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  • Other Sources  (833)
  • ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION  (634)
  • COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR  (199)
  • 1980-1984  (833)
  • 1981  (833)
  • 1
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Prediction methods and related propagation results for the evaluation of Earth-space communication paths operating above 10 GHz are presented. Gaseous attenuation, rain, cloud, fog, sand, and dust attenuation, path diversity, signal fluctuations and low angle fading, depolarization effects, bandwidth coherence, and sky noise are considered.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: Propagation Effects Handbook for Satellite Systems Design; p 195-348
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  • 2
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The description and measurement of the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of rain and rain systems are discussed. The statistical relationships of these characteristics and their effect on polarization and attenuation are considered. Macroscopic characteristics include the size, distribution, and movements of rain cells, the height of melting layers, and the presence of ice crystals. Microscopic characteristics include the size distribution, density, and oblateness of rain drops and ice crystals. The estimation of a major propagation effect, specific attenuation, is described.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: Propagation Effects Handbook for Satellite Systems Design; p 5-39
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  • 3
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Existing data bases accumulated as the result of experiments to gather propagation data on millimeter wave Earth-space links are described. The satellites used are described and results of the significant experiments conducted in the United States are summarized. The data bases consist primarily of cumulative attenuation statistics, though some depolarization measurements are included. Additional summaries of propagation data are cited.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: Its Propagation Effects Handbook for Satellite Systems Design; p 155-194
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  • 4
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The key features of the Rice-Holmberg, Dutton-Dougherty, Global, Lin, and Piecewise Uniform Rain Rate models for estimation of cumulative attenuation statistics on Earth-space millimeter paths are summarized. The models provide either rain rate statistics or attenuation statistics, which can be related by use of the specific attenuation and the effective path length relation. The effective path length is defined. The advantages and disadvantages of each model for specific applications are discussed. The Global model is recommended as the design tool for predicting propagation effects in Earth-space communication systems.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: Propagation Effects Handbook for Satellite Systems Design; p 41-101
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The corresponding between a given propagation phenomenon and system performance is considered. Propagation data are related to system performance parameters, allowing the systems engineer to perform the analyses determining how well requirements are met by a given system design, and enabling the systems engineer to modify that design if necessary. The various ways of specifying performance criteria for different kinds of systems are discussed, and a general procedure for system design is presented and demonstrated.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: Propagation Effects Handbook for Satellite Systems Design; p 349-404
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  • 6
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Sources of depolarization effects on the propagation paths of orthogonally-polarized information channels are considered. The main sources of depolarization at millimeter wave frequencies are hydrometeor absorption and scattering in the troposphere. Terms are defined. Mathematical formulations for the effects of the propagation medium characteristics and antenna performance on signals in dual polarization Earth-space links are presented. Techniques for modeling rain and ice depolarization are discussed.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: Propagation Effects Handbook for Satellite Systems Design; p 103-154
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is noted that in the case of low-level injection, space-charge quasi-neutrality, and spatially constant material parameters (including an electrostatic field), the individual layer can be treated analytically and the basic solar cell performance parameters can be evaluated from three equations. The first equation represents the transformation of the transport velocity across the layer from the other layer boundary. The second establishes the light-generated current output from the layer interface, under the influence of the transport velocities and minority-carrier density at both layer boundaries and of bulk recombination. The third equation describes the flow of these carriers across other layers. The power of the approach is considered to lie in its facility for analysis of the solar cell's performance layer by layer, giving a clear picture of the individual layer's influence on cell efficiency.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices; ED-28; May 1981
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  • 8
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A mathematical model of Viterbi decoder burst error performance is presented. This model allows for computer generation of Viterbi-like error sequences quickly and inexpensively for applications where large amounts of data are required. The model is corroborated through comparisons with actual software decoder simulations.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Progr. Rept. 42-64; p 187-193
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An efficient computational technique is developed to evaluate the performance of coherent receivers with noisy carrier reference and multiple antennas. The received signal is assumed to be uncoded residual carrier BPSK (binary phase shift keying), with a PLL (phase locked loop) used for extracting the carrier. Explicit relationships between the error probabilities and the various system parameters are given. Specific results are given for the performance gain of combined carrier referencing over baseband only combining when the channel alignment process is ideal. A simple asymptotic expression for the performance gain is determined when the number of antennas used is increased without bound. An example using a Block 3 Deep Space Network PLL illustrates the performance of each arraying structure. The technique used is applicable to the performance evaluation for other receivers having similar decision statistics.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Progr. Rept. 42-64; p 194-206
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  • 10
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The DSN VLBI System was established as a network system in 1978. The evolution of the VLBI System from Mark 1-79 to Mark 4-85 is described, and the system functional requirements for Mark 4-85 are discussed.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Progr. Rept. 42-64; p 61-76
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  • 11
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Modification of the currently operational DSN Command System MK 3-80 consisted of improvement of the uplink carrier frequency tuning capability to satisfy Voyager 2 requirements. Upgrading of Command System monitoring functions in the Network Operations Control Center is discussed. The DSN Command System requirements and functional design are described for the Mark 4 Network.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Progr. Rept. 42-64; p 53-60
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  • 12
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The proposed design for the microwave subsystem of Project ORION is presented. Performance characteristics and subsystem capabilities are discussed. Functional requirements and key performance parameters are stated for the subsystem as well as a proposed schedule of events.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Progr. Rept. 42-64; p 10-17
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  • 13
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A single frequency communication system is considered consisting of K possibly moving users distributed in space simultaneously communicating with a central station equipped with a computationally adapted array of n = or K antennas. Such a configuration could result if K spacecraft were to be simultaneously tracked by a single DSN complex consisting of an n antennas array. The array employs K sets of n weights to segregate the signals received from the K users. The weights are determined by direct computation based on known position information of the K users. Currently known techniques require (for n = K) about (4/3)K to the 4th power computer operations (multiply and add) to perform such computations. A technique that accomplishes this same goal in 8 K to the 3rd power operations, yielding a reduction by a factor K/6, was developed.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 118-127
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  • 14
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Radiometric microwave noise temperature measurements were used to estimate atmospheric transmission loss. The following lumped element model expression is used for the noise temperature contribution, T double prime = T sub p (1 - 1/L). This relationship is used to estimate the transmission loss L in terms of T double prime and the atmosphere effective physical temperature T sub p. This report evaluates T sub p in terms of assumed distributed loss and temperature models. Simplified expressions are presented for low loss applications. For these applications L was determined directly and accurately without integration or iteration.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 87-96
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: When high precision is required for range measurement on Earth space paths, it is necessary to correct as accurately as possible for excess range delays due to the dry air, water vapor, and liquid water content of the atmosphere. Calculations based on representative values of atmospheric parameters are useful for illustrating the order of magnitude of the expected delays. Range delay, time delay, and phase delay are simply and directly related. Doppler frequency variations or noise are proportional to the time rate of change of excess range delay. Tropospheric effects were examined as part of an overall consideration of the capability of precision two way ranging and Doppler systems.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 71-86
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The extension of the 26 meter antenna to 34 meter diameter decreased the F/D ratio. This F/D change resulted in unacceptable gain losses due to the hyperboloid's lateral deflections. A three direction translating mounting device was added to the hyperboloid. This device was controlled by a microprocessor to minimize the offsets of the phase centers in the cassegrain RF system and also compensated for boresight directions. The use of the radiation program to predict the gain losses from displacements computed by a structural computing program using an analytical model of the 34 meter reflector structure is discussed. Field test results showed accurate predictions for the Y and Z hyperboloid translations. In the X direction, the prediction value was low. However, the computed gain losses vs primary foci offsets by the radiation program were verified by field tests.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: Telecommun. and Data Acquisition; p 112-120
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The interim frequency standards test facility tests all frequency standards used in the DSN. It is also the central testing facility for testing all ultrastable hydrogen maser frequency standards. This proposed data acquisition/processing system was designed to support the IFSTF by acquiring and processing the large amounts of data generated there.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: Telecommun. and Data Acquisition; p 22-30
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  • 18
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Methods and instrumentation are being developed to determine the frequency stability of Deep Space Stations. The efforts are presently focused on the verification of the stability of the X-band uplink and other RF and microwave subsystems which contribute to the overall stability of the system. The measurement methodology is presented as well as frequency stability data generated with the development measurement system. The system characteristics are highlighted and the potential areas where improvements could be made are discussed.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: Telecommun. and Data Acquisition; p 35-42
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  • 19
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The measurement of the electrical performance characteristics of individual solar cells is discussed. One of the reasons is determination of the output power, measurement of the effect of various degradation mechanisms, and separation of cells by current and voltage for eventual use in series and parallel combinations. Major problem areas in making accurate performance measurements are the determination of the irradiance level during measurement, the measurement and control of cell junction temperature, and the contacting of the separate current and potential leads to the cell under test. Solar cells respond to only part of the solar spectrum, irradiance measurement made with blackbody detectors lead to spectral mismatch errors. The use of reference cells with a spectral response similar to that of the test cell reduces this error. Reference cells are calibrated at standard atmospheric conditions with all cells calibrated at the same conditions.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Midwest Research Inst. Com. Photovoltaics Meas. Workshop Proc.; p 227-233
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  • 20
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Propagation phenomena affect the design of radio frequency (RF) transmission systems. Propagation phenomena limit the suitability of portions of the frequency band for some applications, limit the reliability of RF transmission systems, and provide a means of coupling unwanted signals from one system to another with the potential of producing interference. The possibility of interference is the fundamental limitation to the unrestricted use of the frequency band. Phenomena affecting suitability, reliability, and the potential for interference are considered for frequencies in the 1- to 300-GHz range.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: IEEE; vol. 69
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  • 21
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An introduction to the phase four receiver subsystem to be implemented into the DSN for VLBI applications is presented. The key design areas are discussed along with the design approach. Preliminary evaluation data indicate a feasible, straightforward design may be obtained.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Progr. Rept. 42-64; p 18-29
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The capacity is derived under both peak and average signal power constraints and without a signal bandwidth constraint. A random telegraph wave type signalling scheme of Kabanov is known to achieve capacity provided enough signalling bandwidth is available. In the absence of received background noise, an optimally coded PPM system is shown to achieve capacity with greatly reduced bandwidth as compared to Kabanov signals.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 51-70
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Baseband combining with and without combined carrier referencing for antenna arrays are compared under two scenarios for the Voyager 2 Uranus encounter. The combined carrier reference scheme is estimated to outperform the baseband only scheme by less than 0.3 dB E (sub b)/N (sub 0) at a bit error probability of 0.005. These results were attained both with mathematical modeling and software Viterbi decoder simulations.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: Telecommun. and Data Acquisition; p 105-111
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The ground and spacecraft hardware research, design, and implementation lead to an end to end in flight technology demonstration on the International Solar Polar Mission spacecraft. An introduction to the overall effort is given and the flight experiment objectives are established. The expected improvements in the telecommunications performance are summarized. Also presented is a conceptual mission operations plant.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: Telecommun. and Data Acquisition; p 50-62
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  • 25
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Rectenna deviations are described which produce errors in the since of reduced efficiency and/or scattering. Three classes of deviations are emphasized: random construction variations; systematic variations; and atmospheric induced randomness.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: A Theoret. Study of Microwave Beam Absorption by a Rectenna; p 93-107
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  • 26
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The radiation patterns characteristic of an indefinite planar array of isotropic antennas was investigated. Particular emphasis was given to the grating lobe scatter from the rectenna. It is shown that an idealy arrayed rectenna of indefinite extent would produce grating lobes which are impulsive. It is further shown that a shift to finite extent or introduction of typical variations in element placement should generate more typical patterns.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: A Theoret. Study of Microwave Beam Absorption by a Rectenna; p 81-90
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  • 27
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A model is presented which quantifies the electromagnetic modes (field configurations) in the immediate vicinity of the rectenna element. Specifically, the waveguide model characterizes the electromagnetic modes generated by planar waves normal to the array. The model applies only to incidence normal to the array.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: A Theoret. Study of Microwave Beam Absorption by a Rectenna; p 59-77
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  • 28
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The conditions required for a large rectenna array (i.e., reference design) to absorb nearly 100% of transmitted energy were studied. Design parameters including element spacing, and the manner in which these affect scatter were formulated. Amplitudes and directions of scatter and development of strategies for mitigation were also investigated. The effects on rectenna behavior of external factors such as weather and aircraft overflights were determined.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: A Theoret. Study of Microwave Beam Absorption by a Rectenna; p 1-36
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  • 29
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The federal government has sponsored a program of research and development on terrestrial photovoltaic systems that is designed to reduce the costs of such systems through technological advances. There are many potential paths to lower system costs, and successful developments have led to increased private investment in photovoltaics. The prices for photovoltaic collectors and systems that appear to be achievable within this decade offer hope that the systems will soon be attractive in utility applications within the United States. Most of the advances achieved will also be directly applicable to the remote markets in which photovoltaic systems are now commercially successful
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Science; 212; June 26
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Alternate methods of generating hydrogen from the sulfuric acid thermal or electrochemical cycles are presented. A number of processes requiring chemical, electrochemical or photochemical methods are also presented. These include the design of potential photoelectrodes and photocatalytic membranes using Ru impregnated nafion tubing, and the design of experiments to study the catalyzed electrolytic formation of hydrogen and sulfuric acid from sulfur dioxide and water using quinones as catalysts. Experiments are carried out to determine the value of these approaches to energy conversion.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Courtesy Associates, Inc. Proc. of the DOE Thermal and Chem. Storage Ann. Contractor's Rev. Meeting; p 233-236
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  • 31
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The production, storage and transmission, and utilization of hydrogen are included. Management structure and the programmatic emphasis are summarized.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Courtesy Associates, Inc. Proc. of the DOE Thermal and Chem. Storage Ann. Contractor's Rev. Meeting; p 141-144
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  • 32
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Electrochemical and thermochemical systems are reviewed. Chemical heat pumps, end-use applications and systems studies, and storage systems and materials are also discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Courtesy Associates, Inc. Proc. of the DOE Thermal and Chem. Storage Ann. Contractor's Rev. Meeting; p 145-149
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The high temperature catalytic dissocation of SO3 is an important chemical process being considered in the development and application of solar-thermal energy conversion, transport, and storage systems. A facility for evaluating chemical converter-heat exchangers at temperatures to 1000 C with high flow rates of gaseous SO3 feedstock has been assembled and operated on the NMSU campus. Several quartz and metal reactors containing different catalyst configurations have been tested. Descriptions of the test facility and of the reactors are given along with a presentation and discussion of experimental results.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Energy; 27; 5, 19; 1981
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The comparative costs entailed in producing hydrogen by major technologies that rely on petroleum, natural gas, coal, thermochemical cycles, and electrolysis are examined. Techniques were developed for comparing these processes by formulating the process data and economic assessments on a uniform and consistent basis. These data were normalized to permit a meaningful comparative analysis of product costs of these processes.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Courtesy Associates, Inc. Proc. of the DOE Thermal and Chem. Storage Ann. Contractor's Rev. Meeting; p 227-231
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  • 35
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The history of fuel cells and the theory of fuel cells is given. Expressions for thermodynamic and electrical efficiencies are developed. The voltage losses due to electrode activation, ohmic resistance and ionic diffusion are discussed. Present limitations of the Orbiter Fuel Cell, as well as proposed enhancements, are given. These enhancements are then evaluated and recommendations are given for fuel cell enhancement both for short-range as well as long-range performance improvement. Estimates of reliability and cost savings are given for enhancements where possible.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Houston Univ. The 1981 NASA ASEE Summer Fac. fellowship Program, Vol. 1; 27 p
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The resistivities of TiN and Ti-TiN contacts on a shallow junction solar-cell-type silicon substrate have been determined by the method of the transmission line model. The contacts investigated are shown to be suitable for standard solar cells from an electrical point of view. Contact resistivity values of the order of 0.0001 ohm/sq cm as obtained for the n(+)Si-TiSi2-TiN contact system may be acceptable for concentrations up to 100 times, but lower values are necessary beyond this point.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Energy; 27; 4, 19; 1981
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: During the 1970-1980 time period a substantial advance has been made in developing all portions of a microwave power transmission system for the solar power satellite (SPS). The most recent advances pertain to the transmitting portion of the system in the satellite and are based upon experimental observations of the use of the magnetron combined with a passive directional device to convert it into a highly efficient directional amplifier with excellent low-noise properties and potentially very long life. The ability of its microwave output to track a phase reference makes it possible to combine it with many other radiating units to provide a highly coherent microwave beam. The ability of its output to track an amplitude reference while operating from a dc power source with varying voltage makes it possible to eliminate most of the power conditioning equipment that would otherwise be necessary.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: This paper considers the performance of quadrature partial response (QPR) in the presence of jamming. Although a QPR system employs a single sample detector in its receiver, while quadrature amplitude shift keying (or quadrature phase shift keying) requires a matched-filter type of receiver, it is shown that the coherent detection performances of the two in the presence of the intentional jammer have definite similarities.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Communications; COM-29; Nov. 198
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: This paper discusses the application of field modulated generator systems (FMGS) to dispersed solar-thermal-electric generation from a parabolic dish field with electric transport. Each solar generation unit is rated at 15 kWe and the power generated by an array of such units is electrically collected for insertion into an existing utility grid. Such an approach appears to be most suitable when the heat engine rotational speeds are high (greater than 6000 r/min) and, in particular, if they are operated in the variable speed mode and if utility-grade a.c. is required for direct insertion into the grid without an intermediate electric energy storage and reconversion system. Predictions of overall efficiencies based on conservative efficiency figures for the FMGS are in the range of 25 per cent and should be encouraging to those involved in the development of cost-effective dispersed solar thermal power systems.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Energy; 27; 1, 19; 1981
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: By coupling the results of electrical measurements, such as spectral response, lighted and dark I-V determinations, and deep-level-transient spectroscopy with optical and laser scan photomicroscopy, the effects of grain boundaries and impurities on silicon solar cells were evaluated. Titanium, which produces two deep levels in silicon, degrades cell performance by reducing bulk lifetime and thus cell short-circuit current. Electrically active grain boundaries induce carrier recombination in the bulk and depletion regions of the solar cell. Experimental data imply a small but measurable segregation of titanium into some grain boundaries of the polycrystalline silicon containing high Ti concentration. However, for the titanium-contaminated polycrystalline material used in this study, solar cell performance is dominated by the electrically active titanium concentration in the grains. Microstructural impacts on the devices are of secondary importance
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices; ED-28; Jan. 198
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  • 41
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Some of the useful formulas and methods for determining antenna beam solid angle are presented. The applicability of these formulas in evaluating radiometric systems performance is illustrated.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Progr. Rept. 42-64; p 168-172
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Comparison of four scanning schemes including CONSCAN indicates that CONSCAN with signal cleanup and protection processes has the greatest merit in terms of accuracy, dependability and automatic unattended operation. Specific problem areas, error sources, and corrective measures are discussed.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Progr. Rept. 42-64; p 116-122
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  • 43
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: As a possible application for the Goldstone Energy Project, the performance of a 10 ton heat pump unit using a hybrid solar gas energy source was evaluated in an effort to optimize the solar collector size. The heat pump system is designed to provide all the cooling and/or heating requirements of a selected office building. The system performance is to be augmented in the heating mode by utilizing the waste heat from the power cycle. A simplified system analysis is described to assess and compute interrrelationships of the engine, heat pump, and solar and building performance parameters, and to optimize the solar concentrator/building area ratio for a minimum total system cost. In addition, four alternative heating cooling systems, commonly used for building comfort, are described; their costs are compared, and are found to be less competitive with the gas solar heat pump system at the projected solar equipment costs.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 154-190
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A computer program called ECPVER (Energy Consumption Program - Verification) was developed to simulate all energy loads for any number of buildings. The program computes simulated daily, monthly, and yearly energy consumption which can be compared with actual meter readings for the same time period. Such comparison can lead to validation of the model under a variety of conditions, which allows it to be used to predict future energy saving due to energy conservation measures. Predicted energy saving can then be compared with actual saving to verify the effectiveness of those energy conservation changes. This verification procedure is planned to be an important advancement in the Deep Space Network Energy Project, which seeks to reduce energy cost and consumption at all DSN Deep Space Stations.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Telecommun. and Data Acquisition; p 142-146
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The increasing density of electrical and electronic circuits in Deep Space Station systems for computation, control, and numerous related functions has combined with the extension of system performance requirements calling for higher speed circuitry along with broader bandwidths. This has progressively increased the number of potential sources of radio frequency interference inside the stations. Also, the extension of spectrum usage both in power and frequency as well as the greater density of usage at all frequencies for national and international satellite communications, space research, Earth resource operations and defense, and particularly the huge expansion of airborne electronic warfare and electronic countermeasures operations in the Mojave area have greatly increased the potential number and severity of radio frequency interference incidents. The various facets of this problem and the efforts to eliminate or minimize the impact of interference on Deep Space Network support of deep space flight projects are described.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: Telecommun. and Data Acquisition; p 125-131
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  • 46
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Four tests are described which are designed to evaluate the magnitude, type, and frequency of occurence of amplitude and phase variations in the solar power satellite power (SPS) beam as seen by the rectenna. Particular attention is given to the degree of deviation in the propagation observed under two conditions unique to the SPS: monochromaticity; and smallness of the effective aperture of individual rectenna element dipoles.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: A Theoret. Study of Microwave Beam Absorption by a Rectenna; p 111-118
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  • 47
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The model of a rectenna based on the current sheet equivalency of a large planar array is described. The model is mathematically characterized by expression for the fraction of the incident plane wave that is reflected from the sheet. The model is conceptually justified for normal incidence by comparing it to the waveguide model in which evanescent modes, present as beyond and cutoff, correspond to the near field components which become negligible at any significant distance from the antenna array.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: A Theoret. Study of Microwave Beam Absorption by a Rectenna; p 47-56
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  • 48
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The characteristic of plane waves are derived from Maxwell's equations. The derivation utilizes both the transmission and reflection of plane waves as a basis for its formulation.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: A Theoret. Study of Microwave Beam Absorption by a Rectenna; p 39-43
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  • 49
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The technical and economic status of fuel cells is assessed with emphasis on their potential benefits to the Deep Space Network. The fuel cell, what it is, how it operates, and what its outputs are, is reviewed. Major technical problems of the fuel cell and its components are highlighted. Due to these problems and economic considerations it is concluded that fuel cells will not become commercially viable until the early 1990s.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition; p 154-168
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A functional description of the new eight level ASCII Teletype Subsystem and its constitutent Teletype Assemblies is given. An overview of the implementation of the Teletype Subsystem is presented together with a discussion of the distinct capabilities of its equipment.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition; p 95-102
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  • 51
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An automatic test was developed to test the ability of the deep space station (DSS) command subsystem and exciter to generate and radiate, from the exciter, the correct idle bit sequence for a given flight project or to store and radiate received command data elements and files without alteration. This test, called the command system output bit verification test, is an extension of the command system performance test (SPT) and can be selected as an SPT option. The test compares the bit stream radiated from the DSS exciter with reference sequences generated by the SPT software program. The command subsystem and exciter are verified when the bit stream and reference sequences are identical. It is a key element of the acceptance testing conducted on the command processor assembly (CPA) operational program (DMC-0584-OP-G) prior to its transfer from development to operations.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition; p 112-114
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A simple analytical model is developed for the simulation of seasonal heating and cooling loads of any class of buildings to complement available computerized techniques which make hourly, daily, and monthly calculations. An expression for the annual energy utilization index, which is a common measure of rating buildings having the same functional utilization, is derived to include about 30 parameters for both building interior and exterior environments. The sensitivity of a general class building to either controlled or uncontrolled weather parameters is examined. A hypothetical office type building, located at the Goldstone Space Communication Complex, Goldstone, California, is selected as an example for the numerical sensitivity evaluations. Several expressions of variations in local outside air temperature, pressure, solar radiation, and wind velocity are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition; p 58-88
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Historical data on selected communication parameters are presented in tables and charts for 14 deep space missions. Some observations are made about trends in communication capability.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition; p 7-16
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  • 54
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: In photovoltaic systems, the encapsulant material that protects the solar cells should be highly transparent and very durable. Glass satisfies these two criteria and is considered a primary candidate for low-cost, photovoltaic encapsulation systems. In this paper, various aspects of glass encapsulation are treated that are important for the designer of photovoltaic systems. Candidate glasses and available information defining the state of the art of glass encapsulation materials and processes for automated, high volume production of terrestrial photovoltaic devices and related applications are presented. The desired characteristics of glass encapsulation are (1) low degradation rates, (2) high transmittance, (3) high reliability, (4) low-cost, and (5) high annual production capacity. The glass design areas treated herein include the types of glass, sources, prices, physical properties and glass modifications, such as antireflection coatings.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 55
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An overview is given of parabolic dish solar concentrator application experiments being conducted by the U.S. Department of Energy. The 'engineering experiments' comprise the testing of (1) a small-community powerplant system, in conjunction with a grid-connected utility; (2) stand-alone applications at remote sites such as military installations, radar stations and villages; and (3) dish modules that can deliver heat for direct use in industrial processes. Applicability projections are based on a dish and receiver that use a Brayton engine with an engine/generator efficiency of 25% and a production level of up to 25,000 units per year. Analyses indicate that parabolic-dish power systems can potentially replace small, oil-fired power plants in all regions of the U.S. between 1985 and 1991.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Sunworld; 5; May 1981
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  • 56
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A description is given of several parabolic-dish high temperature solar thermal systems currently undergoing performance trials. A single parabolic dish has the potential for generating 20 to 30 kW of electricity with fluid temperatures from 300 to 1650 C. Each dish is a complete power-producing unit, and may function either independently or as part of a group of linked modules. The two dish designs under consideration are of 11 and 12 meter diameters, yielding receiver operating temperatures of 925 and 815 C, respectively. The receiver designs described include (1) an organic working fluid (toluene) Rankine cycle engine; (2) a Brayton open cycle unit incorporating a hybrid combustion chamber and nozzle and a shaft-coupled permanent magnet alternator; and (3) a modified Stirling cycle device originally designed for automotive use. Also considered are thermal buffer energy storage and thermochemical transport and storage.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Sunworld; 5; May 1981
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Previous results on the tracking performance of two-channel Costas-type carrier synchronization loops are generalized and corrected, in order that they may be applied to several mixed-format cases. In particular, the mean-square phase jitter performance of these loops with active arm filters, synchronous or asynchronous symbol clocks, and arbitrary data formats on the two channels is examined. It is demonstrated that for each case, selection of the channel gain ratio, as motivated by the MAP estimation theory, does not guarantee optimum loop tracking performance: in some instances, a conventional single-channel Costas loop would outperform the two-channel version with the MAP choice of gain ratio. It is suggested that the gain ratio be chosen to directly minimize the mean-square phase tracking jitter which is equivalent to minimizing the loop's 'squaring loss'. This can, in some cases, improve the performance measure, although in all cases, the two-channel loop will still outperform the single-channel version.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Communications; COM-29; Sept
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Monolithic catalysts with higher available active surface areas and better thermal conductivity than conventional pellets beds, making possible the steam reforming of fuels heavier than naphtha, were examined. Performance comparisons were made between conventional pellet beds and honeycomb monolith catalysts using n-hexane as the fuel. Metal-supported monoliths were examined. These offer higher structural stability and higher thermal conductivity than ceramic supports. Data from two metal monoliths of different nickel catalyst loadings were compared to pellets under the same operating conditions. Improved heat transfer and better conversion efficiencies were obtained with the monolith having higher catalyst loading. Surface-gas interaction was observed throughout the length of the monoliths.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Conversion of Hydrocarbons for Fuel Cell Appl.; p 75-120
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  • 59
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The hydrogen photoelectrolytic conversion activity investigated the practicability of semiconductor electrolytic devises that use solar energy to decompose water into hydrogen and oxygen in an apparent single step process. The photocatalytic decomposition of inorganic hydrogen compounds; i.e., hydrobromic and hydriodic acids using rhodium organic bridge complexes were also studied. The feasibility of direct high temperature thermal decompositions of water with diffusion processes for separation of the equilibrium mixture of hydrogen and oxygen into usable energy sources was examined.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Courtesy Associates, Inc. Proc. of the DOE Thermal and Chem. Storage Ann. Contractor's Rev. Meeting; p 232
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  • 60
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The hydrogen containment materials are studied. The safe, reliable, and economic containment of hydrogen is essential to the success of virtually any hydrogen energy transport and storage scheme. The potential problems associated with hydrogen containment are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Courtesy Associates, Inc. Proc. of the DOE Thermal and Chem. Storage Ann. Contractor's Rev. Meeting; p 224-226
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  • 61
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Dish-mounted latent heat storage subsystems for Rankine, Brayton, and Stirling engines operating at 427 C, 816 C, and 816 C respectively are discussed. Storage requirements definition, conceptual design, media stability and compatibility tests, and thermal performance analyses are considered.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Courtesy Associates, Inc. Proc. of the DOE Thermal and Chem. Storage Ann. Contractor's Rev. Meeting; p 113-117
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Performance tests performed on a four-feed microstrip antenna and feed network are analyzed. Frequency response with and without amplifiers, an investigation of noise threshold, phase tracking, and jitter are included. Recommendations for further development of SPS power conversion modules are also included.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: The 1981 NASA ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program, Vol. 1; 28 p
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The microwave Scanning Beam Landing System's (MSBLS) performance in fog and rain was studied. The fog and rain effects on the Shuttle Ku-band system were determined. Specifically, microwave attenuation, beam distortion, and coordinate errors resulting from operation of the MSBLS in poor weather conditions were evaluated. The main physical processes giving rise to microwave attenuation were found to be absorption and scattering by water droplets. The general theory of scattering and absorption used is discussed and a listing of applicable computer programs is provided.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: The 1981 NASA ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program, Vol. 1; 33 p
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The results of a theoretical study of microwave beam absorption by a Rectenna are given. Total absorption of the power beam is shown to be theoretically possible. Several improvements in the Rectenna design are indicated as a result of analytic modeling. The nature of Rectenna scattering and atmospheric effects are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Workshop on Microwave Power Transmission and Reception; p 234-240
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The photo voltage decay (PVD) method for the measurement of minority carrier lifetimes in P-N junction solar cells with cell thickness comparable to or even less than the minority carrier diffusion length is examined. The method involves the generation of free carriers in the quasi-neutral bulk material by flashes of light and the monitoring of the subsequent decay of the induced open-circuit voltages as the carriers recombine, which is dependent on minority carrier recombination lifetime. It is shown that the voltage versus time curve for an ordinary solar cell (N(+)-P junction) is proportional to the inverse minority carrier lifetime plus a factor expressing the ratio of diffusion length to cell thickness. In the case of an ideal back-surface-field cell (N(+)-P-P(+) junction) however, the slope is directly proportional to the inverse minority carrier lifetime. It is noted that since most BSF cells are not ideal, possessing a sizable back surface recombination velocity, the PVD measurements must be treated with caution and supplemented with other nonstationary methods.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Journal of Applied Physics; 52; Sept
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  • 66
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The mechanisms by which various fuel component hydrocarbons related to both heavy petroleum and coal-derived liquids are converted to hydrogen without forming carbon were investigated. Reactive differences between paraffins and aromatics in autothermal reforming (ATR) were shown to be responsible for the observed fuel-specific carbon formation characteristics. The types of carbon formed in the reformer were identified by SEM and XRD analyses of catalyst samples and carbon deposits. From tests with both light and heavy paraffins and aromatics, it is concluded that high boiling point hydrocarbons and polynuclear aromatics enhance the propensity for carbon formation. The effects of propylene addition on the ATR performance of benzene are described. In ATR tests with mixtures of paraffins and aromatics, synergistic effects on conversion characteristics were identified. Indications that the sulfur content of the fuel may be the limiting factor for efficient ATR operation were found. The conversion and degradation effects of the sulfur additive (thiophene) were examined.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: conversion of Hydrocarbons for Fuel Cell Appl.; p 1-74
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  • 67
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The book opens with a review of the patterns of energy use and resources in the United States, and an exploration of the potential of solar energy to supply some of this energy in the future. This is followed by background material on solar geometry, solar intensities, flat plate collectors, and economics. Detailed attention is then given to a variety of solar units and systems, including domestic hot water systems, space heating systems, solar-assisted heat pumps, intermediate temperature collectors, space heating/cooling systems, concentrating collectors for high temperatures, storage systems, and solar total energy systems. Finally, rights to solar access are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A reduction in the cost of silicon for solar cells is an important objective in a project concerned with the reduction of the cost of electricity produced with solar cells. The cost goal for the silicon material is about $14 per kg (1980 dollars). The process which is currently employed to produce semiconductor grade silicon from trichlorosilane is not suited for meeting this cost goal. Other processes for producing silicon are, therefore, being investigated. A description is presented of results obtained for the DCS process which involves the production of dichlorosilane as a silicon source material for solar energy silicon. Major benefits of dichlorosilane as a silicon source material include faster reaction rates for chemical vapor deposition of silicon. The DCS process involves the reaction 2SiHCl3 yields reversibly SiH2Cl2 + SiCl4. The results of a cost analysis indicate a total product cost without profit of $1.29/kg of SiH2Cl2.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Energy; 27; 6, 19; 1981
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: This paper examines the performance of coherent QPSK and QASK systems combined with FH or FH/PN spread spectrum techniques in the presence of partial-band multitone or noise jamming. The worst-case jammer and worst-case performance are determined as functions of the signal-to-background noise ratio (SNR) and signal-to-jammer power ratio (SJR). Asymptotic results for high SNR are shown to have a linear dependence between the jammer's optimal power allocation and the system error probability performance.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
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  • 70
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: Some candidates for alkali metal and alkali halide mixtures suitable for thermal energy storage at temperatures 600 C are identified. A solar thermal system application which offer advantages such as precipitation of salt crystals away from heat transfer surfaces, increased thermal conductivity of phase change materials, corrosion inhibition, and a constant monotectic temperature, independent of mixture concentrations. By using the lighters, metal rich phase as a heat transfer medium and the denser, salt rich phase as a phase change material for latent heat storage, undesirable solidification on the heat transfer surface may be prevented, is presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ASME Solar Eng., 1981; p 667-674
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  • 71
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: The large wind turbine program activities are reviewed. These activities include results from the first and second generation field machines (Mod-OA, 1, and 2), the design phase of the third generation wind turbine (Mod-5) and the advanced technology projects. The status of the WTS-4 machine is also presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Midwest Res. Inst. Fifth Bien. Wind Energy Conf. and Workshop (WW5); p 39-58
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A system for focusing and pointing the SPS power beam is discussed. The system is ground based and closed loop. One receiving antenna is required on earth. A conventional uplinked data channel transmits an 8-bit phase error correction back to the SPS for sequential calibration of each power module. Beam pointing resolution is better than 140 meters at the rectenna.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Solar Power Satellite Microwave Transmission and Reception; p 139-140
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  • 73
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Fiber optic technology was tentatively selected in the SPS baseline design to transmit a stable phase reference throughout microwave array. Over a hundred thousand microwave modules are electronically steered by the phase reference signal to form the power beam at the ground receiving station. The initially selected IF distribution frequency of the phase reference signal was at 980 MHz or a submultiple of it. Fiber optics offers some significant advantages in view of the SPS application. Optical transmission is highly immune to EMI/RFI, which is expected to be severe when considering the low distribution power. In addition, there are savings in both mass, physical size, and potentially in cost.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Solar Power Satellite Microwave Transmission and Reception; p 154-158
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A simulator is described which generates and transmits a beam of audible sound energy mathematically similar to the SPS power beam. The simulator provides a laboratory means for analysis of ground based closed loop SPS phase control and of ionospheric effects on the SPS microwave power beam.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Solar Power Microwave Transmission and Reception; p 141-143
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Flutter analysis of two wind turbines was correlated with experimental data for flutter of Darrieus blades.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Wind Turbine Dyn.; p 199-200
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The theory and experimental measurements on the aerodynamic decay of a wake from high performance vertical axis wind turbine are discussed. In the initial experimental study, the wake downstream of a model Darrieus rotor, 28 cm diameter and a height of 45.5 cm, was measured in a Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel. The wind turbine was run at the design tip speed ratio of 5.5. It was found that the wake decayed at a slower rate with distance downstream of the turbine, than a wake from a screen with similar troposkein shape and drag force characteristics as the Darrieus rotor. The initial wind tunnel results indicated that the vertical axis wind turbines should be spaced at least forty diameters apart to avoid mutual power depreciation greater than ten per cent.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Wind Turbine Dyn.; p 51-66
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  • 77
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Aerodynamic developments for vertical axis and horizontal axis wind turbines are given that relate to the performance and aerodynamic loading of these machines. Included are: (1) a fixed wake aerodynamic model of the Darrieus vertical axis wind turbine; (2) experimental results that suggest the existence of a laminar flow Darrieus vertical axis turbine; (3) a simple aerodynamic model for the turbulent windmill/vortex ring state of horizontal axis rotors; and (4) a yawing moment of a rigid hub horizontal axis wind turbine that is related to blade coning.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Wind Turbine Dyn.; p 3-7
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A method for calculating the 'guaranteed mean' power output of a wind turbine generator is proposed. The term 'mean power' refers to the average power generated at specified wind speeds during short-term tests. Correlation of anemometers, the method of bins for analyzing non-steady data, the PROP Code for predicting turbine power, and statistical analysis of deviations in test data from theory are discussed. Guaranteed mean power density for the Clayton Mod-OA system was found to be 8 watts per square meter less than theoretical power density at all power levels, with a confidence level of 0.999. This amounts to 4 percent of rated power.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Wind Turbine Dyn.; p 139-150
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Potential small wind energy conversion (SWECS) design problems were identified to improve product quality and reliability. Mass produced components such as gearboxes, generators, bearings, etc., are generally reliable due to their widespread uniform use in other industries. The likelihood of failure increases, though, in the interfacing of these components and in SWECS components designed for a specific system use. Problems relating to the structural integrity of such components are discussed and analyzed with techniques currently used in quality assurance programs in other manufacturing industries.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Wind Turbine Dyn.; p 121-128
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The results of performance tests of a DAF Indal 50 kW vertical axis wind turbine are presented. Results of limited free stream turbulence and vertical wind shear measurements at the site are also presented. The close agreement between measured and predicted energy outputs, required to verify the wind turbine power output performance relationship, was not attained. A discussion is presented of factors that may have contributed to the lack of better agreement.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Wind Turbine Dyn.; p 129-138
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A statistical analysis of data obtained from the Technology and Engineering Information Systems was made. The systems analyzed consist of the following elements: (1) sensors which measure critical parameters (e.g., wind speed and direction, output power, blade loads and component vibrations); (2) remote multiplexing units (RMUs) on each wind turbine which frequency-modulate, multiplex and transmit sensor outputs; (3) on-site instrumentation to record, process and display the sensor output; and (4) statistical analysis of data. Two examples of the capabilities of these systems are presented. The first illustrates the standardized format for application of statistical analysis to each directly measured parameter. The second shows the use of a model to estimate the variability of the rotor thrust loading, which is a derived parameter.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Wind Turbine Dyn.; p 113-120
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The concentrator design approach evolved by a systemmatic process of examining the operating requirements particular to the solar application, minimizing material content through detail structural design and structurally efficient subsystem features, and utilizing materials and processes compatible with high volume production techniques. The design approach, the present concentrator configuration and the status of the hardware development are described.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Ann. Program Rev. Proc.; p 143-147
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  • 83
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Cost goal activities for the point focusing parabolic dish program are reported. Cost goals involve three tasks: (1) determination of the value of the dish systems to potential users; (2) the cost targets of the dish system are set out; (3) the value side and cost side are integrated to provide information concerning the potential size of the market for parabolic dishes. The latter two activities are emphasized.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Ann. Program Rev. Proc.; p 247-250
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  • 84
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Two procurements within the Industrial Application Experiment Series of the Thermal Power Systems Project are discussed. The first procurement, initiated in April 1980, resulted in an award to the Applied Concepts Corporation for the Capital Concrete Experiment: two Fresnel concentrating collectors will be evaluated in single-unit installations at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Parabolic Dish Test Site and at Capitol Concrete Products, Topeka, Kansas. The second procurement, initiated in March 1981, is titled, "Thermal System Engineering Experiment B." The objective of the procurement is the rapid deployment of developed parabolic dish collectors.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Ann. Program Rev. Proc.; p 215-216
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: An advanced point focusing solar technology demonstrated potential for near term commercialization as a renewable energy technology. The design features combine to produce a highly efficient, low cost, safe, adaptable, durable system which is simple to manufacture, install and maintain.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Ann. Program Rev. Proc.; p 171-178
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  • 86
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The battery assemblies in the Viking lander are discussed. Discharge and recharge schemes are described. Performance charts for the batteries are included.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 361-370
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  • 87
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Nickel cadmium batteries were performance tested and found to be compatible with the demands and goals of the Solar Maximum Mission flights.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 343-347
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  • 88
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The plate stocks of nickel cadmium batteries were disassembled to locate shorts. Through testing, the cause of the shorts was discovered to be a growth of cadmium coming through the separator.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 229-240
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  • 89
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: To observe a reasonable amount of expansion, months or years in acutal batteries are required. Therefore, the technique of electrode bending was developed. Active material is taken off a sample electrode on one side, and left only on the other side with a cadmium counter electrode. With this configuration, if the active material expands, the electrode will bend convex - concave towards this direction. This very small bending may be easily detected with light deflection. A laser beam was used to project it on the screen through a mirror attached on the electrode, thus making a very sensitive measurement of a very small expansion.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 175 - 181
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  • 90
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Some parametric tests followed by cycling tests are described for the characterization of the service life of nickel hydrogen cells. Three cells were automatically cycled in simulated low Earth orbit in 35 minute discharge, 55 minute charge, with charging voltage limited, temperature compensated. The cells were mounted in a fixture that conducts heat to an aluminum baseplate. The baseplate in turn, is bounded in a temperature controlled bath to remove the heat from the mounted fixture. One cell was tested with a zircar separator, which failed after 2473 cyles. Two other cells were tested one with a zircar separator; the other with asbestos. More than 400 cycles were achieved.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 409-418
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  • 91
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The development of the nickel hydrogen battery system was primarily for replacement of the nickel cadmium battery and for space power systems. A chronological review of the major events and milestones leading up to the current system status is summarized.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 391-397
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  • 92
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The charge efficiency of nickel hydrogen batteries is discussed. The general characteristics of the battery life cycle are described with respect to the dissipation of heat from the battery.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 339-407
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  • 93
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Nine packs of cells of different designs were put on test at Crane. They were run through their initial evaluation tests and then put into a cycling test. These were GE 12A h cells. The temperature was 20 C, the orbit was 90 minutes, the depth of discharge was 40%, the discharge rate was 9.6A and the initial charge rate was 9.6A to a voltage limit where it went into a taper. The goal was to get 100% return. The voltage limit was 1.453V through most of the testing, although recently it became necessary to lower some packs and raise some to hold 115% return. After one year, one cell from each pack was removed and the initial evaluation tests were repeated.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 371-378
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  • 94
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Acceptance test data included: voltage profiles; pressure increase or decrease; and response of the third electrode cell. A softening of the voltage profile was revealed, as well as a lowering of the discharge profile and a 10 percent loss of capacity over a 0 to 20 C temperature range.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 335-341
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  • 95
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Battery selection was based on tests to evaluate: weight, capacity; overcharge capability at varying temperatures; and charge retention.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 329-333
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  • 96
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A previously derived failure model for battery lifetime is discussed in terms of growth rate of the flaw, distribution of flaw sizes, and number of flaws. Equations are presented for determining the failure model for a nickel cadmium battery.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 257-264
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  • 97
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A generalized procedure for fabricating the separator is described. Some of the desired properties considered in fabricating the separator material for nickel-cadmium cells were good mechanical strength, good chemical stability, good wettability to the electrolyte, high electrolyte retention, and gas passage.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 217-223
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  • 98
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The development and design of the Controlled Microgeometry electrode are described. Advantages of the electrode over others in existance include a higher number of ampere hours per kilogram and the ability to make them over a wide range of thicknesses. The parameters that control the performance of the electrode can be individually controlled over a wide range. Therefore, the electrode may be designed to give the optimum performance for a given duty cycle.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 183-195
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The various failure mechanisms were identified for the nickel electrode. The nickel sinter is involved in all these failure modes. The first one, chemical attack by carbonate, nitrate or other electrolyte components, involves corrosion of the nickel sinters. The second is the physical mode, which involves swelling of the electrode and physical shifting of the sinter in the electrodes. The third is the mechanical failure mode, and is due to fatigue or to the oxygen pressure that causes deformation or fracture of the sinter.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 157-164
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Certain hazards associated with lithium batteries have delayed widespread acceptance of these power sources. The reactivity of ground lithium carbon mixtures was examined. The effect of carbon types on this reactivity was determined. The basic reaction involved mixtures of lithium and carbon with battery electrolyte. The various parameters that influenced this reactivity included: the nature and freshness of the carbon; the freshness, the purity, and the conductive salt of the electrolyte; and the effect of Teflon or moisture.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 105-110
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