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  • Chemical Engineering  (1,250)
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  • 101
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1269-1281 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper proposes a basis change strategy within the reduced gradient method for optimization under linear constraints. It ensures a non-singular basis matrix at every iteration. The same strategy can reliably be used within the generalized reduced gradient method for optimization under non-linear constraints. This method is applied to the minimum weight design of large structures under displacement and stress constraints, exploiting the sparsity of the constraint Jacobian matrix.
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  • 102
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1251-1267 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In order to study problems on fluid-structure interaction, we have used a mixed formulation which couples the classical functional of the structure with a new variational formulation by integral equations for the fluid. This formulation has the advantage over the finite element methods of avoiding the discretization of the fluid domain. Furthermore, unlike collocation methods, the explicit calculation of the Hadamard finite part of the singular integrals is avoided. This leads after discretization by boundary finite elements to a small and symmetrical algebraic system.Typical examples are presented that demonstrate the efficiency of this variational formulation by studying the sound transmission through a baffled plane structure and through a flexible panel backed by a rigid cavity. These include the calculation of the transmission loss factor and the determination of which modes dominate the noise transmission. Good agreement is obtained between numerical results and analytical results found in the literature.
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  • 103
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1297-1303 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Chorin's random vortex method is used to predict the growth of a large-scale coherent vortex structure in the early stages of the development of turbulence in a two-dimensional co-flowing shear layer. The numerical algorithm has been simplified to such an extent that the numerical analysis can be performed on a microcomputer. The numerical solution exhibits the same early turbulent instabilities and vorticity pairings as found in recent flow-visualization experiments. In addition the results are in reasonable agreement with experimental measurements of mean velocity, root mean square fluctuations and Reynolds stresses. One could thus test the shear layer sensitivity to initial conditions and the upsteam boundary conditions.
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  • 104
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1421-1437 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper presents a method of calculation for the transient electromagnetic field in a steel rotor screen of a superconducting generator. Using the difference method, the spatial-temporal distributions of the electromagnetic field have been calculated as a result of solving the non-linear partial differential equation for the vector potential A (in space Ω(r, θ,t)). For the difference diagram the conditions of stability and convergence have been determined.
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  • 105
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1629-1644 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper contains the formulation of a space-time Sinc-Galerkin method for the numerical solution of the parabolic partial differential equation in one space dimension. The space-time adjective means that the Galerkin technique is employed simultaneously in time and space. Salient features of the method include: exponential rate of convergence, ease of assembly of the discrete system, a global approximation and the ability to handle singular problems. Two methods of solution for the discrete system are offered and numerical results for test problems, selected from the literature, are included.
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  • 106
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1671-1695 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Plate-bending finite elements are developed for thin and moderately thick plates. The element takes into account the influence of the transverse normal strain and the transverse shear effects. For the computation of the stresses, an additional plate element is developed to determine the inplane displacements and forces. The combined effects of the plate-bending and inplane elements are used for the complete solution of the problem. Several examples are solved and compared with their corresponding exact solutions.
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  • 107
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1659-1669 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The effect of elastic strains in the steady-state visco-elastic fluid flow under the rolling process is analysed quantitatively. Spurious oscillations in the stress deviator and pressure fields are precluded and the rate of convergence is improved when the Petrov-Galerkin method, which is based on a least-square method, is introduced into the finite element equation for the constitutive law.
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  • 108
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1757-1769 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A simple and straightforward scheme for plotting contours is introduced. For any function the appropriate contours are traced on the paths of constant function values disclosing the information contained in the shape functions. The exactness of the contours matches that of the finite element analysis. Extreme value considerations must be carried out to decide whether contours appear in an element at all. Three co-ordinate systems are dealt with: the local, the global and the screen co-ordinate system, and the necessary mutual transformations. A short section deals with the treatment of contour discontinuities across element borders which frequently occur with stresses and heat fluxes. Finally, some examples are shown.
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  • 109
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1793-1799 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: It is shown that any four-noded membrane element with two degrees of freedom per node will either lock in inplane bending or fail to pass a C0 patch test when the element's shape is an isosceles trapezoid. This result effectively closes out further effort to extend the linear strain capability of such elements beyond what has already been achieved for rectangular and parallelogram shapes.
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  • 110
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1801-1821 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper, an equivalent domain integral (EDI) method and the attendant numerical algorithms are presented for the computation of a near-crack-tip field parameter, the vector J∊-integral, and its variation along the front of an arbitrary three-dimensional crack in a structural component. Account is taken of possible non-elastic strains present in the structure; in this case the near-tip J∊-values may be significantly different from the far-field values Jf, especially under non-proportional loading.
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  • 111
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 112
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1841-1848 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper, the effects of selecting initial vectors on computation efficiency for a subspace iteration method are investigated. Four algorithms are used for selecting the initial vectors. First, arbitrary starting iteration vectors are chosen according to Bathe and Wilson's algorithm.1 In the other algorithms, the initial vectors are the retrieved eigenvectors from the Guyan and quadratic reduction methods. Improvement of the eigenvalue approximations of the subspace iteration method over reduction methods is presented. The computation effort is examined for the various algorithms used for initial iteration vectors.
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  • 113
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. iii 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 114
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 2183-2200 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Automating triangular finite element mesh generation involves two interrelated tasks: generatine a distribution of well-placed nodes on the boundary and in the interior of a domain, and constructing a triangulation of these nodes. For a given distribution of nodes, the Delaunay triangulation generally provides a suitable mesh, and Watson's algorithm26 provides a flexible means of constructing it. In this paper, a new method is described for automating node placement in a Delaunay triangulation by seieclive refinement of an initial triangulation. Grading of the mesh is controlled by an explicit or implicit node spacing function. Although this paper describes the technique only in the planar context, the method generalizes to three dimensions as well.
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  • 115
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 2217-2236 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A finite element formulation for multi-panel shear walls based on a partially bonded beam system has been proposed. Idealization of a shear wall by a partially bonded multi-layered beam element reduces the storage and computer time considerably. The finite element model has been employed extensively for parametric study of prefabricated shear walls of different widths and heights. Different numbers of in-situ joints in the prefabricated shear wall assembly with varying shear stiffness of joints have also been considered. The parametric study gave an insight to the structural response of the wall system. Based on the non-linear shear stiffness characteristic of in-situ joints determined experimentally, the nonliner behaviour of a prefabricated shear wall has been determined and the failure load has been predicted.
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  • 116
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 259-271 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A hybrid stress finite element procedure for the solution of bending stress intensity factors of a plate with a through-the-thickness crack is presented. Reissner's sixth-order plate theory including the effects of transverse shear deformation is used. The dominant singular crack tip stress field is embedded in the crack tip singular elements and only regular polynomial functions are assumed in the far field elements. The stress intensity factors can be calculated directly from the crack tip singular stress solution functions. The effects of the plate thickness, the ratio between the crack size and the inplane dimension of the plate, and the singular element size on the stress intensity factor solution are investigated.The effects of the explicit enforcement of traction-free conditions along crack surfaces, which are the natural boundary conditions in the present hybrid stress finite element model, are also investigated. The numerical results of bending of a plate with a straight central crack compare favourably with analytical solutions. It is also found that the explicit enforcement of traction-free conditions along crack surfaces is mandatory to obtain meaningful results for the Mode I type of bending stress intensity factor.
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  • 117
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 477-502 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A geometrically nonlinear formulation using total Lagrangian approach is presented for the axisymmetric shell elements. The basic element is formulated using the co-ordinates of the mid-surface nodes and the mid-surface nodal point normals. An important aspect of the formulation presented here is that the restriction on the magnitude of the nodal rotations is eliminated. This is accomplished by retaining true nonlinear nodal rotation terms in the definition of the displacement field and the consistent derivation of the element properties based on this displacement field. The element properties are derived and presented in detail. Numerical examples are also presented to demonstrate the element behaviour and the accuracy.
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  • 118
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 775-781 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 119
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 798-798 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 120
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 801-828 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Hybrid-stress eight-node isoparametric multilayer plate elements are developed for the analysis of thin to thick fibre-reinforced composite plates. Transverse shear deformation effects are incorporated by allowing a linear through-thickness displacement variation for in-plane displacements in each layer, with displacement continuity enforced along interlayer surfaces. An alternative, kinematically constrained through-thickness displacement distribution is also studied, characterized by laminate reference plane displacements and non-normal rotations. All stress components are included and are interpolated independently within each layer; interlayer surface traction continuity and laminate upper/lower surface traction-free conditions are satisfied exactly. Alternative forms of in-plane stress distributions are examined and the best is shown to be based on a rationale used previously for single layer hybrid-stress plate elements to avoid locking in the thin plate limit. Selected example problems are used to demonstrate the convergence and effects of plate thickness for each of the elements, and limited stress results serve to verify the expected optimal sampling points.
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  • 121
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 879-895 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A transitional shell finite element which is useful for the analysis of shells of revolution with local deviations is developed. For the analysis of such a structure, rotational shell elements may be used in the axisymmetric portion of the shell, while general shell elements are needed in the region where deviations create a local non-axisymmetry. The transitional shell element connects these two different types of elements. To facilitate the transition, a line node, which can accommodate any type of shape function, is developed. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the accuracy of the new element.
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  • 122
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  • 123
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 863-878 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A direct vector combination procedure is developed for the formulation of finite element stiffness matrices. Only the homogeneous solution modes to governing equations of a problem and a uniquely defined interpolation displacement function along the element boundary are used to generate pairs of nodal displacement and nodal force vectors. The stiffness matrix is obtained by a simple multiplication of the nodal displacement and nodal force vectors. The element formed passes all the higher order patch tests for the order of solution modes included in the formulation. However, the stiffness matrix may become unsymmetrical. Restoring symmetry leads to compromising some of the higher order patch test performances. The present procedure is shown to have direct relations to those of the displacement model and the hybrid stress model. The present procedure presents new possibilities for the improvement of element performance. The procedure itself can also be used to study the limitations of element behaviour.
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  • 124
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 945-948 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A common cause of costly abortive computer structural analysis runs is the failure to identify and constrain linear dependencies inthe stiffness matrix, most of which results from axis transformation. This paper describes a very simple and economical method for automatic constraining the linear dependencies in structure made up of plates and beams. It can be easily installed in general-purpose finite element programs.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 954-954 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 126
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1031-1044 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model for the calculation of the three-dimensional thermal history of a composite cylinder, during girth welding by the TIG method, is presented. The solution is obtained by the alternating direction implicit finite difference method. The model takes into consideration the distribution of the heat input from the welding arc, the heat losses from the cylinder by radiation and convection, the dependence of the physical properties of the metal on the temperature and the solid-liquid phase transformation. The effects of the efficiency coefficient of the welding arc, of the effective arc radius and of heat transfer coefficients on the thermal history are presented.
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  • 127
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1249-1252 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 128
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1264-1264 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 129
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1313-1319 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A numerical method for solving two-point boundary value problems associated with systems of first-order nonlinear ordinary differential equations is described. It needs three function evaluations for each sub-interval and is of order O(h7), where h is the space chop. Results of computational experiments comparing this method with other known methods are given.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 737-754 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper reports on an experimental study of the effectiveness of high order numerical methods applied to linear elliptic partial differential equations whose solutions have singularities or similar difficulties (e.g. boundary layers, sharp peaks). Three specific hypotheses are established with high levels of statistical confidence to support the general conclusion: there is a strong correlation between the order of a method and its efficiency. Higher order is better.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 782-791 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A rational function is presented for approximating the function f(z)=coth z-1/z that appears in several exponentially fitted or weighted finite difference and finite element methods for convection-diffusion problems. The approximation is less expensive to evaluate than f(z) and provides greater accuracy than the doubly asymptotic approximation when z = O(n1).
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  • 132
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1429-1454 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Simple mixed models are developed for the geometrically nonlinear analysis of shells. A total Lagrangian description of the shell deformation is used, and the analytical formulation is based on a form of the nonlinear shallow shell theory with the effects of transverse shear deformation and bending-extensional coupling included. The fundamental unknowns consist of eight stress resultants and five generalized displacements of the shell, and the element characteristic arrays are obtained by using the Hellinger-Reissner mixed variational principle. The polynomial interpolation (or shape) functions used in approximating the stress resultants are, in general, of different degree than those used for approximating the generalized displacements. The stress resultants are discontinuous at the element boundaries and are eliminated on the element level.The equivalence and ‘near-equivalence’ between the mixed models developed herein and displacement models based on reduced/selective integration of both transverse shear and extensional energy terms is discussed. The use of reduction methods in conjunction with the mixed models is outlined and the advantages of mixed models over displacement models are delineated. Analytic expressions are derived for the rigid-body and spurious (or zero energy) models for the various mixed models and their equivalent displacement models. Also, the advantages of mixed models over equivalent displacement models are outlined. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the high accuracy and effectiveness of the mixed models developed, and to compare their performance with other mixed models reported in the literature.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1581-1581 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 135
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1623-1654 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A frontal solution program is presented, based on the original work of Irons, published in 1970. The main drawback of the original frontal solution program that the complete front matrix has to reside in core has been overcome by ‘partitioning’ the front matrix. The programming strategy has been optimized to (a) minimize the number of I/O operations on the partitioned front-matrix (b) optimize the speed of I/O transfer between high speed memory and slow peripheral (or secondary) storage media, and (c) make the program transportable and easily implementable on different types of computers, including mini- and micro-computers.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1582-1582 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1587-1600 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: A new finite element procedure for calculating stress intensity factors in elastic crack problems is developed. In common with a number of other approaches in the literature, the procedure combines the analytical singular fields present in a problem with a finite element treatment of the residual regular problem. What distinguishes the procedure is the use of path-independent integrals to balance the analytical and numerical contributions. A set of test problems with exact solutions is analysed and demonstrates that the procedure is readily implemented and can accurately evaluate stress intensity factors with a modest amount of computational effort. The application of two competing methods to the test problems further demonstrates that the new procedure is markedly superior in both its initial accuracy and its rate of convergence. The paper concludes with two additional illustrations of the procedure as applied to the single-edge crack and the centre crack; these also yield accurate results for little computational effort.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1685-1697 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1736-1738 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1873-1881 
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    Notes: For selected situations in geotechnical engineering, the use of implicit time integration techniques for elasto-viscoplastic analysis is advantageous, or even unavoidable. In this paper the necessary expressions are derived for the implicit analysis of a material governed by the Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion. In particular, detailed expressions are provided for the viscoplastic, strain rate derivative matrix Hn in a form suitable for numerical computation. Use of this algorithm is illustrated by the solution of a numerical example.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. i 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 219-229 
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    Notes: Microporosities often appear during the solidification of foundry pieces. They result from the volume contraction of the alloy during its solidification. Thermal transfers between alloy and mould check the solidification. They are estimated by a finite volume method, including specific calculation of the mould filling-up, the alloy solidification and the resulting feeding of the mould.The calculation uses a geometrical enmeshment of the whole mould, generating numerous elements of different sizes. From the experimental fluid flow measurement, the mould filling-up may be described step by step by the computer, as can the initial thermal transfer. Thermal transfers are related to the solidification enthalpic release obtained from quantitative differential thermal analysis. They are also related to the fluid flow induced by solidification shrinkage.Such a calculation leads to the location of the microporosities, from which pressure drops can be estimated during solidification.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 263-270 
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    Notes: The die-swell occurring during the extrusion of a visco-elastic fluid has been extensively examined in recent years, both experimentally and numerically. These investigations have been mainly confined to isothermal flows. If the material is initially relatively cool, however, viscous heating may lead to proportionally large changes in temperature and material properties, with significant effects on die-swell. An iterative computational model is presented which describes the flow of Maxwell and Oldroyed fluids subject to the effect of temperature gradients induced by viscous heating and thermal boundary conditions. Predictions are presented for extrusion from both slit and axisymmetric dies.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. i 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 289-300 
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    Notes: The presented solver uses the Crout L-U decomposition method. Disk memory space requirements are reduced to an absolute minimum and disk input-output is spectacularly limited. Very extensive pivoting improves numerical accuracy and stability. Experimental test runs prove the overall efficiency of the solver.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 337-357 
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    Notes: A new error estimator is presented which is not only reasonably accurate but whose evaluation is computationally so simple that it can be readily implemented in existing finite element codes.The estimator allows the global energy norm error to be well estmated and alos gives a good evaluation of local errors. It can thus be combined with a full adaptive process of refinement or, more simply, provide guidance for mesh redesign which allows the user to obtain a desired accuracy with one or two trials.When combined with an automatic mesh generator a very efficient guidance process to analysis is avaiable.Estimates other than the energy norm have successfully been applied giving, for instance, a predetermined accuracy of stresses.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 393-417 
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    Notes: We consider finite element analysis of problems with discontinuous material coefficients. For applications in which the material interface crosses an element, we develop special elements with an embedded flux constraint at the interface. This new procedure is compared with the standard finite element method with interface coincident with the element boundary and with an existing method proposed by Steven.1 Supporting numerical studies are conducted and rates of convergence for the solution and interface flux are examined. Some local superconvergence behaviour is observed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 471-473 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 25-45 
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    Notes: The proposed method is the direct boundary integral equation (BIE) method applied to three-dimensional transient heat transfer analyses and to corresponding elastostatic analyses under thermal loading. The mechanical and thermal problems are decoupled. For those not familiar with the BIE method, a short survey of the basic principles is given to help them understand the mathematical treatment, which is performed in the frame of distribution theory. The tempered elementary solution of the transient heat transfer problem contains time and space variables. The numerical treatment of the thermal equation is performed analytically with respect to time and numerically with respect to space in the same way as for steady state equations. Great care is paid to space integration in order to compute the values of the kernels precisely enough on the surface and inside the volume. The computational treatments of both problems are realized in such a way as to minimize computing time. Differences between transient and steady state analyses, on the one hand, and between elastostatic analyses with and without thermal loading, on the other, are emphasized. Finally, an analytical example shows the good behaviour of the proposed method to solve singular thermal problems and an industrial example shows the accuracy of the results obtained by using the BIE method to solve three-dimensional thermo-elastic problems.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 47-57 
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    Notes: A moving finite element method that calculates the transient temperature distribution, the density distribution and the stress distribution during the sintering cycle has been developed. Coupled two-dimensional axisymmetric energy, continuity and stress equilibrium equations along with a constraint, specifying the direction of the initial material velocity, are solved in a Lagrangian co-ordinate system. The nodes move at the same speed as the material and therefore the convective terms in the differential equations drop out. At every time step, the energy equation is solved, and the computed temperatures are then used to find the densification rate. In two-dimensional problems, the continuity equation is not sufficient to calculate the two components of material velocity. Here, it is assumed that the diffusion caused by the density gradient is the driving force. This implies that the velocity vector of the material is perpendicular to the lines of constant density. Therefore, the combination of the diffusion and continuity equations will generate the initial sintering strains. The elastic stress equilibrium equations are then solved using the thermal and initial sintering strains as the driving forces. As a result, the final shape of the material and the stresses are determined.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 89-99 
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    Notes: In this paper some numerical predictions are presented for the buoyancy-driven turbulent flow and heat transfer in a large cavity using both a prescribed eddy viscosity model and a k-∊ model. The results from these models are in good agreement, although the calculations with the prescribed eddy viscosity model are considerably cheaper. The results also show the correct qualitative behaviour, but there are some differences between the predictions and the available experimental data. Possible reasons for these are discussed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 159-175 
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    Notes: The paper proposes a generalized least-squares time finite element procedure for analysis of transient field problems. It leads to a very general four parameter and two time level family of schemes. The free parameters are optimized in terms of accuracy, stability and oscillatory behaviour of the computational algorithm. In the case of linear problems an unconditionally stable scheme of fourth-order accuracy is obtained. Special choices of the free parameters also give a number of well-known time-integration schemes, such as the Zienkiewicz-Lewis third-order algorithm, the Goodrich scheme and standard schemes such as the Crank-Nicolson and backward fully implicit schemes. The main disadvantage of the higher order algorithm is a large bandwidth of the system matrix owing to the matrix terms of the form KTK. This drawback is reduced for special choices of the parameters by forming a product formula. Somewhat more computation is required than for popular schemes such as the generalized midpoint rule, depending on the prescribed variables. Numerical comparisons are made between the proposed higher order schemes and standard schemes.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 231-249 
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    Notes: A mathematical model has been developed to quantify the effects of process conditions during turbulent solidification and mixing of a liquid metal jet in a confined co-flowing molten metal stream.The modelling has been split into three parts. First, a single phase model with no latent heat effects to consider the solidification potential. Secondly, a two phase model where the second phase is comprised of solid particles which solidify during mixing of the two streams. Thirdly, a two phase model where the second phase consists of the inner jet, which is assumed to break up into droplets of given size, and solid particles are allowed to form by solidification within the droplets.The results show that the thermal history (solidification path) of the solid phase formed is affected by latent heat and particle size, which implies that solidification, nucleation and jet fragmentation events should be included dynamically to ensure realistic predictions.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 285-287 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 271-284 
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    Notes: An enthalpy formulation for convection/diffusion phase change is developed. The essential feature of this formulation is that latent heat effects are isolated in a source term. This formulation is applicable to a general convection/diffusion phase change, i.e. it is valid in the cases of evolution of latent heat either at an isothermal temperature or over a temperature range. Before implementation of the enthalpy formulation, a technique is required to ensure that velocities predicted to be in a solid region actually take the value zero. Three alternative schemes for achieving this are presented.The enthalpy formulation and velocity correction schemes are independent of the numerical technique. As an example of how the method can be implemented a control volume numerical discretization is chosen. This implementation is applied to two test problems: a solidification phase change in a cavity under conduction and the same phase change under conduction and natural convection. The natural convection problem is used to compare the performances of the various velocity correction schemes. The results of the problems are in good agreement with available analytical solutions and previous numerical solutions.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 859-869 
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    Notes: The one-dimensional freezing problem can be solved numerically for the temperature distribution accompanied by explicit reference to the position of the freezing front at each time interval. A new front-tracking scheme provides accurate determination of the phase front, which is an essential requirement for the temperature distribution in the different phases of such problems. The front is made to coincide with a grid-node throughout the analysis. The scheme uses a combination of the finite difference and the finite element methods for obtaining the solution of the freezing problems.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 913-926 
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    Notes: A simple computational procedure is presented for reducing the size of the analysis model for a symmetric structure with asymmetric boundary conditions to that of the corresponding structure with symmetric boundary conditions. The procedure is based on approximating the asymmetric response of the structure by a linear combination of symmetric and antisymmetric global approximation vectors (or modes). The key elements of the procedure are (a) restructuring the governing finite element equations to delineate the contributions to the symmetric and antisymmetric components of the asymmetric response, (b) successive application of the finite element method and the classical Rayleigh-Ritz technique. The finite element method is first used to generate a few global approximation vectors (or modes). Then the amplitudes of these modes are computed by using the Rayleigh-Ritz technique.A tracing parameter is introduced which identifies all the contributions to the antisymmetric response. The global approximation vectors are selected to be the solution corresponding to a zero value of the tracing parameter and the various-order derivatives of the solution with respect to this parameter, evaluated at zero value of the parameter. The size of the analysis model used in generating the global approximation vectors is identical to that of the corresponding structure with symmetric boundary conditions.The effectiveness of the computational procedure is demonstrated by means of numerical examples of linear static problems of shells, and its potential for solving non-linear problems is discussed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 959-973 
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    Notes: Almost all general purpose boundary element computer packages include a curved geometry modelling capability. Thus, numerical quadrature schemes play an important role in the efficiency of programming the technique. The present work discusses this problem in detail and introduces efficient means of computing singular or nearly singular integrals currently found in two-dimensional, axisymmetric and three-dimensional applications. Emphasis is given to a new third degree polynomial transformation which was found greatly to improve the accuracy of Gaussian quadrature scheme's within the near-singularity range. The procedure can easily be implemented into existing BE codes and presents the important feature of being self-adaptive, i.e. it produces a variable lumping of the Gauss stations toward the singularity, depending on the minimum distance from the source point to the element. The self-adaptiveness of the scheme also makes it inactive when not useful (large source distances) which makes it very safe for general usage.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 993-1014 
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    Notes: New algorithms which improve the finite element solution on a fixed mesh of the domain are developed. For this, objective functions which depend on a positive parameter to be determined are proposed. These functions lead to criteria which combine in several ways the residual of the solution, the approximation in the Euclidean norm of the value of the solution at the nodes, and the approximations in the energy and Hk norms. Some aspects of optimality are studied and, finally, numerical results are given.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1015-1025 
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    Notes: The hybrid stress method is very successful for stress concentration problems.1-7 Especially for problems of fracture mechanics, procedures can be found that work efficiently for two- and three-dimensional problems. The rate of convergence with this method, evidently, is higher than that with conventional FE models. The BEM procedure, too, works more efficiently, but shows some essential disadvantages against the FEM, such as that for the direct method no symmetric positive definite matrix can be found and that there occur numerical problems at corners.8,9 This happens also when BEM and FEM are even coupled commonly.10-12. In the following, a hybrid BEM model will be described which combines the advantages of both the FEM and the BEM. It will be shown in this paper that BEM is very successful in formulating finite element functions for the hybrid assumed stress method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1027-1029 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1029-1029 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1030-1030 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1031-1042 
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    Notes: This paper develops an arbitrarily quadrilateral element to analyse bending problems of plates with non-orthogonal boundaries. A second-order Jacobian matrix for the co-ordinate transformation and an explicit form of its inverse matrix are described in detail. A shape function matrix [N] for the plate element of arbitrarily quadrilateral configuration, an equivalent load vector {R}, a strain matrix [B] and element stiffness matrix are given. Finally, four illustrated examples are given and the results of computation are compared with those from other analytical methods.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1043-1078 
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    Notes: A technical description of the algorithms employed in the modified quadtree mesh generator is given. Although the basis of the mesh generator is the same as the original version developed by Yerry and Shephard,1,2 the actual algorithms on which it is built have been entirely changed for the purpose of ensuring the robustness of the technique. As demonstrated in the paper the algorithmic changes made do ensure the robustness of the approach, but introduce additional algorithmic difficulties, the solutions of which are also presented. In addition to examples showing the capability of the mesh generator, the linear computational growth rate of the mesh generator is demonstrated.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1093-1100 
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    Notes: Numerical solution of a given non-linear algebraic system of equations by a quasi-Newton type method requires updating the approximation to the Jacobian at each step. Two methods for large sparse systems are described. The approximation for the Jacobian is factored into an LDU form at the first step, then all the subsequent updates are made to L, D and U. Computational evidence is given exhibiting the relative efficiency of these methods over those currently available in the published literature.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1079-1091 
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    Notes: This paper is concerned with a method for obtaining stresses in a rod of arbitrary cross-section subjected to combined loads of bending, shearing and torsion which are the complicated functions of time. In the first step, the analysis derives the bending moment, shearing force and torsional moment by use of a combination method of the Laplace transformation and Fourier series expansion. The transient stresses are obtained based on the two-dimensional theory of elasticity, but in which the Fourier expansion collocation procedure is applied to deal with the complex boundary shape of the cross-section. To affirm the validity of this analysis, experimental tests are also carried out for an oval rod subjected to the three combined transient loads.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1101-1121 
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    Notes: Methods for generating Pareto optimal solutions to a multicriterion optimization problem are considered. The norm methods based on the scalarization of the original multicriterion problem by using the lp-norm are discussed in a unified form and a parametrization suitable for different interactive design systems is suggested. In addition, an alternative approach which, instead of scalarization, reduces the dimension of the multicriterion problem is proposed. This is called the partial weighting method and it can beinterpreted as a generalization of the traditional scalarization technique where the weighted sum of the criteria is used as the objective function. The first of these two approaches (norm method) is very flexible from a designer's point of view and it can be applied also in non-convex cases to the determination of the Pareto optimal set whereas the latter (partial weighting method) is especially suitable for problems where the number of criteria is large. Throughout the article several illustrative truss examples are presented to augment the scanty collection of multicriterion problems treated in the literature of optimum structural design.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 605-620 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper describes the proper external potential formulation of a cathodic protection system employed for corrosion prevention of structures in infinite electrolytes. The boundary condition associated with the mathematical formulation is not of the standard type encountered in hydrodynamic, electrostatic or heat transfer applications. The developed mathematical model is discretized by the boundary element technique, which is then solved iteratively by the Newton-Raphson method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 621-634 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: In the past the time domain solution of the wave equation has been limited to simplified problems. This was due to the limitations of analytical methods and the capacity of computers to manipulate and store ‘large’ blocks of spatial information. With the advent of ‘super computers’ the ability to solve such problems has significantly increased. This paper outlines a method for transient analysis of wave propagation in arbitrary domains using a boundary element method. The technique presented will allow the definition of a domain, the input of impedance conditions on the domain's surface, the specification of inputs on the surface, and the specification of initial conditions within the domain. It will produce a complete solution of the wave equation inside the domain. The techniques are demonstrated using a program with a boundary element formulation of Kirchhoff's equation. The elements used are triangular and compatible.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1771-1792 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A new computer program architecture for the solution of finite elemet systems using concurrent processing is presented. The basic approach involves the automatic splitting of an arbitrary spatial domain. Processors are dynamically re-assigned during the several phases of an analysis. Direct and iterative solution strategies are considered. Computational algorithms for finite element dynamic analysis of large-scale structural problems that exploit concurrent features of MIMD computers are implemented in modules around the basic architecture. Also, problems with localized non-linearities are treated. A first implementation on a 32-processor hypercube achieves efficiency rates of up to 90 per cent.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1823-1824 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1187-1202 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper explores the concept of moving singularities in the boundary element analysis. The singularities are placed on an auxiliary boundary which is located outside the domain of the problem and are allowed to move as part of the solution process. This results in a highly adaptive but non-linear method. Examples involving the two- and three-dimensional Laplace's equations are solved. Excellent agreement with exact solutions is obtained using a minimal number of singularities. Also, the trajectories of the singularity motion are plotted. The behaviour seen here is that, as the solution approaches convergence, the singularities exhibit a general trend of moving away from the domain of the problem.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1225-1225 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1226-1226 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1203-1224 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: The development of a general triangular C0 element, based on an assumed quadratic displacement potential energy approach, is presented for the analysis of arbitrarily laminated thick plates. The element formulation assumes transverse inextensibility and layerwise constant shear-angle. Convergence of transverse displacement, moments and stresses, the effects of two different Gauss quadrature schemes and comparison of the present solutions with the available analytical/finite-element results also form a part of the investigation. Furthermore, numerical results indicate close agreement between the LCST (layerwise constant shear-angle theory) and the three-dimensional elasticity theory with the length (or width) to thickness ratio as low as 4. Detailed comparison of the LCST-based finite-element solutions with those based on the CST (constant shear-angle theory) and the CLT (classical lamination theory) clearly demonstrates the superiority of the former over the latter two, especially in the prediction of the distribution of the in-plane displacements and stresses through the laminate thickness. This paper also introduces a new non-dimensionalized parameter, Δθ*, which is shown to be a very useful measure for classification of the laminated plates and the suitability of different plate theories over various ranges of length-to-thickness ratio.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1993-2015 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The granular flow model proposed by Jenkins and Savage and extended by us is used here to construct numerical solutions of steady chute flows thought to be typical of granular flow behaviour.We present the governing differential equations and discuss the boundary conditions for two flow cases: (i) a fully fluidized layer of granules moving steadily under rapid shear and (ii) a fluidized bottom-near bed covered by a rigid slab of gravel in steady motion under its own weight. The boundary value problem is transformed into a dimensionless form and the emerging system of non-linear ordinary differential equations is numerically integrated. Singularities at the free surface and (in one case) also at an unknown point inside the solution interval make the problem unusual. Since the non-dimensionalization is performed with the maximum particle concentration and the maximum velocity, which are both unknown, these two parameters also enter the formulation of the problem through algebraic equations. The two-point boundary value problem is solved with the aid of the shooting method by satisfying the boundary conditions at the end of the soluton interval and these normalizing conditions by means of a minimization procedure. We outline the numerical scheme and report selective numerical results. The computations are the first performed with the exact equations of the Jenkins-Savage model; they permit delineation of the conditions of applicability of the model and thus prove to be a useful tool for the granular flow modeller.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 945-958 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: A damper technique is proposed to model the effects of radiation damping in the finite element analysis of hydrodynamic pressures generated due to the vibration of a structure submerged in a compressible fluid. The proposed damper is suitable for a time-domain analysis. It is assumed that the fluid is inviscid and its vibration is of small amplitude. The structure-fluid system is assumed to be two-dimensional, and the fluid domain is considered to be unbounded along the direction of structural vibration. In the finite element analysis, pressure is assumed to be the nodal unknown, and the discretized equations of motion are solved by using a direct integration procedure. As a result of the analysis of several cases, the proposed damper is found to be very effective and efficient for a wide range of the period of excitation. The only exception is the case when the period of excitation is near the natural period of vibration of the fluid domain. For this case, the pressure becomes infinitely large and there is no requirement for any damper. The implementation of the proposed damper in the finite element analysis requires practically no extra computational effort. With the use of the suggested technique, an unbounded fluid domain may be truncated at a relatively very short distance from the structure, as compared to the distance required when the Sommerfeld damper is used. As a result of these advantages of the proposed technique, the cost of computation is greatly reduced.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1283-1296 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: A least-squares variational procedure for first-order systems of differential equations and an approximate formulation based on finite elements are developed. Error estimates, a condition number bound and analysis of weighting factors are given. Steepest descent and conjugate gradient solution procedures are examined, and an appropriate preconditioner constructed which is demonstrated to yield rapid convergence and to be insensitive to problem size. Numerical studies of rates of convergence for a test problem are given.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1711-1720 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: This paper presents a new method for the direct computation of strongly singular integrals existing in the Cauchy principal value sense. It can be usefully applied in the solution by the direct boundary element method of many different problems. Initially, some considerations are provided in order to summarize the state-of-the-art on this issue. Then the features of the proposed method are reported. The procedure allows the direct calculation of Cauchy principal value integrals with first-order singularity and it is applicable even in advanced boundary element methods employing high-order elements. It requires only the use of standard Gaussian quadrature formulae plus the computation of a logarithmic term. Some examples show the effectiveness and efficiency of the procedure.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1825-1826 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1849-1863 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: Galerkin's method is applied to random operator equations. Appropriate Hilbert spaces are defined for random functions and solutions are projected into these spaces, allowing the first- and second-moment properties of the solution to be calculated. An equivalent energy-based approach similar to the Rayleigh-Ritz method is developed, from which a stochastic finite element technique is derived. Several one- and two-dimensional example problems are solved and the results discussed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1921-1939 
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    Notes: A theory is described which guarantees an upper and lower bound estimate of the discretization error in numerical solutions of elliptic boundary value problems. This method gives bounded global estimates of the error in the energy norm. Pointwise estimates of the error in the solution variable or its derivatives can then be obtained if the numerical solution is exhibiting pointwise monotonic convergence.The versatility of this method is illustrated by its application to numerical solutions from finite element, finite difference and boundary element methods.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1941-1950 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: The stiffness matrix is derived for a finite element representing a beam column with rectangular cross section and a single edge crack. The element has zero length, and the standard nodal degrees of freedom associated with beam-column elements. To illustrate its capabilities, the element is used to model propagation of multiple cracks in a self-loaded fixed beam.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 2017-2033 
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    Notes: The fact that finite element models can give rise to violent stress oscillations and that there are optimal locations where stresses can be correctly sampled in spite of the presence of these violent stress fluctuations has been known for some time. However, it is less well known that these oscillations arise in a specific class of problems - where there are multiple strainfields arising from one or more field-variables and where one or more of these strain-fields must be constrained in particular physical limits. In this paper, we show that unless the interpolations for these constrained strain-fields are ‘field-consistent’, violent oscillations would set in. These oscillations represent spurious self-equilibrating stress-fields generating spurious energy terms that lead to ‘locking’.The field-consistency interpretation offers a conceptual scheme to delineate these problems and an operational procedure called the functional reconstitution technique allows the errors resulting from field-inconsistency to be anticipated a priori. We demonstrate the power of this approach through an interesting example of a multi-strain-field problem - the inextensional/nearly inextensional deformation of a shear flexible curved beam.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 2037-2038 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 2036-2036 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1865-1877 
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    Notes: Sensitivity analysis is presented as a natural addition to interactive multiobjective optimization methods based on compromise programming. It is shown that useful information regarding trade-offs in the objectives can be generated effectively by means of an analysis of the sensitivity of solutions to variations in preference structures. An implementation based on sequential quadrative programming is provided and examples are given for illustration.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1951-1971 
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    Notes: A finite element model suitable for the analysis of column-supported shells of revolution is presented. This model combines in a single analysis axisymmetric shell elements with nodal circles and column elements with nodal points. Thus, it takes advantage of the axisymmetry of the shell, while the non-axisymmetric nature of individual columns is fully accounted for. The compatibility between the two different types of elements is achieved through the use of a co-ordinate transformation. The accuracy of the solutions is demonstrated through numerical examples. When a shell of revolution supported on equispaced columns of the same stiffness is subjected to a harmonically varying load in the circumferential angle, it is found that the resulting displacements are associated with selective harmonic terms. An equation which precisely defines this coupling mechanism is also derived.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 2035-2035 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 503-519 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: A method for the numerical solution of singular integro-differential equations is proposed. The approximate solution is sought in the form of the sum of a power series with unknown coefficients multiplied by a special term which controls the appropriate solution behaviour near and at the edges of the interval. The coefficients are to be determined from a system of linear algebraic equations. The method is applied to the solution of a contact problem of a disk inserted in an infinite elastic plane. Exact analytical solution is obtained for the particular case when the disk is of the same material as the plane. Comparison is made between the exact and the approximate solutions as well as with the solutions previously available in literature. The stability and the accuracy of the present method is investigated under variation of the parameters involved. The applicability of the method to the case when the boundary conditions for the unknown function are nonzero is discussed along with an illustrative example. A FORTRAN subroutine for the numerical solution of singular integro-differential equations is also provided.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 557-568 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: Three competing finite element techniques are applied to a simple flow problem in a region with curved boundaries. Only three-sided elements are considered. The techniques are (1) straight-sided elements, (2) isoparametric elements, both of which use polynomial bases, and (3) curved elements using rational basis functions. The broad conclusions are that both curved-edge techniques are much superior to their straight-sided equivalent and that rational basis functions are quite successful in practice but require slightly more effort to implement, and cost a little more in computer time. From the point of view of efficiency, isoparametric elements seem to be the best choice.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 609-622 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: A semi-implicit direct time integration procedure is presented which avoids factorization of the implicit difference solution matrix. The procedure, if properly implemented, requires only vectorial calculations and hence needs the same computer core space as explicit integration procedures. Guidelines for splitting the stiffness matrix into upper and lower matrices are established, which among other things are designed to satisfy a correct transmission of rigid-body motions from element (or grid) to its adjacent elements.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 631-631 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 635-651 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: The need for multiple repeated analyses, which usually involve much computational effort, is one of the main difficulties in the optimization of large structures. This study deals with approximate structural reanalysis along a line in the design space, a problem common to many optimal design procedures. The problem is first stated in terms of a single independent variable. Explicit polynomial approximations for the nodal displacements are then presented. It is shown that Taylor series expansion of the displacements and a series based on a simple iteration procedure are equivalent. Furthermore, the series coefficients can readily be computed, providing efficient and high-degree polynomial approximations.To improve the quality of the approximations, two nonpolynomial series are proposed. The relationship between the various methods is discussed and simple numerical examples demonstrate applications. All the proposed procedures require only a single exact analysis to obtain the explicit expressions for any given line.The results obtained are very close to the exact solution and indicate that the proposed methods provide efficient and high-quality approximations for the nodal displacements.
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