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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 174-178 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Maruca testulalis ; Pod borer ; Development ; Nutritional suitability ; Host plant ; Crotalaria ; Vigna unguiculata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les possibilités de développement larvaire de Maruca testulalis sur les fleurs de huit espèces végétales ont été examinées en laboratoire. La comparaison a porté sur Crotalaria retusa, C. juncea, C. saltiana, C. misereniensis, C. mucronata, C. amazonas, Cajanus cajan et l'hôte principal de cette chenille, Vigna unguiculata. En tenant compte de la mortalité larvaire et des indices de croissance (G.I.), ces plantes ont été divisées en trois catégories principales: 1 celles provoquant une mortalité larvaire de 0–30% et ayant des G.I. ≥60%, constituent les plantes hôtes convenables (Vigna unguiculata seule); 2 les plantes qui provoquent une mortalité larvaire de 30≤50% et ont des G.I. de 30 à 60% de la plante hôte principale (Cajanus cajan, Crotalaria amazonas, C. saltiana, C. mucronata; 3 les plantes qui causent 50–100% de mortalité larvaire et dont les G.I. sont inférieurs à 30% de la plante hôte principale (Crotalaria retusa, C. juncea, C. misereniensis). Les résultats déjà publiés sur les choix du lieu de ponte des femelles et l'utilisation de C. juncea comme plante piège, sont discutés à la lumière de ces données nouvelles.
    Notes: Abstract Flowers of eight plant species were evaluated under laboratory conditions for their suitability as larval growth media for the cowpea pod borer, Maruca testulalis. The plants tested were Crotalaria retusa, C. juncea, C. saltiana, C. misereniensis, C. amazonas, Cajanus cajan and the principal host of the borer, Vigna unguiculata (cowpea), was included for comparison. Based on the data obtained on larval mortality and growth indices (GI) the plants were divided into 3 categories namely: I: Those causing 0–30% mortality and having GI value ≥60% form suitable host plants. This group only included V. unguiculata. — II: Those plant species causing 30≤50% larval mortality and having GI value 30%≤60% of the principal host plant (Cajanus cajan, Crotalaria amazonas, C. saltiana, C. mucronata). This group of species is marginally suitable as hosts. — III: Plants causing 50–100% larval mortality and having GI value ≤30% of principal host plant (C. retusa, C. juncea and C. misereniensis). Previously published data on the oviposition preference of the adult moth are discussed in the light of the present findings and the use of C. juncea as a possible trap crop.
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  • 2
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 203-205 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Sesiidae ; Synanthedon vespiformis ; Paranthrene tabaniformis ; Chamaesphecia empiformis ; Chamaesphecia tenthrediniformis ; Attractants ; Pheromones ; Clearwing moths ; Nemapogon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 3
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 20-26 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Dioryctria abietella ; Cone pyralid ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Sex pheromone, (Z,E)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate ; Single sensillum recordings ; Electroantennography ; Gas chromatography ; Mass spectrometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'analyse en chromatographie gazeuse associée à une détection électroantennographique a montré que l'acétate (Z,E)-9,11-tétradécadiényle (Z,E)-9,11–14:Ac est l'un des composants de la phéromone de Dioryctria abietella Schiff (Lepid.: Pyralidae). Couplage chromatographie en phase gazeuse spectrometrie de masse a montré la présence d'acétate tétradécadiényle avec un spectre de masse et un indice de rétention identiques au Z,E-9,11–14:Ac Un récepteur cellulaire sensible à la fois au Z,E-9,11–14:Ac et à un extrait de la femelle a été identifié sous l'antenne du mâle. Les analyses des antennogrammes et de la cellule isolée ont étayé la caractérisation du composant de la phéromone comme étant Z,E-9,11–14:Ac. Un récepteur cellulaire additionnel sensible à l'acétate (Z.)-9-tétradécadiényle et à l'acétate (Z.E.)-9,12-tétradécadiényle a été trouvé sur l'antenne du mâle, mais il n'était pas activé par l'extrait de la femelle. Sur le terrain Z,E-9,11–14:Ac, présenté seul, attirait des nombres importants de mâles de D. abietella. L'addition de l'acétate (Z)-9-tétradécényle a inhibé l'attraction des mâles par les pièges.
    Notes: Summary Gas chromatographic analyses coupled with electro-antennographic detection indicated that (Z,E)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate (Z,E-9, 11–14:Ac) is a pheromone component of the cone pyralid Dioryctria abietella. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analyses confirmed the presence of a tetradecadienyl acetate with mass spectrum and retention index identical to Z,E-9,11–14:Ac. A receptor cell sensitive to both Z,E-9,11–14:Ac and the female extract was identified on the male antenna. An additional receptor cell sensitive to (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate and (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate was found on the male antenna but was not activated by the female extract. In the field Z,E-9,11–14:Ac presented alone attracted significant numbers of male D. abietella. Addition of (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate inhibited the attraction of males to traps.
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  • 4
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 65-70 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Insect growth regulators ; Anti-juvenile hormone ; Fluoromevalonate ; Precocious metamorphosis ; Premature pupation ; Ecdysis ; Fall webworm ; Hyphantria cunea ; Lepidoptera ; Arctiidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Fluormevalosäure (FMev), bekannt als ein spezifischer Inhibitor der Biosynthese des Juvenilhormons (JH) in Insekten, wurde in 0,1–50 μg/Tier Dosis topikal an 3., 4. und 5. Larvenstadien von Hyphantria cunea getestet. Die Raupen wurden auf einem semi-synthetischen, künstlichen Nährboden bei 25° und unter Langtagsbedingungen (18 : 6 St., Licht/Dunkel) gezüchtet. Diese Verbindung rief drei verschiedene Typen spezifischer Reaktionen hervor: 1) verfrühte Metamorphose, 2) gehemmte Häutung und 3) verlängerte Larvenentwicklung. Vor der verfrühten Verpuppung wurde normales Verhalten beobachtet. Die Larven des 3. oder 4. Stadiums häuteten sich meist erst nach einem interkalaren Larvenstadium in verfrühte Puppen. Unter den drei Larvenstadien erwies sich das 5. Stadium gegen die Anti-JH-Verbindung am empfindlichsten. In allen getesteten Entwicklungsphasen wiesen die frisch gehäuteten Larven die höchste Empfindlichkeit gegen FMev auf. Nach der Häutung wurde stufenweises Absinken der FMev-Empfindlichkeit beobachtet, im 5. Larvenstadium verursachte die Verbindung jedoch selbst am letzten Tag des Wachstums zu einen relativ hohen Prozentzahl verfrühte Verpuppung. Eine zweite typische Wirkung von FMev war die Hemmung der Häutungsprozesse. Zwei grundlegende Stufen der Häutungsstörungen unterschieden sich voneinander: 1) Als Folge der Anwendung hoher Dosen von FMev konnte die Mehrzahl der Raupen die alte Larvenkutikula nicht öffnen und ging deswegen in kurzer Zeit zugrunde. 2) Bei Behandlung mit niedrigen Dosen der Anti-JH-Verbindung häuteten sich einige Hyphantria-Larven scheinbar normal; nach der Häutung waren aber alle unfähig, die normalen Bewegungen und die Nahrungsaufnahme fortzusetzen. Auch die vorzeitigen Puppenhäutungen wurden in meisten Fällen durch die Anti-JH-Behandlung gehemmt. Die morphogenetischen Wirkungen von FMev konnten durch eine topikale Behandlung mit Hydroprene, einem hochaktiven JH-Analogen, vollständig oder teilweise verhindert werden.
    Notes: Summary Fluoromevalonate (FMev, ZR-3516) known as an inhibitor of JH biosynthesis was topically applied in 0.1 to 50 μg/specimen doses to the 3rd, 4th, and 5th instar caterpillars of Hyphantria cunea Drury. The anti-JH compound induced 3 main types of specific responses: 1) precocious metamorphosis, 2) inhibition of ecdysis, and 3) prolongation of larval development. Precocious pupation was accompanied by behavioural events typical of normal pupation. Third and 4th instar larvae metamorphosed prematurely mostly with the intervention of an intercalary larval instar. The 5th instar exhibited the highest sensitivity to the anti-JH agent. Within each larval stage the freshly moulted insects proved to be the most susceptible to FMev. Afterwards, the incidence of morphogenetic reaction gradually decreased with age. In another fraction of Hyphantria larvae not responding with precocious pupation, FMev evoked varying degrees of ecdysial disturbance which always resulted in the death of caterpillars. In most cases the anti-JH compound inhibited the premature pupal moult, too, and these affected insects died as tanned pharate pupae. A complete or partial “rescue” from the effects of FMev was elicited, if simultaneously or subsequently, a single topical dose of a JH analogue, hydroprene was also administered.
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  • 5
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 291-296 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Cyrtobagous ; Salvinia weevil ; Feeding characteristics of larvae ; Development of larvae ; Plant nutrition ; Temperature effects on development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Après leur naissance, les larves de Cyrtobagous sp. passent de 1 à 4 jours à brouter les racines, et de 0 à 9 jours dans les bourgeons de la plante hôte, Salvinia molesta, avant d'y creuser une galerie dans le rhizome. Bien que les larves aient été capables de survivre jusqu'à 38 jours en broutant les racines, quant elles furent privées de rhizome, elle ne purent achever leur développement. Quand les galeries furent commencées, le développement larvaire, entre 21° et 31°, dépendit de la température et de la teneur en azote de l'hôte. Les larves ne se développèrent pas à 17°. Une haute valeur nutritive de l'aliment consommé par les larves réduisit la durée du développement, mais n'influença pas la durée ultérieure de leur développement nymphal. Les lieux de prise de nourriture et les dégâts produits par des larves isolées furent précisés.
    Notes: Abstract Newly-emerged larvae of a salvinia weevil, Cyrtobagous sp. spent from 1–4 days browsing on the roots and from 0–9 days in the buds of the host plant, Salvinia molesta, prior to tunnelling into the rhizome of this aquatic weed. Although larvae were able to survive up to 38 days browsing on roots when rhizomes were withheld, they were unable to complete development. After tunnelling began, larval development between 21° and 31° was dependent on temperature and nitrogen levels in the host. Larvae failed to develop at 17°. High nutritional intake by the larvae reduced larval development time but did not influence duration of their subsequent pupal development. The feeding sites and plant damage produced by individual larvae were assessed.
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  • 6
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 155-162 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; Apanteles bignellii ; Euphydryas aurinia ; Multivoltinism ; Synchronisation ; Weather
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einer Population von Euphydryas aurinia (Rottemburg) bei Oxford, England treten während einer Generation von E. aurinia drei Normalgenerationen von Apanteles bignellii Marshall auf. Jede Generation des Parasitoids kann charakterisiert werden durch das befallende Wirtsstadium und durch die aus einem Wirt schlüpfende Zahl Parasitoide. Parasitoide schlüpfen in Normalgenerationen aus dem 3., dem 4. und dem 6. Stadium des Wirts; in Ausnahmegenerationen schlüpfen sie aus dem 2. und 5. Stadium. Bis zu 70 Parasitoide können aus einer Altraupe (6. Stadium) schlüpfen und die Dauer dieses Stadiums kann bis auf 2 Wochen verlängert werden. Die Ausnahmegenerationen von A. bignellii aus Zweitlarven dürften aus Eiablagen in frühe Erstlarven stammen. Fünftlarven des Wirts, aus denen Parasitoide schlüpfen, sind ungewöhnlich klein und fressen nicht; sie dürften das Resultat sein eines Uebermasses von Apenteles-Eiern, die in frühe Viertlarven gelegt wurden. Die Synchronisation zwischen dem Parasitoiden und dem Wirt während der Zeit, da E. aurinia im Puppen-, Adult- oder Eistadium ist, wird aufrechterhalten durch ein verlängertes Coconstadium von Apanteles. Die Puppen des Parasitoiden entwickeln sich normal und die Adulten schlüpfen, bleiben aber bis 4 Wochen lang im Cocon, bevor sie sich eine Ausgangsöffnung machen. Das Wetter kann den Parasitierungsgrad der letzten Wirtsstadien beeinflussen. Wenn der Frühling kalt ist mit klarem Himmel, kann die Synchronisierung zwischen Parasitoiden, die aus Viertlarven des Wirts schlüpfen und potentiellen Fünft- und Sechtstlarven des Wirts schlecht werden. Die Entwicklung von Apanteles-Puppen wird durch die Umgebungstemperatur beeinflusst, während E. aurinia-Larven ihre Temperatur erhöhen, indem sie sich sonnen und deshalb rasch wachsen. Wenn die Parasitoiden unter solchen Bedingungen schlüpfen, sind die meisten potentiellen Wirte schon verpuppt und damit nicht mehr geeignet für die Parasitierung. Die Mechanismen der Synchronisation und der Wettereinfluss auf diese Vorgänge wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract The gregarious endoparasite, Apanteles bignellii Marshall is specific to the nymphalid butterfly, Euphydryas aurinia (Rottemburg) in the British Isles. The synchronisation between host and parasitoid is described at a site near Oxford, England where both occur. Three regular generations of A. bignellii occur in one generation of the host in the studied population. Relevant features of the biology of A. bignellii and E. aurinia are described, including a method of distinguishing the number of Apanteles larval instars based upon shed cuticle remnants. Mechanisms for host-parasitoid synchronisation are outlined, especially a protracted parasitoid cocoon stage when the host is unavailable for attack during the chrysalis, adult and egg stages. Cool, but sunny weather conditions in spring can influence the degree of parasitisation experienced by final instar host caterpillars. The timing of adult A. bignellii emergence and subsequent attack on early instar hosts can lead to additional, partial, generations of parasitoids from second and fifth instar hosts.
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  • 7
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 121-122 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Earias insulana ; Bollworm ; Artificial diets ; Insect fecundity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 8
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 124-126 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Negret ; Melanic mutant ; X-linked mutation ; Flour Beetle ; Tribolium confusum ; Coleoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Storage pests ; Coleoptera ; Bostrichidae ; Prostephanus truncatus ; (±)-1-methylbutyl (E)-2-methyl-2-pentenoate ; Rhyzopertha dominica ; (±)-1-methyl-butyl (E)-2,4-dimethyl-2-pentenoate ; Dominicalure ; Aggregation pheromone ; Monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les réponses de Prostephanus truncatus Horn (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) à deux constituants de la phéromone d'agrégation de Rhyzopertha dominica Fabricius (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), le (±)-1-méthylbutyl (E)-2-méthyl-2-penténoate et le (±)-1-méthylbutyl (E)-2,4-diméthyl-2-pentéoate, connus comme “Dominicalure 1” et “Dominicalure 2”, ont été étudiées au laboratoire et au champ. Auslaboratoire ces composés ont été essayés individuellement et en mélange 1:2. Une membrane de caoutchouc imprégnée de phéromone a été utilisée comme émetteur lent, et une courbe de réponse en fonction de la dose a été établie. P. truncatus répondait plus vigoureusement à la Dominicalure 2 seule. Tous ces traitements ont été comparés dans un essai aux champs en Tanzanie, dans lesquels des pièges en carton ondulé contenant des diffuseurs de phéromone étaient placés dans des entrepôts de maïs dans les fermes. La Dominicalure 1 et le mélange de 1 et 2 étaient tous deux efficaces pour piéger R. dominica. La Dominicalure 2 a piégé plus de P. truncatus que les autres traitements et était à peu près aussi efficace que le contrôle visuel pour détecter la présence de cet insecte dans les stocks. On peut envisager que la Dominicalure 2 pourrait servir de base à un programme pour lutter contre P. truncatus en Afrique de l'Est.
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory and field studies have been made of the responses of Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) to two components of the aggregation pheromone of Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) — (±)-1-methylbutyl (E)-2-methyl-2-pentenoate and (±)-1-methylbutyl (E)-2,4-dimethyl-2-pentenoate, known as “Dominicalure 1” and “Dominicalure 2” respectively. In the laboratory, these compounds were tested individually and as a 1:2 mixture; P. truncatus responded most strongly to Dominicalure 2 alone. All three treatments were compared in a field trial in Tanzania to monitor both R. dominica and P. truncatus in farm stores. Dominicalure 1 or a mixture of 1 and 2 were both highly effective for trapping R. dominica. In contrast, Dominicalure 2 trapped more P. truncatus than the other treatments and was about as effective as visual inspection at demonstrating the presence of the beetle in stores. Dominicalure 2 could form the basis of a monitoring programme for P. truncatus in East Africa.
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  • 10
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    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 1251-1262 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Adoxophyes orana ; pheromone traps ; attraction ; interaction ; trap spacing ; wind ; monitoring ; mass trapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In a spindle-tree apple orchard, sex pheromone traps for the summerfruit tortrix moth were distributed at different spacings. From the captures, information was derived about influence of prevailing wind direction and of trap spacing on interactions between traps. Prevailing wind direction in the experimental area had no appreciable influence on trap interaction, perhaps because of eddying within the planting. The relationship between density and capture of traps was first considered theoretically and interaction by overlap of active-space areas was distinguished from that by overlap of mere capturing areas, which depend also on distance of dispersal. The actual results were in accordance with these considerations and indicated that the diameter of the active-space areas averaged 15 m. The variation in the captures of the wider-spaced traps was too large to be conclusive about the average width of the capturing areas, but the diameter of these seemed to be more than about 45 m. These data have been related to adequate trap distances for monitoring and mass trapping.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Scolytus multistriatus ; pheromone ; insect olfaction ; electroantennogram ; electrophysiology ; differential adaptation ; multistriatin ; 4-methyl-3-heptanol ; α-cubebene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Electroantennograms were recorded fromScolytus multistriatus in response to 4-methyl-3-heptanol, the four geometric isomers of multistriatin, and cubeb oil. Charateristic dose-response curves for response amplitude and the time required for the voltage trace to return to 1/2 baseline (recovery rate) were established. Recovery rates were significantly more rapid following stimulation with 4-methyl-3-heptanol or cubeb oil than with the multistriatin isomers. At most intensities, α-multistriatin, the isomer that evokes behavioral response, gave significantly larger EAGs with significantly longer recovery rates than the other isomers. Results of differential adaptation experiments suggested that 4-methyl-3-heptanol interacted with the processes involving multistriatin and cubeb oil activity. However, cross-activity of acceptors for these compounds seems unlikely; single sensillum recordings are needed to ascertain the response spectra for individual receptor neurons.
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  • 12
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    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 1399-1409 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Dendroctonus ponderosae ; pheromone ; frontalin ; exo-brevicomin ; Pinns contorta ; Pinus ponderosa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Frontalin andexo-brevicomin were identified by GC-MS in air drawn over maleDendroclonus ponderosae Hopk. (MPB) from Oregon that had joined females for 1–2 days in the bark of lodgepole and ponderosa pine logs. Unfed males releasedexo- andendo-brevicomin but not frontalin. These three compounds were not detected in either unfed or fed females. Arrestment of males bytrans-verbenol and terpenes in an olfactory walkway was reduced by the addition of racemic frontalin; production of attractant chirps also diminished. Racemic frontalin also strongly reduced the aggregation of MPB in lodgepole and ponderosa pine stands to sticky traps baited with the aggregation pheromonetrans-verbenol and host terpenes; however, the function of the natural enantiomer of frontalin in MPB is unknown.
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  • 13
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    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 1411-1420 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Staphylinidae ; Oxytelinae ; defensive secretion ; glands ; acetates ; lactones ; alkenes ; quinones ; citral
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The secretions of the abdominal glands ofBledius spectabilis Kraatz,Platystethus arenarius Fourcr., andOxytelus piceus L. have been shown to contain four 1-alkenes; toluquinone; toluhydroquinone; C10 −-,C11 −, C12 −-, and C14 − γ-lactones; C12-δ-lactone; citral; and decyl-, undecyl-, and dodecyl acetates. Quantitative results indicate that 1-alkenes are formed probably from present lactones by decarboxylation. According to the known life histories of the beetles, it is suggested that the gland material is not used as an algal growth regulator but represents a unique defensive blend characteristic for the whole subfamily.
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  • 14
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    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 1429-1436 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Heliothis zea ; bioassay ; host plant resistance mechanisms ; allelochemicals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Maysin, a flavone glycoside from corn silks, inhibits ingestion, and thus growth, ofHeliothis zea (Boddie) larvae. Pinitol from soybeans inhibitedH. zea growth by the same mechanism. Despite the widely held assumption that tannins inhibit growth by inhibiting assimilation, cotton condensed tannin inhibitedH. zea growth by reducing ingestion; no evidence was found for a reduction in assimilation. Neonate larvae are shown to be much more sensitive to allelochemics than larvae that have fed on control diet before being transferred to diet containing plant allelochemics.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Red flour beetle ; Tribolium castaneum ; Coleoptera ; Tenebrionidae ; food volatiles ; olfactory responses ; olfactometer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Olfactory responses of 72- to 96-hr-old, 24-hr starved adult male, female, or mixed-sex groups of the red flour beetle,Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), to volatiles from wheat and millet kernels, certain milled fractions, and solvent extracts were recorded by using a lightsensitive apparatus. Wheat-germ volatiles from intact germ or solvent extracts were generally more attractive than volatiles of wheat endosperm or wheat bran. Volatiles of whole wheat kernels were the least attractive among test materials of wheat origin, whereas there were no significant differences among whole wheat flour, germ, and endosperm. Wheat-germ extracts, however, were more attractive than were extracts of the other fractions. Whole millet flour or fermented millet flour volatiles were more attractive than those from whole millet kernels or millet starch. Beetles reached maximum responsiveness to grain volatiles by 72–96 hr after adult ecdysis. Groups of virgin female beetles generally were more responsive than male or mixed-sex groups to volatiles of substances tested.
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  • 16
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    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 351-362 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Choristoneura occidentalis ; western spruce budworm ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; pheromone chemistry ; Choristoneura fumiferana ; capillary GC-MS ; (E/Z)-11-tetradecenal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract SCOT capillary Chromatographic and SCOT capillary chromatographic-mass spectrometic analyses of gland washes and effluvia of virgin femaleChoristoneura occidentalis Free, have been conducted with both a diapausing and nondiapausing strain of this insect. The following compounds were identified in gland washes and effluvia in both strains:E andZ11–14∶Ald,E andZ11–14∶Ac,E andZ11–14∶OH and 14∶Ald, 14∶Ac, and 14∶OH. The average aldehyde: acetate: alcohol ratio found by analysis of single glands by virgin females (nondiapausing strain) was 1∶7∶0.73. Analysis of virgin female effluvia gave this ratio as 10∶3∶8 (diapausing strain: %Z=8, 11, 15, respectively) and 10∶3∶6 (nondiapausing strain: %Z=8, 11, 12, respectively). The saturated components were generally 1–2% of theE isomer in each case. Comparisons of EAG responses of bothC. occidentalis andC. fumiferana toE11–14∶Ald,E11–14∶Ac andE11–14∶OH were made. Correlations with both laboratory and field data previously published were also made betweenC. fumiferana andC. occidentalis.
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  • 17
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    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 373-378 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Dendroctonus frontalis ; Ips calligraphus ; I. grandicollis ; I. avulsus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; mating ; attraction
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    Notes: Abstract Catches ofDendroctonus frontalis andIps avulsus on traps surrounding bolts infested with both sexes of each species in the gallery were not significantly different from catches at bolts infested only with the sex which normally pioneers the host colonization process. In contrast, the presence of the second sex in the gallery significantly reduced catches ofI. grandicollis andI. calligraphus and, additionally, the presence of females in the male galleries ofI. calligraphus significantly reduced the catch ofI. avulsus females as compared with their response to bolts infested with the maleI. calligraphus only.
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  • 18
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    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 453-462 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Defensive secretions ; oleic acid ; hydrocarbons ; terpenoids ; eggs ; deterrents ; ants ; predation ; Chrysomelidae ; Coleoptera ; Gastrophysa cyanea ; reflex bleeding ; elytral glands
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    Notes: Abstract Egg clusters and adults ofGastrophysa cyanea are conspicuous and, like their larvae, are chemically protected. The eggs owe their bright yellow color primarily to β-carotene and, in addition, contain substantial quantities of oleic acid. At natural concentrations oleic acid effectively deters many species of ants from feeding. The use of fatty acids as deterrents against ants is discussed as a possible widespread phenomenon among insects. During defensive confrontations, adults ofG. cyanea exhibit avoidance behavior and may also feign death. In addition, the adults may autohemmorhage or secrete a fluid from elytral or pronotal pores in response to traumatic stimuli. The secretions are effective against ants and contain a mixture of hydrocarbons as well as terpenoid components. The pattern of ontogenetic modification in the defensive chemical repertoire ofG. cyanea is discussed.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Scolytus scolytus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; pheromone ; 4-methyl-3-heptanol stereoisomer ; olfaction ; electrophysiology
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    Notes: Abstract Electroantennogram (EAG) and single-cell recording techniques have been used to demonstrate the presence of separate receptors for (−)-threo- and (−)-erythro-4-methyl-3-heptanol on the antenna ofS. scolytus. The majority of single-cell recordings showed spikes of two different amplitudes. The cell giving spikes of larger amplitude responded to the (−)-threo stereoisomer while the cell with the small-amplitude spikes responded to (−)-erythro-4-methyl-3-heptanol. It is suggested that in most recordings the two cells are associated with a single sensillum basiconicum.
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  • 20
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    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 493-506 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Choristoneurafumiferana (Clem.) ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; sex pheromone ; mating disruption ; sex attraction
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    Notes: Abstract Male spruce budworm [Chorisloneura fumiferana (Clem.)] moths were held for 3 hr in a wind tunnel and subjected to various concentrations of background synthetic pheromone. They were then exposed to calling females and their response was recorded. The background pheromone was presented either as discrete turbulent plumes or as a uniform permeation throughout the tunnel. The numbers of males wing-fanning and flying in response to the calling females decreased as the concentration of background pheromone increased. Of the males which flew, a higher proportion progressed upwind in the discrete plumes than in the uniform permeation, an indication that structure in the pheromone cloud is necessary for upwind progression. In both discrete plumes and uniform permeation fewer males were able to locate the females (i.e., disruption was greater) as the concentration of synthetic pheromone increased, but for the same total release rates, disruption was greater when the synthetic pheromone was released in discrete plumes rather than in a uniform permeation. This implies that disruption which involves luring males to sources of synthetic pheromone is more effective than masking female plumes by uniform permeation and suggests that it is more efficient to release pheromone from a few potent sources than from numerous low-potency sources.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Monarch butterfly ; Asclepias spp. ; monooxygenase ; induction ; cardenolide ; aldrin epoxidation ; p-chloro-N-methylanilme demethylation ; Lepidoptera ; Danaidae
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Monarch butterfly larvae were examined for NADPH-dependent monooxygenase activities. Midgut and fat body homogenates catalyzed aldrin epoxidation andp-chloro-N-methylanilineN-demethylation at consistently low rates compared to many other lepidopteran larvae. Homogenates from larvae collected from four different milkweeds (Asclepias spp.) with quite different cardenolide contents had similar levels of activity. There were no detectable variations in activity due to season or year of collection.
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  • 22
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    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 1449-1464 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Dytiscidae ; Agabus seriatus ; Agabus obtusatus ; defensive secretions ; steroids ; regeneration ; pygidial glands ; prothoracic glands ; cholesterol
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    Notes: Abstract The defensive secretions of the dytiscid species,Agabus seriatus (Say) andAgabus obtusatus (Say), were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The intrinsic ability ofA. Seriatus andA. Obtusatus to regenerate their prothoracic gland defensive secretions under laboratory conditions was determined by analyzing the secretions every seventh day for five weeks. Both beetles regenerated ∼ 80% of their prothoracic gland components within two weeks.A. seriatus was injected with [4-14C]cholesterol and after a three-week regeneration period 7.5% of the14Clabel was found in the steroidal defensive secretion from the prothoracic glands.
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  • 23
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    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 1533-1541 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Aggregation pheromone ; attractant ; 1-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-ol ; Dendroctonus pseudotsugae ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; bark beetle ; Douglas-fir beetle ; 3-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-ol ; Pseudotsuga menziesii
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    Notes: Abstract 1-Methylcyclohex-2-en-1-ol (1,2-MCH-ol) was synthesized, identified as a compound found in volatiles of the female Douglas-fir beetle, and shown by bioassays to be an aggregation pheromone. 1,2-MCH-ol matches in both GC retention index and mass spectrum a compound released by the female after feeding. 3,3-MCH-ol was also synthesized as a candidate compound; its mass spectrum is presented because published mass spectra are incorrect for this compound. Synthetic 1,2-MCH-ol increased arrestment and stridulation of males in olfactory walkways and increased trap catches of flying beetles. Males were more responsive to 1,2-MCH-ol than females.
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  • 24
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    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 181-190 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Buprestidae ; Cerambycidae ; Cleridae ; Scolytidae ; wood-boring beetles ; bark beetles ; ethanol ; host attractants ; hardwood tree insects
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ethanol, methanol, acetone, and acetaldehyde—chemicals identified in the inner bark of living trees—were used to bait vane traps placed in crowns of oak trees in Connecticut. Ethanol-baited traps caught more cerambycid, scolytid, and clerid beetles than unbaited traps. Buprestidae were not attracted to ethanol. Acetaldehyde and acetone were not attractive to any family. A mixture of ethanol, methanol, and acetaldehyde was no more attractive than ethanol alone. The vane traps were very effective at catching Cerambycidae and Scolytidae, but ineffective compared to sticky panels at catching Buprestidae.
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  • 25
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    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 191-200 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; Cossus cossus ; Lepidoptera ; Cossidae ; (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-5-dodecenol ; (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-3-decenyl acetate
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    Notes: Abstract Female tip washings of the European goat moth,Cossus cossus L., were found to contain the following compounds that are structurally similar to known pheromone components of Lepidoptera (%): decyl acetate (1.5), (Z)-5-dodecenol (1), (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate (66), dodecyl acetate (12), (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate (14), tetradecyl acetate (4), and hexadecyl acetate (1.5). The washes contained an average of 125 ng of (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate per female equivalent. EAG responses to nanogram amounts of the identified products indicated that (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate was the most potent olfactory stimulant followed by (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate and (Z)-5-dodecenol, whereas the saturated acetates caused only weak depolarization. A strong EAG response was also recorded for (Z)-3-decenyl acetate, which was not detected in the female tip washings. Field results showed that (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate was essential for the attraction of the males and that (Z)-3-decenyl acetate improved the attractiveness of (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate alone or in combination with (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate.
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  • 26
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    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 219-223 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Synthesis ; sex pheromone ; processionary moth ; Thaume-topoea pityocampa ; Lepidoptera ; Notodontidae ; (Z)-13-hexadecen-11-yn-1-yl acetate ; acetylene ; carbocupration
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    Notes: Abstract The synthesis of the major component of the sex pheromone of the processionary mothThaumetopoea pityocampa is described. The synthesis uses the carbocupration of acetylene, followed by the coupling with the appropriate 1-iodoalkyne. This synthetic pheromone was shown to be of 98.8%Z purity.
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  • 27
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    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 335-346 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Euxoa drewseni ; Chorizagrotis thanatologia ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; attractant inhibitor ; parapheromone ; (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-7-pentadecenyl acetate
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    Notes: Abstract Eleven compounds structurally similar to known lepidopterous pheromone components were identified in the extract from 18 calling female moths ofEuxoa drewseni (Staudinger). The identifications were done by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-resolution gas chromatography with flame ionization and electroantennographic detectors simultaneously. Detector antennae were from five species of moths. In the field, male moths were specifically attracted to a three-component blend of dodecyl, (Z)-5-dodecenyl, and (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetates in a ratio of 2∶6∶1. This blend at 1000 μg/rubber septum dispenser is recommended as a trap bait for monitoring purposes. Low concentrations of (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate or (Z)-7-tetradecenol inhibited the attraction of moths to the three-component blend. (Z)-7-Pentadecenyl acetate functioned as a parapheromone in place of (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate in the pheromone blend, and they appear to react via the same antennal receptor.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; bark beetle ; Ips paraconfusus ; aggregation pheromone ; enantiomer ; electrophysiology ; electroantennogram ; interruption ; allomone
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    Notes: Abstract Antennae of male and femaleIps paraconfusus were equally and highly sensitive to their male-produced, multicomponent aggregation pheromone. Female and male antennae were highly sensitive to the pheromonal component, (S)-(−)-ipsenol, but essentially insensitive to its antipode, (R)-(+)-ipsenol. Further, female and male antennae were more sensitive to the pheromonal component, (S)-cis-verbenol, than to its antipode, (R)-cis-verbenol. Dramatic sexual dimorphism in chiral sensitivity to the ipsdienol enantiortiers was found, with female antennae being more sensitive to the conspecific pheromonal enantiomer, (S)-(+)-ipsdienol, and male antennae being more sensitive to the antipode, (R)-(−)-ipsdienol. Since (R)-(−)-ipsdienol is the principal pheromone of CaliforniaIps pini and interruptsI. paraconfusus aggregation, male antennae appear to be more sensitive to an interspecific allomone than a conspecific pheromone. Of the conspecific pheromonal enantiomers, both male and female antennae were most sensitive to (S)-(+)-ipsdienol, intermediately sensitive to (S)-(−)-ipsenol, and least sensitive to (S)-cis-verbenol. However, when enantiomeric sensitivities were compared to the estimated concentrations of these components in the natural pheromone, (S)-(~)-ipsenol tended to equal or approach the potency of (S)-(+)-ipsdienol as an antennal stimulant, while antennal responsiveness to (S)-cis-verbenol was dramatically less than for the other two pheromonal components. The behavioral implications of such physiological sensitivities are discussed in regard to perception of multicomponent synergistic pheromones and the relative efficacy of each component as an orientation cue.
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  • 29
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    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 585-606 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; bark beetle ; Ips paraconfusus ; pheromone ; enantiomer ; electrophysiology ; electroantennogram ; interruption ; allomone
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    Notes: Abstract The antennal sensitivities of both male and femaleIps paraconfusus were found generally to be greatest for conspecific aggregation pheromones (ipsdienol, ipsenol); intermediate for an additional conspecific pheromone (cis-verbenol), an aggregation synergist (2-phenylethanol), and pheromones/allomones of sympatric species (trans-verbenol, verbenone, and frontalin); and lowest for both host terpenes (alpha-pinene and myrcene) and other bark beetle-produced odorants (exo-brevicomin and linalool). Of the enantiomeric compounds tested, antennae of both sexes did not differ in sensitivity between thetrans-verbenol enantiomers at low dosage levels; but at higher dosages, the conspecific-produced enantiomer, (1R,4S,5R)-(+)-trans-verbenol, elicited larger mean EAG responses than its antipode, (1S,4R, 5S)-(−)-trans-verbenol. At the mid-dosage range, female antennae tended to be slightly more responsive to (S)-(−)-verbenone than to (R)-(+)-verbenone, while male antennae were equally responsive to stimulations by either verbenone enantiomer. In field bioassays there was a large and significant reduction in trap catches ofI. paraconfusus on traps where the (S)-(−)- or (R)-(+)-enantiomers of verbenone were evaporated beside logs containing boring conspecific males. Only when the (S)-(−)-enantiomer of verbenone was evaporated beside logs containing boring males did the sex ratio ofI. paraconfusus trapped shift from female-dominated to male-dominated attraction. Thus both physiological and behavioral data suggest a differential chiral sensitivity of female beetles for the verbenone enantiomers. The relative sensitivities between different chiral compounds derived from one or the other of the common precursoral host terpenes, (S)-(−)- and (R)-(+)alpha-pinene or myrcene, are discussed.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Dendroctonus frontalis ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; seasonal variation ; pheromone content ; environmental parameters
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    Notes: Abstract The response ofDendroctonus frontalis to an attractant mixture (frontalin,trans-verbenol, and loblolly pine turpentine) was measured in the laboratory over a four-year period. Beetle response was highest in late winter and early spring, and lowest in midsummer and early fall. Males consistently responded higher than females. Female beetles displayed significantly higher responses in early morning and late afternoon than in the middle of the day. Analysis of beetle pronotal width and fat content revealed a high degree of correlation between these two parameters in female beetles, but there was no correlation of response with either fat content or pronotal width for either sex. There was no evident relationship between mean monthly beetle response and total amounts of frontalin andtrans-veibenol found in hindgut extracts. Daily temperature in months both during which beetles were bioassayed and immediately prior to bioassay was highly correlated to response to the attractant.
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  • 31
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    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 671-678 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Bembidion obtusidens ; Coleoptera ; Carabidae ; Oscillatoria animalis ; Oscillatoria subbrevis ; Cyanophyta ; metabolites ; volatiles ; ecophenes ; methylhexadecanoate ; methyloctadecenoate ; attractant ; habitat selection
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    Notes: Abstract In laboratory bioassaysBembidion obtusidens Fall adults were attracted to volatile metabolites (methyl esters of hexadecanoic and 9-octadecenoic acid) of mat-forming, filamentous blue-green algae (Oscilalatoria sp.; Cyanophyta) growing in the microhabitat of these beetles on the shores of saline lakes. Commercial preparations of these metabolites also were attractive, suggesting thatOscillatoria metabolites are token stimuli which serve as habitat cues forBembidion adults.
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  • 32
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    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 701-707 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Dendroctonus ponderosae ; pheromone ; exo-brevicomin ; endo-brevicomin ; Pinus contorta
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Bothexo- andendo-brevicomin reduced the response of flyingDendroctonus ponderosae (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to an attractant composed oftrans-verbenol and terpenes or oftrans- andcis-verbenol and terpenes in a stand ofPinus contorta var.murrayana. These data suggest that racemicexo- andendo-brevicomin may interrupt aggregation in populations of mountain pine beetle colonizing lodgepole pine; functions of the natural chiral compounds are unknown.
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  • 33
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    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 731-754 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Alkenylcompounds ; pheromones ; chemotaxonomy ; decenyl dodecenyl ; tetradecenyl ; hexadecenyl ; trapping ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
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    Notes: Abstract Sex attractants known for 145 species of noctuid moths have many common features both as to chemical constituents and to their relationships in blends. The great majority of constituents are straight-chain (Z)-alkenols, -alkenals, or -alkenyl acetates of even carbon number (10 through 16). The unsaturation is nonterminal in odd-numbered positions (5 through 11). In effective lures, these components are blended in specific ratios and the components in a sex pheromone or sex attractant blend are structurally related by “one-change” steps. This means that any blend component differs from one or more other components by a single structural alteration, such as a change in double bond position, or a change in carbon chain length, or a change in the oxygen function. For the few multicomponent systems known in detail, the central place in the “one-change” framework is occupied by the predominant blend component. Different patterns of occurrence of lure components occur in the subfamilies Acronictinae, Noctuinae, Hadeninae, Cuculliinae, Amphipyrinae, Heliothidinae, Plusiinae, Acontiinae, and Pantheinae, and some subfamilies are as yet without known lures. Some guiding principles for elucidation of blend compositions for unstudied species are presented; these guidelines can also be used in improvement of some synthetic blends of unsatisfactory quality.
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  • 34
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    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 837-842 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: 2-Tridecanone ; structure-activity relationships ; Lycopersicon hirsutum f.glabratum C.M. Mull ; Heliothis zea (Boddie) ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; resistance
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    Notes: Abstract Toxicity bioassays of the naturally occurring insecticide 2-tridecanone and a group of structural analogs against the tomato fruitworm (Heliothis zea) reveal a significant influence of chain length on toxicity of methyl ketones. This effect may be due to the differential ability of these compounds to penetrate lipid barriers and reach the active site, since a close relationship is seen between toxicity and lipophilicity. Congeners of chain lenths 15 and over are less active than predicted by this relationship, possibly due to steric effects.
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  • 35
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    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 1125-1132 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Peachtree borer ; Synanthedon exitiosa (Say) ; Lepidoptera ; Sessiidae ; oviposition stimulant ; peach ; Prunus persica
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Peachtree borer (PTB) cocoons, peach tree bark, and a mixture of frass and gum obtained arount PTB wounds were extracted with organic solvents of increasing polarity. Female PTB moths,Synanthedon exitiosa (Say), laid the greatest number of eggs on filter paper substrates treated with acetone extracts of PTB cocoons, ethyl acetate extracts of peach tree bark and acetone extracts of frass and gum mixtures. The extracts of cocoons or frass and gum mixture were separated by liquid chromatography and thin layer chromatography.
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  • 36
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    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 1183-1191 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Kairomone ; contact chemicals ; arrestant ; host seeking ; Eucelatoria bryani ; Diptera ; Tachinidae ; Heliothis ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; parasitoid
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    Notes: Abstract Factors acting at contact or close range affected the behavior associated with host seeking of females, but not of males, of the tachinid,Eucelatoria bryani Sabrosky. Females were arrested by components of larvae ofHeliothis virescens (F.) and by a dichloromethane extract of okra leaves. A hexane extract ofH. virescens frass and a chloroform-methanol extract ofH. virescens larvae were both active. In addition to chemicals, shape and size were involved because females were arrested by small inert objects the size ofH. virescens larvae and frass.
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  • 37
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    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 33-37 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Disparlure ; Lymantria dispar ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; gypsy moth ; pheromone persistence
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    Notes: Abstract Positive attraction of male gypsy moths to the body of the author, now four years after his last known direct contact with disparlure, the synthetic pheromone, is documented. A designed test showed that moths responded to him in highly significantly greater numbers than to others who had had less or no previous exposure to the insect and / or disparlure. The data present persuasive evidence of bodily contamination with disparlure and suggest that the material is very persistent.
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  • 38
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    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 13-31 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Aleochara curtula (Goeze) ; Coleoptera ; Staphylinidae ; tergal gland secretion ; defense ; mating stimulants ; female sex pheromone ; hydrocarbons ; n-aldehydes ; substituted 1 ; 4-benzoquinones
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    Notes: Abstract At high concentrations, the defensive tergal gland secretion (TGS)3 of the staphylinid beetle,Aleochara curtula, inhibits the male copulatory response (grasping with parameres). Inhibitory chemicals, for which a function as alarm substances is assumed, aren-undecane, 1-undecene,n-dodecanal, toluquinone, and 2-methoxy-3-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone. When emitted in small amounts, however, the TGS releases the male grasping response. The main components with aphrodisiac effect are (Z)-4-tridecene,n-dodecanal, and (Z)-5-tetradecenal. These supplementary mating stimulants, which are not sex specific, work synergistically with the aphrodisiac female sex pheromone from thé epicuticular lipids and are discussed as alerting pheromones of short-term effect. Antennal movements of resting males as an indication of the recognition of a female and the approach to the mate are released at somewhat longer distances, when the TGS is additionally present.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Scolytus multistriatus ; S. scolytus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; elm bark beetle ; multistriatin stereoisomers ; Dutch elm disease ; aggregation pheromone ; field responses ; attractant baits
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The field responses of English populations of the Dutch elm disease vectors,Scolytus multistriatus andS. scolytus to baits containing 4-methyl-3-heptanol, a host synergist [(−)-α-cubebene or (−)-limonene] and (±)-α-, (+)-β-, (−)-β-, (±)-γ-, or (±)-δ-multistriatin were examined. (±)-α-Multistriatin, released at 5–10 μg/day, enhanced the response ofS. multistriatus to baits containing 4-methyl-3-heptanol and either of the host synergists but had no effect on the capture ofS. scolytus. The release of larger amounts (57 or 365 μg/day) of (±)-α-multistriatin interrupted the response of both species to the 4-methyl-3-heptanol baits. It appears that α-multistriatin has multiple functions as a behavior-modifying substance for the two beetles. The (+)-β-, (−)-β-, (±)-γ-, and (±)-δ-multistriatins were inactive when released at 5–10 μg/day. The results of these field experiments suggest that one bait can be formulated to capture both species.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Behavior ; Caenurgina erechtea (Cramer) ; forage looper ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-eicosatriene ; (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-heneicosatriene ; flight tunnel
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    Notes: Abstract (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-Eicosatriene and (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-heneicosatriene have been identified as components of the sex pheromone of the noctuid,Caenurgina erechtea (Cramer), the forage looper. Structural assignments were made on the basis of spectroscopic and chromatographic data and were confirmed by comparison with synthetic material. Flight tunnel behavioral studies demonstrated that either component, when tested individually, would elicit wing fanning responses in males; however, mixtures of the two components increased this response and were essential for initiation of upwind flight and landing. In field experiments, traps baited with either component alone captured few or no adult forage looper males while those baited with both components captured several target males.
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  • 41
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    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 397-422 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cruciferae ; chemical defense ; gradient ; glucosinolate ; herb-ivory ; insect-plant interactions ; Cardamine cordifolia ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Homoptera ; Psyllidae
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Insect use of native crucifers may be related to patterns in mustard oil content. Consequently, in 1979 we measured glucosinolate content of Rocky Mountain bittercress,Cardamine cordifolia (Cruciferae), using paper and gas chromatography, in relation to: plant organ, phenology, elevation, habitat, leaf position and weight, and plant consumption by two adapted insect herbivores. Results for each are as follows. (1) The predominant constituent in all vegetative organs was 2-butylglucosinolate; concentration of isothiocyanate-yielding glucosinolates (IYG) was highest in roots (1.11 mg/gfr. wt) and lowest in stems (0.07 mg/g). (2) Concentration of IYG appeared to be higher in plants lacking oxazolidinethione-yielding glucosinolates (OYG) than in those with OYG. (3) Terminal cauline leaves had a higher content of IYG than leaves in other positions on a plant. (4) Heavy leaves had significantly higher concentrations of IYG than did lighter leaves. (5) IYG concentrations were not directly related to elevation. (6) Leaves of plants occurring naturally in the sun had concentrations of IYG similar to those of plants in the usual shaded habitat. However, experimental removal of overhanging willows caused a significant, stress-induced increase in IYG concentrations. Finally, (7) feeding by two adapted herbivores, chrysomelids and psyllids, was associated with lower, rather than higher, IYG concentrations. The results demonstrate significant variation in glucosinolate content in a native crucifer and suggest that some of this variation can be partitioned in relation to the ecological and environmental axes examined.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cryptolestes ferrugineus ; rusty grain beetle ; aggregation ; pheromone ; macrolide ; (E,E)-4,8-dimethyl-4,8-decadien-10-olide ; (3Z,11S)-3-dodecen-11-olide ; (Z,Z)-3,6-dodecadien-11-olide ; (Z)-5-tetradecen-13-olide ; 11-dodecanolide ; 4-nonanolide ; Coleoptera ; Cucujidae
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two synergistic macrolide aggregation pheromones were isolated from Porapak Q-trapped volatiles obtained from the frass ofCryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens). These compounds were identified as (E,E)-4,8-dimethyl-4,8-decadien-10-olide (I) and (3Z,11S)-3-dodecen-11-olide (II) and given the trivial names ferrulactone I and II, respectively. Analysis of captured volatiles from separated male and female adults disclosed that the pheromones are male-produced. Additional macrolides were identified in frass volatiles, but were devoid of any pheromonal activity. The structures of I and II were confirmed by comparison with synthetic materials.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; 3,6,9-heneicosatriene ; 3,6,9-eicosatriene ; velvetbean caterpillar ; Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; attractant ; hydrocarbons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A sex pheromone produced by female velvetbean caterpillar moths,Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, that attracts conspecific males was isolated and identified as a blend of (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-eicosatriene and (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-heneicosatriene in a ratio of ca. 5∶3, respectively, when combined. The synthesized compounds elicited responses by velvetbean caterpillar moth males equivalent to those elicited by females in both laboratory wind tunnel bioassays and field trapping experiments.
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  • 44
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    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 657-672 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pseudoplusia includens ; soybean looper ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Epilachna varivestis ; Mexican bean beetle ; Coleoptera ; Coccinellidae ; feeding preferences ; nutrition ; food utilization ; host-plant resistance ; induced resistance ; glyceollin ; isoflavonoids ; soybean ; phytoalexins
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Effects of soybean phytoalexins on the feeding of the soybean looper and Mexican bean beetle were investigated to test the hypothesis that phytoalexins might be a defense mechanism of plants against insects as well as against pathogens. Short-term behavioral responses to the phytoalexins were analyzed using dual-choice tests with phytoalexin-rich and phytoalexin-poor (control) tissues. Phytoalexin production was elicited with ultraviolet radiation. Results from the dual-choice tests indicated that 6th instar soybean looper larvae fed equally on the control and phytoalexin-rich tissues. Feeding by adult and 4th instar Mexican bean beetles, however, was strongly deterred by the phytoalexins as evidenced by “single-bite” mandible scars on the phytoalexin-rich cotyledon discs. Nutritional effects of the isoflavonoid phytoalexin glyceollin on early instar soybean looper larvae were tested by incorporating the phytoalexin into an artificial medium at a level of 1% dry weight (0.15% fresh weight). The larvae were reared for 7 days from emergence on diets of control and glyceollin-containing media. Although survival on the glyceollin diets was initially less than on the control diets, under the experimental conditions glyceollin had no significant effect on the growth, development, or subsequent survival of the larvae. Efficiency of food utilization (ECI) was reduced, indicating that the phytoalexins may be a mild digestibility-reducing factor for the loopers. Implications of the results for host-plant resistance are discussed.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Driedfruit moth ; Vitula edmandsae serratilineella ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Phycitinae ; sex pheromone ; attractant inhibitor ; (Z)-9,(E)-12-tetradecadienol ; (Z)-9,(E)-12-tetradecadienal ; alcohol ; aldehyde
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Sixteen pheromone-like compounds were identified in abdomen tip washes and excised abdomen tip extracts of calling females of driedfruit moth,Vitula edmandsae serratilineella Ragonot. Identifications were by high-resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and gas chromatography with flame ionization and electroantennographic detectors. Male moths were attracted to a blend of (Z)-9,(E)-12-tetradecadienol and (Z)-9,(E)-12-tetradecadienal in a ratio of 100∶1 at 500 μg/rubber septum dispenser, which is recommended for monitoring purposes. Low concentrations of (Z)-9-tetradecenol (0.5%) and (Z)-9-tetradecenal (0.1%) may be beneficial for the attraction of males, but 1–2% of (E)-9,(E)-12- or (Z)-9,(Z)-12-tetradecadienol, or (Z)-9,(E)-12-tetradecadienyl acetate inhibited their attraction. Gravid female moths were attracted to traps that captured large numbers of males. Females may be attracted to male hairpencil or forewing gland secretions emitted near the traps or that accumulate in the traps.
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  • 46
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    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 1353-1361 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Canavanine ; Caryedes brasiliensis ; Coleoptera ; Bruchidae ; Dioclea megacarpa ; plant-insect interactions ; amino acids
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Larvae of the bruchid beetle,Caryedes brasiliensis (Bruchidae) have the ability to avoid significant incorporation ofl-canavanine, the guanidinooxy structural analog ofl-arginine, into de novo synthesized proteins. This ability is related to a highly discriminatory protein-synthesizing system which exhibits marked ability to avoid processing an array of nonprotein amino acids structurally related to arginine.
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  • 47
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    Hydrobiologia 100 (1983), S. 169-201 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: rotifers ; saprobity ; saprobic valence ; indicative weight of species ; saprobic index ; pollution
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Six hundred and twenty species and lower taxonomical units of Rotatoria found in Czechoslovakia and surrounding countries are listed alphabetically and classified according to water quality. The numerical characteristics include the saprobic valence in 10 balls, the indicative weight of species, Ii, and the individual saprobic index, Si. Rotifers are considered to be good indicators and some of them are figured on Plates 1–3. The situation is illustrated by four graphs and the relation to BOD5 values is stressed. All rotifers are aerobic organisms and occur only within limnosaprobity. They can also serve as indicators of trophic conditions. To characterize the situation in standing and slowly flowing waters a Brachionus: Trichocerca quotient is proposed. Rotifers can also be used as test organisms in toxicity experiments.
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  • 48
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    Hydrobiologia 107 (1983), S. 35-45 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: zooplankton ; rotifers ; laboratory culture ; life table ; population dynamics
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new culture method for K. cochlearis has made it possible to study isolated animals and to investigate the population dynamics of this pelagic rotifer species. The duration of principal developmental stages diminishes continuously with temperature. Decreased survival was associated with a reduced duration of individual fecundity. The age distribution of the population shifted toward younger age intervals with higher temperatures. Growth rates had an optimum at 15°C; the population dynamics, while lower for K. cochlearis than for some other rotifers, were in good agreement with field data.
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  • 49
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    Hydrobiologia 107 (1983), S. 47-50 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: rotifers ; laboratory culture ; defined medium ; Keratella cochlearis
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    Notes: Abstract Procedures for the continuous laboratory culture of Keratella cochlearis in a defined medium and upon an algal food are described. Culturing success appears to be a function of food availability as well as composition. This availability requirement is satisfied by the use of test tubes and inverted titration plate concavities as culture vessels. The satisfactory culture medium contains an ammonia compound as a nitrogen source.
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  • 50
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    Hydrobiologia 106 (1983), S. 43-57 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: eutrophication ; paleolimnology ; diatoms ; sediment chemistry ; peatland management
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Stratigraphy of diatoms and chemistry in the surface sediment deposited at 35 m depth in Lake Polvijärvi was studied. The existence of annual laminations or varves in the sediment allowed a precise dating of the profile. Diatoms were analysed in 0.5 cm sequences; from 0 to 16.0 cm continuously and then intermittently every fourth 0.5 cm down to 44.0 cm. Sediment chemistry (loss-on-ignition, C, N, Fe, Mn, Mg, P, chlorophyll and carotenoids) was analysed from sediment surface down to 10.5 cm of altogether 33 subsamples, each containing 1–3 varves, and spanning the period 1921–1980. From 4.5 cm depth upwards the diatom concentration strongly increases, and the plankton diatom succession from Tabellaria flocculosa through Asterionella formosa to Melosira ambigua and Fragilaria crotonensis reflects a marked eutrophication of the lake. This algal succession occurs in pace with an increase in sediment accumulation rate and changes in sediment chemistry, which indicate increased allochthonous inputs and enhanced algal production in the lake. The change of the lake ecosystem is contemporaneous with extensive peatland draining and fertilizing that was carried out on its watershed during the past two decades. Existing chemical data from a number of lakes situated within the drainage area prove that at present the treated peatlands are the main source of nutrient loading of Lake Polvijärvi. A former period with indications of slightly increased productivity of the lake was dated by varve counting to AD 1690–1910 (35–12 cm). This period (characterised by Asterionella formosa) may coincide with that of the slash-and-burn cultivation in the area.
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  • 51
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    Hydrobiologia 106 (1983), S. 107-114 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: subtropical ; Monogononta ; California ; Florida ; Bahamas ; rotifers
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two new rotifer species, Lecane (Monostyla) aliger n.sp. and Proales pugio n.sp. are described from the Bahama Islands, Florida and California, and their autecology outlined. Some other rare rotifers are discussed which also prefer subtropical conditions. They are: Epiphanes clavulata, Epiphanes brachionus spinosus, Lecane crepida and Proalides tentaculatus tentaculatus. The existence of subtropical rotifer associations is discussed and supported by ecological data.
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  • 52
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 45-51 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; magnetism ; dating ; Australia ; North America ; Japan ; Europe ; Near East
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Paleolimnomagnetic records from five regions of the world have been combined with historical magnetic field observations in order to produce regional geomagnetic master curves.
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  • 53
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 141-146 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; lakes ; sediments ; eutrophication ; Cladocera ; Switzerland
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    Notes: Abstract Species composition and density of cladoceran populations changed in Lakes Zürich, St. Mortiz and Baldegg as human populations increased in these watersheds. Lake Zürich sediments became annually laminated in the 1890's as a result of increased organic input as the size of the cities surrounding the lake grew. At the same time, the Bosmina species changed from a oligotrophic form (longispina) to a eutrophic form (longirostris). An increase in Daphnia spp. populations also occurred at this time in the lake's history. Bosmina longispina reappeared in the lake in 1965 as the lake's trophic status changed from eutrophic to mesotrophic due to effective sewage treatment facilities. Annual laminations appear in the Lake St. Moritz sediments about 1910. Shortly thereafter, a shift from B. longispina to B. longirostris occurred. This change in trophic status is associated with increased tourism in the area. Lake Baldegg sediments also show annual laminations beginning in 1885 and a similar shift in the Bosmina species. Other cladoceran remains were too scarce to be useful in interpreting the histories of these lakes.
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  • 54
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 37-44 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; magnetic minerals ; sediment sources
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This review outlines the origin and environmental significance of magnetic minerals in lake sediments. Attention is drawn to situations where the patterns of mineral magnetic variation is a reflection of processes other than changing erosion rates and fire incidence. The use of mineral magnetic techniques in sediment source tracing, palaeoclimatic studies and the reconstruction of particulate pollution history is illustrated by means of case studies from Britain and N. America. The value of magnetic susceptibility as an on-site core logging technique is shown by reference to data from Lake Washington.
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  • 55
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 53-58 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; secondary ferrimagnetic oxides ; S.I.R.M. ; magnetic susceptibility ; laminated sediments
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    Notes: Abstract The magnetic parameters S.I.R.M. and magnetic susceptibility have been used to try and establish the fire histories of lake drainage basins. The technique is demonstrated using sediments from three lakes: Llyn Bychan (N. Wales), a lake with a recently burnt catchment, Lake Biscarrosse (S. W. France), a lake with a well documented fire history, and Lake Laukunlampi (E. Finland), a lake with laminated sediments and a long, but unknown fire history.
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  • 56
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 59-64 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; sedimentation pattern ; magnetic susceptibility ; Scanian lakes ; palaeomagnetism
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    Notes: Abstract Magnetic susceptibility measurements have been used to correlate synchronous depths in ca. 50 l m. cores of recent sediment from a small lake (area ca. 55 ha) in Scania, southern Sweden. The three-dimensional picture of sediment accumulation which emerges provides a basis for studying sediment deposition patterns through time. Using a palaeomagnetic chronology, the results show that the pattern and rate of accumulation have dramatically altered during the past 350 years, thus making semiquantitative studies of downcore sediment properties in a single core problematical. Possible reasons for these phenomena are briefly discussed.
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  • 57
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 65-69 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; X-ray radiography of sediment cores ; sedimentary properties ; sediment accumulation
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    Notes: Abstract X-ray radiographs of unextruded sediment cores are used for the documentation and the interpretation of primary and secondary sedimentary structures, and for the correlation of synchronous laminations between different cores. The vertical variation in bulk density, water content and void ratio, and the increase of solids with increasing sediment depth are calculated from the recorded film density along the radiographs. The X-ray radiographic technique for the study of sedimentary properties is fast and non-destructive. The technique is especially valuable when studying the uppermost part of the sediment cover and the processes of sediment redistribution and sediment accumulation. Studies are being undertaken in several Swedish lakes and coastal bays, where mono- and stereoradiographs are being used to classify bottom and sediment types, to interpret changes in the depositional environment, and to calculate past and present rates of sediment accumulation.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; sediment core positioning ; hydrographic survey ; computer contouring ; morphometric calculation
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    Notes: Abstract Automated techniques for sediment core site positioning, hydrographic survey, and contour mapping are described. The computer contouring system can be extended to calculate values for morphometric variables such as maximum length (1max), maximum width (wmax), lake perimeter (10), lake area (A) and lake volume (V). The techniques are exemplified using results from Augher Lough, Northern Ireland.
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  • 59
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 75-79 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; Dead Sea climate ; pore-waters ; diffusion ; sediments ; salinity ; porosity
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    Notes: Abstract The salinity of lakes is subject to variations imposed by climatic changes. These variations are recorded in the salinity profile of pore waters. Meromictic lakes, such as the Dead Sea, are a special case where waters which underlie the mixolimnion reflect salinity variations. In a sediment core from Dead Sea shallow waters, the salinity profile exhibited a minimum at about 1.9 m depth. It is shown by a diffusion model that this minimum can be attributed to lower salinities which prevailed at the sediment water interface for several decades around the turn of this century. No such minimum was observed in a sediment core from the deepest part of the lake where, during the last two centuries, the overlying brines had a constant salinity.
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  • 60
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 81-84 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; geochemistry ; trace elements
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    Notes: Abstract A geochemical study of lacustrine sediments was undertaken as part of a major paleolimnological project concerned with the impact of man on lakes. Factor analysis was applied to the geochemical data obtained from a core from one lake. Three principal factors which explained most of the variance of the initial data were identified. Factor I is related to the organic:mineral component ratio of the sediment, and can be considered as an indirect index of change in lake trophic status through time. Factor II is related to the granulometric composition of the sediment and matches evidence for changes in the hydrological regime of the lake. Factor III reflects changes in redox potential and is more closely related to processes occurring within the lake than other factors. Specific geochemical associations of elements are connected with each factor and are the factor indicators. The correlation of these associations are analyzed as geochemical indices of the variability of sediment accumulation conditions in time.
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 91-97 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; diatoms ; assemblage indicators ; Finland
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    Notes: Abstract Diatom assemblages from the topmost sediment of 49 lakes were ordinated by means of a program for detrended correspondence analysis and reciprocal averaging (Decorana). Five lake groups were separated, each having more or less characteristic diatom assemblages and water quality. Shifts from one group to another caused by factors such as acidification, artificial drainage, diffuse nutrient loading and sewage are discussed.
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  • 62
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 85-90 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; diatoms ; East Africa ; transfer functions ; pH-indicators
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    Notes: Abstract Our purpose is to establish the quantitative relationship between recent diatom floras and ecological parameters, in order to extrapolate the results to the past. The parameter pH is here considered as an example. This work is based on the study of about I60 diatom samples from East Africa and of their corresponding biotopes. We propose some statistical methods to interpret the data. Correspondence analysis allows us to define the pH-indicator species. The regression calculations allow pH values to be calculated using the percentage of the diatom species in a sample.
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  • 63
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 99-102 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; organic matter ; bacteria ; aerobic decomposition ; oxygen consumption
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    Notes: Abstract The investigations were carried out in lakes situated in the forest zone (Karelian Isthmus, Baltic zone, South Ural) and in the forest-steppe (South Ural) of the USSR. The lakes differ in their bioproductivity and in the intensity of their human influence. The amount of organic matter accumulating in the sediments is closely related to production and decomposition processes in the trophogenic layer. Processes of organic matter transformation were found to be most active in the uppermost sediment. The quantity of bacteria shows no correlation with the organic matter content of the sediment. Increase in organic matter, up to 70–80% of dry weight, is often accompanied by a decrease in bottom bacteria. The intensity of aerobic decomposition of the labile organic matter can be judged from the oxygen demand of the sediments. However, it is important to differentiate between chemical and biological oxidation processes. The quantity of bottom bacteria correlates closely with the value of oxygen consumption only in cases of high sediment redox potentials.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; sedimentary pigments ; primary production ; core analyses
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    Notes: Abstract A statistically significant correlation of the type y = axb between sedimentary plant pigments and contemporary algal primary production has been found in a study of the recent trophic evolution of twelve Italian lakes. The equation is used to assess baseline production levels in periods (50–70 years ago) when human influence was low.
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 107-111 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; lake ontogeny ; lake succession ; eutrophication
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    Notes: Abstract Paleolimnologists frequently invoke the term ‘eutrophication’ for describing apparent enrichment phases in the history of a lake. I argue that this term is often used incorrectly and that alternative explanations can serve as more accurate descriptions. Increased organic content in the sedimentary record may result from increased nutrient availability (eutrophication), but it can also reflect decreased residence time of water, or changes in biotic interactions, or changes in lake morphometry. Additionally, I argue that ‘eutrophication’ is an inappropriate term for describing the aging process of lakes. Lake ontogeny is the preferred term, as it does not imply directional changes in nutrients, nor in community structure.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; lakes ; eutrophication
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    Notes: Abstract Problems relating to the disappearance and eutrophication of lakes as a result of human activity are presented. A study area was selected located in an agricultural/forest region where human influence on lakes used to be minimal. In the past 25 years a number of lakes have completely disappeared and others have become rapidly enriched. Human interference has included: the pulling down of water mills, drainage and river canalisation, construction of holiday resorts, development of intensive farming, increased mineral fertilization, and the extension of roads and road traffic.
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 177-179 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; sediment chemistry ; heavy metals ; ATP
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This investigation is concerned with the impact of industrial and municipal waste discharge on lakes near the city of Tampere, Finland. The record of P, Zn and ATP in the recent sediments of Vanajavesi I, a polluted lake, and Mallasvesi, a largely unpolluted lake, are compared.
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 169-175 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; Chironomidae ; subfossil remains ; shallow lake ; eutrophication ; Lake Balaton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Lake Balaton, the largest shallow lake in Central Europe, is about 20 000 years old. An enormous increase in tourism and the disproportionate building development of the last few decades has resulted in the acceleration of eutrophication in the lake. Widespread research to reveal the causes of water-quality deterioration and possible ways of protection against it have recently started. The investigation of the larvae of non-biting midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) in the sediment of the open-water zone has also begun. The contemporary faunal composition strongly correlates with the trophic gradient along the longitudinal axis of the lake. We therefore supposed that the eutrophication process should be identifiable from the analysis of subfossil chironomid head capsules from the upper (15 cm thick) layer of the sediment. We found that quantitative results could only be obtained when fragments as well as relatively intact head capsules are considered. Our data verify that the originally oligo-mesotrophic community has been gradually replaced by eutrophic species in a west to east direction. Large-bodied larvae belonging to the Chironomus plumosus group mix the sediment down to 15 cm as they build their tubes and consequently alter the original proportions of head capsules at the different levels. So the sequence of communities through the sediment-layers is not quite reliable.
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 181-184 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; Clostridium perfringens ; sewage pollution ; eutrophication
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The horizontal and vertical distribution of the gram-positive, non-motile, spore-forming and rod-shaped bacterium Clostridium perfringens Holland was studied. The aim of the study was to estimate the quantity of C. perfringens at different depths of the sediment and evaluate the effect of human effluent which the lake received between 1940 and 1956. C. perfringens lives in the colon of man. Because it is spore forming and cannot multiply under a temperature of 20 °C and, according to the studies of Seppänen et al. (1979) it can be at least 300 years old, it may be a suitable paleolimnological indicator of pollution by human effluent. The results showed that the amounts of Clostridium increased at the same level where redox potential decreased in the sediment due to the beginning of effluent disposal at a depth of 40 mm. The maximum number of Clostridium colonies occurred between 0–30 mm depth.
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 193-198 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; Lake Michigan ; geochemistry ; stratigraphy ; Quaternary ; trace elements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The stresses placed on Lake Michigan since the advent of industrialization require knowledge of the sedimentology of the whole lake in order to make informed decisions for environmental planning. Sediment accumulation rates are low: areas of the lake receiving the most sediment average only 1 mm a−1; deep-water basins average 0.1 to 0.5 mm a−1; and large areas are not receiving any sediment. Sediment was deposited rapidly (typically 5 mm a−1), in the form of rock flour, during the deglaciation of both Lake Michigan and Lake Superior Basins. Then the rate of accumulation decreased by 80–90% and has remained relatively constant since final deglaciation. Because active sedimentation occurs mostly in the deep water areas of the lake, the sediment remains undisturbed and contains a record of the chemical history of the lake.
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  • 71
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    Keywords: paleolimnology ; annual laminations ; magnetism ; sediment influx ; sediment chemistry ; eutrophication
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The sediments of Loe Pool, a eutrophic coastal lake in south west England, consist largely of laminated clays and clay-gyttjas. Studies of the diatom microstratigraphy of frozen sediment cores from the Pool indicate that the laminations are annual, and that they contain pairs of light and dark bands formed by seasonal variations in the supply of sediment to the Pool from its catchment. Analysis of the magnetic properties of individual laminations demonstrates the presence of physical and mineralogical microstratigraphic variations, which may also be related to seasonality. A varve chronology, which is confirmed by 137Cs analysis and historical records, has been used to provide a timescale for the interpretation of data from other paleolimnological studies. A close agreement between variations in the abundance of sedimentary Sn, and the history of mining in the catchment, has been found. Similarly, analysis of total organic matter, total phosphorus, sedimentary chlorophyll a, sterols, diatoms and Cladocera in the uppermost sediments all indicate eutrophication of the Pool in the period AD 1940 to the present.
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 205-210 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; colluvium ; soil chemistry ; clay ; phosphorus loading ; tropical lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The long-term impact of Maya culture on a lowland tropical watershed is assessed, using data from a 9.2 m sediment core taken from deep water (28 m) in Lake Quexil. Human population growth, estimated by the 1980 archaeological survey, is associated with a shift in the composition of the sediment to a dominance by inorganic material, the Maya clay formation, beginning ca. 3500 B.P. Increasing settlement densities are correlated with accelerated influxes of phosphorus, carbonates, and siliceous sediment. However, chemical data do not track short-term population fluctuations closely. Because much of the sediment is delivered as colluvium, and not by running water, there is a lag between terrestrial disturbance and impact on the aquatic system. As an indication of this lag, contemporary high sedimentation rates are a residual of Maya activity that virtually ceased some 300–400 years B.P. Comparison of the deep-water core with a shallow-water (7 m) section, based on palynological correlation, reveals only minor differences in proximate chemical composition. Chemical influxes are much higher at the deep-water site, however, as a consequence of sediment focusing in this hyperconical basin. Chemical analyses of soil samples from 21 test pits in the Quexil basin support the principal conclusion that bulk soil movement was the mode of nutrient transfer to the lake, following forest clearance by the Maya.
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 199-203 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; clay ; cultural disturbance ; erosion ; Guatemala ; Mayan archaeology ; silt ; particle-size analysis ; tropical lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Long-term changes of sedimentary particle-size distribution in two tropical lowland lakes were compared with changes of human population sizes, estimated archaeologically, in the drainage basins. Mean particle size of silt and clay fractions (〈64 µm) varied between 3 and 15 µm. High positive skewness and kurtosis of the distributions were associated with smaller particle sizes; hence small mean size resulted from greater influx of small particles while influx of larger particles was probably constant. An inverse correlation between mean particle size and human population size is interpreted to mean that disturbance-induced erosion results in delivery of very fine inorganic particles at higher rates. Within any one basin, particle-size stratigraphy is more precisely related to archaeological time periods than is pollen stratigraphy. An absolute chronology still eludes us, owing to the failure of 14C dating of calcareous, colluvial sediments, but our relative chronology is now more precise than before. If certain assumptions about past hydrologic relations can be met, particle-size analysis is a way of comparing the histories of geographically very different lakes, including lakes from tropical, temperate, and arctic regions.
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    Hydrobiologia 104 (1983), S. 181-190 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: rotifers ; genetics ; brachionidae ; mating behaviour ; resting eggs ; literature review
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Crossbreeding experiments with three geographically distinct strains (E, S, and L) of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis have been carried out in an attempt to elucidate the apparent male sterility of strain L, which is unable to produce resting eggs. The 9 crossing possibilities of the three strains have been investigated in 27 experiments. The results refute the concept of male sterility. L-males copulate successfully with mictic as well as with amictic females of strains E and S. Fertilized amictic E and S females produce defective resting eggs, which have only one thin shell and, which disintegrate after deposition. L-females cannot, as a rule, be fertilized. Moreover, crosses between strain E and S are succesful only in one direction; the reciprocal crosses failed. To explain the present results a hypothesis is suggested that the thickness of the body wall of newborn females differs in the three strains, and between mictic and amictic individuals. A sequence of gradually increasing body wall thickness of all types of females involved, together with a comparably increasing penetration ability of the males of strain E, S, and L explains the success or failure of all crosses, including the unilateral cross E × S.
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  • 75
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    Keywords: rotifers ; Brachionus calyciflorus ; phototaxis ; sensory pigment ; accessory pigment ; microspectrophotometry ; absorption spectrum ; spectral sensitivity
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The observed wavelength-dependent variations in the phototaxis of the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus inform us only partially about the spectral characteristics of the sensory pigment of the eye, since these variations are also linked to the absorption spectrum of the accessory pigment(s). The absence of phototaxis between 420 nm and 500 nm is due to the lack of sensitivity of the sensory pigments at these wavelengths The absence of response between 650 nm and 700 nm is due to a drop in the absorbance of the accessory pigments, which consequently no longer play a screening role at these wavelengths The existence of oriented responses between 350 nm and 420 nm and between 500 nm and 650 nm, is due to the joint intervention of the two types of pigments at these wavelengths
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  • 76
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    Keywords: rotifers ; sensory receptor ; feeding behaviour ; scanning electron microscopy ; transmission electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A study of the anterior sensory receptors of male and female Asplanchna brightwelli by scanning electron microscopy reveals some important differences in the region surrounding the mouth. In the male, the ventrolateral sensory bristles, the pseudotrochus, the inner and the outer buccal tufts and the mastax receptors are absent. The oral receptors are reduced. Transmission electron microscopy of these receptors shows that they consist of ciliated sensory cells surrounded by epithelial supporting cells. The distal ends of the cilia of the mastax receptors are modified; the cilia of the other receptors differ only in their length and rootlet structure from the locomotor cilia of the cingulum. A consideration of the feeding behaviour of Asplanchna leads us to suppose that these sensory cilia function in mechanoreception and in chemoreception.
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  • 77
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    Keywords: rotifers ; automatic tracking ; analysis of swimming behaviour ; video recording ; computer programs ; speed of swimming ; rate of change of direction
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    Notes: Abstract An automatic tracking system for rotifer swimming movements is described. The x and y coordinates of the Center of gravity of the animal are stored in the computer memory every twelfth of a second. Computer programs were developed to analyze the data and to calculate the average and the standard deviation for the following parameters per unit of time: distance traveled, turning angles toward the right and toward the left, distance from the point of departure as the crow flies. Histograms are traced by the computer showing the distribution of these values, as well as their evolution with time. This experimental system is dependable. The first values which we obtained for the swimming speed of rotifers correspond well with those which are given in the literature. The other parameters had not been measured until now.
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    Hydrobiologia 104 (1983), S. 225-227 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: rotifers ; temperature change ; morphology ; Brachionus population dynamics
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of parental culture temperature regime on population parameters of offspring was investigated. Fecundity and net reproduction are influenced by the temperature conditions of the previous generation.
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    Hydrobiologia 104 (1983), S. 229-230 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: rotifers ; Monogononta ; distribution ; pollution
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    Hydrobiologia 104 (1983), S. 213-224 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: rotifers ; resting eggs ; dormancy ; hatching ; production ; morphology ; evolution
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    Notes: Abstract The biology of resting eggs of monogonont rotifers is reviewed, covering literature published since the last major review by Gilbert (1974). The topics examined include resting egg production, morphology and species specificity, hatching, and evolutionary significance. Four major determinants of resting egg production are identified: mictic female production, male activity and fertility, female susceptibility to fertilization, and fertilized female fecundity. Recent work in these four areas is discussed as well as resting egg production in natural populations. Resting egg morphology, particularly shell structure and internal organization, is compared among species. Recent reports on the control of resting egg hatching in the laboratory are examined and the importance of temperature, light, diet, and salinity is reviewed. Two hatching patterns are contrasted, the first where eggs hatch at regular intervals over extended periods and the second where hatching is synchronized to some environmental cue. A latent period after resting egg formation, during which no hatching occurs, is defined for several species. The adaptive features of resting eggs are outlined including their contribution to genetic variability through recombination, their provision for environmental escape by dormancy, and their colonizing function resulting from their ease of dispersal. The type of cue utilized to initiate mictic female production as well as the pattern of resting egg hatching is related to environmental predictability.
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    Hydrobiologia 104 (1983), S. 231-236 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: rotifers ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; excretion ; temperature ; body weight
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two series of experiments were carried out to determine the relation of the rate of phosphorus and nitrogen excretion by the planktonic rotifers to ambient temperature and individual body weights of these animals. The following formulas describing this relation were obtained: EP=0.0154 W−1.27 e0.096T EN=0.0879 W−1.01 e0.088 T, where EP and EN denote the rate of P and N excretion, respectively, in µg · mg dry wt−1 · h−1, W is body weight in µg dry weight, and T is temperature in °C.
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    Hydrobiologia 104 (1983), S. 237-246 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: rotifers ; embryonic development time ; temperature ; ecological significance
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The embryonic development times of four planktonic rotifers from Neusiedlersee (Austria) (Rhinoglena fertöensis, Brachionus calyciflorus, Keratella quadrata and Polyarthra dolichoptera) were determined at constant temperatures ranging from 0.6 °C to 10.5 °C. Development times decreased with increasing temperatures. The curvilinear relationship between temperature and development time was described by Bělehrádek's equation. Data on embryonic development times of rotifers are summarized and regression equations for the temperature-duration of development relationship are presented. Adaptation to temperature is discussed in the context of the thermal history of the various species and populations.
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    Hydrobiologia 104 (1983), S. 247-257 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: rotifers ; dynamics ; biomass ; production ; turnover
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Rosu, Puiu and Porcu lakes from the Danube Delta are lacustrine ecosystems characterized by a particularly great variation of the biotic and abiotic factors. This variation causes the development of a zooplankton reduced from the point of view of number and biomass, but rich from the taxonomic point of view. Its monthly and annual fluctuations can hardly be correlated to the rest of the plankton fauna and microflora. Rotifer production is low, turnover at the level of plankton rotifers being relatively uniform and dependent on water temperature.
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    Hydrobiologia 104 (1983), S. 259-267 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: rotifers ; rotifer plates ; meromictic lakes ; chemoclines ; rotifer vertical distributions ; photosynthetic bacterial plates ; anaerobiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The vertical distribution of planktonic rotifers has been analysed in relation to season in several meromictic lakes; a coastal lagoon with sea-water intrusion and three dissolution lakes from two karstic systems. Two species, Filinia hofmanni and a form of Anuraeopsis fissa have been found to be more or less restricted to the chemocline or adjacent strata any time they occurred. Many species common in the upper water layers developed large populations near or in the chemocline and more strikingly in summer. Some species had two vertical maxima (one in the surface or the thermocline and another near the chemocline), while others successively shifted their maxima between the upper layers and the chemocline. It is hypothetized that these rotifers are either very versatile or are differentiated as ecotypes, one of them adapted to the chemocline environment. This distribution in a peculiar fluctuating, anoxic, H2S-rich environment poses questions about the biology of those rotifers which there develop extraordinary populations.
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    Hydrobiologia 104 (1983), S. 269-273 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: rotifers ; feeding ; diet ; competition ; niche displacement ; field experiment
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two rotifers, Polyarthra vulgaris and P. dolichoptera may have different temperature and oxygen optima. In addition, they consume similar foods including Chryptomonadales and Crysomonadales. P. dolichoptera disappeared from the plankton after experimental elimination of fish from a small lake. The disappearance may have been caused by a change in temporal availability of suitable food species (e.g. crysomonads) during early spring. A lack of food during this period, when the water was still cold, may have influenced the competitive balance between the two Polyarthra species.
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    Hydrobiologia 104 (1983), S. 275-278 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: rotifers ; interstitial ; psammon ; distribution ; abundance dynamics ; ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Zonation and abundance dynamics of interstitial rotifers in a semilotic beach of the North Sea island of Sylt were studied in 1975/76. The 13 species investigated prefer the damp sand of the beach slope. The sand flat is only sparsely inhabited. Rotifers only live in oxygen-rich sands. Neither the black sulphite layer in the sand flat nor the groundwater in the beach slope is populated. The family Colurellidae prefers warm temperatures in mid-summer, the family Proalidae colder temperatures in spring and autumn. In contrast to these two families that can be found in different frequencies all year round, the family Dicranophoridae occurs only in the cold seasons and disappears in mid-summer. Possibilities of maintaining the life cycle during these months are discussed.
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    Hydrobiologia 104 (1983), S. 279-291 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: rotifers ; Brachionus plicatilis ; biometry ; ecotypes ; cyclomorphosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Univariate comparisons and several multivariate statistical analyses have been performed to study the morphometric variability of B. plicatilis. Both laboratory clones kept under constant conditions and natural populations from different Spanish lagoons and different times of the year have been compared. The results show that not only size, but also allometric coefficients are influenced by environmental factors. However, an important genetic component in the variation of shape and size has been visualized. A clear North-South ordination of the populations of the different lagoons and an important dispersion between their summer populations as well as great differences due to seasonal variation became apparent by the multivariate statistical analysis used.
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    Hydrobiologia 104 (1983), S. 293-296 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: rotifers ; biomass ; dominating species ; relation to trophy
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The number and biomass of rotifers in large eutrophic lakes is small in winter, reaches a maximum in spring or summer and decreases to a winter minimum. The dynamics of rotifer participation as part of total zooplankton is opposite to their absolute number: the role of rotifers in zooplankton is great in winter, starts decreasing in spring, reaches a minimum in summer and increases again to its winter maximum. The number and biomass of rotifers is proportional to the trophy of the waterbody, but in the case of some species this correlation is inverse.
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    Hydrobiologia 104 (1983), S. 367-372 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: rotifers ; Kellicottia longispina ; empty loricas ; Lake Tahoe ; Emerald Bay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The seasonal dynamics of Kellicottia longispina in Lake Tahoe and an isolated embayment of Lake Tahoe, Emerald Bay, were investigated for an 18-month period in 1977–79. Population birth and death rates were similar in the two systems, although productivity and Mysis relicta densities were higher in Emerald Bay. The timing of population changes was also similar. A major population increase in late winter 1978 was preceded by an increase in egg ratio; the subsequent spring decline of K. longispina was concurrent with decreased birth rates and increased death rates. Empty loricas of K. longispina were occasionally abundant in the plankton samples and seemed to result from K. longispina deaths when densities were high and when egg ratios were declining; it is possible that population senescence was responsible for the high densities of empty loricas observed. A potentially important predator, M. relicta, defecates K. longispina remains in compact fecal pellets; however, it is unlikely that the observed empty loricas resulted from Mysis-related deaths.
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  • 90
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    Keywords: rotifers ; Brachionus ; feeding ; population dynamics ; Anabaena
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus can utilize the cyanobacterium Anabaena flos-aquae as either a sole or supplementary food source in laboratory culture. Positive population growth rates accompany food densities of 10 or 100 µg dry weight ml−1, but slightly negative rates are found at a lower density (1.0 µg ml−1). These results are consistent for rotifers feeding on two strains of A. flos-aquae, UTEX-1444 and NRC-44-1, with slightly enhanced survivorship and reproduction with the latter food. A 1:1 mixture (by dry weight) of Euglena gracilis and A. flos-aquae (NRC-44-1) produces survivorship comparable to that of control rotifer cohorts fed E. gracilis alone, but elicits significantly greater fecundity and population growth rates than found with the control food suspension at the same biomass density.
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    Hydrobiologia 104 (1983), S. 379-383 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: rotifers ; sessile rotifer ; feeding ; in situ ; clearance rate ; filtration rate
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Clearance rates of three sessile and four free-swimming rotifer species from a small acid bog-pond were measured using in situ techniques. Three radioactively labeled cell types, an alga (Chlamydomonas), a bacterium (Enterobacter = Aerobacter), and a yeast (Rhodotorula) were used as tracers. Clearance rates (using yeast) ranged from 〈1.0 to 〉250 µl · animal−1 · h−1 depending on species. Ptygura crystallina, Ptygura pilula, Floscularia conifera, and an unidentified bdelloid ingested all three foods with substantial variation in clearance rates among species and cell type. There was an insignificant error (〈0.3%) in clearance rate associated with non-ingestive uptake of radioactivity. Among the free-swimming taxa, Lecane sp. had a clearance rate of 〈0.5 µl · animal−1 · h−1 on yeast, while another Lecane sp. and Trichotria tetractis did not ingest that cell type.
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    Hydrobiologia 104 (1983), S. 385-396 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: rotifers ; invertebrate predation ; cyclopoid copepod
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Representatives from many taxa including the Protozoa, Cnidaria, Rotifera, Cladocera, Cyclopoida, Calanoida, Harpacticoida, Chaoboridae, and Mysidacea are reported to feed on rotifers. There are few good quantitative data on predation on rotifers by any of these taxa with two exceptions, Rotifera and Cyclopoida. The present review focuses on the dynamics of Cyclopoid copepod predation. Intense and selective cyclopoid copepod predation makes it an important factor to consider in studies of the population ecology and community structure of rotifer populations. Limited information available on other predatory invertebrate taxa suggests that rotifer production may contribute extensively to their diets.
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    Hydrobiologia 104 (1983), S. 19-30 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: rotifers ; biogeography ; dispersal ; continental drift
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The biogeography of rotifers is discussed in light of general biogeographical concepts. It is argued that, in spite of considerable abilities for passive dispersal, vicariance can develop well in this group. Examples selected from the Branchionidae illustrate the high levels of endemicity found in Australia and South America, while the Indian subcontinent and Africa have a predominantly cosmopolitan fauna. An explanation for these patterns is found in drifting continents and Pleistocene climatic changes.
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    Hydrobiologia 104 (1983), S. 175-180 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: rotifers ; Bdelloidea ; life tables ; strategy
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nine species of Rotifera Bdelloidea have been cultured under laboratory conditions. The species were collected from two different environments: one group from water courses, the other from terrestrial mosses. Life tables have been determined and population dynamics parameters have been calculated. The characteristics of the life history seem to be related to the natural environmental conditions of the species. The patterns of reproductive output may develop as adaptations to different selective pressures: species from unpredictable environments face the probability of leaving no young at all, while species from stable environments are less conservative in their energy budget. Life characteristics are discussed from the point of view of adaptive strategies.
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    Hydrobiologia 104 (1983), S. 307-309 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: rotifers ; ecology ; coal mine water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The species composition and quantitative structure of the rotifer fauna was investigated in a reservoir containing coal mine water. Only nine mainly planktonic species of rotifers, were found. Two of these were dominating: Brachionus angularis and B. rubens. They are typical indicators of eutrophic waters. Chlorides and sulphates may have an influence on the occurrence and quantitative structure of rotifer assemblages in the investigated reservoir.
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 31-39 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Malacosoma americanum ; eastern tent caterpillar ; Lepidoptera ; Lasiocampidae ; trail pheromone ; pheromone secretory site ; silk trail
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A new site of secretion of a chemical trail marker was found on the sternum at the tip of the last abdominal segment of the larva of the eastern tent caterpillarMalacosoma americanum. Larvae marked from this site by drawing their sterna along the substrate when they extended existing trails in search of food and again when they established recruitment trails to food-finds. Differences in the quantity or quality of the marker deposited by exploring and recruiting caterpillars may account for the greater activity of the recruitment trails.
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 267-273 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Fall armyworm ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; (Z)-9-dodecen-1-ol acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol acetate ; pheromone ; mating behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two components of the fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), sex pheromone, (Z)-9-dodecen-1-ol acetate (DDA) and (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol (TDA), were tested alone and in combination to determine their effects on male sexual response and inhibition of mating in the laboratory. The threshold response for FAW males was lower for TDA than for DDA, and males responded to TDA over a wider range of dosages. Although TDA is not attractive to FAW males in the field, this compound was highly effective in reducing mating under laboratory conditions.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Pseudaletia separata ; male scent ; repellent pheromone ; repellent allomone ; nonspecificity ; sexual selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Air movement around a malePseudaletia separata Walker, observed using the smoke of an incense stick during wing-fanning, showed that the air moves away from the female and backwards. Moths moved or flew away immediately when vaporized benzaldehyde was blown over their antennae in a screen cage set in a greenhouse. This repellency lacked species, sex, or individual specificity. Male scent acts as an inhibitor to conspecific males and, at the same time, to other moths if they approach the male in courtship. Inhibition of ovipositional and larval locomotory behavior by benzaldehyde was also demonstrated.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Agrotis segetum ; turnip moth ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; straight-chain acetates ; single-cell recordings ; electroantennography ; behavior ; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ; entrainment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of female abdominal tips ofAgrotis segetum by means of GC-MS showed the presence of 13 aliphatic acetates and alcohols. (Z)-7-Dodecenyl acetate was found to be the main component in the extracts at amounts of about 1 ng/female. (Z)-9-Tetradecenyl acetate and (Z)-7-dodecenol were present to the extent of 49 and 19%, respectively, of the main component. Minor components could be identified as decyl acetate, (Z)-5-decenyl acetate, dodecyl acetate, (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate, tetradecyl acetate, a tetradecenyl acetate, hexadecyl acetate, a hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-5-decenol, and (Z)-9-tetradecenol. The presence and biological activity of decyl acetate, (Z)-5-decenyl acetate, and (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate in the extracts could be detected by GC-EAD. Tested by EAG (Z)-5-decenyl acetate evoked the highest response among pheromone candidates, followed by (E)-5-decenyl acetate and (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate. Single-cell recordings from 100 male antennal sensilla trichodea revealed receptorcells highly sensitive to (Z)-5-decenyl, (Z)-7-dodecenyl, (Z)-8-dodecenyl, and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate as well as (Z)-5-decenol. The (Z)-5-decenyl, (Z)-7-dodecenyl, and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate receptors were activated significantly also by female extracts. When tested in a tube olfactometer, a blend of decyl, (Z)-5-decenyl, (Z)-7-dodecenyl, and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate evoked the same male response as did female glands. Tested in the field, this blend was more attractive than virgin females. Other authors previously reported many of the compounds identified in the present study. However, both quantitative and qualitative discrepancies exist among the various investigations, possibly due to the existence of geographical races.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone ; multistriatin ; 4-methyl-3-heptanol ; brevicomin ; frontalin ; Scolytus multistriatus ; Scolytus scolytus ; Scolytus pygmaeus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory bioassays and field tests demonstrated that a Swiss population ofS. multistriatus responded much more strongly to α- than to δ-miltistriatin in combination with 4-methyl-3-heptanol and α-cubebene. High concentrations of brevicomin appeared to replace α-multistriatin in evoking a response byScolytus species, but this effect can be explained by the fact that the brevicomin was contiminated with small amounts of α-multistriatin. Frontalin, another bicyclic ketal, showed no biological activity. Field tests indicated thatS. pygmaeus aggregates to the same attractant mixture asS. multistriatus. S. scolytus also responded preferentially to this mixture, but the relative amounts of α-multistriatin to 4-methyl-3-heptanol do not appear to be as important as forS. multistriatus.
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