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  • Articles  (148)
  • Potassium
  • Zinc
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (148)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sulfate supplementation of Angora goats: sulfur metabolism and interactions with zinc, copper and molybdenum
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Small Ruminant Research 11 (1993), S. 209-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 0921-4488
    Keywords: Angora ; Copper ; Goat ; Molybdenum ; Sulfur ; Zinc
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-4488(93)90046-K
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effekt einer Zulage mikrobieller Phytase auf die Zinkverfügbarkeit (1992)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 31 (1992), S. 269-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Zink ; Phytat ; mikrobielle Phytase ; Zink-Absorption ; Zink-Status ; Zinc ; phytate ; microbial phytase ; zinc-absorption ; zinc-status
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A study of 35 (5 × 7) male, individually housed, albino rats (initial average weight=50 g) was undertaken to examine the effect of an addition of microbial phytase to a diet containing phytate on the availability of zinc. The rats were fed a semisynthetic diet based of egg white and cornstarch over a 3-week period. All diets were supplemented with 20 mg Zn/kg. Group I (control) was fed the basal diet free of phytic acid (PA) and phytase. By replacing cornstarch by Na-phytate (0.5% in group II and 1.0% group III), molar phytate: Zn ratios of 25 and 50:1 were obtained, respectively. In groups IV (0.5% PA) and V (1.0% PA) 1000 U of microbial phytase were added. A molar phytate: Zn ratio of 25 (group II) and 50:1 (group III) resulted in a dose-dependent depression of growth and feed efficiency ratio. These negative effects of the addition of PA could be completely counteracted by the supplementation of 1000 U of phytase in group IV and partially so in group V. Similarly, the apparent absorption and retention of Zn, Zn-concentration in femur and testes and different Zn-status-parameters in plasma (Zn-concentration, percent unsaturated plasma-Zn binding capacity, activity of alkaline phosphatase) were improved by adding 1000 U microbial phytase/kg diet. The present study shows that an addition of microbial phytase to phytate-rich diets considerably improves the availability of Zn in growing rats.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In einem 3wöchigen Stoffwechselexperiment mit 35 (5 × 7) männlichen, einzeln gehaltenen Albinoratten (Anfangsmasse 50 g) wurde geprüft, ob eine Zulage an mikrobieller Phytase die Bioverfügbarkeit von Zink aus einer phytathaltigen Diät beeinflußt. Den Ratten wurde eine halbsynthetische Diät auf der Basis von Eiklarprotein und Maisstärke verabreicht, die mit 20 mg Zn/kg Diät supplementiert wurde. Die Kontrollgruppe (Gruppe I) erhielt die phytat- und phytasefreie Basisdiät. Durch teilweisen Austausch der Maisstärke durch 0,5% (Gruppe II) bzw. 1,0% Phytat (Gruppe III) als Na-Phytat wurden PA: Zn-Quotienten von 25 bzw. 50:1 eingestellt. In den Gruppen IV (0,5% PA) und V (1,0% PA) wurden jeweils 1000 U Phytase/kg Diätzugelegt. Die Zulage des Na-Phytats führte zu einer dosisabhängigen Depression des Wachstums sowie zu einer Verschlechterung der Futterverwertung in den Gruppen II und III. Diese Effekte wurden durch die Zulage von 1000 U Phytase/kg Diät vollständig (Gruppe IV) bzw. teilweise (Gruppe V) kompensiert. Ebenso wurden die scheinbare Absorption und Retention des Zinks, die Zn-Konzentration in Femur und Testes sowie verschiedene Zn-Statusparameter in Plasma (Zn-Konzentration, freie Zn-Bindungskapazität, Aktivität der Alkalischen Phosphatase) durch die Phytasesupplementierung positiv beeinflußt. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung konnte gezeigt werden, daß bei der wachsenden Ratte durch eine Zulage mikrobieller Phytase die Bioverfügbarkeit des Zinks in phytatreichen Diäten sehr deutlich gesteigert werden kann.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01610075
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Uptake and toxicity of copper and zinc for the African earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae (Oligochaeta) (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1996), S. 27-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key wordsEudrilus eugeniae ; Toxicity ; Copper ; Zinc ; Growth ; Maturation ; Uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Growth rate change in earthworms is considered to be a suitable endpoint when determining sublethal effects. In this study we evaluated growth and maturation in the vermicomposting earthworm species Eudrilus eugeniae as marker of sublethal toxicity of copper and zinc. We also compared routes of uptake. Apart from exposing worms experimentally for 73 days to contaminated food, a series of contact filter paper tests was also performed to determine LD50 for copper and zinc. Both copper and zinc at sublethal concentrations affected growth and maturation in worms exposed to contaminated food. These worms had a copper content of 34.5 μg g–1 after 73 days and a zinc content of 184.9 μg g–1, showing a differential uptake. Copper was more toxic than zinc. Also in the contact test worms did take up more zinc than copper and the LD50 (48 h) for copper was 0.011 mg cm–2 and for zinc 0.066 mg cm–2, which translated to body burdens of 6 μg g–1 for copper and 131 μg g–1 for zinc. Indications were that a regulatory mechanism existed for both metals. Both metals were taken up through the body wall at a relatively fast rate. This study indicated that the skin was the major route of metal uptake. This study also showed a poor relation between the two types of tests for purposes of evaluating lethality of zinc and copper.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01420216
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil pH, rhizobia, and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae inoculation effects on growth and heavy metal uptake of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 61-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Industrial pollution ; Rhizobium meliloti ; Zinc ; Cadmium ; Metal toxicity ; Vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizae ; VAM ; Medicago sativa L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The interaction between soil pH and inoculation with rhizobia and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) was studied in an industrially polluted soil contaminated with high levels of Zn and Cd. A silt loam soil (pH 6.7) was amended with Ca(OH)2 or elemental S to adjust the soil pH to 4.3, 5.3, 6.0, and 7.2. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was planted in each treated soil an subsequently inoculated with Rhizobium meliloti and/or a mixed VAM spore population. Alfalfa growing in soils at a pH of 4.3 and 5.3 failed to survive as a result of soil acidity and heavy metal toxicity. At the three higher pH values, growth and foliar N and P were significantly increased by inoculation with rhizobia or VAM. The greatest increase was observed when both VAM and rhizobia were inoculated together into the soil. With a soil pH of 6.0 and 6.7, the available heavy metal concentration in the soil was high and the VAM significantly decreased heavy metal uptake from these soils. The foliar concentration of Zn was reduced from 455 to 306 μg g−1 by inoculation with VAM (pH 6.0). At the highest soil pH (7.2), however, available heavy metal concentrations were generally lower and NAM significantly increased the heavy metal uptake. The influence of VAM on heavy metal uptake thus appears to be partly a function of the available heavy metal content in the soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260517
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Accumulation of zinc and its effects on the growth, reproduction and life cycle of Drawida willsi (Oligochaeta), a dominant earthworm in Indian crop fields (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 29 (1999), S. 419-423 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Earthworm ; Zinc ; Bioaccumulation ; Growth ; Reproduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Accumulation of Zn and its effects on the growth, reproduction and life cycle of the earthworm Drawida willsi were determined. D. willsi did not reveal any significant changes in their mass at any of the concentrations of Zn (50, 200 and 400 mg kg–1) compared to in untreated soils. The Zn concentrations in the exposed earthworms were significantly increased, but they were able to regulate their body content of Zn within a range of 116–125 mg kg–1 (dry wt) in 200–400 mg kg–1 Zn-treated soil. Reproduction was significantly reduced when the Zn concentration in soil exceeded 200 mg kg–1. The drop in reproduction at elevated concentrations of Zn apparently resulted in a delay in completion of the life cycle and a decline in the total population.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050574
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metal binding properties of high molecular weight soluble exudates from maize (Zea mays L.) roots (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 3 (1987), S. 165-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Root exudates ; Copper ; Cadmium ; Lead ; Zinc ; Dialysis ; ISE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A high molecular weight (MW 〉 1000) soluble root exudate fraction (HS) was isolated from hydroponic axenic maize cultures in order to investigate its metal-binding properties. Measurements of the maximum binding ability (MBA) and the overall stability constants (log K) for cadmium-, copper-, lead- and zinc-HS associations were obtained from dialysis and ion-selective electrode titrations. All results showed the occurrence of organometallic bindings. Data fitted to linear Langmuir isotherms. The MBA, measured by dialysis titration, varied from 160 to 206 mEq/100 g HS according to the nature of the metal. log K values, following the series Pb 〉 Cu 〉 Cd 5 Zn, varied from 3.15 to 3.65. Due to these metal-binding properties, soluble root products could play a role in the transfer of metal into the rhizosphere.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00255778
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    Effects of cropping systems on nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium forms and soil organic carbon in a Gray Luvisol (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 184-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Cropping systems ; Soil organic matter ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of up to 23 years of agricultural cropping of a boreal forest soil on soil organic carbon (SOC) and N, P, and K pools were studied. The cropping systems studied were: (a) continuous barley, (b) continuous forage bromegrass, (c) continuous forage legume, and (d) barley/grass-legume forage rotation. Continuous bromegrass increased while other cropping systems decreased SOC in the surface soil. Kjeldahl N in soil approximately followed the trend in SOC. The net gain in N under continuous grass was attributed mostly to nonsymbiotic N fixation. Changes in SOC content appeared to be also influenced by cropping and tillage frequencies. Changes in fixed (intercalary) ammonium were small. There was no measurable change in total P, in part, because input was only slightly higher than crop offtake. Organic P increased under continuous bromegrass, and tended to decrease under continuous legume. The C/N and C/P ratios of soil organic matter decreased slightly with cropping. Exchangeable K (Kex) was decreased by cropping systems containing a legume crop to a greater extent than those without a legume crop. Most of the decrease occurred in the 0–15 cm depth. Nitric acid extractable K was not affected by cropping. Since net loss of Kex to 30 cm depth was substantially less than crop offtake, it is suggested that subsoil K reserves and matrix K were supplying a major portion of the crops' K requirement. It is concluded that the effects of cropping systems on SOC, N, P and K are influenced by crop type, and cropping and tillage frequencies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384453
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of cropping systems on nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium forms and soil organic carbon in a Gray Luvisol (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 184-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Cropping systems ; Soil organic matter ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of up to 23 years of agricultural cropping of a boreal forest soil on soil organic carbon (SOC) and N, P, and K pools were studied. The cropping systems studied were: (a) continuous barley, (b) continuous forage bromegrass, (c) continuous forage legume, and (d) barley/grass-legume forage rotation. Continuous bromegrass increased while other cropping systems decreased SOC in the surface soil. Kjeldahl N in soil approximately followed the trend in SOC. The net gain in N under continuous grass was attributed mostly to nonsymbiotic N fixation. Changes in SOC content appeared to be also influenced by cropping and tillage frequencies. Changes in fixed (intercalary) ammonium were small. There was no measurable change in total P, in part, because input was only slightly higher than crop offtake. Organic P increased under continuous bromegrass, and tended to decrease under continuous legume. The C/N and C/P ratios of soil organic matter decreased slightly with cropping. Exchangeable K (Kex) was decreased by cropping systems containing a legume crop to a greater extent than those without a legume crop. Most of the decrease occurred in the 0–15 cm depth. Nitric acid extractable K was not affected by cropping. Since net loss of Kex to 30 cm depth was substantially less than crop offtake, it is suggested that subsoil K reserves and matrix K were supplying a major portion of the crops‘ K requirement. It is concluded that the effects of cropping systems on SOC, N, P and K are influenced by crop type, and cropping and tillage frequencies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384453
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Seasonal variation of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and manganese contents in xylem sap of beech(Fagus sylvatica L.) in a 35-year-old limestone beech forest stand (1990)
    Springer
    Trees 4 (1990), S. 75-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Calcium ; Fagus sylvatica ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Mineral content ; Potassium ; Seasonalvariation ; Xylem sap
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In a 35-year-old calcareous beech forest stand five beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.) were felled every 2 weeks, and xylem sap was obtained by means of water displacement from the lowest trunk sections, each 100 cm in length. From mid-October 1988 to mid-October 1989 a total of 130 trees were investigated. The seasonal variations of the Ca, Mg, K and Mn contents, as well as those of pH, show four characteristic phases. Additionally, distribution of the mineral contents along the trunk was studied in four trees. The seasonal increase and decrease of xylem sap mineral contents along the trunk is shown for the characteristic phenophases. The Ca, Mg, K, and Mn contents of xylem saps were determined by means of atomicabsorptionspectrophotometry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226069
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Displacement of frequently occurring heacy metals in autumn leaves of beech (Fagus sylvatica) (1987)
    Springer
    Trees 1 (1987), S. 164-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Deciduous trees ; Fagus sylvatica ; Autumn leaves ; Iron ; Lead ; Manganese ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary By utilizing energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis the heavy metals manganese, iron, zinc and lead were determined in different tissues of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) autumn leaves. It was observed that all four metals were accumulated in sieve element-companion cell complexes of the leaf veins in the period from the green (2 October) to the brown (23 October) leaf coloration. Concomitantly, the concentration of these metals decreased in certain tissues of the stems subtending the leaves. The major reservoirs of heavy metals in the stems were periderm, cortex, pith and xylem rays. Since sieve element-companion cell complexes of the stems showed increasing metal concentrations during the transition from the green to the brown leaf stage, and since this temporary increase also occurred in the petiole phloem, it is inferred that symplastic transport can be used in addition to apoplastic transport for the displacement of heavy metals. It is assumed that the accumulation of heavy metals in the veins of autumn leaves indicates the deposition of surplus ions which are excluded when leaves are cast off.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00193559
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    The effect of industrial pollution on Zinc, Cadmium and Copper concentration in the xylem rings of Scot's pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and in the soil (1988)
    Springer
    Trees 2 (1988), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Tree-rings ; Pine ; Zinc ; Cadmium ; Copper
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The concentrations of heavy metals, including zinc, cadmium, and copper were studied in the xylem rings ofPinus sylvestris trees and in the soil of three heavily polluted sites and one non-polluted site. There was a high correlation between the concentration of heavy metals in the soil and recently produced xylem rings. However, the initiation of industrial pollution did not abruptly increase heavy metal concentrations in the xylem rings. There was a high correlation between the zinc content of trees growing near a zinc smelter and the values obtained by other investigators for pine trees growing on the same site.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01196338
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    Transport processes in stimulated and non-stimulated leaves of Mimosa pudica (1988)
    Springer
    Trees 2 (1988), S. 65-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Calcium ; Chlorine ; Ion shifts ; Mimosa pudica ; Potassium ; Seismonastic movements ; X-ray microanalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Using energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis, the concentrations of ions, especially potassium and chlorine, were determined in different tissues of primary and tertiary pulvini of Mimosa pudica. It was shown that stimulating the leaf was followed by ion displacements which were most striking in the outer extensor cells, resulting in turgor loss. Since Ca concentration remains relatively constant in cell walls of collapsed cells, the changes of K concentration are best described by the K:Ca ratio. After stimulation the K:Ca ratio dropped in the outer extensor of the primary pulvinus from 775.3 to 2.37 in the cytoplasm, and from 542.2 to 9.25 in the cell wall. Changes in chlorine content were less striking in the primary pulvinus. The K∶Cl ratios in some cases were lower than 1.0, which indicates that Cl content can increase, while K content is diminished. In the non-stimulated tertiary pulvini the outer extensor cells show high concentrations of Cl, but much lower Cl concentrations were found after stimulation. In contrast to the primary pulvinus the K content of the tertiary pulvini is very low. In the vascular tissues of both primary and tertiary pulvini stimulation is followed by a release of K and Cl out of the sieve element cytoplasm into the apoplast. K then appears accumulated in the cell walls of the collenchymatous tissue. These displacements lead to the assumption that the collenchymatous apoplast temporarily functions as a reservoir for K and to a lesser extent for Cl. With regard to the mechanism of leaf movement after stimulation, the accumulation of ions in the apoplast seems to be initiated by the decrease of water potential triggered by an apoplastic accumulation of unloaded sucrose (Fromm and Eschrich 1988a). The resulting turgor release in the outer extensor is accompanied by an efflux of ions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00196751
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  • 13
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    Supply and compartmentalization of potassium in mesophyll cells of the needles of spruce, Picea abies (L.) Karst. (1989)
    Springer
    Trees 3 (1989), S. 154-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Picea abies (L.) Karst. ; Potassium ; Nutrition ; Compartmentalization ; Cell morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The water and potassium content and the relative vacuolar volume (α = Vvacuole/Vcell) of mesophyll cells of the needles of healthy 21-yearold spruce trees [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] were determined. In 5-year-old needles α was 0.626 ± 0.178 (ovx ± SD). Potassium concentrations in the bulk tissue water ranged from about 65 to 105 mM. Simulations were made using this information and a simple two-compartmental model of the cell with the bulk cytoplasm and the vacuole and assuming that the minimum cytoplasmic and vacuolar K+ concentrations are 100–150 mM and 10–15 mM respectively. It is shown that a K+ content of needles below 50 mmol/1 tissue water would be precarious for maintenance of normal physiological and metabolic performance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226651
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  • 14
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    Effect of cation exchange on the distribution and movement of cations in soils with variable charge. I. Effect of lime on potassium and magnesium exchange equilibria (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 17 (1988), S. 21-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Potassium ; magnesium ; calcium ; aluminium ; exchange coefficient ; equilibrium activity ratio ; organic matter ; bonding strength
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The influence of Ca(OH)2 on K and Mg exchange equilibria in three New Zealand soils was studied. Calcium hydroxide was mixed with each soil to raise the pH to about 6 or 7. For each Ca(OH)2 treatment, K and Mg exchange isotherms were determined, from which the equilibrium activity ratios were derived. Exchange coefficients and solution activity ratios were calculated according to the Gapon convention. The addition of Ca(OH)2 produced varying effects in the Gapon exchange coefficient for both K and Mg. The magnitude and direction of change in the exchange coefficient were related to the cation initially dominating the exchange sites, rate of Ca(OH)2 addition, soil colloids contributing to the CEC and specific interactions of Ca with these soil colloids. Addition of Ca(OH)2 reduced the equilibrium activity ratio of all soils. Changes in the bonding strength of K and Mg with increasing CEC were suggested as a possible mechanism for this decrease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01050454
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  • 15
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    Thermoplastic matrix controlled-release zinc fertilizers (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 17 (1988), S. 251-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Zinc ; controlled-release ; diffusion ; pH ; temperature ; phosphate ; clay ; sand ; moisture content
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The emission and movement of zinc from planar arrangements of controlled-release (C.R.) thermoplastic matrix zinc fertilizer formulations was studied in cylindrical diffusion cells packed with a clay or a sand. The influences of a number of soil characteristics known to affect zinc diffusion were also investigated. Zinc emission was initially (over 2 days) very rapid. The rate declined markedly thereafter. Morphologically distinct C.R. zinc formulations released zinc at different rates. Zinc moved appreciably and consistently further in the sand than in the clay. Of the soil characteristics studied, increasing phosphate levels had no effect upon zinc emission or mobility in either soil. Increasing pH in the sand did not affect zinc emission, but decreased zinc mobility. Conversely, in the two soils, increasing temperature stimulated zinc emission, but had little influence on zinc mobility. At higher water contents, zinc release was increased in both soils. However, zinc movement was only increased in the sand.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049581
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  • 16
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    Thermoplastic matrix controlled-release zinc fertilizers (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 17 (1988), S. 267-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Zinc ; controlled-release ; linseed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Thermoplastic matrix controlled-release (C.R.) zinc fertilizers were compared as zinc sources for linseed (Linum usitatissimum) grown on a zinc-deficient sand and a zinc-deficient clay. C.R. formulations differed in characteristics including origin (different extruders), type of zinc salt, and polymer matrix blends. Conventional fertilization with pure zinc salts was also included in the comparison. C.R. formulations based on zinc oxide (ZnO) were ineffective zinc sources, linseed growth and tissue zinc concentrations being similar to untreated controls. However, both zinc sulphate (ZnSO4·H2O)- and zinc chloride (ZnCl2)-based formulations were effective zinc fertilizers. A group of ZnSO4·H2O-based formulations produced in Melbourne (Australia) gave relatively higher plant zinc concentrations than similar formulations produced on a different extruder in Akron (U.S.A.). Varying the type of plastic or the blend of plastics constituting the matrices of the C.R. products had no consistent effects on tissue zinc concentrations or plant growth. Similarly, no specific benefit of C.R. over conventional zinc fertilization was established under the conditions of the present experiments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049582
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  • 17
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    Effects of single and successive additions of cadmium, nickel and zinc on carbon dioxide evolution and dehydrogenase activity in a sandy luvisol (1991)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 11 (1991), S. 34-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Nickel ; Zinc ; Successive addition ; Soil respiration ; Dehydrogenase activity ; Carbon dioxide production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of single and successive additions of Cd, Ni, and Zn on CO2 evolution and dehydrogenase activity in a sandy luvisol were investigated in batch experiments under laboratory conditions. Successive additions of Cd, Ni, and Zn inhibited soil respiration relatively more than single doses, even before the same amount of metals had been added. In general, split additions of all metals reduced dehydrogenase activities in all soils to a lesser degree until the 28th day. Thereafter both modes of metal addition had the same effects throughout although the last successive addition was added on the 35th day. It is assumed that the relatively greater effect, especially on CO2 evolution, of successive additions during the first period was due to short-term increases metal concentrations in the soil solution after each application.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335831
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    The effect of industrial pollution on Zinc, Cadmium and Copper concentration in the xylem rings of Scot's pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and in the soil (1988)
    Springer
    Trees 2 (1988), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Tree-rings ; Pine ; Zinc ; Cadmium ; Copper
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The concentrations of heavy metals, including zinc, cadmium, and copper were studied in the xylem rings of Pinus sylvestris trees and in the soil of three heavily polluted sites and one non-polluted site. There was a high correlation between the concentration of heavy metals in the soil and recently produced xylem rings. However, the initiation of industrial pollution did not abruptly increase heavy metal concentrations in the xylem rings. There was a high correlation between the zinc content of trees growing near a zinc smelter and the values obtained by other investigators for pine trees growing on the same site.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00196973
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    The effect of industrial pollution on copper, lead, zinc and cadmium concentration in xylem rings of resistant (Populus marilandica) and sensitive (P. balsamifera) species of poplar (1993)
    Springer
    Trees 7 (1993), S. 169-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Populus ; Pollution ; Copper ; Lead ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The patterns of radial distribution of copper, lead, zinc and cadmium in two species of poplar, growing under polluted conditions near a copper smelter, were investigated. Populus marilandica is very resistant to such pollution, but P. balsamifera is sensitive. Soils were examined for concentrations of these metals, and only a surface layer of soil was polluted with copper and lead. P. balsamifera absorbed much more cadmium than P. marilandica under the same conditions. P. marilandica shows a pattern of copper radial distribution with significantly increased concentration of the meral in the layers in the middle of the trunk compared to P. balsamifera. Zinc and cadmium have a pattern with increased metal concentration from the bark towards the pith of the tree. In the case of copper and lead the pattern indicates increased concentrations of these metals in the rings adjacent to the pith while the pattern in other parts of the tree remains unconfirmed due to poor precision. Poplar xylem seems to accumulate zinc and cadmium while the content of lead in xylem is much lower than in the adjacent soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00199618
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  • 20
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    Effects of Cd and Zn on the development of annual xylem rings of young Norway spruce (Picea abies) plants (1994)
    Springer
    Trees 8 (1994), S. 223-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Picea abies ; Tree rings ; Xylem growth ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Three-year-old spruce (Picea abies) saplings were planted and cultivated for 2 years in pots with 3 1 substrate, consisting of a homogenized mixture of sand, peat and forest soil with a high organic content (volume ratio 1∶1.5∶2). This substrate was amended with 10–180 μmol Cd [kg soil dry weight (DW)]−1, 50–7500 μmol Zn (kg soil DW)−1 (determined with 1 M ammonium acetate extracts) or combinations of both elements. Annual xylem growth rings in stems of plants treated with 50 μmol Cd (kg soil DW)−1 or 7500 μmol Zn (kg soil DW)−1 were significantly narrower than in control plants. Growth reductions were more pronounced in the second year of the experiment. The contents of Cd and Zn in stem wood and needles were positively correlated with the substrate concentrations. The Mg contents of the spruce needles were inversely correlated with soil concentrations of Cd and Zn. Root development was impeded at moderate concentrations of Cd (50 μmol kg−1) or Zn (1000 μmol kg−1) in the substrate. The adverse effects of potentially toxic trace elements, like Cd or Zn, on xylem growth of spruce plants are discussed with regard to possible growth reductions in forest trees under field conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00196625
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  • 21
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    Distribution of Cd and Zn in annual xylem rings of young spruce trees [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] grown in contaminated soil (1995)
    Springer
    Trees 9 (1995), S. 195-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Picea abies ; Tree rings ; Xylem ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Concentrations and total amounts of Cd and Zn in individual annual xylem increments of 5-year-old spruce trees (Picea abies) were investigated after one growing season in contaminated soils. The plants had been potted in soils amended with different concentrations of Cd and Zn and kept in open air conditions. In the outer xylem rings formed during the treatment period lowest concentrations of Cd and Zn were found. In inner rings concentrations of both elements increased and were highest at the pith. Total amounts of both elements showed reversed distribution patterns with highest values in the outermost rings. The observed increase of total dry matter of the rings from pith towards the outer rings was stronger than the parallel increase in total element amounts in the rings. Thus, concentrations dropped in younger rings. The time of the soil contamination event cannot be inferred from element concentrations in annual rings. The results challenge the concept of monitoring historical trends in trace element pollution using analytical data of tree rings of conifers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00195272
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  • 22
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    In vitro mineral binding capacity of five fiber sources and their insoluble components for copper and zinc (1996)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 49 (1996), S. 257-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: Dietary fiber ; Fiber fractions ; Mineral binding ; Insoluble fiber ; Copper ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Five fiber-rich food sources, wheat bran (WB), rice bran (RB), oat fiber (OF), apple fiber (AF), and tomato fiber (TF) and their isolated insoluble fiber fractions were evaluated in vitro for their binding capacity for zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu). Endogenous Zn concentrations of the fibers varied from 11.0 µg/g for OF to 136.0 µg/g for WB, whereas Cu concentrations ranged from 1.0 µg/g for OF to 14.0 µg/g for WB. In all the fibers, total Cu bound was significantly higher than Zn. Total Cu bound ranged from 3687 µg/g for OF to 8019 µg/g and 8073 µg/g for WB and AF, whereas, bound Zn levels varied from 1213 µg/g for OF to 7121 µg/g and 7166 µg/g for WB and RB, respectively. Significantly more Zn and Cu were bound by the fiber fractions than the whole fibers, probably due to the exposure of more binding sites on the polymers during the fractionation process. Generally, the fiber components of all five fibers showed Cu and Zn binding capacities decreasing in the order; hemicellulose A〉lignocellulose〉lignin〉cellulose. A strong correlation was seen between the combined effects of protein, hemicellulose, and lignin contents of the fibers versus total Zn binding capacity and a lesser correlation with Cu.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01091975
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    Dietary strategies to improve the iron and zinc nutriture of young women following a vegetarian diet (1997)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 51 (1997), S. 1-16 
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    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: Dietary strategies ; Iron ; Vegetarians ; Young women ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Dietary strategies to enhance the content and bioavailability of iron and zinc in vegetarian diets were compiled. Strategies included increasing promoters and decreasing antagonists of iron and zinc absorption, adopting food preparation and processing methods which hydrolyze the phytate content of cereals and legumes, and using iron cookware. These strategies were used to devise two vegetarian menus based on food consumption patterns derived from three day weighed food records of 78 Canadian lacto-ovo-vegetarian adolescents. The iron and zinc, as well as calcium, phosphorus, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin A, protein and energy content of the devised menus were all higher than the actual intakes and the corresponding Canadian recommended nutrient intakes. Results show the overall nutrient adequacy of the recommended vegetarian menus and indicate that young lacto-vegetarian women can potentially meet their estimated dietary requirements for absorbed iron and zinc through modest modifications to the diet. Laboratory studies designed to measure the total amount of iron and zinc absorbed from these diets by young vegetarian women are needed to verify the efficacy of the devised menus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007966104442
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    Influence of vegetative cycle of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) on copper, iron, zinc and manganese content (1995)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 47 (1995), S. 349-355 
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    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: Asparagus ; Copper ; Iron ; Manganese ; Vegetative cycle ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The essential elements copper (Cu), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) were analyzed in fresh asparagus to determine the effects of the vegetative cycle of the plant on the micronutrient content. Asparagus samples were classified in two groups by diameter (〈11 mm and 〉14 mm). Asparagus from a sample group with the same diameter were divided into two portions (apical and basal) according to distance from the tip. The concentrations of copper, iron, zinc and maganese increased during the vegetative cycle of the asparagus, mainly in the apical portion which showed significantly greater concentrations with respect to the basal portion. The 〉14 mm diameter asparagus presented higher levels of copper, zinc and manganese, whereas the concentration of iron was greater in the 〈11 mm diameter asparagus. The mean element levels were (mg/kg dry weight): Cu, 18.9±3.9; Fe, 91.7±33.7; Zn, 69.5±24.6 and Mn, 20.9±5.0).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01088273
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    Cation exchange capacity of plant roots in relation to nutrients uptake by shoot and grain as influenced by age (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 55 (1980), S. 215-224 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: CEC ; Iron ; Manganese ; Nitrogen ; Organic matter ; Paddy ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Four varieties of each paddy and wheat crops were grown in pots to see their cation exchange capacities of roots and their relationships with the uptake of nutrients by shoot and grain at different physiological growth stages. The results are summarised, as follows: (i) The cation exchange capacity of roots was maximum at tillering stage which continued to decrease with an increase in the age of plants. At early stages of plant growth, significant differences in the root CEC of different varieties of paddy and wheat were recorded but the differences became almost narrow in later stages of plant life and ultimately the CEC of roots became almost similar, in all the varieties as the crops reached to maturity. Higher root CEC of paddy varieties were observed than wheat varieties throughout their physiological growth. (ii) Uptake of phosphorus, potassium, iron and manganese by shoot and grain was found significantly and positively correlated with the CEC of roots in most of the varieties of both, paddy and wheat crops throughout their plant life.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181801
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    Simple empirical intensity and buffering capacity measurements to predict potassium uptake by white clover (1979)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 51 (1979), S. 167-176 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acitivity ratio ; Andosoils ; calcium carbonate ; Centrifuge filtration ; Exchangeable K ; Glasshouse ; K-bonding strength ; K-buffering capacity ; K intensity ; K iso-therms K ; uptake ; Non-exchangeable K ; Potassium ; Solution K ; White clover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This experiment examined the feasibility of predicting K uptake in white clover by the use of simple and relatively rapid tests that would dispense with the need of knowing the quantity of plant available potassium. Potassium uptake was found to correlate highly (R=〉0.9) in linear bivariate regressions using K concentration in the soil solution displaced by centrifuging and an empirical estimate of potassium retention. There was no advantage in determining activity ratios because in at least some of the soils used the ratio law did not apply. Exchangeable potassium alone correlated rather poorly with uptake except at very low soil potassium status. This was not because nonexchangeable potassium was an important source of this nutrient to white clover but because of the large differences in the retention of K amongst the soils used.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02232880
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    Recovery of adsorbed zinc in acid soils as influenced by prior phosphorus applications (1979)
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    Plant and soil 52 (1979), S. 447-450 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acid soils ; Residual P ; Zinc recovery ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Five acid soils of Hawaii, having histories of heavy P applications were equilibrated with graded quantities of Zn. Amounts of adsorbed Zn were extracted with a single extraction of 0.005M DTPA. The data indicated that most of the added Zn was in available form. Prior P applications either had no effect on recovery or slightly increased it. The results substantiated the earlier findings that P-induced Zn deficiency could not be due to precipitation of Zn as insoluble Zn−P compounds in the soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02185587
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    Micronutrient availability to cereals from calcareous soils (1979)
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    Plant and soil 52 (1979), S. 537-545 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Copper ; Disc-plough ; Laminated layer ; Manganese ; Nitrogen ; Nutrient absorption ; Plough-pan ; Rotavator ; Subsoiler ; Weed ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The mechanism of higher grain production of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by four tillage methods was explored on a sandy calcareous soil of Sahl-Al Jafara, Libya, during the year 1976–77. Tillage methods increased grain yield and dry matter weight at the boot stage in the order of no-tillage〈rotovator=disc plough 〈 subsoiler. Rotovation to 15 cm and disc ploughing to 25 cm depth enhanced grain production mainly by eliminating weed competition. In both the cases, roots penetrated 〈 25 cm where plough-pan existed. Further yield increases by 50 cm deep subsoiling seems to be mainly explained by N and Cu rise in plants from their marginal to optimum levels and by reduction of Mn deficiency in plant shoots. Penetration of roots beyond the 25 cm plough-pan apparently resulted in higher absorption of these nutrients from leached or native soil supplies. Subsoiling also resulted in greater Zn concentration in plant shoots which, under marginal to deficient conditions, will also increase grain production.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02277949
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    Influence of different fertilizers on nett gain or loss of soil nitrogen in long-term manure and fertilizer applications (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 57 (1980), S. 159-165 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Crop rotations ; Fertilizers ; Lime ; Manures ; Nitrogen ; Nutrient ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Removal ; Weedicide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The nett gain or loss of total soil nitrogen was worked out from a long-term manure and fertilizer experiment conducted for seven years and still continuing at Ranchi Agricultural College, Kanke, Ranchi India. The total nitrogen in soil showed a deficit balance where lower and unbalanced doses of fertilizers were applied. Increasing levels of fertilizer combinations with lime removed the highest amount of nitrogen in intensive cropping. The nett loss was highest (95 kg/ha) in case of control, at 100% NPK the nett gain was 37 kg N per ha, and at 150% NPK 72 kg N per ha which was the highest.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02211675
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    Effects of acid irrigation and liming on two clones of Norway spruce (1980)
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    Plant and soil 57 (1980), S. 305-321 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aluminium ; Acid precipitation ; Calcium ; Calcium carbonate ; Clone ; Iron ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Nitrogen ; Picea abies ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Sulphate ; Sulphur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of acid irrigation on the growth of rooted cuttings ofPicea abies (L.) Karst, was investigated in a pot experiment lasting 3 years. It involved two clones of Norway spruce, H 253 Bogstad I and H 254 Bogstad II. Irrigation water of pH 5.4, 4.0, 3.0 and 2.5 was used. Liming was included in the experiment. After the experimental period, the plants of all treatments were growing reasonably well. However, those plants irrigated at pH 2.5 were slightly discoloured. The plant mortality was only 3% throughout the experiment, and was not connected to acid irrigation. The limiting growth factor was N. All other nutrient elements measured in the plants were close to optimal concentration. Plants irrigated at pH 2.5, and to some extent at pH 3, contained excessively high concentrations of Al, t-S and SO4. The total amount of Ca, Fe and Mn taken up by the plants decreased with increasing soil acidity. The increased growth of clone H 254 relative to H 253, produces a corresponding impression on soil characteristics. Soil acidity is governed by acid irrigation and CaCO3 application, but the clonal effects are also of importance. Norway spruce appears to be tolerant to Al concentrations as high as 50 mmol/kg in the needles.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02211689
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    Effect of phosphorus and potassium deficiency on keto acid and amino acid content of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) leaves (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 59 (1981), S. 159-162 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Amino acid ; Deficiency ; Keto acid ; Peanut ; Phosphorus ; Potassium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Lack of both phosphorus and potassuium results in accumulation of all the keto acids and amino acids in 30 days and 20 days old peanut leaves respectively. This is due to te sluggish metabolism of the tissue under P and K deficienty. Decrease of all the keto acids in 20 days old plants suggests that their synthesis might be affecte under P and K deficiency.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02183603
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    Balance sheet of soil phosphorus and potassium as influenced by intensive cropping and fertilizer use (1981)
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    Plant and soil 60 (1981), S. 187-193 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Fertilizer ; Intensive cropping ; Lime ; Multiple cropping ; Manure ; Nutrient removal ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Weedicide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The balance sheet of phosphorus and potassium were worked out from a long term manure and fertilizer experiment conducted for eight years and is still continuing at Ranchi Agricultural College, Kanke, Ranchi, India. Increasing levels of fertilizer combination with organic manure and lime give the highest yield as well as removed the highest amount of phosphorus and potassium from the soil and gave the positive gain of soil phosphorus and potassium in intensive cropping. The highest gains of 59.0 and 278.0 kg/ha of phosphorus and potassium respectively were recorded in 150% NPK application.
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    Effect of nitrogen and zinc on the yield of submerged rice and uptake of N and Zn on unlimed and limed soils (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 62 (1981), S. 183-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Liming ; Nitrogen ; Rice ; Submerged rice ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of N and Zn on the yield of submerged rice and uptake of N and Zn was studied on limed and unlimed soils in greenhouse. Nitrogen was applied at the rate of 0,80 and 160 ppm through urea, ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate, Zn at 0 and 10 ppm in limed (4% CaCO3) and unlimed soils. Liming (4% CaCO3) decreased dry matter yield of rice at tillering, heading and straw and grain at maturity significantly against unlimed treatments. Ammonium sulphate gave highest yield with all applied doses followed by ammonium nitrate and urea. Zinc at 10 ppm increased dry matter and grain yield significantly over no Zn treatment in rice. The N sources gave N concentration and uptake in rice plants in decreasing order: $$Ammonium sulphate 〉 Ammonium nitrate 〉 Urea.$$ The highest N concentration was recorded with 160 ppm followed by 80 ppm N through any source and lowest in control. The application of Zn increased and liming decreased N concentration and uptake by rice at all sampling stages. Highest N concentration (2.37 to 3.92%) was observed at tillering followed at heading (0.48 to 1.05%). At maturity N in grain ranged from 0.69 to 1.13% whereas in straw from 0.24 to 0.41%. There were positive significant interactions of N(S) x N(L), N(S) and N(L) x Zn and negative interaction with lime on yield, N concentration (%) and N uptake (mg/pot). The application of N sources and levels and Zn increased Zn uptake (μg/pot), and liming decreased it. But 160 ppm N through any source decreased straw Zn concentration over 80 ppm N in absence of added Zn, however, effects on grain were not so strong particularly that of 160 ppm, when 10 ppm Zn was also added even 160 ppm N increased Zn concentration over 80 ppm significantly in both straw and grain. In this case the effect of N sources on Zn concentration was in the order: $$Ammonium sulphate 〉 Urea 〉 Ammonium nitrate.$$
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374083
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    Soil beidellite and its relation to problems of potassium fertility and poor response to potassium fertilizers (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 62 (1981), S. 299-303 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Beidellite ; Fixation ; Potassium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary X-ray diffraction studies were made on soils with and without potassium fertility problems. All soils with clay fractions containing dominant beidellite or vermiculite showed potassium deficiency and lack of response to potassium fertilizer applications. All of the soils containing dominant montmorillonite or other clay minerals contained adequate potassium; on none of these, poor potassium response was reported. Special management practices are needed on the beidellitic and vermiculitic soils to increase potassium and ammonium fertilizer efficiency. Dominance of beidellite in the clay fraction should be reflected in soil classification. Establishment of a ‘beidellite’ family differentiating criterion in the Soil Taxonomy is proposed for this purpose.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374093
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    Effect of zinc, phosphorus and nitrogen on tryptophan concentration in rice grains grown on limed and unlimed soils (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 62 (1981), S. 305-308 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Liming ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Rice ; Tryptophan ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of Zn, P, N and CaCO3 on tryptophan concentration in rice grain were studied in greenhouse at Haryana Agricultural University. Zinc application upto 20 ppm increased tryptophan concentration in rice grain. Zn-EDTA gave highest increase followed by ZnSO4 and then ZnO. Liming at the rate of 4 and 8 per cent decreased tryptophan concentration significantly. Phosphorus application upto 100 ppm also decreased tryptophan significantly but Zn in combination with P increased tryptophan and overcame negative effect of P. Nitrogen application upto 120 ppm increased tryptophan concentration. There was positive interaction between Zn and N. Ammonium sulphate gave highest tryptophan followed by ammonium nitrate and then urea. The tryptophan concentration ranged between 766 ppm and 2011 ppm in paddy grain. The lowest tryptophan concentration was in the plants treated with 8 per cent lime in absence of added Zn and highest with 10 ppm Zn through Zn-EDTA.
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    Boron, copper, iron, manganese and zinc contents in leaves of flowering sunflower plants (Helianthus annuus, L.), grown with different boron supplies (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 62 (1981), S. 461-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Boron ; Copper ; Iron ; Manganese ; Zinc ; Microelements ; Sunflower
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Boron, copper, iron, manganese and zinc concentrations were measured in sunflower leaves from plants grown hydroponically in a closed continuous flow system and with boron concentrations ranging from deficient to toxic. Leaves were analyzed at the stage of flower development. There was a highly significant inverse correlation between B concentration in solution and Mn concentration in leaves. Cu, Fe and Zn concentrations in the leaves were not changed by the different B levels, although the B concentration in leaves increased with an increasing concentration in solution, showing a close correlation each other.
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    Distributional gradients and variability of macroelement concentrations in the crowns of plantation grownPinus resinosa (AIT.) (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 63 (1981), S. 345-353 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Foliage age ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Red pine ; Tissue sampling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The vertical distribution of inorganic nutrient concentrations in red pine were dependent on the foliage age. Older foliage did not show an average vertical gradient while younger foliage did show a significant gradient. Horizontal gradients across foliage age classes in a branch whorl were consistent for all branch whorls, but the relative difference between the concentration of the current foliage and foliage three years-old or older was dependent on crown position. Coefficients of variation (CV) did not show a variability gradient in the crown for nitrogen and phosphorus. Variability of potassium tended to decrease as foliage age increased.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370035
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    Self-diffusion of zinc and iron in soils as affected by pH, CaCO3, moisture, carrier and phosphorus levels (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 63 (1981), S. 377-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Capacity factor ; Iron ; Self-diffusion coefficients ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Self-diffusion coefficients of zinc and iron were determined in acid soil of Palampur and alluvial soil of Ludhiana under varying pH, CaCO3, moisture, carrier and phosphorus levels. Increase in pH caused tremendous reductions in self-diffusion coefficients (Da) of both zinc and iron in soil. The selfdiffusion coefficients of both these elements were drastically reduced as a result of CaCO3 application. The Da values of zinc and iron increased with the decrease in moisture tension and increase in carrier and phosphorus levels. The decrease in Da values were associated with increase in capacity factor.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370038
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  • 39
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    Evaluation of chemical methods for estimating available zinc and response of green gram (Phaseolus aureus roxb) to applied zinc in non-calcareous soils (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 63 (1981), S. 477-484 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Available zinc ; Critical levels ; Chemical methods ; Green gram ; Phaseolus aureus ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Studies were conducted in 22 non-calcareous soils (India) to evaluate various extractants,viz. (6N HCl, 0.1N HCl, EDTA (NH4)2CO3, EDTA NH4OAc, DTPA+CaCl2 and 1M MgCl2) to find critical levels of soil and plant Zn for green gram (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.). The order of extractability by the different extractants was 6N HCl〉0.1N HCl〉EDTA (NH4)2CO3〈EDTA NH4OAc DTPA+CaCl2〉1M MgCl2. Critical levels of 0.48 ppm DTPA × CaCl2 extractable Zn, 0.80 ppm EDTA NH4OAc extractable Zn, 0.70 ppm EDTA (NH4)2CO3 extractable Zn, and 2.2 ppm 0.1N HCl extractable Zn were estimated for the soils tested. The critical Zn concentration in 6 weeks old plants was found to be 19 ppm. The 0.1N HCl method gave the best correlation (r=0.588**) between extractable Zn and Bray's per cent yield, while with DTPA+CaCl2, it was slightly low (r=0.542**). The DTPA + CaCl2 method gave significant (r=0.73**) correlation with plant Zn concentration. The 0.1N HCl gave the higher correlation with Zn uptake (r=0.661**) than DTPA (r=0.634**) 6N HCl and 1M MgCl2 method gave nonsignificant positive relationship with Bray's per cent yield. For noncalcareous soils apart from the common use of DTPA+CaCl2, 0.1N HCl can also be used for predicting soil available Zn. The use of 0.1N HCl would be much cheaper than DTPA and other extractants used in the study.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370047
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    Effects of a soil fulvic acid on the growth and nutrient content of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) plants (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 63 (1981), S. 491-495 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcium ; Copper ; Flowers ; Iron ; Leaves ; Magnesium ; Nitrogen ; Nutrient uptake ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Koots ; Shoots ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) plants were grown in Hoagland solution to which 20 to 2000 ppm of a soil fulvic acid (FA) were added. The addition of 100 to 300 ppm of FA produced highly significant increases in the growth and development of above and below ground plant parts, in the uptake of nutrient elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe and Zn), and in the formation of numbers of flowers per plant. Effects of adding 500 and more ppm of FA were less beneficial.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370049
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  • 41
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    Nutrition ofPinus caribaea in its native savanna habitat (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 64 (1982), S. 381-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Calcium ; Fertility ; Forestry ; Magnesium ; Nitrogen ; Nutrients ; Phosphorus ; Pinus caribaea ; Potassium ; Savanna ; Sodium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Fertility levels in soils beneathPinus caribaea trees were examined in the Mountain Pine Ridge savannas, Belize, where fire control has precipitated the development of pine woodland. Slight surface soil enrichment was recorded beneath pine canopies, but to levels well below those found beneath associated hardwoods. Estimates of total nutrient pools beneath trees showed modest cation accumulation beneath a 73 year old tree but some defecits in Ca and Mg beneath a 24 year old tree. A tap root cutting experiment on trees of the same species revealed no significant declines in foliar nutrient levels after 19 months. It is concluded that no pronounced long-term deterioration in soil fertility levels is developing beneath stands ofP. caribaea in the savanna, although some temporary nutrient declines may exist beneath young pine stands. Atmospheric inputs are the most likely source of nutrient accretion and it is suggested that the establishment of hardwood associates with pine may enhance the rates of nutrient capture from this source.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372521
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  • 42
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    Availability of iron, manganese, zinc and phosphorus in submerged sodic soil as affected by amendments during the growth period of rice crop (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 37-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Farmyard manure ; Gypsum ; Iron ; Manganese ; Phosphorus ; Rice ; Rice husk ; Sodic soil ; Submergence ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Effect of amendments, gypsum (12.5 tonnes/ha), farmyard manure (30 tonnes/ha), rice husk (30 tonnes/ha) and also no amendment (control) on the availability of native Fe, Mn and P and applied Zn in a highly sodic soil during the growth period of rice crop under submerged conditions was studied in a field experiment. Soil samples were collected at 0, 30, 60 and 90 days of crop growth. Results showed that extractable Fe (1N NH4OAC pH 3) and Mn (1N NH4OAC pH 7) increased with submergence upto 60 days of crop growth but thereafter remained either constant or declined slightly. Application of farmyard manure and rice husk resulted in marked improvement of these elements over gypsum and control. Increases in extractable Mn (water soluble plus exchangeable) as a result of submergence and crop growth under different amendments were accompanied by corresponding decreases in easily reducible Mn content of the soil. Application of 40 kg zinc sulphate per hectare to rice crop could substantially raise the available Zn status (DTPA extractable) of the soil in gypsum and farmyard manure treated plots while the increase was only marginal in rice husk and control plots indicating greater fixation of applied Zn. Available P (0.5M NaHCO3 pH 8.5) behaved quite differently and decreased in the following order with crop growth: gypsum〉rice husk〉farmyard manure〉control.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02203400
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    Effect of rhizosphere pH on the availability and uptake of Fe, Mn and Zn (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 361-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: French beans ; Iron ; Manganese ; Micronutrients ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; pH Rhizosphere ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In pot experiments the relationships between rhizosphere pH, the extractable levels of Fe, Mn and Zn in the soil and their uptake into the roots and shoots of dwarf French beans have been studied. Variations in rhizosphere pH were induced by applying three different sources of nitrogencholine phosphate, ammonium phosphate and calcium nitrate-to an initially homogenised soil (preadjusted to either pH 7 or 8). The rhizosphere pH was found to be significantly lower following the application of either ammonium or choline phosphates and to be increased by calcium nitrate treatment. The Fe and Zn contents of both shoot and root were inversely proportional to rhizosphere pH. The Mn contents also increased with decreasing pH but a sharp increase was apparent below pH 5.5. The shoot Fe, Zn and Mn content were significantly correlated with the extractable levels determined in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02183802
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    Influence of soil waterlogging on subsequent plant growth and trace metal content (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 423-427 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cobalt ; Copper ; Iron ; Manganese ; Plant uptake ; Trace metals ; Waterlogging ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The uptake of trace metals by two plant species (French bean and maize) has been measured on two soils subjected to various waterlogging regimes. Uptake of both manganese and iron was increased due to soil waterlogging, although reoxidation of the soil affected iron more than manganese. Zinc and copper uptake was influenced by a species factor; French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) showed preferential uptake of zinc, whereas maize (Zea mays) took up copper preferentially. Uptake of cobalt by both species was increased due to waterlogging, following the pattern of manganese. The abilities of these species to take up trace metals from soil followed the pattern predicted by selective extraction of soil for manganese, iron and cobalt, but not for zinc and copper.
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  • 45
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    Trunk implanted zinc-bentonite as a source of zinc for apple trees (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 85-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Apple ; Bentonite ; Clay ; Malus spp. ; Micronutrients ; Slow release ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The feasibility of zinc supply to apples (Malus spp. var. Golden Delicious) by various Zn-bentonite preparations implanted in the trunk was studied. A preliminary experiment included four preparations and was conducted in one plantation in 1980. A larger scale experiment in 1981, tested Zn-bentonite (ZnB) and Zn-bentonite + ZnEDTA (ZnBEA) in four plantations in the south, center and north of Israel. Clay tablets were implanted in holes drilled in the tree trunk in April. The youngest, fully developed leaves on the new growth were sampled periodically and Zn content was determined. ZnB and ZnBEA implanted at the rate of 15 mg Zn/cm trunk circumference significantly increased Zn content above that of the control trees until mid-September. The ZnBEA preparation supported significantly higher leaf concentrations than the ZnB preparation. Peak concentrations in trees treated with the ZnBEA preparation were 75.8, 47.4, 38.4, and 23.7 ppm in the four plantations and occurred in May. The Zn concentration in the youngest leaves decreased during the season but there was evidence that in some cases Zn behaved as a phloem mobile element. Soil, climate and previous zinc treatments affected considerably the Zn concentration found in leaves in the four plantations making it impossible to identify a single critical concentration level. No damage to the trees was observed as a result of the drilling and implantation of the clay tablets. Clay analysis at the end of the season showed that about two-thirds of the Zn added to the trees was used. The amount of Zn supplied per tree in the implantation procedure was 80–90% lower than that supplied in the routine spraying operations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02185707
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  • 46
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    Nutrient accumulation byPinus caribaea in its native savanna habitat (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 105-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcium ; Fertility ; Forestry ; Magnesium ; Nitrogen ; Nutrients ; Phosphorus ; Pinus caribaea ; Potassium ; Savanna
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Concentrations of P, N, K, Ca, and Mg in above-ground tissues ofP. caribaea were sampled in the species'native savanna habitat. Concentrations were relatively low, but some evidence of higher consumption of K and Ca was found in trees grown on more fertile soils. Regressions were developed to predict the quantities of nutrients sequestered in above-ground tree tissues, and estimates made of the quantities stored in above-ground stands of this species in its native habitat and in several plantations elsewhere. Estimates were also made of the nutrient removals to be expected by harvesting these stands in different ways. Nutrient quantities stored in stands generally exceed those extractable from savanna surface soils, and it is suggested that inputs from the atmosphere are the most probable alternate nutrient source. A comparison of these inputs for tropical areas with the quantities required for stand growth in the savanna, and harvesting removals, suggests that an adequate supply of all elements except P exists, provided that capture by pine is effective. However, atmospheric inputs generally fall below the storage and harvest removal rates for fast growing exotic plantations of this species suggesting that multiple rotations of these plantations at current growth rates may not be feasible without artifical fertilization.
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  • 47
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    Cu x Mn interaction and the availability of Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn and P in waterlogged rice soils (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 131-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alluvial soil ; Copper ; Interaction ; Iron ; Manganese ; Moisture ; Phosphorus ; Rice ; Waterlogging ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Laboratory incubation experiments were conducted with three clay loam lowland rice soils (Haplustalf) to study the effect of application of three different levels of Cu(0, 1.25, 2.5 ppm) and Mn (0, 10, 20 ppm) in all possible combinations on the changes in the DTPA extractable Zn, Cu, F, Mn and Brays 2 extractable P in soil. The results showed that application of Cu decreased the content of extractable Zn, Fe, Mn and P in soils, the rate of decrease gradually declining with the progress of incubation period. Application of Mn also depressed the content of extractable Cu, Fe and P but increased that of extractable Zn.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02185713
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    Effects of heavy-metal additions on ammonification and nitrification in soils contaminated with cadmium, lead and zinc (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 239-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonification ; Cadmium ; Heavy metals ; Kinetics ; Lead ; Nitrification ; Perfusion incubations ; Polluted soils ; Selection ; Toxicity ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The sensitivity of the mineralization of nitrogen by a range of soils contaminated with heavy metals (up to 340 μg Cd g−1, 7500 μg Pb g−1 and 34000 μg Zn g−1) to the addition of heavy metals in solution were studied using pot incubations (ammonification) and a soil perfusion technique (nitrification). The ammonification of peptone showed little correlation between treatments with Cd, Zn (1000 and 5000 μg g−1) and Pb (10000 and 20000 μg g−1) and origin of the soil. Nitrification was considerably more sensitive to heavy metals than ammonification. All the soils had active, often large, populations of ammonifying and nitrifying organisms which showed substantial similarities between the soils. The rate of nitrifying activity (NO3−N production) was logrithmic in most cases. The presence of tolerant populations of nitrifying organisms in the contaminated soils was demonstrated. Tolerance was also eventually acquired after a longer lag phase, by the non-contaminated soil populations although the rate of activity was often reduced. Metals added in solution were adsorbed by the soil within 4 hours. Differences in toxicity between metal salts (chlorides, sulphates and acetate) were attributed to the amount left in solution. However, in many instances, acetate was found to stimulate all the stages in the mineralisation of nitrogen.
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    Effects of waterlogging on young wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.) and on soil solutes at different soil temperatures (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 311-326 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aeration ; Calcium ; Carbon dioxide ; Ethylene ; Nitrate ; Nitrite ; Nitrous oxide ; Oxygen ; Potassium ; Roots ; Triticum aestivum ; Waterlogging ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary We report a study of the mechanism by which the response of plants to waterlogging can be modified by soil temperature. Wheat was grown initially in well-aerated soil in a controlled environment room before the soil was flooded with aerated, deionized water. The soil temperature was maintained constant in the range 6–18°C while the air temperature was at 14°C. Waterlogging damage was greater in plants at the higher soil temperatures when the plants were compared at the same chronological age. However, when compared at the same growth stage, the response to soil temperature was little differenti.e. plants subjected to waterlogging for a long time at low soil temperatures exhibited a similar reduction in growth and other properties as those subjected briefly at higher temperatures. The concentration of dissolved oxygen in the soil solution declined rapidly at all temperatures, being almost zero after 36 h waterlogging. Temperature affected rates of change of the concentrations of dissolved carbon dioxide, ethylene, nitrous oxide, nitrite, nitrate, calcium and potassium. The importance of soil-and plant-determined properties in the waterlogging response of plants at different temperatures are discussed.
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  • 50
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    In situ immobilization of heavy metals with tetraethylenepentamine (tetren) in natural soils and its effect on toxicity and plant growth (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 70 (1983), S. 37-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Cation exchange ; Copper ; Heavy metals ; Illite clay ; Nickel ; Organic matter ; Tetraethylenepentamine ; Tetren ; Transition metal complexes ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The ion exchange behavior of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd) in soils is shown to be strongly influenced by complex formation with tetraethylenepentamine (tetren). In a heavy clay (illite) soil, the metal (complex) concentration in the equilibrium solution is lowered by some two orders of magnitude, as compared to the aqueous metal ions. In a sandy loam, in which the exchange properties are nearly exclusively due to organic matter, the addition of tetren leads to a significant increase of the metal (complex) in solution. These effects are interpreted in terms of the high adsorption selectivity of the metal complexes for clay particles (illite clay) and the competition of tetren with the chelating groups of the humic fraction (sandy loam). In this case the resulting tetren complexes remain in solution and can be immobilized by addition of small amounts of clay to such a soil.
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    Removal of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by rice-wheat double cropping system as affected by duration of rice variety, methods of planting rice and levels and sources of nitrogen (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 70 (1983), S. 287-295 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Neem cake coated urea ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Rice ; Rice-wheat ; Sulphur coated urea ; Urea ; Urea briquette
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Removal of NPK in the rice-wheat double cropping system was studied in a field experiment conducted for two crop years (1977–79) at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. The double cropping system producing 8×103 kg/ha/yr grain (4.5×103 kg rice and 3.5×103 kg wheat) removed 166 kg N, 35 kg P and 174 kg K per hectare per year. Thus the rice-wheat double cropping system heavily depletes the soils of their NPK content and calls for balanced fertilization for continued high production. NPK removal was higher when a 135-day duration rice variety was grown than when a 105-day duration variety was grown, because the former resulted in overall (rice + wheat) more grains and straw. Similarly grain and straw yield and NPK removal was more with transplanted rice than when sprouted rice seeds were sown on puddled seedbed; the latter method was in turn superior to direct drilling. Use of urea briquette, neem cake coated urea and sulphur coated urea gave higher yields and resulted in removal of more NPK than prilled urea.
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    Soil moisture influence on micronutrient cation availability under aerobic conditions (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 72 (1983), S. 77-83 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Copper ; Gezira soils ; Iron ; Micronutrient availability ; Microbial activity ; Manganese ; Oxidation ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The three major soil series comprising the Gezira scheme (Sudan) are Hosh, Suleimi, and Laota. Surface soil samples from each soil series were employed to study the effect of soil moisture on the DTPA-extractable micronutrient cation under aerobic conditions. The study continued for 8 weeks using an incubation technique at two levels of soil moisture (continuously moist and moist/dry cycles). The DTPA-extractable Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn from air-dry soil samples were much higher compared to values from their incubated counterparts. For the three soils the CO2 production (microbial activity) reached the maximum in 5 weeks and then levelled off while the lowest values of micronutrient cation from the incubated soils were obtained between 2 to 8 weeks. Generally, the study suggests that the hot dry months preceding crop growth should increase clay surface acidity and hence availability of mironutrient cations.
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    The search for and interpretation of genetic controls that enhance plant growth under deficiency levels of a macronutrient (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 72 (1983), S. 335-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcium ; Nutrient stress ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Root growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Techniques developed to measure growth of tomatoes and beans under limiting amounts of either P, K or Ca in solution culture reveal differences among strains. Genetic analysis permits estimates of gene action for control of efficiency and the isolation of improved segregants. The genetic isolates have value in studying mechanisms contributing to uptake, transport and utilization processes.
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    Effects of high concentrations of sodium chloride and polyethylene glycol on the growth and ion absorption in plants (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 75 (1983), S. 87-93 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Absorption ; Barley ; Excised roots ; Multi-compartment transport box ; Phosphate ; Potassium ; Radioisotopes ; Translocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of high concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) on the absorption and translocation of K and P were examined using a multi-compartment transport box with excised roots of barley. The results were as follows: When no Ca was added, a high concentration of NaCl inhibited the absorption and translocation of K and P, although the inhibition of K was more pronounced as compared with that of P. The inhibitory effect of PEG was smaller than that of NaCl. On the other hand, the drastic inhibition of ion absorption and translocation of P was increased dramatically up to the control level by Ca, even in a high NaCl condition. The results, especially in the presence of Ca, are quite consistent with water culture experiments in the preceding paper15, which reported a less inhibitory effect of salt and water stresses on P absorption.
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    Effect of soil salinity on the electro-chemical and chemical kinetics of some plant nutrients in submerged soils (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 75 (1983), S. 455-472 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonification ; Eh ; Flooded soils ; Iron ; Manganese ; Nitrate reduction ; Phosphorus ; pH ; Salinity and extractable cations ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The electro-chemical and chemical kinetics of six California rice soils were significantly influenced by the presence of salts up to an EC of 9 mmhos/cm in saturation extract (ECe). Subsamples of each soil salinity treatment were incubated for periods up to 10 weeks after flooding. Most of the changes in Eh and pH values took place in the first 3–4 weeks after submergence. Salinity decreased pH values, but slightly increased the redox-potential. Both ammonification and nitrate reduction were significantly decreased, by increasing soil salinity. Salinity up to 9 mmhos/cm did not affect levels of Bray and Kurtz extractable P, but increased the water extractable Ca, Mg, K and Mn. In DTPA extract, salinity in incubated soils had no effect on Zn in 4 soils, but it decreased Fe in acid and neutral soils. Possible explanations for the electro-chemical and chemical kinetic changes due to flooding and salinity are discussed.
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    Long-term effects of cutting tap roots ofPinus caribaea growing on infertile savanna soils (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 93 (1986), S. 137-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcium ; Magnesium ; Phosphorus ; Pinus caribaea ; Potassium ; Savanna ; Tap root
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The content of elements in needles ofPinus caribaea trees growing upon infertile savanna soils was analysed at 3 and 5 years after the tap roots of a subset of trees had been severed. No significant differences were found between the content of elements in treated and control trees, nor were significant differences found in increments of diameter of the trees over 5 years. It is concluded that this organ plays no significant nutritional role in the trees on these soils, and that tree growth can be achieved exclusively from atmospheric nutrient accessions and exchangeable nutrient reserves in the topsoil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02377154
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    Fate of applied nutrients in a long-term superphosphate trial inPinus radiata (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 93 (1986), S. 373-382 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcium ; Fertilizer ; Magnesium ; Nitrogen ; Nutrient content ; Phosphorus ; Pinus radiata ; Potassium ; Superphosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nutrient contents of aPinus radiata stand, that is, aboveground tree, understorey, forest floor and soil to 200 mm depth, were estimated in a replicated fertilizer trial, treated 30 years previously. The fertilizer treatments were 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 kg P/ha as broadcast superphosphate. Highly significant growth responses had been obtained to the applied P. Estimation of the P content of the stand showed that 129%, 89%, 72% and 67% of the applied P was found in the 25, 50, 75 and 100 kg P/ha treatments respectively. The larger losses of P at the higher application rates would explain the lack of increased response with the highest application rate, however, it also shows that significant quantities of P are still present after a period of 30 years, giving a basis for growth responses in the subsequent rotations. Elevated quantities of N, Ca, Mg and K were found in the treatments compared with the control and these could not be explained on the basis of atmospheric inputs. For the cations, uptake from deeper in the soil profile could explain most of the effect but not for the higher amounts of N which, in the case of the highest superphosphate treatment, amounted to an accumulation of 27 kg N/ha/yr. These nutrient changes together with increased soil organic matter contents are considered to have provided a long term increase to the site productivity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374288
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    Effects of copper, zinc, and cadmium ions on the production of phosphate from phytic acid by the phytase system in spruce forest soil (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 94 (1986), S. 227-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Copper ; Heavy metals ; Phosphorus mineralisation ; Phytase ; Phytic acid ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The hydrolysis of phosphate from phytic acid by the acid soil phytase system was reduced in the presence of metal ions. Copper was most effective in this respect — zinc and cadmium were less inhibitory. Binding to metals did not completely inhibit the hydrolysis of phytic acid. At higher metal concentrations, where binding to other soil constituents, like humic acids, interfered less, the inhibition of the phytase activity was stronger than that of acid phosphatase.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374346
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    Absorption of gamma-emitting fission products and activation products by rice under flooded and unflooded conditions from two tropical soils (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 55 (1980), S. 189-198 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Activation products ; Antimony ; Black soils ; Cerium ; Cesium ; Cobalt ; Concentration ratio ; Fission products ; Flooding ; Iron ; Laterites ; Manganese ; Rice ; Ruthenium ; Uptake ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The absorption of gamma-emitting fission products106Ru,125Sb,137Cs and144Ce and activation products59Fe,58Co.54Mn and65Zn by rice plants grown on two contrasting tropical soils, namely, a blak soil (pellustert) and a laterite (oxisol), and the effects of flooding were studied under controlled conditions. Results indicated greater uptake of106Ru and125Sb from the black soil than from the laterite. In contrast, the uptake of144Ce and137Cs was greater in the laterite than in the black soil. Flooding treatment enhanced the uptake of all these fission products by rice plants in the laterite soil whereas this effect was observed only for125Sb and137Cs in the black soil. The plant uptake of activation products from the two soil types showed maximum accumulation of65Zn followed by54Mn,59Fe and58Co in both soil types. Besides, uptake of these nuclides was greater from the laterite soil than from the black soil. Flooding treatment for rice while showing a reduction of59Fe uptake, showed an increase in plant uptake of58Co,54Mn and65Zn in both soil types.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181798
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    Metal uptake by plants from sludge-amended soils: caution is required in the plateau interpretation (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 216 (1999), S. 53-64 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Biosolids ; Cadmium ; Pollution ; Rhizosphere ; Soil solution ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Uptake of metals by plants growing in sewage sludge-amended soils frequently exhibits a plateau response at high sludge loading rates associated with high total concentrations of metals in the soil. This type of response has generally been attributed to attenuation of metal bioavailability by increased sorption sites provided by the sludge constituents at the high sludge loading rates. We grew Raphanus sativus L. in a soil historically amended with sewage sludge at different rates and examined concentrations of Cd and Zn in the plants and in corresponding rhizosphere soil solution. Metal concentrations in the plants displayed a plateau response. However, concentrations of total or free metals in the soil solution did not display a similar plateau response, therefore the pre-requisite for determining that metal uptake by plants was limited by sludge chemistry was not met. It was concluded that plant physiological factors were responsible for the plateau in plant metal concentrations observed in this study. Examination of data by other authors suggests that a plateau response due to plant physiological factors has routinely been misinterpreted as being the result of only attenuation by sludge chemistry. The serious implications of an incorrect interpretation of the factors underlying a plateau response are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004780720809
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    Factors of plant nutrient availability relevant to soil testing (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 64 (1982), S. 129-138 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonium ; Buffering power ; Nitrate ; Nutrient availability ; Phosphate ; Potassium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In most arable soils the nitrate availability depends mainly on the quantity of nitrate present in the rooting zone at the beginning of the growing season. Easily mineralizable organic N and the release of non-exchangeable NH4 from clay minerals may in addition control the nitrogen availability during a season. In flooded soils, ammonium is the major form of nitrogen absorbed by plants. Ammonium dynamics in these soils is similar to that of potassium. The availability of both is controlled mainly by the intensity and buffering power for ammonium or potassium, respectively. Basically, intensity of the supply and buffering power for phosphate are the main factors determining the phosphate availability. The determination of the phosphate buffer power, especially in the root zone, however, remains to be difficult. Soil test methods should take into consideration the major factors and processes relevant to the availability of a particular plant nutrient.
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    Effect of sulfur and potassium on zinc absorption by barley (1982)
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    Plant and soil 64 (1982), S. 393-401 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Barley ; Cysteine ; Potassium ; Sulfur ; Translocation ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Maximum uptake of Zn in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings occurred from nutrient solutions containing SO4−S at 3.5 ppm and K at 6 ppm. Decreased translocation of Zn from roots to tips was observed when plants were grown with lower levels of S and K. Cysteine substituted for SO4-ion as a source of S in Zn absorption, and more Zn was absorbed with cysteine than with sulfate. The effect of K on Zn absorption seems to be influenced by S nutrition in plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372522
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    Changes in the status of micronutrients in soil with long term applications of chemical fertilizers, lime and manure (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 64 (1982), S. 437-441 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Copper ; Fertilizers ; Intensive cropping ; Iron ; Lime ; Manure ; Manganese ; Micronutrient ; Weedicide ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An assessment of the status of available micronutrients has been made in a long term field experiment on a fixed rotation of soybean-potato-wheat at the Ranchi Agricultural College, Kanke on acid soil. Results of eight years fertilizer applications with lime has resulted in reduction of available micronutrients whereas the FYM application with balanced dose of chemical fertilizers increased the available micronutrients of soil. The maximum loss of 1.0 Zn and 13.2 Fe kg/ha respectively were from the lime treated plots with balanced dose of fertilizers and the highest gain of 0.26 Zn, 1.08 Cu, 13.2 Fe and 54.0 Mn kg/ha respectively were recorded from the FYM treated plots with balanced dose of chemical fertilizers. Organic carbon was significantly positive correlated with av. Zn & Mn, whereas av. Mn significantly negative correlated with pH. Other relationship were found to be non significant.
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    Pollution of soil and vegetation in the Thriasian Plain, Greece (1982)
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    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 271-277 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aleppo pine ; Cadmium ; Chromium ; Greece ; Heavy metals ; Lead ; Manganese ; Nickel ; Pinus halepensis ; Pollution ; Soil ; Sulfate ; Thriasian plain ; Vegetation ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The Thriasian Plain near Athens in Greece is a site of concentrated industrial development. Total concentrations of Pb, Cd and extractable SO4 2− in surface soil samples collected from this area, were found to be, respectively, 2–7, 6–34 and 2–20 times higher than those in similar soil samples from parts of the country remote from industrial activity. Total concentrations of Pb, Cd, Zn, Cr and S in samples of olive leaves from the same area were found to be, respectively, 4–40, 3–10, 3–9, 2–6 and 17–21 times higher than those found in samples of olive leaves from rural sites. Leaves of cabbages growing in the area contained between 0.82 and 40 μg/g (wet weight) of Pb. Addition of Cd, Ni and Cu to a calcareous potted soil at concentrations of 100, 200 and 200 ppm increased the concentrations of the metals in the needles of Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) seedlings to 4.5, 3.5 and 10 ppm, respectively, after 7 months growth in the nursey.
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    Migration of heavy metals in two Japanese soils (1982)
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    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 299-316 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Bio-toxic ; Cadmium ; Contamination ; Copper ; Copper ; Health hazard ; Heavy metals ; Lead ; Localisation ; Migration ; Nickel ; Pollution ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The migration of common bio-toxic heavy metals in two typical soils of Japan under the influence of various leaching solutions was investigated. The results of the present study have indicated that the Pb and Cu ions were less mobile than those on Zn and Cd. Thus, the former two ions have largely been concentrated in the surface horizon while the latter two have been localised in the sub-surface layers. Ni has exhibited greater mobility than other heavy metals under all the leaching stress in both the soils. It is clear from the present study that Ni, Cd and Zn might pose a greater threat of ground water pollution than Cu and Pb. The specific migration properties of each metal ion varied depending on the nature of the ion and leaching solutions. The major soil factors governing the mobility of heavy metals in the soils have been discussed in the light of the results of the present investigation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02183797
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    Response of maize toAzotobacter chroococcum (1982)
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    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 265-273 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azotobacter chroococcum ; Fertilizers ; Farmyard manure ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen fixation ; Potassium ; Phosphorus ; Yields of grain stover ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Field trials were conducted during theKharif seasons of 1979 and 1980 to examine the effect of the nitrogen-fixing bacteriumAzotobacter chroococcum (isolate M4) on yields of maize and N-economy. Different levels of nitrogen and farmyard manure (FYM) were supplied to assess their interaction with Azotobacter inoculation. Seed inoculation without fertilization raised grain and stover yields significantly. FYM coupled with inoculation gave higher yields than either could singly. The financial gain due to an increase in grain yield upon applying per ha 80 kg N, 10×103 kg FYM and Azotobacter over the treatment 40N + FYM + Azotobacter was offset by the cost of the additional N; thus, the higher N-application was not economical. Azotobacter inoculation was economically most efficient at lower doses of fertilizer nitrogen which not only increased yields but resulted in a saving of fertilizer N when applied in combination with FYM.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374521
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    Total nitrogen uptake by maize with Azotobacter inoculation (1982)
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    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 275-280 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azotobacter chroococcum ; Fertilizers ; Farmyard manure ; Zea mays ; Maize ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen fixation ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Total nitrogen uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The economic feasibility of using cultures of nitrogen fixing microorganisms in programmes to increase crop production, as a selfgenerating source of nitrogen, has been proved beyond doubtviz. Legume-Rhizobium symbiosis and blue green algal ‘fertilizer’ for rice. The extent to which the free living, N-fixing, aerobic, heterotropicAzotobacter chroococcum could replace the application of nitrogenous fertilizer to maize was investigatedin vivo. Total nitrogen uptake (kg ha−1) by maize after inoculation with Azotobacter combined with moderate applications of nitrogen fertilizer and farmyard manure was influenced significantly and resulted in a higher nitrogen concentration in grain and stover along with a higher yield.
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    Cu and Zn in soils treated with sewage sludge: Their ‘extractability’ to reagents compared with their ‘availability’ to plants (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 70 (1983), S. 3-14 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Availability ; Copper ; Extractability ; Sewage sludge ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Dried digested sewage sludge (cake) was mixed, in varied proportions, with three contrasting soils and cropped intermittently to ryegrass or young barley over a period of 710 days. Results are presented for periods 1–4, 13–16 and 22–23 months after the sludge and soil were mixed. At any given time the quantities of Cu or Zn that wereextractable (by EDTA or acetic acid) from a given soil showed a simple relationship to the ‘total’ quantities of Cu and Zn present. Theavailability of these elements to test crops also showed a simple relationship to their ‘total’ quantities. As a result the quantities available or extractable at any given time appeared to be related to each other also. However, though the extractabilities of Cu and Zn changed with time in some cases, and the availabilities of Cu and Zn changed with time in some cases, the changes were not matched. Increased extractability did not necessarily lead to increased uptake, and in some cases uptake increased even when extractability did not. It should not be assumed too readily therefore that because, at a given time after a soil is sludged, the quantities of added Cu and Zn that are extractable or available are sometimes correlated, the former actually measures the latter.There is no reason to assume that extractants remove all or only the forms of combination of Cu or Zn that may be taken up by crops.
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    In situ immobilization of heavy metals with tetraethylenepentamine (tetren) in natural soils and its effect on toxicity and plant growth (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 70 (1983), S. 49-57 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Copper ; Copper complex ; Corn ; Heavy metals ; Nutrient solutions ; Tetraethylenepentamine ; Tetren ; Zea mays L ; Zinc ; Zinc complex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Complex formation of copper with tetraethylenepentamine (tetren) has some pronounced effects on the rate of uptake of the metal in corn, grown on nutrient solutions. At normal copper levels (0.02 ppm) in the medium, complex formation leads to a nearly hundredfold decrease in the rate of uptake, growth rate being slightly improved. Similar effects are observed at high copper levels (0.05 and 1 ppm) in which case the growth rate, severely affected in the absence of tetren, can be restored to normal values. High excess of tetren in the medium leads to copper-deficiency. Evidence is presented that the metal is taken up and translocated to the shoot as a metal complex and that its rate of translocation through the xylem is higher than for the aqueous ion. The effects in the case of zinc are similar although somewhat less marked.
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    Studies on the possible role of cation exchange capacity in the soil preference of mosses (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 70 (1983), S. 77-93 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Adsorption ; Calcium ; Calcium carbonate ; Cation Exchange Capacity ; Hydrogen ; Magnesium ; Moss ; pH ; Potassium ; Sodium ; Soil preference
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Moss species with a different soil preference with respect to its acidity and carbonate content also differ in their cation exchange capacity (leaf, stem, rhizoid), the acidiphile-calcifuges having lower C.E.C. values than the neutrophile-calcicoles. The higher the C.E.C. value, the more the divalent cations calcium and magnesium tend to be adsorbed as compared to the monovalents sodium and potassium, from an equinormal tetracationic solution. The increase in divalent adsorption is mainly due to calcium. Considering this differential adsorption of calcium and in view of data in literature on membrane characteristics, it appears that among the studied cations calcium is an important factor in the observed soil preference through its presence in the cell wall adsorbed fraction and thus in the membrane environment.
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    Taxonomic character of plant species in absorbing and accumulating alkali and alkaline earth metals grown in temperate forest of Japan (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 70 (1983), S. 367-389 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alkali metals ; Alkaline earth metals ; Barium ; Calcium ; Ceasium ; Lithium ; Magnesium ; Potassium ; Rubidium ; Sodium ; Strontium ; Temperate forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Absorption and accumulation of alkali (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) and alkaline earth (Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) metals were investigated as taxonomic characteristics (in 62 plant species). Leaf and soil samples were collected from 9 sites in temperature forest in Japan and the above mentioned elements were analyzed. Considerable differences were found among species in their ability to accumulate alkali and alkaline earth metals. Very high concentrations of Li (45 ppm, D.W.), K (37×103 ppm), Rb (159 ppm) and Cs (8.2 ppm) were detected inLastrea japonica which were about 412, 12, 27 and 6 times higher than those of the species with the lowest concentrations. Na content was high inAcer micranthum (358 ppm) which was 16 times higher than species with the lowest concentration. Other species containing high levels of alkali metals wereHydrangea macrophylla, Struthiopteris niponica, Clethra barbinervis. Mean discrimination ratio (D.R.) for all investigated plant species for Li, Na, Rb, and Cs to K were 1.7, 0.44, 0.9 and 1.8 respectively. High concentrations of alkaline earth metals Ca (36×103 ppm), Sr (345 ppm), and Ba (241 ppm) were found in the leaves ofHydrangea paniculata which were about 31, 84, and 72 times higher than those for the species with the lowest concentration. Mg was very high inStruthiopteris niponica (83×102 ppm). Other species with high concentrations of alkaline earth metals belonged to the genus Viburnum. Mean D.Rs. for Mg, Sr, and Bavs Ca were 1.0, 0.7 and 0.08. Principal component analysis of interrelationships between the mineral content in leaf tissues indicated that these elements could be classified into 2 groups with respect to their accumulation behavior in plants. The alkali metals K, Li, Rb, and Cs behaved similarly in their accumulation in leaves but Na behaved independently. Alkaline earth metals Ca, Mg, Sr, and Ba were also found to behave similarly in their accumulation. Factors scores of 1st and 2nd components revealed three groups of plant species: alkaliphilic, alkaline earthphilic, and neutral (non-accumulators).
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    Ionic interactions in rice plants from dilute solutions (1983)
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    Plant and soil 70 (1983), S. 309-316 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcium ; Ionic interaction ; Magnesium ; Nutrient solution ; Oryza sativa L. ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Ionic interactions may occur as cation-cation interactions, anion-anion interactions, or cation-anion interactions. Greater knowledge of this subject is warranted, due to the intensification of agriculture, in devising efficient fertilization systems. The present study was undertaken to elucidate the interaction among P, K, Ca and Mg absorption by the intact rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants from dilute solutions. The uptake of P was independent of Ca concentrations up-to 250 μM Ca but-there was a small decrease at the higher concentrations. Absorption of K and Mg was stimulated in the presence of Ca ions at low concentrations. But K and Mg absorption was decreased at higher Ca concentrations. Increasing concentrations of K in the nutrient solution depressed P and Ca uptake. Magnesium uptake was stimulated at lower concentrations of K, but at higher concentrations it was also decreased. Similarly, absorption of K and Ca was also decreased with increasing concentrations of Mg. Magnesium at lower concentrations stimulated P uptake but at higher concentraions it was decreased. In the present study maximum growth of rice plants was achieved at about 250μM Ca, 260 μM K, and 33μM Mg in the nutrient solution.
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    Plant genotype differences in the uptake, translocation, accumulation, and use of mineral elements required for plant growth (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 72 (1983), S. 175-196 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Boron ; Calcium ; Copper ; Genotypic differences ; Iron ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Mineral nutrition ; Molybdenum ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Plant adaptation ; Plant breeding ; Potassium ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Plant genotypes differ in their uptake, translocation, accumulation, and use of mineral elements. Examples of genotype differences to iron, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, boron, copper, zinc, and molybdenum are discussed. Current knowledge is sufficient to indicate that many crop plants can be improved for the efficient use of mineral elements and better adaptation to mineral stress conditions.
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    Nutrient inflows into apple roots (1983)
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    Plant and soil 71 (1983), S. 371-380 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Apple ; Calcium ; Copper ; Iron ; Irradiance ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Nitrogen ; Nutrient uptake rate ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Scion effects ; Season ; Source of nitrogen ; Temperature ; Tissue nutrient level ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The rates of uptake of nutrients from solution by apple roots were measured (a) in a root laboratory, using intact roots of mature trees growing under field conditions and (b) in controlled environment using young trees. Maximum nitrate inflows into Discovery/M.9 roots under field conditions were only slightly lower than those into roots of the same genotype in controlled environment, but up to 80 times lower than those into roots of Worcester Pearmain seedlings. At any given external P concentration, P inflows into roots of field-grown trees were about 2.5-times lower than those into the roots of young trees in controlled environment. Nitrate inflows were constant above a solution concentration of 20 mmol m−3 in both field-grown and small trees. In both cases, phosphate inflows increased linearly with solution concentration up to 10 mmol m−3. Among the various plant and environmental factors influencing nutrient uptake characteristics of apple roots were: the scion genotype, tissue nutrient levels, root origin, the form in which N is supplied, level of irradiance of the shoot, root temperature and the season of the year. The effects of these factors are illustrated with examples.
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    Efficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium use by corn, sunflower, and sugarbeet for the synthesis of organic matter (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 72 (1983), S. 219-223 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Corn ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Sugarbeet ; Sunflower
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A three-year experiment was conducted in natural conditions on chernozem soil to examine the efficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium use by corn (C4 type), sunflower and sugarbeet (C3 type) grown in optimum conditions of mineral nutrition (N100P100K100 kg/ha). Plant materials were analysed for the concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium and dry matter mass per individual plant parts and the whole plant. Leaves of different age, of all three plant species, were analysed to find eventual differences in the efficiency of use of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the synthesis of organic matter depending on leaf age. It was found that corn had the lowest concentration of the elements studied but the highest dry matter mass. In other words, corn was more efficient than sunflower or sugarbeet in the use of these elements for the synthesis of an organic matter unit. Such results were arrived at in both sets of analyses, i.e., the analyses of leaves performed in the course of ontogenetic plant development as well as the analyses of leaves of different age.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181960
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    Nutritional differentiation within the speciesDittrichia viscosa W. Greuter, between a population from a calcareous habitat and another from an acidic habitat (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 72 (1983), S. 297-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcicole ; Calcifuge ; Calcium ; Dittrichia viscosa ; Magnesium ; Potassium ; Sodium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Dittrichia viscosa is a Mediterranean bush widespread on various soil types. It is shown that the plants from a calcareous habitat (G plants) and those from an acidic habitat (M plants) differ in their ability to accumulate various cations when growing in the same experimental conditions. On this acidic soil the G plants accumulate more Ca and less K than the M plants. On a calcareous soil the response is reversed; it is the M plants which contain more Ca and often less K. This behaviour on each of the soils is typically that of a calcifuge for M and a calcicole for G. The two types of plants also differ in their affinity for Mg and Na. The ubiquity of the species could well be explained at least partially by genetic differentiation in the ability of plants to select ions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181969
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    Chemical transformation and plant availability of zinc salts added to organic manure (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 73 (1983), S. 337-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Availability ; Maize ; Manure ; Slurry ; Transformation ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Assuming that their efficiency might possibly be improved by natural complex formation, inorganic Zn salts were mixed into organic manures before decomposition. These mixtures were allowed to decompose aerobically and anaerobically, to produce Zn-enriched manures and slurries, for 75 and 50 days, respectively. Fractionation of Zn in the final product revealed that the water-solubility of ZnSO4 decreased and that of ZnO increased on mixing the compounds with organic matter. Most of the added Zn remained in exchangeable form and the amount of chelated Zn increased with the time of decomposition. Plant availability of Zn from Zn-enriched manure was less and from Zn-enriched slurry was more than that of equal amounts of ZnSO4. Available soil Zn was also higher in soils treated with Zn-enriched slurry than with any other material.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02184310
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    Uptake of heavy metals by crops in relation to their concentration in the soil solution (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 75 (1983), S. 393-404 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Copper ; Heavy metals ; Lead ; Pollution ; Soil solution ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Of 20 Dutch soils, concentrations in the soil solution and total contents of Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu were determined. In addition, distribution constants were measured for Cd and Pb. Soil solution concentrations of the heavy metals as well as their total contents in the soil and exchangeable fraction, calculated with the distribution coefficients, were compared with uptake in vegetables grown in pots. Log-log plots of concentrations in the plant and the soil solution concentrations showed the best correlation for Cu, Cd and Zn. Increasing Zn appeared to increase Cd uptake at high solution concentrations of Cd and to decrease uptake at low solution concentrations. For Pb generally no significant relationship between plant uptake and soil solution concentration or any other soil parameter for Pb could be found.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02369973
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    Copper deficiency inPinus radiata planted in a podzol in Victoria, Australia (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 77 (1984), S. 73-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Fertiliser ; Foliar analysis ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Pinus radiata ; Potassium ; Soil organic matter ; Steenbjerg effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Copper deficiency inPinus radiata in Gippsland, Victoria was found to be associated with acid, organic-rich sandy podzols. A trial designed to find a Cu supplement for P and NPK fertilisation on these soils showed significant growth in stem-length following Cu-solution treatment in the nursery, and Cu fertiliser applied in the field up to at least 13.5 kg Cu ha−1. The Steenbjerg effect was evident in foliar concentrations of nutrients following fertilisation; this makes diagnosis from foliar analysis difficult. Foliar Cu∶N ratios proved a more sensitive indicator of Cu fertiliser treatment than either Cu or N alone. Two phases of seasonal drainage and podzol development were identified in the experiment. Trees growing on the better-drained, more acid soil with a high content of organic matter responded better to Cu fertiliser.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182813
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    Some effects of nickel toxicity on rye grass (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 55 (1980), S. 139-144 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Iron ; Manganese ; Nickel toxicity ; Rye grass ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Rye grass (Lolium perenne, cv.S-23) was grown for 4 weeks in a non-calcareous Seaton loam soil with varying amounts of Ni as NiSO4. The purpose of this investigation was to study the Ni toxicity and the relationship of Ni with other essential elements. Nickel depressed shoot yield at all levels except at the lowest levelviz 30 μg Ni/g soil. Nickel concentration of 50 μg/g in shoots did not reduce the dry matter production in rye grass although slight chlorosis did appear at this level. The Ni and Fe concentration of the shoots increased and that of Mn and Zn decreased with increasing rates of Ni application. Uptake of Mn and Zn decreased at all level of Ni. But Fe uptake showed a slight increase at the first two levels and a profound depression at the subsequent levels. The pattern of Ni uptake is different, being highest at the middle level and decreasing on both sides which showed that the increase of Ni concentration of shoots is not proportional to the reduction in the yield. The Ni−Fe ratio rather than Ni and Fe concentration in plants has shown better relationship with the toxic effects of Ni. The implications of Ni phytotoxicity are discussed with particular reference to serpentine soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02149717
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    Total concentrations of Mn, Zn and Cu in certain forest soils in Greece (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 74 (1983), S. 137-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Copper ; Forest soils ; Greece ; Manganese ; Total concentrations ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Total concentrations of Mn, Zn and Cu were determined in soil samples from 144 profiles located in remote forested areas throughout the mainland of Greece. Bio-accumulation of Mn and Zn in the humic horizon took place only in moderately acid soils (pH 5–6). Mean concentrations of Mn, Zn and Cu, in the mineral section of the soil profiles, were 1383, 93, and 51 ppm, respectively. Soils from hard limestone and basic and ultrabasic igneous rock contain these three minor elements at significantly higher concentrations compared to soils from the rest of the soil parent materials. In most of the soil profiles concentration of Cu increased, and of Mn decreased, with soil depth. Concentrations of Mn, Zn and Cu in the underlaying “rocks” were within the range of their average concentrations found in the mineral soil, except for hard limestone where much lower concentrations of these elements have been found. The latter supports the theory that the parent material of soils associated with limestones might not be a solution product of the limestone rock.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02178750
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    Gains and losses in soil nutrients associated with harvesting and burning eucalypt rainforest (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 74 (1983), S. 437-450 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Burning controlled ; Calcium ; Carbon ; CEC ; Eucalyptus ; Magnesium ; Nitrogen ; N. mineralisation ; Potassium ; Rainforest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In mixed eucalypt/rainforest in southern Tasmania, samples of surface soil 0 to 2 cm, 2 to 5 cm, and 5 to 10 cm were taken from a clear-felled coupe before and after burning in 1982, from a similar coupe after burning in 1979, and from an uncut area adjacent to each coupe. Factors compared were bulk density; total organic C, N, P, Ca, Mg, and K; pH; exchangeable Ca, Mg, and K; cation exchange capacity; extractable P; and N-mineralisation rates. The effect of burning was found to be restricted mainly to the upper 2 cm of soil. The combustion of organic matter caused losses of 7360 kg organic C and 211 kg N/ha; 348 kg Ca and 282 kg Mg and 151 kg K/ha were added to the soil in ash. Burning caused significant increases in pH, exchangeable Ca, Mg, and K, and in extractable P; cation exchange capacity was reduced. In the 6 months after burning only K was leached from the upper 2 cm of soil. Equilibrium levels of NH4−N increased initially after the fire, but between 6 and 18 months, equilibrium levels and rate of production of NH4−N during anaerobic incubation in soil of burned coupes differed little from that in adjacent uncut forest. Rates of production of NO3−N during aerobic incubation were very low throughout the period of study. It is concluded that for soils developed on dolerite in mixed eucalypt/rainforest, a single regeneration burn probably improves the nutritional status of the soil. Nutrients lost from the area as particulate ash are in quantities that will probably be replaced in rainfall in 15 to 20 years.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181361
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    Pertilization and nutrition experiments with conifer seedlings in pots (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 55 (1980), S. 269-281 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonium-vs nitrate-N ; Conifers ; Fertilization ; Deficiency ; Greece ; Nitrogen ; Nutrition ; Phosphate ; Pinus halepensis ; P. maritima ; P. radiata ; Potassium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In conifer fertilization and nutrition experimentsPinus halepensis, P. radiata andP. maritima seedlings were grown in pots, filled with soil derived from mica schist and siliceous tertiary deposits and also in peat substrate in paperpots. Fertilization with P ofP. radiata andP. maritima seedlings growing in soil low in available P and N improved seedling height only in combination with N fertilization and fertilization with alone induced P deficiency symptoms. N fertilization with from 100 to 150 ppm (2.4 to 3.2 g N/kg, respectively) in the soil regardless of the form of N (NH4 + or NO3 −) applied in the summer or autumn together with application of 20 ppm P before sowing was the fertilization regime which produced the best seedlings. Fertilization of peat before sowingP. halepensis, P. radiata andP. maritima with omission of one of the nutrients N, P and K resulted in visible symptoms of N, P and K deficiency, respectively, in the seedlings. Comparative chemical analysis of needles from the three kinds of conifer seedlings with deficiency symptoms and healthy ones verified the visual symptoms of N and P deficiency but not so convincingly the K deficiency symptoms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181807
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    Influence of soil type and potassium and magnesium fertilization on the release of potassium and magnesium by electro-ultrafiltration and ammonium acetate-lactate extraction (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 64 (1982), S. 79-83 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonium acetate-lactate (AL) method ; Electro-ultrafiltration ; Magnesium ; Potassium ; Soil analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of increasing potassium and magnesium fertilization during 15 years on the amounts of K and Mg extracted by AL-solution and desorbed by Electro-Ultrafiltration (EUF) was determined in four Swedish soils. In all soils, with increasing potassium fertilization the amounts of K extracted by AL and desorbed by EUF increased, and the amounts of Mg-AL and Mg-EUF decreased. Magnesium fertilization had no significant effect on the K values but increased both Mg-AL and Mg-EUF. The EUF-values were lower than the corresponding AL-values, but the ratio of EUF-desorbed to AL-extracted amounts of K and Mg varied depending on soil type as well as on fertilization rate. The ratio of K-EUF to K-AL increased and the ratio of Mg-EUF to Mg-AL decreased with increasing potassium fertilization, whereas magnesium fertilization decreased the ratio of Mg-EUF to Mg-AL.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02375162
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    Effect of potassium and zinc applications on dry-matter production and nutrient uptake by potato variety ‘Kufri chandramukhi’ (Solanum tuberosum L.) in an alluvial soil of Uttar Pradesh (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 65 (1982), S. 141-147 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Dry-matter production ; Potassium ; Potato ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Field experiment was conducted during 1980–81 on the Indo-Gangetic alluvial soil of Pura, Kanpur to study the effects of added potassium and zinc on dry-matter production and uptake of these nutrients by potato crop. Increasing supply of potassium and zinc significantly increased the dry-matter production and concentration and uptake of respective nutrients in different crop components. The effects of combined application of potassium and zinc was positive in influencing the dry-matter production and K, Zn uptake by potato crop. Increasing supply of potassium showed beneficial effect on the absorption and translocation of zinc in plant system indicating thereby greater utilization of fertilizer zinc by the crop. Increasing supply of zinc, however, could not influence the concentration of potassium.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02376814
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    Parameters of availability of zinc in orchard soils in relation to zinc nutrition of apple (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 91-99 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Apple orchards ; Native zinc ; Selective distribution coefficient ; Soil profiles ; Zinc ; Zinc extractants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Labile pool, selective distribution coefficient and adsorption maxima of zinc were measured. Labile pool decreased while selective distribution coefficient increased with increasing depth in all soil profiles. The values of adsorption maxima of zinc corresponded to selective distribution coefficient. The relative efficiency of four extractantsviz 0.05M CA(NO3)2 0.1M Mg(NO3)2; 0.01M EDTA−NH4OAc and 0.005M DTPA-triethanolamine mixture in predicting the availability of native soil zinc to apple was tested. The correlation study indicated that all extractants are good index of zinc availability to apple trees. DTPA-extractable zinc is as efficient as its labile pool(E-value) in predicting the availability of native soil zinc to apple trees. This study also suggested that soil profile should be sampled upto a depth of 30–60 cm for providing a better prediction of availability of native soil zinc to apple trees.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02203406
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    Interaction of phosphorus and molybdenum and the availability of zinc, copper, manganese, molybdenum and phosphorus in waterlogged rice soil (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 68 (1982), S. 271-278 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Copper ; Manganese ; Molybdenum ; Phosphorus ; Rice ; Waterlogging ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Laboratory incubation experiments were conducted with low-land rice soil to study the effect of applying three different levels of molybdenum (0, 2.5 and 5.0 ppm) and phosphorus (0, 100 and 200 ppm), in all possible combinations, on the changes in available Mo, P, Mn, Zn and Cu in soil. The results showed that application of Mo at both the levels increased the content of extractable Mo and P but decreased those of Cu and Mo in soil whereas application of Mo at higher level only increased the content of extractable Zn in soil. Application of P at both the levels decreased the content of extractable Mo, Mn and Cu but increased that of P whereas it showed an inconsistent effect on the extractable Zn content in soil. The P × Mo interaction effect was found to be beneficial for the content of P, Mo and Zn only. During the initial period of incubation all elements except Cu recorded an increase but with the progress of incubation period the content of all the elements except Mn gradually declined.
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    Effect of soil moisture and clipping stresses on the nutrient (N, P and K) concentration, uptake and use efficiency in one temperate and two tropical grasses (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 413-421 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Clipping stress ; Dichanthium annulatum ; Echinocloa colonum ; Grasses ; Moisture content ; Nitrogen Phosphorus ; Polypogon monspeliensis ; Potassium ; Soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The concentration, uptake and element use efficiency of N, P and K in one C3 annual (Polypogon monspeliensis) and two C4 (Echinochloa colonum, an annual, andDichathium annulatum, a perennial) grasses were determined during winter and summer seasons in monocultures raised in field plots at three moisture levels,viz. full, half and one-fourth of field capacity. At each moisture regime the plants were clipped thrice at moderate and severe levels corresponding to 40 and 80% of live green. The concentration of these elements was characteristic of the growth habit of these plants;e.g. the build up of concentration was maximum in leaf of the annuals while it was comparable in crown and leaf of Dichanthium. The N level was maximum in Polypogon. The nutrient use effiency was comparable in the two annuals and maximum K and N use were obtained in Polypogon and Dichanthium, respectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372462
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    Cation fluxes in excised and intact roots in relation to specific and varietal differences (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 72 (1983), S. 197-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Allium ; Atriplex ; Cation selectivity ; Fagopyrum ; Halophytes ; Helianthus ; Hordeum ; Plasmalemma fluxes ; Potassium ; Potassium-sodium selectivity ; Salt tolerance ; Secale ; Sodium ; Suaeda ; Tonoplast fluxes ; Triticum ; Xylem parenchyma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In this short survey differences between species and varieties in the four major mechanisms that affect selective uptake of potassium and sodium to the plant within the root are considered. These include influx selectivity, K+/Na+ exchange at the plasmalemma, and selectivity at the tonoplast as well as at the symplasm-xylem boundary. The affinity of various plants for potassium influx in system 1 is rather uniform although varietal differences in barley have been observed. Differences are much more pronounced for sodium influx, for which Helianthus showed rather high and Fagopyrum rather low affinity. There is substantial variation between species in the efficiency of K+/Na+ exchange at the plasmalemma of cortical root cells; the three cereals Hordeum, Triticum, and Secale were highly efficient while K+/Na+ exchange in Atriplex, Helianthus and Allium was poor, even if the cytoplasmic sodium content was accounted for. Apparently there was no direct relation between salt tolerance and K+/Na+ exchange. The observed differences in the efficiency of K+-dependent sodium extrusion or K+/Na+ exchange were not due to the use of excised roots, they were observed also when roots of whole seedlings were investigated. At the tonoplast a 1∶1 exchange of vacuolar potassium for sodium has been observed in roots of Hordeum. By this exchange sodium ions are removed from the symplasm and potassium ions are recovered from vacuoles and thus made available for transport to the shoot. Indications for specific differences in this exchange have been observed; the exchange appears to be more efficient in Helianthus than in Hordeum roots. More comparative studies are needed here. At the boundary between symplasm and xylem vessels selectivity can be set up during xylem release of cations and there are reports that suggest a preference for sodium (Lycopersicum cheesemanii, Solanum pennellii, and Suaeda) and for varietal differences amongst tomatoes. Selectivity at this boundary, the plasmalemma of the xylem parenchyma cells was described in this paper by the selectivity ratio of transport that relates the rates of xylem transport to the cytoplasmic sodium and potassium concentrations. Based on this ratioAtriplex hortensis was shown to discriminate for sodium during xylem release while there was little selectivity in Hordeum and possibly some discrimination in favour of K+ in Allium roots. The data are shortly discussed in relation to salt tolerance and to the breeding of salt-tolerant crop varieties.
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    Comportement dePicea abies Karst. en plantation au Québec, Canada (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 73 (1983), S. 17-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azote ; Croissance ; Nutrition ; Picea abies ; Plantation ; Potassium ; Sol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract A nutrient-growth study was undertaken in 94Picea abies plantations, ranging in age from 20–31 years, in the L-3 forest region, Canada. Correlation analysis and canonical variable analysis indicated a positive relation between growth and the percentage of nitrogen and potassium in needles of the current year growth. By stepwise discriminant analysis, these two elements classify correctly 53% of the sites in the predetermined growth classes whereas combining all foliar characteristics tested classified correctly 59% of the sites. Adequate nitrogen and potassium nutrition is observed on plantations grown on soils with high levels of exchangeable cations and rich in silt and clay.
    Notes: Résumé Une étude nutrition-croissance a été réalisée dans 94 plantations dePicea abies, âgées de 20–31 ans, établies dans la région forestière L-3, Canada. Des relations positives ont été mises en évidence, par l'analyse de correlation et l'analyse des variables canoniques, entre la croissance et les teneurs en azote et en potassium des aiguilles de la pousse courante. Ces deux éléments permettent, par analyse discriminante progressive, de classer correctement en moyenne 53% des stations, au sein des classes de croissance prédéterminées alors que le total des caractéristiques foliaires analysées classe correctement 59% des stations. Une bonne nutrition en azote et en potassium est observée dans les plantations sur sols présentant une teneur élevée en cations échangeables et riches en limon fin et en argile.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197753
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    Chemical activity and biological effect of sludge-borne heavy metals and inorganic metal salts added to soils (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 79 (1984), S. 89-99 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Chemical activity ; Copper ; Inorganic salt ; Nickel ; Plant uptake ; Sludgeborne ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A greenhouse experiment was conducted in order to evaluate the chemical activity and the uptake by Italian ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. S24) of Zn, Cu, Cd and Ni added to a sandy and a heavy clay soil in two different forms: as inorganic salts and sludge-borne. The chemical activity of heavy metals as evaluated with different extractants was higher for the inorganic salt treatment and for the sandy soil, indicating that the chemical form of the metal and soil characteristics largely affect their extractability. The different chemical activity was also reflected in plant uptake. For all metals the degree of plant accumulation decreased in the following order: sandy soil-salt ≫ sandy soil-sludge〉 clay soil-salt〉clay soil-sludge. These findings indicate that caution must be used when using results of inorganic salt treatments and different soil types to evaluate plant uptake of heavy metals from sludge amended soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182147
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    Relationships of bio-climatic zones and lithology with various characteristics of forest soils in Greece (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 79 (1984), S. 101-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Base saturation ; Bio-climatic zones ; Calcium ; Clay accumulation ; Copper ; C:N ratio ; EDTA ; Forest soils ; Greece ; Iron ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Nitrogen ; Phosphate ; Potassium ; Soil classification ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Soils derived from a number of different parent materials (lithologies) and developed along a climatic gradient, manifested by the altitudinal succession of natural vegetation zones (Mediterranean, sub-Mediterranean, Mountainous and Pseudoalpine), were sampled throughout mainland Greece. In soils derived from siliceous parent materials low in clay, acidity increase and percent base saturation decreases from the Mediterranean to the Pseudoalpine vegetation zones. Clay illuviation is found mainly in soils developed in the Mediterranean and the sub-Mediterranean zones. No such changes are apparent in clayey soils rich in bases. Organic matter content of the mineral portion of the soil profile increases by a factor of 2 with a decrease in mean annual air temperature of about 10°C. The pattern of change in clay and soil organic matter content with climate is in relatively good agreement with soil development trends in the area, when soil profiles are named according to the FAO-Unesco soil map of the world. Concentrations of Ca and Mg decrease and those of total N, total and extractable P, K, Fe, Mn and Zn increase from the Mediterranean to the Mountainous zone. Within the same zone, however, concentrations of N, Ca, K, Fe, Mn and Zn decrease, but those of Mg, total and extractable P increase with soil depth. The concentrations of most macro- and micronutrients in the humic horizon are several times higher than those in the mineral portion of the soil profile due to biological enrichment.
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    Supply and uptake of potassium, calcium and magnesium of spray carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus) grown in rockwool (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 93 (1986), S. 259-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcium ; Carnations ; Cation ratios ; Foot rot ; Fusarium ; Magnesium ; Nutrient solution ; Plant-sap analysis ; Potassium ; Rockwool ; Tissue analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In two experiments with carnations grown in rockwool the effects of different cation ratios in the nutrient solution were studied. The results showed that carnations need a high calcium supply. The crop did not appear to be sensitive to different potassium-magnesium ratios in the nutrient solution. In the nutrient solution added mole ratios K∶Ca∶Mg=55∶35∶10 seemed to be optimal. Such ratios in addition led to ratios of 55∶30∶15 in the root environment. Tissue analysis showed that in younger leaves of peduncles harvested a potassium content of 900 mmol per kg dry matter was optimal. For calcium a content of 350 and for magnesium 100–150 mmol per kg was needed. Analytical data of plant-sap analyses were closely correlated with data gained by digestion of dried material. For potassium and magnesium the relationships were linear. However, for calcium a curvilinear relationship was found. In the experiments indications were obtained that a sufficient calcium supply suppressed foot rot in carnations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374228
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  • 94
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    The critical level of zinc in soil and plant for predicting response of cluster bean to zinc fertilization (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 94 (1986), S. 285-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Clusterbean ; Critical level ; Soil ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Bulk samples of 26 soils (India) ranging in DTPA-extractable Zn from 0.24 to 2.00 ppm were subjected to greenhouse study to find critical levels of soil and plant Zn for predicting response of clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) to Zn fertilization. Bray's per cent yields (BPY) at 5 ppm added Zn varied from 37 to 117 and was positively correlated with DTPA extractable Zn (r=0.66**) and plant tissue Zn (r=0.88**). The total Zn in six weeks old plants of no added Zn ranged from 11.44 to 24.79 ppm. The critical Zn concentration in soil and plant below which plant response to Zn application may be expected was found to be 0.54 and 15.4 ppm respectively. In all the 17 Zn-deficient soils plants responded markedly to Zn application and per cent mean response at 5 ppm added Zn level was 21 to 168 with a mean value of 70 per cent. The critical soil Zn level as calculated by statistical method was similar to the value found by graphical method.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374352
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  • 95
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    Nutritional effects of non-steady state soil salinity on a salt-tolerant wheat cultivar (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 83 (1985), S. 223-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Absorption ; Accumulation ; Calcareous soil ; Calcium ; Chloride ; Leaching ; Magnesium ; Nitrogen ; Phosphate ; Potassium ; Sea water ; Triticum aestivum L. ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary On an initially non-saline calcareous soil, the advanced wheat line RI 3748 (Triticum aestivum L.) was irrigated by sea water dilutions having ECi-2, 12, 18 and 24 mS cm−1 at 20°C in quantities equal to 1.1, 1.3, and 1.5 times evapotranspiration. Leaching of the soil (L) significantly affected concentrations of N, Ca, P, Na, Cl, and Mg in topgrowth at specific ages. These effects were attributed to the non-steady state salinity of the rootzone and were found to be of minor importance with respect to plant performance. Concentrations of Ca and N did not respond to ECi. Nitrogen and P levels were very low under all ECi levels and decreased rapidly until maturity. Sodium and Cl attained fairly high concentrations in plant tops, in response to ECi and plant age. However, it was found that up to ECi=12 increased absorption of Cl controlled its concentration whereas above this level, growth inhibition was the cause of higher Cl concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02184294
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  • 96
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    Influence of root zone oxygen stress on potassium and ammonium absorption by Myrobalan plum rootstock (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 80 (1984), S. 345-353 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonium ; Anaerobiosis ; Ion absorption ; Ion efflux ; Myrobalan plum rootstock ; Oxygen stress ; Potassium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Growth chamber experiments were conducted with ‘French’ prune (Prunus domestica L.) scions grafted on Myrobalan 29C (P. cerasifera Ehrh.) rootstocks grown in nutrient solution to characterize K and NH4 uptake before, during, and after anaerobiosis. Conditions of oxygen stress were imposed by removing the source of aeration and bubbling solutions with nitrogen gas. At solution oxygen concentrations less than 1%, K leaked from plant roots. After 18 h of anaerobic conditions, aeration was restored and K depletion from solution occurred within 2 h. Uptake of K the following day was similar to that before oxygen stress was imposed. Under similar conditions with solution oxygen concentrations less than 1%, both K and NH4 uptake were inhibited. Potassium leakage from roots was significantly greater than that of NH4. The presence of NH4 had no significant effect on K leakage from roots. Signs of wilting during oxygen stress appeared first on those trees that received NH4. Potassium uptake by rootstocks in the presence of NH4 was inhibited prior to and following anaerobiosis. However, the extent of NH4-induced inhibition of K uptake before anaerobiosis was similar to the K uptake inhibition after anaerobiosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02140041
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  • 97
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    Effect of nitrogen form at various levels of potassium, on the Meloidogyne-Fusarium wilt complex in muskmelon (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 81 (1984), S. 85-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Meloidogyne-Fusarium complex ; Nitrogen-form ; Potassium ; Cucumis melo ; Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.melonis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The influence of various potassium concentration and of nitrate or ammonium was evaluated on non inoculated muskmelon plants and on plants inoculated with theFusarium wilt pathogen (F), the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) (Nem), or a combination of both pathogens (F+Nem). Increasing potassium concentrations raised top fresh weights (TFW) in all four groups. Nitrate fertilized plants weighed more than plants receiving ammonium, independent of the K+ level in the medium. In the Nem+F infected plants TFW values were one and half to two times greater in those receiving the nitrate than in those receiving the ammonium. Number of nematodes in the roots were not affected by nutritional difference. In the ammonium fertilized F and Nem+F plants 30% more wilting was found than after nitrate application. Irrespective of the form of nitrogen that was applied accumulation of N, P and K was found in the roots of the Nem+F and/or Nem plants, while in the shoots Ca, Mg, Na and P accumulated and K was depleted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02206897
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  • 98
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    Seasonal changes in foliar macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) inEucalyptus saligna Sm. andE. wandoo Blakely growing in rehabilitated bauxite mine soils of the Darling Range, Western Australia (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 81 (1984), S. 377-388 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcium ; Eucalyptus saligna ; Eucalyptus wandoo ; Foliar nutrients ; Magnesium ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Rehabilitation ; Seasonal trends
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Seasonal changes in the foliar concentration of macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) in sapling trees ofEucalyptus saligna Sm. andE. wandoo Blakely growing in rehabilitated bauxite mined areas in the Darling Range of Western Australia are described. Foliar N concentration decreased with age of the fully expanded leaf tissue. Leaf N concentrations were also high when rates of litter decomposition were expected to be high during the period of early spring. The greatest foliar N difference between trees growing in good soil conditions and those from poorer soil conditions also occurred during this period. Levels of P in leaves were highest in young developing leaves but once the leaves reached full size, no seasonal trend in P concentration was observed. Foliar K was lower during the winter and probably related to the period of maximum leaching by precipitation. High foliar K during summer, however, could be related to the role of K in lowering cellular water potential. Leaf Ca was highest during early sping. Low mobility of cellular Ca during the cool portion of the year was indicated. Foliar Mg showed a weak pattern of decreasing concentration with leaf age. The best season for sampling for these broadleafed evergreen species to provide information on plant nutrient status appears to be in spring.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02323052
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  • 99
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    Effect of soil salinity level and zinc application on growth, yield, and nutrient composition of rice (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 82 (1984), S. 3-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Concentration ; Growth ; Rice ; Salt-sensitive ; Salt tolerant ; Yield ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary To study the effect of salinity and Zn levels on growth, yield, and nutrient composition of rice (Oryza sativa L.), an experiment was conducted at IRRI with three levels of salinity (ECe 2.5, 5.6, and 8.7) and three levels of Zn (0, 10, and 20 mg Zn/kg soil), and two rices (salt-tolerant experimental line IR10198-66-2 and salt-sensitive variety IR28). Salinity decreased plant height; yield-contributing characters; and shoot, straw, and grain yields in IR28. In contrast, salinity up to ECe 5.6 did not affect these plant parameters in experimental line IR10198-66-2 but at ECe 8.7, it decreased the panicle weight and shoot, straw, and grain yields. The application of Zn at rates as high as 10 mg/kg soil increased the height and improved the yield-contributing characters and the shoot, straw, and grain yields in IR28; it has no effect in IR10198-66-2. In general, the shoot, straw, and grain yields were higher in IR10198-66-2 than in IR28. Salinity increased the concentrations of N, Na, Mg, and Cu and decreased the concentration of K in shoot and straw of IR28. However, in IR10198-66-2, salinity did not affect the concentrations of K, Na, and Mn, but at its highest level (ECe 8.7) increased those of N and Cu. In grains, salinity increased the concentrations of Na, Fe, and Zn; decreased those of P and Mn; and did not affect those of N, K, Ca, Mg, and Cu in both varieties. The application of Zn at rates up to 10 mg Zn/kg soil reduced the concentration of Na and increased that of K in IR28 but had no effect on the concentration of Na and K in IR10198-66-2. In both varieties, Zn application reduced the concentrations of P, Ca, Mg, and Fe and increased those of Zn and Mn. IR10198-66-2 had lower concentrations of Na, Ca, Mn, Fe, Zn, and Cu and higher concentrations of K and Mg than IR28.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02220765
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  • 100
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    Mobilisation of Cu, Mn and Zn in the soil solutions of barley rhizospheres (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 86 (1985), S. 147-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Barley ; Copper ; Manganese ; Rhizosphere ; Soil solution ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary We report data showing changes during the growing season in the concentrations of manganese, zinc and copper in the rhizosphere in soil solutions of barley plants. Substantial mobilisation of these trace elements occurred during the early stages of rhizosphere development so that soil solution concentrations increased three fold for the copper and zinc and fifteen fold for manganese.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02185036
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