of vertical transport which occurs at the sediment-water interface can provide a complicated example of the model, especially when it coincides with the redox boundary. Authigenic mineral formation processes can modify the model, sometimes to such an extent that it becomes invalid. This is particularly true for soluble iron profiles in organically rich marine sediments. Sampling interval is critical to the resultant profile shape and must be relevant to the particular environment, e.g. metres in water columns and millimetres in sediments. The differences in the rates of reduction and oxidation of iron and manganese tend to modify both the position of the profile with respect to the redox-cline and its stage of development in a seasonally anoxic system. It is these factors which determine why most of the iron which reaches a sediment is permanently incorporated whereas manganese is re-released. This mechanism determines the average ratio of iron to manganese in sedimentary rocks. The development of peaked profile shapes in water columns implies that under certain conditions dissolved iron and manganese may be transported from the water column to the pore waters of the sediment.
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    Deepwater sediments and trophic conditions in Florida lakes (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 597-602 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: eutrophication ; diagenesis ; sediments ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sediment cores were taken from near maximum depth in 15 Florida lakes representing a wide range of trophic conditions. Chemical analyses of surface sediments showed Al, Fe, and Ca to be the most abundant elements in all samples, and the ratio of Al to Ca to be smaller for eutrophic lakes. Sediment organic matter increased with trophic state, as did the degree to which it was enriched in nitrogen. Corresponding sediment C/N ratios decreased with increasing lake trophic state and showed significant negative correlation with chlorophyll a, total N, and total P in the water column. Concentrations of sedimentary chlorophyll derivatives showed some relation to trophic state but differences in basin morphometry hinder its use as an inter-lake index of chlorophyll production.
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    Distribution and concentrations of naturally-occurring radionuclides in sediments in a uranium mining area of northern Saskatchewan, Canada (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 355-361 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; uranium ; radium ; radionuclides ; models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Uranium mining and milling operations can contribute to environmental degradation through the increased release of naturally-occurring radionuclides. However, studies of the interactions of these radionuclides with freshwater sediments have been limited. The present study examined the vertical distribution of uranium, thorium, radium-226, polonium-210 and lead-210 in undisturbed sediment cores collected in the vicinity of mining, milling and exploration activities. Uranium levels in surface sediments ranged from 1.9 to 5650 µg g−1, Ra-226 from 〈0.1 to 480 pCi g−1 and Pb-210 from 0.8 to 931 pCi g−1 in the samples reported here, with the highest values occurring downstream of waste rock disposal areas. Concentrations usually decreased with depth, and there was little evidence of any strong effect of bioturbation on radionuclide profiles at the scale examined here. Mathematical models of uranium and radium-226 adsorption on and movement into the sediment were constructed, based on expected adsorption coefficients and estimated loading. The model predictions of radionuclide distribution with depth were qualitatively similar to those actually measured, but the predicted concentrations were generally lower than those observed, both in unaffected areas and in areas adjacent to uranium extraction activities.
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    Microbial metabolism in surface sediments and its role in the immobilization of phosphorus in oligotrophic lake sediments (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 261-268 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: microbial metabolism ; phosphorus ; sediments ; oligotrophic lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rapid microbial metabolism and a large phosphorus uptake potential were observed in surface sediments of Lake George, New York. This sediment (termed the flocculent layer) also exhibited a phosphorus limited condition and a large reservoir of inorganic phosphorus associated with humic substances. These observations suggest that the empirically observed phosphorus retention in oligotrophic lake sediments may be promoted by a rapid cycling of phosphorus between microflora and its associated organic matter.
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    Distribution and concentrations of naturally-occurring radionuclides in sediments in a uranium mining area of northern Saskatchewan, Canada (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 355-361 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; uranium ; radium ; radionuclides ; models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Uranium mining and milling operations can contribute to environmental degradation through the increased release of naturally-occurring radionuclides. However, studies of the interactions of these radionuclides with freshwater sediments have been limited. The present study examined the vertical distribution of uranium, thorium, radium-226, polonium-210 and lead-210 in undisturbed sediment cores collected in the vicinity of mining, milling and exploration activities. Uranium levels in surface sediments ranged from 1.9 to 5650 µg g−1, Ra-226 from 〈0.1 to 480 pCi g−1 and Pb-210 from 0.8 to 931 pCi g−1 in the samples reported here, with the highest values occurring downstream of waste rock disposal areas. Concentrations usually decreased with depth, and there was little evidence of any strong effect of bioturbation on radionuclide profiles at the scale examined here. Mathematical models of uranium and radium-226 adsorption on and movement into the sediment were constructed, based on expected adsorption coefficients and estimated loading. The model predictions of radionuclide distribution with depth were qualitatively similar to those actually measured, but the predicted concentrations were generally lower than those observed, both in unaffected areas and in areas adjacent to uranium extraction activities.
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    Standardization of methods of analysis for heavy metals in sediments (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 689-695 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: standardization ; heavy metals ; sediments ; base-line levels ; chemical partition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In studies of heavy metals in sediments, there is a need for standardization of the procedures for sample collection and preservation, chemical analyses and presentation of results. The method and depth of sampling depend on the aim of the investigation and on local sediment conditions, such as consistency of the sediment, rate of sedimentation, diagnetic processes and bioturbation. Therefore no general recommendations can be given in this respect. During collection and preservation, contamination and loss of constituents ust be avoided. In sediments, the best means for estimating total contents of metals is digestion with HF, in combination with strong acids. Other methods include X-ray fluorescence and neutron activation analyses. The use of HF is considered objectionable by some laboratories. A reasonable alternative is aqua regia. Because variations in granular composition affect metal contents, it is advisable to use the fraction 〈 63 μm for the analysis. Chemical partition of sediments provides an insight into the source of metallic constituents, and their pathways to deposition areas. A three-step extraction procedure, in the sequence 0.1 M hydroxylamine-HCl, H2O2 30% and HF, is proposed. Finally, attention is paid to the anthropogenic enrichment of metals in sediments. The establishment of base-line levels is discussed.
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    An investigation into some physical and biotic effects of flooding on reservoir mud previously subjected to a period of aerial exposure (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 97 (1982), S. 27-35 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Hong Kong ; man-made lake ; marginal zone ; sediments ; Melanoides tuberculata ; freshwater gastropods ; allochthonous ; water-level fluctuations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A series of laboratory experiments were carried out in order to investigate the effects of selected physical and biotic processes on the substratum of a recently flooded gently sloping marginal zone of Plover Cove Reservoir, Hong Kong. The physical effects of disturbance of the sediments promoted the redistribution of organic matter, as shown by differences in the percentage of organic matter in the supernatant and residue resulting when reservoir mud was stirred. It is suggested that such a process would promote the transfer of allochthonous organic carbon from the marginal zone (the area of input of such material) to the rest of the water body. Substrate characteristics were also influenced by the activities of two species of benthic gastropod,Sinotaia quadrata andMelanoides tuberculata. These animals increased the rate of production of particles from soaked blocks of parent mud when compared with experimental treatments in the absence of snails. Additionally both species enhanced the production of aggregates from fine sediments with a particle size of less than 125 µm. The magnitudes of both processes were statistically significant. Laboratory observations showed thatM. tuberculata had a significantly faster rate of aggregate and fine particulate production thanS. quadrata and it is possible that the former species may have the capacity to modify the substrate characteristics of the newly flooded marginal zone of Plover Cove.
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    Sex pheromone chemistry of the western spruce budwormChoristoneura occidentalis Free (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 351-362 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Choristoneura occidentalis ; western spruce budworm ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; pheromone chemistry ; Choristoneura fumiferana ; capillary GC-MS ; (E/Z)-11-tetradecenal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract SCOT capillary Chromatographic and SCOT capillary chromatographic-mass spectrometic analyses of gland washes and effluvia of virgin femaleChoristoneura occidentalis Free, have been conducted with both a diapausing and nondiapausing strain of this insect. The following compounds were identified in gland washes and effluvia in both strains:E andZ11–14∶Ald,E andZ11–14∶Ac,E andZ11–14∶OH and 14∶Ald, 14∶Ac, and 14∶OH. The average aldehyde: acetate: alcohol ratio found by analysis of single glands by virgin females (nondiapausing strain) was 1∶7∶0.73. Analysis of virgin female effluvia gave this ratio as 10∶3∶8 (diapausing strain: %Z=8, 11, 15, respectively) and 10∶3∶6 (nondiapausing strain: %Z=8, 11, 12, respectively). The saturated components were generally 1–2% of theE isomer in each case. Comparisons of EAG responses of bothC. occidentalis andC. fumiferana toE11–14∶Ald,E11–14∶Ac andE11–14∶OH were made. Correlations with both laboratory and field data previously published were also made betweenC. fumiferana andC. occidentalis.
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    Influence of opposite sex on attraction produced by pioneer sex of four bark beetle species cohabiting pine in the Southern United States (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 373-378 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Dendroctonus frontalis ; Ips calligraphus ; I. grandicollis ; I. avulsus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; mating ; attraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Catches ofDendroctonus frontalis andIps avulsus on traps surrounding bolts infested with both sexes of each species in the gallery were not significantly different from catches at bolts infested only with the sex which normally pioneers the host colonization process. In contrast, the presence of the second sex in the gallery significantly reduced catches ofI. grandicollis andI. calligraphus and, additionally, the presence of females in the male galleries ofI. calligraphus significantly reduced the catch ofI. avulsus females as compared with their response to bolts infested with the maleI. calligraphus only.
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    Defensive adaptations of eggs and adults ofGastrophysa cyanea (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 453-462 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Defensive secretions ; oleic acid ; hydrocarbons ; terpenoids ; eggs ; deterrents ; ants ; predation ; Chrysomelidae ; Coleoptera ; Gastrophysa cyanea ; reflex bleeding ; elytral glands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Egg clusters and adults ofGastrophysa cyanea are conspicuous and, like their larvae, are chemically protected. The eggs owe their bright yellow color primarily to β-carotene and, in addition, contain substantial quantities of oleic acid. At natural concentrations oleic acid effectively deters many species of ants from feeding. The use of fatty acids as deterrents against ants is discussed as a possible widespread phenomenon among insects. During defensive confrontations, adults ofG. cyanea exhibit avoidance behavior and may also feign death. In addition, the adults may autohemmorhage or secrete a fluid from elytral or pronotal pores in response to traumatic stimuli. The secretions are effective against ants and contain a mixture of hydrocarbons as well as terpenoid components. The pattern of ontogenetic modification in the defensive chemical repertoire ofG. cyanea is discussed.
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    Responses of the olfactory receptors ofScolytus scolytus (F.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to the stereoisomers of 4-methyl-3-heptanol (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 477-492 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Scolytus scolytus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; pheromone ; 4-methyl-3-heptanol stereoisomer ; olfaction ; electrophysiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Electroantennogram (EAG) and single-cell recording techniques have been used to demonstrate the presence of separate receptors for (−)-threo- and (−)-erythro-4-methyl-3-heptanol on the antenna ofS. scolytus. The majority of single-cell recordings showed spikes of two different amplitudes. The cell giving spikes of larger amplitude responded to the (−)-threo stereoisomer while the cell with the small-amplitude spikes responded to (−)-erythro-4-methyl-3-heptanol. It is suggested that in most recordings the two cells are associated with a single sensillum basiconicum.
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    Disruption of male spruce budworm orientation to calling females in a wind tunnel by synthetic pheromone (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 493-506 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Choristoneurafumiferana (Clem.) ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; sex pheromone ; mating disruption ; sex attraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Male spruce budworm [Chorisloneura fumiferana (Clem.)] moths were held for 3 hr in a wind tunnel and subjected to various concentrations of background synthetic pheromone. They were then exposed to calling females and their response was recorded. The background pheromone was presented either as discrete turbulent plumes or as a uniform permeation throughout the tunnel. The numbers of males wing-fanning and flying in response to the calling females decreased as the concentration of background pheromone increased. Of the males which flew, a higher proportion progressed upwind in the discrete plumes than in the uniform permeation, an indication that structure in the pheromone cloud is necessary for upwind progression. In both discrete plumes and uniform permeation fewer males were able to locate the females (i.e., disruption was greater) as the concentration of synthetic pheromone increased, but for the same total release rates, disruption was greater when the synthetic pheromone was released in discrete plumes rather than in a uniform permeation. This implies that disruption which involves luring males to sources of synthetic pheromone is more effective than masking female plumes by uniform permeation and suggests that it is more efficient to release pheromone from a few potent sources than from numerous low-potency sources.
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    Seasonal variation in laboratory response to behavioral chemicals of the southern pine beetle (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 641-652 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Dendroctonus frontalis ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; seasonal variation ; pheromone content ; environmental parameters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The response ofDendroctonus frontalis to an attractant mixture (frontalin,trans-verbenol, and loblolly pine turpentine) was measured in the laboratory over a four-year period. Beetle response was highest in late winter and early spring, and lowest in midsummer and early fall. Males consistently responded higher than females. Female beetles displayed significantly higher responses in early morning and late afternoon than in the middle of the day. Analysis of beetle pronotal width and fat content revealed a high degree of correlation between these two parameters in female beetles, but there was no correlation of response with either fat content or pronotal width for either sex. There was no evident relationship between mean monthly beetle response and total amounts of frontalin andtrans-veibenol found in hindgut extracts. Daily temperature in months both during which beetles were bioassayed and immediately prior to bioassay was highly correlated to response to the attractant.
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    Oscillatoria Sp. (Cyanophyta) mat metabolites implicated in habitat selection inBembidion obtusidens (Coleoptera: Carabidae) (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 671-678 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Bembidion obtusidens ; Coleoptera ; Carabidae ; Oscillatoria animalis ; Oscillatoria subbrevis ; Cyanophyta ; metabolites ; volatiles ; ecophenes ; methylhexadecanoate ; methyloctadecenoate ; attractant ; habitat selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract In laboratory bioassaysBembidion obtusidens Fall adults were attracted to volatile metabolites (methyl esters of hexadecanoic and 9-octadecenoic acid) of mat-forming, filamentous blue-green algae (Oscilalatoria sp.; Cyanophyta) growing in the microhabitat of these beetles on the shores of saline lakes. Commercial preparations of these metabolites also were attractive, suggesting thatOscillatoria metabolites are token stimuli which serve as habitat cues forBembidion adults.
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    Field bioassay ofexo- andendo-brevicomin withDendroctonus ponderosae in lodgepole pine (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 701-707 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Dendroctonus ponderosae ; pheromone ; exo-brevicomin ; endo-brevicomin ; Pinus contorta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Bothexo- andendo-brevicomin reduced the response of flyingDendroctonus ponderosae (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to an attractant composed oftrans-verbenol and terpenes or oftrans- andcis-verbenol and terpenes in a stand ofPinus contorta var.murrayana. These data suggest that racemicexo- andendo-brevicomin may interrupt aggregation in populations of mountain pine beetle colonizing lodgepole pine; functions of the natural chiral compounds are unknown.
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    Structure-activity relationships in sex attractants for north American noctuid moths (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 731-754 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Alkenylcompounds ; pheromones ; chemotaxonomy ; decenyl dodecenyl ; tetradecenyl ; hexadecenyl ; trapping ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Sex attractants known for 145 species of noctuid moths have many common features both as to chemical constituents and to their relationships in blends. The great majority of constituents are straight-chain (Z)-alkenols, -alkenals, or -alkenyl acetates of even carbon number (10 through 16). The unsaturation is nonterminal in odd-numbered positions (5 through 11). In effective lures, these components are blended in specific ratios and the components in a sex pheromone or sex attractant blend are structurally related by “one-change” steps. This means that any blend component differs from one or more other components by a single structural alteration, such as a change in double bond position, or a change in carbon chain length, or a change in the oxygen function. For the few multicomponent systems known in detail, the central place in the “one-change” framework is occupied by the predominant blend component. Different patterns of occurrence of lure components occur in the subfamilies Acronictinae, Noctuinae, Hadeninae, Cuculliinae, Amphipyrinae, Heliothidinae, Plusiinae, Acontiinae, and Pantheinae, and some subfamilies are as yet without known lures. Some guiding principles for elucidation of blend compositions for unstudied species are presented; these guidelines can also be used in improvement of some synthetic blends of unsatisfactory quality.
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    Monooxygenase activities of fat body and gut homogenates of monarch butterfly larvae,Danaus plexippus, fed four cardenolide-containing milkweeds,Asclepias spp. (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 797-805 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Monarch butterfly ; Asclepias spp. ; monooxygenase ; induction ; cardenolide ; aldrin epoxidation ; p-chloro-N-methylanilme demethylation ; Lepidoptera ; Danaidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Monarch butterfly larvae were examined for NADPH-dependent monooxygenase activities. Midgut and fat body homogenates catalyzed aldrin epoxidation andp-chloro-N-methylanilineN-demethylation at consistently low rates compared to many other lepidopteran larvae. Homogenates from larvae collected from four different milkweeds (Asclepias spp.) with quite different cardenolide contents had similar levels of activity. There were no detectable variations in activity due to season or year of collection.
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    Toxicity studies of analogs of 2-tridecanone, a naturally occurring toxicant from a wild tomato (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 837-842 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: 2-Tridecanone ; structure-activity relationships ; Lycopersicon hirsutum f.glabratum C.M. Mull ; Heliothis zea (Boddie) ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Toxicity bioassays of the naturally occurring insecticide 2-tridecanone and a group of structural analogs against the tomato fruitworm (Heliothis zea) reveal a significant influence of chain length on toxicity of methyl ketones. This effect may be due to the differential ability of these compounds to penetrate lipid barriers and reach the active site, since a close relationship is seen between toxicity and lipophilicity. Congeners of chain lenths 15 and over are less active than predicted by this relationship, possibly due to steric effects.
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    Southern pine beetle: Olfactory receptor and behavior discrimination of enantiomers of the attractant pheromone frontalin (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 873-881 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Enantiomers ; bark beetle ; pheromone ; Dendroctonus frontalis ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; southern pine beetle ; electrophysiology ; olfaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In laboratory and field bioassays, the response ofDendroctonus frontalis was significantly greater to the mixture of (1S, 5R)-(−)-frontalin andalpha-pinene than to (1R,5S)-(+)-frontalin andalpfa-pinene. Electro-physiological studies revealed that antennal olfactory receptor cells were significantly more responsive to (1S, 5R)-(−)-frontalin than to (1R, 5S)-(+)-frontalin. Both enantiomers stimulated the same olfactory cells which suggests that each cell possesses at least two types of enantiomer-specific acceptors.
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    Evidence of an oviposition stimulant for peachtree borer (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 1125-1132 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Peachtree borer ; Synanthedon exitiosa (Say) ; Lepidoptera ; Sessiidae ; oviposition stimulant ; peach ; Prunus persica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Peachtree borer (PTB) cocoons, peach tree bark, and a mixture of frass and gum obtained arount PTB wounds were extracted with organic solvents of increasing polarity. Female PTB moths,Synanthedon exitiosa (Say), laid the greatest number of eggs on filter paper substrates treated with acetone extracts of PTB cocoons, ethyl acetate extracts of peach tree bark and acetone extracts of frass and gum mixtures. The extracts of cocoons or frass and gum mixture were separated by liquid chromatography and thin layer chromatography.
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    Contact stimulants fromHeliothis virescens that influence the behavior of females of the tachinid,Eucelatoria bryani (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 1183-1191 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Kairomone ; contact chemicals ; arrestant ; host seeking ; Eucelatoria bryani ; Diptera ; Tachinidae ; Heliothis ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; parasitoid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Factors acting at contact or close range affected the behavior associated with host seeking of females, but not of males, of the tachinid,Eucelatoria bryani Sabrosky. Females were arrested by components of larvae ofHeliothis virescens (F.) and by a dichloromethane extract of okra leaves. A hexane extract ofH. virescens frass and a chloroform-methanol extract ofH. virescens larvae were both active. In addition to chemicals, shape and size were involved because females were arrested by small inert objects the size ofH. virescens larvae and frass.
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    Looplure efficacy and electrophysiological responses in three plusiinae species (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 1455-1462 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Efficacy ; electroantennogram ; looplure ; response threshold ; sex attractant ; trapping ; Trichoplusia ni ; Pseudoplusia includens ; Rachiplusia ou ; pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Source concentration differences of (Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol acetate, or looplure, were evaluated for field trapping efficiency and electrophysiological responses with malePseudoplusia includens (Walker),Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) andRachiplusia ou (Guenné) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Sticky traps baited with 1000 μg of the lure captured a significantly greater (P 〈 0.05) number of maleP. includens andT. ni than any other concentration;R. ou males were caught at a greater rate in traps baited with 100 μg of looplure, significantly more (P 〈 0.05) than with 1000 μg. Electroantennogram (EAG) studies demonstrated that antennae of maleP. includens have a lower response threshold to looplure than eitherT. ni orR. ou antennae, the latter demonstrating the highest significant threshold of response. No differences in the stimulus-response functions of the three species were detected.
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    Male-specific conversion of the host plant compound, myrcene, to the pheromone, (+)-ipsdienol, in the bark beetle,Dendroctonus brevicomis (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 363-371 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Dendroctonus brevicomis ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Pinus ponderosa ; pheromone biosynthesis ; bark beetle ; myrcene ; ipsdienol ; exo-brevicomin ; frontalin ; attractants ; pheromones ; competition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract When both sexes of the bark beetle,Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte, were exposed to vapors of myrcene from ponderosa pine, only the male produced (+)-ipsdienol. In the field, racemic ipsdienol significantly reduced the attraction of both sexes in flight to a mixture of myrcene and the aggregation pheromones,exo-brevicomin and frontalin. This suggests that ipsdienol may be involved in regulating colonization density ofD. brevicomis. The implications of the biosynthesis of various enantiomers of ipsdienol byD. brevicomis and the cohabitating bark beetles,Ips paraconfusus andI. pini, in relation to their behavioral responses are discussed in regard to reducing interspecific competition.
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    Sex pheromone of the fall webworm moth,Hyphantria cunea (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 383-396 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Insect sex pheromone ; fall webworm moth ; American white moth ; Hyphantria cunea ; salt march caterpillar moth ; Estigmene acrea ; Lepidoptera ; Arctiidae ; (Z,Z)-9,12-octadecadienal ; linolealdehyde ; (Z,Z,Z)-9,12,15-octadecatrienal ; linolenaldehyde ; (Z,Z)-3,6-cis-9,10-epoxyheneicosadiene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Three compounds have been identified as sex pheromone components produced by female fall webworm moths,Hyphantria cunea (Drury). These compounds are: (Z,Z)-9,12-octadecadienal (I), (Z,Z,Z)-9,12,15-octadecatrienal (II), and (Z,Z)-3,6-cis-9,10-epoxyheneicosadiene (III). The ratio of these compounds was approximately 5∶6∶13, respectively, in female tip extracts prepared from U.S.S.R, insects and approximately 1∶8∶21, respectively, in extracts from U.S. insects. The ratio in female effluvia trapped from U.S. insects was 1∶6∶27, respectively. Compound III plus either I or II is effective in eliciting upwind flight in a wind tunnel. Compounds I, II, and III are also components of the sex pheromone system of the saltmarsh caterpillar moth,Estigmene acrea (Drury).
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    Compounds modifying the activity of two sex attractants for males of the pea moth,Cydia nigricana (F.) (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 397-408 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pea moth ; Cydia nigricana (F.) ; Lepidoptera ; Olethreutidae ; sex attractant ; (E)-10-dodecen-1-yl acetate ; (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-yl acetate ; inhibitor ; Synergist ; lure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (E)-10-Dodecen-1-yl acetate (E10–12∶Ac) and (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ylacetate (E,E8,10–12∶Ac) are sex attractants for males of the pea moth,Cydia nigricana (F.). Thirty-two structurally related compounds with chain lengths of 9–14 carbon atoms were exposed withE10–12∶Ac orE,E8,10–12∶Ac in traps in the field to investigate their influence on the activity of the attractants. Only alchols and acetates unsaturated at C-8, -9, or -10 greatly influenced moth captures. (Z) and (E)-8-dodecen-1-ol were weak synergists forE10–12∶Ac but no synergists forE,E8,10–12∶Ac were found. (Z) and (E)-8-dodecen-1-yl acetate and (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol inhibited bothE10–12∶Ac andE,E8,10–12∶Ac while (E)-10-dodecen-1-ol, 10-dodecyn-1-ol, (Z) and (E)-9-dodecen-1-yl acetate, (Z)-10-dodecen-1-yl acetate, and undecyl acetate inhibited only the former attractant.
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    Mate-seeking behavior and reduced mating byEphestia cautella (Walker) in a sex pheromone-permeated atmosphere (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 507-515 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Almond moth ; Ephestia cautella ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; stored products ; pest management ; behavior ; density ; flight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The mating rate ofEphestia cautella (Walker) was inversely related to the level of pheromone permeating the air. However, permeation did not prevent mating by altering the number of females calling or the frequency, duration, or pattern of male flight. Instead, permeation probably prevented mating by reducing the distance from which a male can respond to a female. The pheromone level necessary to achieve a particular reduction in mating increases with moth density.
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    Sex pheromone biology and behavior of the cowpea weevilCallosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 527-534 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Bruchidae ; Callosobruchus maculatus ; cowpea weevil ; pheromone ; sex attractant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Female cowpea weevils,Callosobruchus maculatus (F.), emitted a pheromone which excited males. Pheromone release began soon after emergence and continued for one week. Synchronization of pheromone release with calling behavior was demonstrated. Mating reduced pheromone release but not male response. Pheromone obtained by aeration collection was utilized for determining a quantitative dose-response relationship.
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    Sex pheromone communication in the odd beetle,Thylodrias contractes motschulsky (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 653-661 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; aphrodisiac ; odd beetle ; Thylodrias contractus ; Motschulsky ; Coleoptera ; Dermestidae ; bioassay ; behavior ; exocrine gland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Adult virgin females of the odd beetle,Thylodrias contractus, produce a volatile sex pheromone that influences the behavior of conspecific males and attracts them in laboratory olfactometer tests. The active substance can be collected by allowing virgin females to walk on absorbent paper disks. Disks exposed to mated females do not elicit a response from males. The male odd beetle repeatedly rubs the antennae, head, and thorax of a female with a setate glandular area on his second abdominal sternum during courtship, probably secreting a reciprocally active aphrodisiac substance.
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    Sex pheromone ofPandemis heparana (Den. and Schiff.) (Lepidoptera:Tortricidae) (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 663-670 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pandemis heparana ; sex pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; gas chromatography ; mass spectrometry ; insect behavior ; (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-yl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-yl acetate ; (Z)-11-tetradecenl-ol ; tetradecyl acetate ; dodecyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract 90% (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-yl acetate, 5% (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-yl acetate, 5% (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-ol, dodecyl acetate (〈1%), and tetradecyl acetate (〈1%) were identified from gland extracts ofPandemis heparana females by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis (including mass fragmentography studies), chemical characterization, total synthesis, laboratory and field bioassays. In the field, a mixture of (Z)-11-tetradecen-l-yl acetate and (Z)-9-tetradecen-l-yl acetate (95∶5) was found to be essential for attractiveness ofP. heparana males.
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    Aggregation pheromone of the male granary weevil,Sitophilus granarius (L.) (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 679-687 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sitophilus granarius ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; aggregation pheromone ; granary weevil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Evidence for a male-produced aggregation pheromone inSitophilus granarius is reported. Hexane extracts of Tenax®-trapped volatiles from males held on wheat were attractive to both sexes in a multiple-choice olfactometer and pitfall bioassay chamber. A quantitative relationship existed between days of insect exposure on disks and degree of responsiveness. The maximum response was to 35 insect-day-equivalents. Diel-related activity showed both sexes responsive during photophase and nonresponsive during scotophase.
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  • 82
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    Effects of pheromone components and their degradation products on the response ofHeliothis spp. to traps (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 755-762 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; Heliothis virescens ; tobacco budworm ; Heliothis zea ; bollworm ; virelure ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract None of the isolated degradation products of (Z)-11-hexadecenal [(Z)-11-HDAL] affected the catches of either tobacco budworm [Heliothis virescens (F.)] or bollworm [H. zea (Boddie)] moths when dispensed with pheromone from cotton dental rolls in cone traps. Also, none of the degradation products of (Z)-9-tetradecenal [(Z)-9-TDAL] had an effect on trap catches of tobacco budworm moths. Two of the three chemicals that have previously been identified in ovipositor washes of tobacco budworms but that are absent in those of bollworms caused a reduction in capture of bollworms: (Z)-9-TDAL (1.0 μg/trap) caused a 96% reduction in trap catch and (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol (20.0 μg/trap) caused a similar reduction. Tetradencenal (40 μg/trap) had no effect on trap catch.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988316
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  • 83
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    Defensive and pheromonal secretion of the tergal gland of Aleochara curtula (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 773-783 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Aleochara curtula (Goeze) ; Coleoptera ; Staphylinidae ; tergal gland secretion ; hydrocarbons ; aliphatic aldehydes ; substituted 1 ; 4-benzoquinones ; n-undecane ; 1-undecene ; (Z)-4-tridecene ; n-dodecane ; (Z)-5-tetradecenal ; toluquinone ; 2-methoxy-3-methyl-1 ; 4-benzoquinone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The defensive secretion from the tergal gland of the staphylinid beetle,Aleochara curtula, acting as a supplementary mating stimulant, was investigated by gas-liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and IR spectroscopy. The reservoir contains a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, aliphatic aldehydes, and substituted 1,4-benzoquinones.n-Undecane, 1-undecene, and (Z)-4-tridecene were identified as the major hydrocarbon components. The main aldehydes aren-dodecanal and (Z)-5-tetradecenal, and the chief quinones are toluquinone and 2-methoxy-3-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone, the latter being established structurally by comparison of the mass spectra of the three synthesized isomers. Quantitative GLC analyses revealed no sex specificity of the relative concentrations of the compounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988318
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  • 84
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    Response of the ichneumonid parasiteNemeritis canescens to Kairomones from the flour moth,Ephestia kuehniella (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 843-850 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Kairomones ; 2-acylcyclohexane-1 ; 3-diones ; Ephestia keuhniella Zeller ; (syn.Anagasta kuehniella Zeller) ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Nemeritis canescens (Grav.) (syn.Venturia canescens (Grav.)) ; Ephestia cautella (Wlk.) ; Ephestia elutella (Hubner) ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) ; oviposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract 2-Acylcyclohexane-1,3-diones, a novel class of compounds in the larval mandibular glands ofEphestia(=Anagasta) kuehniella Zeller, act as kairomones. Their relative activities in eliciting oviposition responses from the larval parasiteNemeritis(=Venturia) canescens (Grav.) are reported.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00994784
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  • 85
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    Pheromone hydrolysis by cuticular and interior esterases of the antennae, legs, and wings of the cabbage looper moth,Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 859-866 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Antennae ; esterases ; pheromone degradation ; cuticle ; olfaction ; cabbage looper ; Trichoplusia ni ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Examination was made of the hydrolytic activities of esterases obtained from the antennae, legs, and wings of 3-day-old cabbage looper moths,Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), by elution and by homogenation of those appendages. Pheromone hydrolysis in 1-min assays was monitored by use of tritium-labeled (Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol acetate and thin-layer chromatography to separate the reaction products. Listed according to the activities of the esterases obtained by homogenation, the organs were antennae 〉 legs 〉 wings. In contrast, the order according to the activities of the eluted esterases was wings 〉 legs 〉 antennae. Also, the eluted enzymes were less active than the esterases obtained by homogenization. The relatively high pheromone-hydrolyzing activity present in homogenized antennae suggests that the esterases originated inside the antennae and lends support to the hypothesis proposed in earlier investigations that pheromone-inactivating enzymes may play an important role in the olfactory process, possibly by clearing pheromone from the vicinity of the olfactory receptors. The esterases detected on the cuticle, on the other hand, may function by preventing surface accumulation of pheromone. The higher measured esterase activity in homogenates of prothoracic legs than of mesothoracic or metathoracic legs suggests that the prothoracic legs, which are used to clean the antennae of debris, may function by removing and degrading pheromone from the surface of antennae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00994786
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  • 86
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    Development of a bioluminescence assay for aldehyde pheromones of insects (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 923-933 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Aldehyde pheromone ; bioluminescence ; corn earworm ; Heliothis zea ; insect pheromone ; navel orangeworm ; Amyelois transitera ; western spruce budworm ; Choristoneura occidentalis ; spruce budworm ; Choristoneura fumiferana ; Lepidoptera ; assay for aldehydes ; Pyralidae ; Noctuidae ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Pheromone levels in the glands of individual female moths of the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana), the western spruce budworm (C. occidentalis), the navel orangeworm (Amyelois transitella), and the corn earworm (Heliothis zea) were quantitively measured by means of a new bacterial bioluminescence assay specific for aldehydes. The sensitivity and rapidity of the bioluminescent assay enabled studies to be conducted on the dependence of the pheromone levels in the spruce budworm on age and the effect of photoperiod on the pheromone levels in the corn earworm. The bioluminescence assay provides a rapid and sensitive approach for studying aldehyde pheromone levels and their regulation in insects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987659
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  • 87
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    Development of a bioluminescence assay for aldehyde pheromones of insects (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 935-945 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Aldehydes ; bioluminescence ; insect pheromones ; Porapak Q ; spruce budworm ; Choristoneura fumiferana ; Lepidoptera ; (E)-11-tetradecenal ; trapping ; bioassay for aldehydes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A newly developed bioluminescent assay was used to measure quantitatively the amount of (E)-11-tetradecenal, the major component of the sex pheromone of the spruce budworm, trapped on Porapak Q®. The bioluminescent response was linearly related to the amount of aldehyde either deposited on the absorbent or trapped from an airstream. However, the recovery of pheromone from Porapak was dependent on whether the air was prefiltered (through Porapak) or taken directly from the atmosphere. Furthermore, pheromone on Porapak was lost with time during the flow of air through the absorbent, indicating that trapping of aldehyde pheromone should be conducted for short periods of time for optimal recoveries. The applicability of the assay system for the rapid and direct measurement of the release rates of aldehyde pheromone lures was demonstrated for pheromone lures used for baiting spruce budworm traps.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987660
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  • 88
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    Sex pheromone of European grapevine moth (Lobesia botrana) its chemical transformations in sunlight and heat (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 973-980 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: (E, Z)-7,9-Dodecadien-1-yl acetate ; European grapevine moth ; Lobesia botrana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; sex pheromone ; photoisomerization ; conjugated diene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Photo- and radical isomerization of (E, Z)-7,9-dodecadien-1-yl acetate (DDA) leads to an equilibrium mixture of all four possible geometric isomers of 7,9-DDA in the ratio ofE,E, 69–76%;Z,E, 11–13%;E, Z, 12–15%; andZ, Z, 1–3%. Iodine catalysis of the isomerization takes place even in dark at room temperature and is probably a radical reaction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987663
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  • 89
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    Composition, quantification, and periodicity of sex pheromone gland volatiles from individualHeliothis virescens females (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 1043-1055 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Heliothis virescens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Z11-16:Ald ; 16:Ald ; Z9-14:Ald ; 14:Ald ; sex pheromone emission ; gland volatiles ; blend composition ; pheromone emission rates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Sex pheromone gland volatiles from individualHeliothis virescens (F.) females were collected and analyzed on an SP-2330 capillary gas-liquid chromatography column for identification and quantification of the compounds emitted. Only four of the seven compounds previously reported as pheromone components appeared consistently in the volatile collections: 14:Ald, Z9-14:Ald, 16:Ald, and Z11-16:Ald. The female glands did not emit the same amounts of these compounds throughout a 24-hr period; they emitted maximum quantities between 6 and 11 hr after the onset of scotophase with the remainder of the photoperiod having minimal emission rates. Although the absolute quantities fluctuated, the percent compositions of the compounds remained about the same throughout the 24-hr period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987885
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  • 90
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    Preference of certain scolytidae for different conifers (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 1093-1109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Scolytidae ; Coleoptera ; conifers ; terpenoids ; olfactory tests ; host attraction specificity ; statistical methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Nine Scolytidae (Cryphalus piceae, Cryphalus abietis, Pityokteines curvidens, Dendroctonus micans, Ips sexdentatus, Ips typographus,Orthotomicus erosus, Tomicus piniperda, andPhloeosinus bicolor) were subjected to olfaction tests on ten conifer species taken two by two. These conifers wereAbies cephalonica, Abies nordmanniana, Picea abies, Picea orientalis, Pinus pinaster, Pinus sylvestris, Pinus brutia, Pinus laricio,Cupressus atlantica, andCupressus sempervirens. A statistical study of the results, by means of the factorial analysis of correspondence completed by the duo preference test, commonly used in sensory analysis, revealed a taxonomic clustering by genus of the plant species and analogous specific attraction behavior for the insects.Pityokteines curvidens has a behavior analogous to that of the twoCryphalus considered.Phloesinus bicolor shows a very strong specificity forCupressus. The essential oils of the conifers were analyzed to determine their terpene composition and the ten odor spectra thus obtained were compared. The hierarchical classification, using a Euclidian distance, brought out similarities in the spectra, especially in the case ofPinus. It is shown that definitive establishment of Scolytidae is not due to the presence in the odor spectrum of any particular terpenoid. The attractive power of a species results from the synergism of the different terpenes. Moreover the definitive establishment of the insects also depends on their sensorial adaptation to volatile substances which can be wider or narrower for the species studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00986980
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