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  • Springer  (43,712)
  • American Institute of Physics  (5,902)
  • 1985-1989
  • 1980-1984  (49,614)
  • 1935-1939
  • 1981  (49,614)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
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  • 1985-1989
  • 1980-1984  (49,614)
  • 1935-1939
Year
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The implementation of insertion and deletion algorithms for 1–2 brother trees (1981)
    Springer
    Computing 26 (1981), S. 367-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: Searchtrees ; 1–2 brother trees ; insertion ; deletion ; implementation ; PASCAL
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine PASCAL-Implementierung der Einfüge- und Entferne-Algorithmen für 1–2-Bruder-Bäume entwickelt. Die Implementierung ist nicht nur an sich interessant, sondern führte darüberhinaus zu einer Verbesserung des Entferne-Algorithmus.
    Notes: Abstract We derive an implementation in PASCAL of the insertion and deletion algorithms for 1–2 brother trees. The implementation is of interest not only in its own right but also in that it has given rise to an improved deletion algorithm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02237956
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  • 102
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    Equivalence and convergence of direct and indirect methods for the numerical solution of singular integral equations (1981)
    Springer
    Computing 27 (1981), S. 71-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Direkte Methoden zur Lösung von singulären Integralgleichungen vom Cauchy-Typus (S. I. G.) beruhen auf der Gaussschen Regel für numerische Integration, wobei die S. I. G. durch Anwendung der resultierenden Funktionalgleichung an geeignet gewählten Kollokationspunkten auf ein lineares Gleichungssystem reduziert wird. In diesem Artikel wurde die Äquivalenz dieser Methode mit derjenigen, welche auf der Lagrangeschen Interpolations-Approximation der unbekannten Funktion, beruht, gezeigt. Indirekte Methoden zur Lösung von S. I. G. können durch Anwendung derselben numerischen Regel an der Fredholmschen Integralgleichung, auf welche die S. I. G. reduziert wird, erhalten werden. In diesem Artikel wurde gezeigt, daß beide Methoden, im Sinne, daß sie dieselben numerischen Resultate liefern, äquivalent sind. Schließlich wurde mit Hilfe dieser Resultate der, Fehler und die Konvergenz der Methoden festgestellt.
    Notes: Abstract Direct methods for solving Cauchy-type singular integral equations (S.I.E.) are based on Gauss numerical integration rule [1] where the S.I.E. is reduced to a linear system of equations by applying the resulting functional equation at properly selected collocation points. The equivalence of this formulation with the one based on the Lagrange interpolatory approximation of the unknown function was shown in the paper. Indirect methods for the solution of S. I. E. may be obtained after a reduction of it to an equivalent Fredholm integral equation and an application of the same numerical technique to the latter. It was shown in this paper that both methods are equivalent in the sense that they give the same numerical results. Using these results the error estimate and the convergence of the methods was established.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02243439
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  • 103
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    An economical method for random number generation and a normal generator (1981)
    Springer
    Computing 27 (1981), S. 113-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Verallgemeinerung, der Methode von Walker für den Fall kontinuierlicher Verteilungen präsentiert. Die vorgeschlagene Methode arbeitet nach dem Rückweisungsverfahren, verwendet aber alle erzeugten Zufallswerte. Die Anwendung des Verfahrens auf den Generator für normalverteilte Zufallszahlen nach Kinderman und Ramage ergibt einen Algorithmus, der zum Algorithmus FL5 von Ahrens und Dieter äquivalent ist.
    Notes: Abstract A generalization of the Walker's method is presented for the case of continuous distributions. The proposed method is similar to the rejection technique but makes use of all the generated values. Application of the method for a normal random number generator of Kinderman and Ramage resulted in an algorithm that is equivalent to the FL5 procedure of Ahrens and Dieter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02243545
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  • 104
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    Interval boxes of solutions of nonlinear systems (1981)
    Springer
    Computing 27 (1981), S. 137-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Modifikation des Krawczyk-OperatorsK(X) zur Einschließung von Lösungen nichtlinearer Gleichungssysteme behandelt. Wenn für mindestens eine Komponentei die EinschließungK i (X)⊂int (X i ) gilt, kann der OperatorK(X) verbessert werden. Außerdem wird das verbesserte Verfahren mit anderen Modifikationen verglichen.
    Notes: Abstract A variation of the Krawczyk operator for including the solutions of a nonlinear system is introduced here. It improves the Krawczyk operatorK (X) wheneverK i (X)⊂int (X i ) for somei. A comparison with other variations is also given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02243547
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  • 105
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    Some remarks on the discrete maximum-principle for finite elements of higher order (1981)
    Springer
    Computing 27 (1981), S. 145-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Diskutiert wird das diskrete Maximumprinzip für Finite-Element-Approximationen von elliptischen Standardproblemen in der Ebene. Schon im Fall Δu=0 treten bei stückweise quadratischen Elementen Verletzungen einer leicht verschärften Version des Prinzips auf, außer in einigen ganz speziellen Triangulierungsgeometrien.
    Notes: Abstract The discrete maximum principle for finite element approximations of standard elliptic problems in the plane is discussed. Even in the case Δu=0 a slightly stronger version of the principle does not hold with piecewise quadratic elements for all but some very special triangularisation geometries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02243548
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  • 106
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    The complexity of basic complex operations (1981)
    Springer
    Computing 27 (1981), S. 205-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bekanntlich erfordert die Berechung des Produkts zweier komplexer ZahlenX+iY undU+iV genau 3 reellem/d. In dieser Arbeit wird die algebraische Komplexität einiger anderer Operationen aus dem Bereich der komplexen Arithmetik untersucht. Zum Beispiel zeigen wir, daß die Inversion komplexer Zahlen genau 4 und die Division mindestens 5 reellem/d erfordert. Für das zweite Problem ist 6 als obere Schranke bekannt, so daß die genaue Komplexität der Division ein offenes Problem bleibt. Die Beweise benützen einige Kriterien, die auch allgemein für Komplexitätsbetrachtungen über fest vorgegebene Mengen rationaler Funktionen von Nutzen sein könnten.
    Notes: abstract It is well-known that the product of two complex numbersX+iY andU+iV requires exactly 3 realm/d. We study the algebraic complexity of several other operations from the repertoire of complex arithmetic. We show, for instance, that complex inversion requires exactly 4m/d and that general complex division requires at least 5m/d. For the latter problem an upperbound of 6m/d is known, leaving some speculation as to its precise complexity. The proofs illustrate several criteria which may be of more general use in assessing the complexity of concrete sets of rational functions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02237978
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  • 107
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    Some models of error in floating point multiplication (1981)
    Springer
    Computing 27 (1981), S. 227-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden einige neue Resultate bezüglich des Fehlers bei der Gleitkomma-Multiplikation mitgeteilt. In Abhängigkeit vom Maß für den Fehler wird festgestellt, für welche Basen der mittlere Multiplikationsfehler minimal wird; dabei sind gegenüber früheren Untersuchungen neue Fehlermaße einbezogen worden. Ein Teil der Ergebnisse hat Nutzanwendungen auf den Computerentwurf.
    Notes: Abstract New results are given on error in floating point multiplication. Certain choices of the base minimize the mean multiplicative error. These choices depend on which measure of error is selected. Some measures are included which were not in earlier studies. Some of the results have application to computer design.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02237980
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  • 108
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    A remark on gradual underflow (1981)
    Springer
    Computing 27 (1981), S. 217-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Manchmal lassen sich Berechnungsfehler leicht verstehen, wenn erst einmal für jeden berechneten Wert alle Operationen bekannt sind, die mit ihm durchgeführt werden. Mit Hilfe gerichteter Graphen lassen sich diese Abhängigkeiten aufzeigen. Einfache graphentheoretische Argumente zeigen, daß allmählicher Underflow die Ausführung gewisser Rechenvorgänge verbessert, von anderen dagegen nicht. (Einige Rechenvorgänge erfordern eingehendere Untersuchungen.) Hier verwenden wir graphentheoretische Argumente, um zu zeigen, daß bei Ausstattung der Computer-Arithmetik mit einem „denormal zero” die Fehler durch allmählichen Underflow stets mit der Unsicherheit durch Rundungsfehler vergleichbar sind, obwohl dieser Vergleich einen Faktor einschließt, der exponentiell mit der Anzahl der arithmetischen Operationen wachsen kann. Für Berechungen, bei denen ein „denormal zero” unnötig und der exponentielle Anstieg unmöglich ist, vermindert allmälicher Underflow die Verfälschung durch Underflow auf ein Maß, das vernachlässigt werden kann.
    Notes: Abstract Sometimes computational errors are easy to understand once all the uses, as an operand, of each computed value are known. Directed graphs provide a notational device for displaying these dependencies. Simple graph arguments show that gradual underflow improves the performance of certain computational procedures but not others. (Some procedures require deeper analysis.) Here we use graph arguments to show that if computer arithmetic is augmented with a “denormal zero”, then errors from gradual underflow are always comparable to the uncertainty due to rounding error, though the comparison involves a factor that can grow exponentially with the number of arithmetic operations. Thus for procedures where existence of a denormal zero is unnecessary and the exponential growth is impossible, gradual underflow diminishes the noise from underflow to a level that can safely be ignored.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02237979
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  • 109
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    Computational experience with an algorithm for discrete L1 approximation (1981)
    Springer
    Computing 27 (1981), S. 245-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein Algorithmus für die diskrete, lineareL p -Näherung für 1≤p〈2 wurde von Wolfe [13] vorgeschlagen und analysiert. Er untersuchte speziell die lokale Konvergenz für den Fallp=1. Diese Arbeit berichtet über die Anwendung seiner Methode, verdeutlicht ihr Verhalten an Hand einiger Beispiele und zieht Vergleiche mit der linearen Programmiermethode von Barrodale und Roberts [3].
    Notes: Abstract In a recent paper Wolfe [13] proposes and analyses an algorithm for discrete linearL p approximation with 1≤p〈2. In particular he gives a local convergence result for the casep=1. For this case, we discuss the implementation of the method, illustrate its performance on some examples, and draw some comparisons with the linear programming based method of Barrodale and Roberts [3].
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02237982
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  • 110
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    An updated version of the Kantorovich theorem for Newton's method (1981)
    Springer
    Computing 27 (1981), S. 237-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 65H10 ; 65J15 ; 47H17 ; Nonlinear equations ; Newton method ; Kantorovich theorem ; Error bounds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die vorgestellte affin-invariante Version des Kantorovich-Theorems für das Newton-Verfahren umfaßt die Gragg-Tapia-Fehlerschranken, neuere optimale und schärfere obere Schranken, neue optimale und schärfere untere Schranken, und neue Ungleichungen zurq-quadratischen Konvergenz, sämtlich ausgedrückt durch die übliche majorisierende Folge. Für die Schranken werden geschlossene Ausdrücke angegeben.
    Notes: Abstract An affine invariant version of the Kantorovich theorem for Newton's method is presented. The result includes the Gragg-Tapia error bounds, as well as recent optimal and sharper upper bounds, new optimal and sharper lower bounds, and new inequalities showingq-quadratic convergence all in terms of the usual majorizing sequence. Closed form expressions for these bounds are given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02237981
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  • 111
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    Algorithm 45. Automatic computation of improper integrals over a bounded or unbounded planar region (1981)
    Springer
    Computing 27 (1981), S. 253-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Algorithmus zur automatischen zweidimensionalen Quadratur beschrieben, der speziell für Integranden mit singulärem Verhalten am Rand des Integrationsgebietes geeignet ist. Eine Implementierung dieses Algorithmus in Standard FORTRAN wird vorgestellt. Der Algorithmus beruht auf einer nichtlinearen Transformation des Integranden in beiden Veränderlichen, die so gewählt, wird, daß der transformierte Integrand und alle seine Ableitungen am Rand des (transformierten) Integrationsgebiets verschwinden. Auf den transformierten Integranden wird die Trapezregel in der Produktform angewendet. An Hand von numerischen Testresultaten wird die Effizienz des vorgestellten Algorithmus bei der automatischen Ermittlung von sehr genauen Näherungswerten für Integrale mit unspezifischen, pathologischen Singularitäten demonstriert.
    Notes: Abstract An automatic quadrature algorithm especially designed for double integration of functions with some form of singular behaviour on the boundary of the integration region is described, and its FORTRAN code is presented. The algorithm is based on the use of the product trapezoidal rule, after a non-linear transformation of the integrand in both variables renders a new integrand function whose derivatives vanish on the (transformed) boundary. Numerical results demonstrate the ability of the algorithm to obtain high accuracies in dealing automatically with pathological singularities of non-specific types.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02237983
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  • 112
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    Potential evapotranspiration from barley and short cut grass in relation to the surface energy budget (1981)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 57-70 
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    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Auf der landwirtschaftlichen Universität von Norwegen (59δ 40′N, 10δ 46′E) wurde mit vier verschiedenen Lysimetern die potentielle Evapotranspiration (PET) von Gerste und von kurzgeschnittenem Gras gemessen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß in der aktiven Wachstumsperiode die PET von Gerste der PET von Gras gleich ist in Bestätigung der Tatsache, daß die Evapotranspiration von kurzer Vegetation in erster Linie durch meteorologische Faktoren beeinflußt wird, wenn die Wasserzufuhr nicht beschränkt ist. Mit der Formel von Priestley und Taylor PET =α Δ/Δ + γ R n, wo Δ den Abfall des Sättigungsdruckes mit der Temperatur,γ die Psychrometerkonstante undR n die Strahlungs. bilanz bedeuten, kann mit a gleich 1.25 die PET für zehntägige Perioden mit einer Genauigkeit von 10% geschätzt werden. Eine bessere Schätzung wird mit der Formel PET (mm pro 10 Tage) = −5,4 + 6,18 · 10−7 Δ/Δ + γ Rn (J/m2) erhalten.
    Notes: Summary Potential evapotranspiration (PET) from barley and short cut grass have been measured using four different lysimeters at the Agricultural University of Norway (59δ 40′N, 10δ 46′E). In the active growing season the results show that PET for barley is equal to PET for grass, confirming the fact that evapotranspiration is primarily controlled by meteorological factors for short vegetation when water supply is non-limiting. Using the Priestley-Taylor formula PET =α Δ/Δ + γ n, where Δ is the slope of the saturation pressure versus temperature curve,γ is the psychrometric constant andR n net radiation, PET can be estimated to an accuracy of 10% (67% level) for ten-day periods withα equal to 1.25. Even better estimates is obtained by using the formula PET (mm per 10 days) = − 5.4 + 6.18 · 10−7 Δ/Δ +γ R n (J/m2).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02278190
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  • 113
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    A sunshine monitor for automatic registration of sunshine duration (1981)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 89-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein Sonnenscheingeber und seine Eichung wird beschrieben. Er ist gekennzeichnet durch folgende Merkmale: Sein elektrischer Spannungsausgang liegt hoch (〉 4,5 V) für den Fall „Sonnenschein” und tief (〈 0,4 V) für den Fall „kein Sonnenschein” Seine Eichung auf eine Schwellwertintensität von 200 W/m2 folgt der Sonnenscheindefinition durch die World Meteorological Organization. Er erfordert keine nennenswerte Wartung und er enthält keine beweglichen Teile.
    Notes: Summary A sunshine monitor and its calibration is described. Its important characteristics are: it has an electrical DC level output which is high (〉 4.5 V) for “sunshine” and low (〈 0.4 V) for “no sunshine”; it is calibrated for a threshold sensitivity of 200 W/m2, which meets the sunshine definition of the World Meteorological Organization; it requires very little service and contains no moving parts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02278193
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  • 114
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    Campbell-stokes data for radiation calibration purposes in East Africa (1981)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 99-109 
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    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird gezeigt, daß auf Grund von Angaben in der Literatur die Konstanten für die statistische Beziehung zwischen der Globalstrahlung und der Sonnenscheindauer für Ostafrika nun hinreichend gesichert angegeben werden können. Werden die Unterschiede der Fehler bei der Datenerfassung mit anderen einfachen Meßmethoden der solaren Einstrahlung berücksichtigt, kann gezeigt werden, daß Campbell-Stokes Meßwerte gut geeignet sind zur Überprüfung, Kalibrierung oder zum zeitweisen Ersatz sonstiger Meßmethoden, wo in den Tropen keine geeichten Pyranometer verfügbar sind. Ein Beispiel wird gegeben für Gunn-Bellanis.
    Notes: Summary It is shown from literature research that constants in the statistical relationship between total global solar radiation and sunshine duration are now well established for East Africa. Taking into account the differences in data collection errors with other simple methods of solar radiation determination, we show Campbell-Stokes data to be suitable for checking, calibrating or temporarily replacing these other methods where no calibrated pyranometers are available in the tropics. An example is given for Gunn-Bellanis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02278194
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  • 115
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    Solar global radiation and climate at Genova, Italy (1981)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 129-135 
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    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Globalstrahlung in GeU und GeMCap analysiert, womit es im Zusammenhang mit den thermo-pluviometrischen Angaben ermöglicht wurde, die klimatischen Charakteristiken eines am Meere gelegten Ortes (GeU) und eines auf den Appenninen gelegenen Ortes (GeMCap) zu beschreiben. Auf GeMCap weisen diese klimatischen Faktoren im Winter-Herbst einen kontinental-maritimen Charakter und im Frühling-Sommer einen streng kontinentalen Charakter auf.
    Notes: Summary It has been analysed the global solar radiation at GeU and GeMCap, that in connection with the thermo-pluviometric data has also allowed to outline the climatic characteristics of a coastal site (GeU) and of a site on Apennin ridge (GeMCap). At GeMCap these climatic parameters show a continental-maritime behaviour in winter-autumn and strictly continental feature in the remaining half year.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02278196
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  • 116
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    Solar radiation and sunshine duration in East Asia (1981)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 111-128 
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    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Zusammenhang zwischen Globalstrahlung und Sonnenscheindauer wird für 132 Stationen in Ostasien untersucht. Es zeigt sich, daß die Regressionskoeffizienten in der modifizierten ÅngströmgleichungQ/Qa = a + b n/N systematisch über das Gebiet verteilt sind, so daß sich niedrige Werte vona und hohe Werte vonb im Wintermaximum/Sommerminimum-Regime vonQ/Qa undn/N ergeben, hohe Werte vona und niedrige Werte vonb dagegen im Winterminimum/Sommermaximum-Regime vonQ/Qa undn/N anfallen. (Die Symbole werden in der Einleitung definiert.) Es ergibt sich daraus, daß Verteilungen der Regressionskoeffizienten eher an Terraingegebenheiten und an das lokale und jahreszeitliche Strahlungsklima geknüpft sind, das durch den vorherrschenden Wintermonsun, Baiu, kontrolliert wird, als an die geographische Breite und an Mittelwerte vonn/N.
    Notes: Summary The relationship between solar radiation and sunshine duration is studied for 132 stations in East Asia. Regression coefficientsa andb in the modified Ångström formulaQ/Qa = a + b n/N are found to be systematically distributed in the area with low values ofa and high values ofb in the winter maximum/summer minimum regime ofQ/Qa andn/N, and high values ofa and low values ofb in the winter minimum/summer maximum regime ofQ/Qa andn/N. This shows that the distribution of regression coefficients is more closely related to the local seasonal radiation climate controlled by the prevailing winter monsoon, Bain, and the terrain features rather than to latitude or meann/N.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02278195
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  • 117
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    A comparison of the rainfall climate of eleven places in West Africa using a two-part model for daily rainfall (1981)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 137-155 
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    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Arbeit bringt eine Zusammenfassung der mit einem zweiteiligen Modell des täglichen Niederschlags zum Vergleich des Regenklimas von 11 Orten in einem Nord-Süd-Schnitt durch Westafrika erhaltenen Ergebnisse. Die Zahl der Regentage wurde gesondert von den Regenmengen analysiert. Es wurden Kurven der Wahrscheinlichkeit von Regen angepaßt; diese Kurven sind geographisch vereinbar. Die mittlere Länge der Trockenperioden und der Feuchteperioden variiert systematisch im Jahresgang. In der Regenzeit besteht ein nahezu konstantes mittleres Intervall von 4 Tagen zwischen dem Beginn aufeinanderfolgender Regenperioden. Regenmengen werden durch Gamma-Verteilungen beschrieben. Die mittlere Regenmenge pro Regentag ist verhältnismäßig konstant und die Änderung der Regenwahrscheinlichkeit ist daher die bedeutendste Komponente der jahreszeitlichen Änderung und der Differenzen zwischen den Orten.
    Notes: Summary This paper uses the concise summary obtained from a two part model of daily rainfall to compare the rainfall climate of eleven places on a north-south transect in West Africa. The number of rainy days is analysed separately from the amounts of rain. Curves are fitted to the probability of rain and these curves are geographically consistent. The mean length of dry spells and of wet spells vary systematically during the year. In the rainy season there is a nearly constant mean interval of about 4 days between the start of successive rainy spells. The amounts of rain are described by gamma distributions. The mean rainfall per rainy day is relatively constant and variation in the probability of rain is therefore the most important component of seasonal variation and of differences between places.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02278197
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  • 118
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    Dependence of wet and dry days in the tropics (1981)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 167-179 
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    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Abhängigkeit von feuchten und trockenen Tagen vom Zustand an vorhergehenden Tagen für sechs Stationen in Ost- und West-Afrika und in Südost-Asien untersucht. Während eine Anzahl von Untersuchungen in höheren Breiten darauf hinweisen, daß häufig nur der Zustand am vorhergehenden Tag in Betracht zu ziehen ist, zeigt das Ergebnis dieser Studie an, daß in den Tropen mindestens die zwei vorhergehenden Tage von Bedeutung sind. Für manche Stationen mag es angezeigt sein, in bestimmten Zeiten des Jahres die drei vorhergehenden Tage in Betracht zu ziehen.
    Notes: Summary Dependence of the occurrence of wet and dry days on the situation on previous days was tested for six stations in East and West Africa and South East Asia. Although a number of studies in higher latitudes suggest that often only the situation on the previous day needs to be taken into account, evidence from this pilot study indicates that in the tropics, at least the previous two days are important. For some stations at certain times of the year, it may be wise to consider the previous three days.
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    La variabilité des précipitations dans la Mer Egée (1981)
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 157-166 
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    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This study, inspired by previous works, tries to establish a synthesis on a limited aspect: that is the variability of average precipitations over the Aegean Sea. Moreover, we consider variability parameters mostly used, as well as the most satisfactory technics for plotting this variability on the map.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit wird die Veränderlichkeit des Niederschlages im Ägäischen Meer zur Darstellung gebracht. Ferner werden die gebräuchlichsten Variabilitätsparameter und die am meisten befriedigenden Techniken der Kartendarstellung dieser Veränderlichkeit in Betracht gezogen.
    Notes: Résumé Cette étude qui s'inspire de travaux antérieurs tente d'établir une synthèse sur un aspect limité: selui de la variabilite des precipitations moyennes tombées dans la mer Egée. En outre, nous considérons les parameters de variabilite les plus utilisables, ainsi que les techniques les plus satisfaisantes pour la représentation cartographique de la variabilite.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02278198
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    Die Windböigkeit an der Baumoberhöhe in einem Fichtenwald (1981)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 181-190 
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    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Windgustiness at the top of a tree which is relevant to tree vibrations within forests is described for a spruce forest (Ebersberger Forst near Munich) applying simple characteristic values of turbulence and gustiness.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei der Untersuchung von Baumschwingungen innerhalb von Wäldern ist die Windböigkeit an der Baumoberhöhe von großer Bedeutung. Für einen Fichtenwald, den Ebersberger Forst bei München, wird sie mit einfachen Turbulenz- und Böigkeitskenngrößen beschrieben.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02278200
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    Regarding the delimitation of regions according to climatic fluctuations (1981)
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 215-228 
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    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird über die Anwendung der Hauptkomponentenanalyse zur Abgrenzung von Gebieten mit ähnlichen säkularen Tendenzen im Niederschlag berichtet. Eine Alternativmethode der Regionalisierung wird vorgeschlagen und auf eine Reihe von Beobachtungsdaten angewendet, die bereits früher mit der Hauptkomponentenanalyse analysiert worden ist.
    Notes: Summary The use of principal components analysis to delimit regions with similar secular trends in rainfall totals is reviewed. An alternative method of regionalization is proposed and is applied to a data set previously analysed using principal components analysis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02263243
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    Meteorological modification of particulate air pollution and visibility patterns at Phoenix, Arizona (1981)
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 229-237 
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    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Sichtbeobachtungsdaten der Periode 1968 bis 1972 in Phönix, Arizona, wurden analysiert, um zu zeigen, wie Änderungen im Laufe der Woche und im Tagesgang durch charakteristische Verunreinigungsquellenstärke und durch meteorologische Erscheinungen beeinflußt werden. Die Ergebnisse bilden eine Grundlage für künftige Untersuchungen zur Klärung von Nachwirkungen einer technologischen Modifikation von Verunreinigungscharakteristiken.
    Notes: Summary Visibility data for the period 1968–1972 at Phoenix, Arizona were analyzed to show how variations among days of the week and hours of the day may be influenced by both pollutant source strength characteristics and meteorological phenomena. The results form the basis for future studies designed to decipher subsequent effects of technological modification of pollutant characteristics.
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    The connection between the measured glass transition temperature and the time dependent order parameter description of the glass transition (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 597-601 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The time dependent order parameter concept of the glass transition is used in a description of the relaxation behaviour of the glassforming material. The connection between the macroscopic theory and the measured glass transition temperature has been determined. It has been found that in a case when the Prigogine-Defay ratio is greater than unity, different values of the relaxation functions of entropy and volume obtained by different experiments (e.g., isobaric dilatometry and isothermal compression) should be used in order to obtain the identical Tg. The Prigogine-Defay ratio is found to be a decreasing function of the observation time reaching values between unity in the limit of infinite time and a limit which corresponds to extremely short experiments.
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    Separation of styrene oligomers by Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC) using a modified HPCL-instrument (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 603-608 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary An instrument for High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was modified by relatively simple means for working in the field of Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC). By use of this modified apparatus three different gradient methods were tried with respect to their applicability for the analytical separation of oligomers. Especially by using a gradient in eluent composition or by a pressure gradient good resolution could be obtained.
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    Synthesis of ABA triblock copolymers containing electrono-donor or electrono-acceptor pendant groups in A blocks (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 643-649 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary α,ω-p-Toluensulphonic acid ester of poly(ethyleneglycoladipate) was synthesized and used to initiate the cationic isomerization polymerization of 2-phenyl-2-oxazoline, 2-(β-N-Carbazolylethyl)-2-oxazoline and 2-(3,5-dinitrophenyl)-2-oxazoline. ABA triblock copolymers containing poly(N-benzoylethylenimine), poly [N-β(N-carbazolyl)propionyl ethyleneimine] or poly(3,5-dinitrobenzoylethylenimine) blocks (A block) and poly (ethyleneglycoladipate) blocks (B block) have been synthesized.
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    Effect of nucleating agents upon the kinetics of polybutene-1 crystallization (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 635-641 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The influence of various nucleating agents on the crystallization parameters of polybutene-1 is reported. Isothermal crystallization is investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. The morphology induced by the differents nucleating agents has been observed by hot stage polarizing microscopy. It has been stated that the addition of nucleating agent affects the crystallization rate, dimension and homogeneity of spherulitic sizes. The induction time ti, the semicrystallization time t1/2, the crystallization rate constant K, and the Avrami coefficient n were measured and related to the different characteristics of the specimens. Because of the fractional values of n obtained in this study, it is not possible to propose well determined mechanisms of crystallization.
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    NMR study on phase transitions in lyotropic liquid crystals caused by hydrophobic additives (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 667-672 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Broad line NMR spectra have been measured at room temperature of the binary system Arkopal (C9H19C6H4O(CH2CH2O)15H) -heavy water (40 % to 60 % by weight) and of the ternary systems Arkopal — heavy water — paraffin at different paraffin concentrations at constant Arkopal — heavy water ratio. It has been established how the additives change the lyotropic phases.
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    Plasma-induced polymerization (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 61-66 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Investigations carried out in plasma-induced polymerization (copolymerization) led to the idea of the existence of “living” macroradicals. Their presence in both homogeneous and heterogeneous media was experimentally proved and theoretically explained and their use as macromolecular initiators in polymerization processes is exemplified.
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    Physico-chemical studies of polymeric carriers: 2. Molecular mass determination of poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone-co-maleic acid) fractions (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 673-677 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Critical interpretation of the various conceptions concerning the problems in characterization of linear polyelectrolyte type polymers containing maleic acid as a comonomer is given. Proper conditions to avoid the fundamental experimental difficulties are proposed. Our conception is supported by molecular light scattering measurements of hydrolysed, fractionated poly (N-vinylpyrrolidone-co-maleic anhydride) samples. It was found that the problems were eliminated by the reduction of the degree of dissociation of carboxyl groups to a minimum value.
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    Relationship between preferential adsorption coefficient and intrinsic viscosity in ternary systems (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 67-74 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The relation proposed between the preferential adsorption coefficient, λ, and the intrinsic viscosity, ¦η¦ λ¦η¦=λ∞¦η¦+AKθ has been applied in this paper to previously published data. This equation is found to be valid in theta condi tions and far away from them. The obtained results are compared to the ones calculated with the Dondos-Benoit equation.
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    Acid and enzymic hydrolysis of Kappa carrageenan (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 81-86 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary This paper describes the acid and enzymic hydrolysis of Kappa carrageenan and the gel permeation chromatography of the charged oligosaccharides.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00256139
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    An empirical model for the melt viscosity of polymer blends (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 75-80 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary On the basis of experimental data for blends of polyethylene with different polymers an empirical equation is proposed to describe the dependence of melt viscosity of blends on component viscosities and composition. The model ensures the continuity of viscosity vs. composition curves throughout the whole composition range, the possibility of obtaining extremum values higher or lower than the viscosities of components, allows the calculation of flow curves of blends from the flow curves of components and their volume fractions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00256138
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    Water vapor absorption and aqueous retention of hydrolyzed starch polyacrylonitrile graft copolymers — “superabsorbent starch” (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 87-94 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Starch copolymers with polyacrylonitrile grafts were prepared using the Mn3+ initiation method and different amounts of acrylonitrile. The product was hydrolyzed in aqueous alkali (nitrile groups to amide and carboxyl groups) to enhance the hydrophilic character of the copolymer and achieve “superabsorbent properties”. At relative humidities (RH) up to 95–97 % the modified starch shows “normal” water vapor absorption like cellulose and other polysaccharides. When in contact with liquid distilled water, the modified starch forms a “superabsorbent” gel which retains very large amounts of water (up to 800 g/g). At low and high pH and in aqueous salt solutions (NaCl, CaCl2 and synthetic urine) the water retention is strongly reduced. This is interpreted as due to the ionic strength (salt effect) and for Ca2+ ions probably also crosslinking by salt formation with carboxyl groups on adjacent chains or chain segments.
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    Rigid backbone polymers (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 95-101 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary It is shown that the inverse velocity of a fallingball in, or ηm the apparent minimum viscosity of, anisotropic solutions of poly(n-hexylisocyanate) in toluene, are molecular weight dependent. The molecular weight dependence follows two linear branches. Below Mw=42600 the apparent minimum viscosity is very weakly dependent on Mw. Above Mw=42600 the apparent minimum viscosity of the anisotropic solution is strongly dependent on the molecular weight.
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    Chemical modification of polystyrene (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 111-116 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Sulfinate functional groups have been introduced on selected positions of the aromatic rings of soluble or crosslinked polystyrene via lithiation reactions followed by quenching with sulfur dioxide. The sulfinate polymers have good stability, can be stored at room temperature, and can be used for ion-exchange or as nucleophiles to produce polymer-bound sulfones. Good functional yields of polystyrene resins with sulfone pendant groups can be obtained by reaction of the polymeric sulfinates with various alkyl halides under phase transfer or classical conditions.
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    A kinetic study of crosslinking vinyl polymerization by laser Raman spectroscopy (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 103-110 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Kinetic studies of crosslinking vinyl polymerizations are usually only applicable to the initial stages of the reaction, prior to the gel point, due to the subsequent insolubility of the polymer and the great increase in viscosity. We have demonstrated the suitability of laser Raman spectroscopy for quantitative analysis over the entire conversion range in an investigation of the polymerization of diethylene glycol bis (allyl carbonate) in bulk, with benzoyl peroxide initiation, between 70 and 85°C. The rate of consumption of vinyl bonds could be approximated by first-order kinetics up to ca. 80% depletion. Lower rates were observed at higher conversions.
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    Correction (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 117-117 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    A modification of rubber elasticity theory (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 151-157 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Based on a reconsideration of the packing conditions in amorphous polymers, a modification of the statistical theory of rubber elasticity is derived. The main assumption is, that the mean square end-to-end distance of a free chain in the bulk state depends on the dimensions of the surrounding chains. The theory describes quite well the deformation behaviour of real elastomeric networks.
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    Micro- and macroconformation of macromolecules (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 131-135 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Cyclotetracosane exhibits complex phase behaviour in the solid state as well as in the melt as evidenced by complementary methods, DSC, BRILLOUIN scattering, dielectric constant and PE-MAS 13c-NMR. Three solid phases have been verified, one of them — within the range from 299.5 to 312 K — exhibits extremely high molecular mobility. Between the start of melting, 312 K, and the first order transition at ∼ 321 K a mesomorphic type region develops. Two additional transitions have been detected in the melt. That occuring at 361 K (DSC), 356 K (BRILLOUIN data) resembles the Tu as observed in n-alkanes.
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    Synthesis, characterization and polycondensation of Bis-(4-hydroxybutyl) terephthalate (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 159-166 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Monomeric Bis-(4-hydroxybutyl) terephthalate has been synthesized and characterized. Titanium iso-propoxide has been found to be a superior catalyst for transesterification compared to metal acetates. Further polycondensation of Bis (HBT) yields poly (1,4-butylene terephthalate). The effect of various titanium derived catalysts on the polycondensation of Bis (HBT) has been studied. The catalytic efficiency of these derivatives is ascribed to their relative hydrolytic stability and the degree of interaction between the carbonyl oxygen and the metal.
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    On the PVC chlorination mechanism (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 167-174 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A radiochemical method was used to study PVC chlorination. A reaction mechanism was proposed based on the results obtained from chlorination of 36chlorine labeled PVC. A mechanism was proposed also for chain transfer reaction to polymer in vinyl chloride polymerization.
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    Longitudinal acoustic modes in cycloalkanes (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 175-177 
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    Notes: Summary The longitudinal acoustic modes (LAM) of several cycloalkanes ((CH2)14 to (CH2)96) measured by Raman spectroscopy are described. The frequency differences between the LAMs of the cycloalkanes and the corresponding n-alkanes are explained by a simple linear chain model. It is shown that the LAM-modes are practically not affected by the gauche conformations of the two folds in the cyclic molecule.
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    A continuum analysis of a system of many ‘real’ chains confined between a pair of ‘sticky’ surfaces, with application to the ‘sandwich’ model of bulk polymers (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 179-186 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary An analysis is made of a system of many interacting chains confined between a pair of surfaces which exert a short range attraction on the chains. The free energy of the system is determined from the partition functions of the confined chains which are, in turn, determined by solutions to the self consistent field form of the diffusion equation with mixed boundary conditions. The incorporation of the analysis into the ‘sandwich’ model of bulk polymers is discussed.
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    Studies on syntheses and permeabilities of special polymer membranes (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 195-200 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The permeation and separation characteristics of methanol/n-pentanol systems and n-propanol/n-heptane systems through nylon 12 membranes were studied by changing the feed composition of the binary organic mixtures. These characteristics were discussed from the viewpoints of physical and chemical nature of the permeating molecules and the membrane.
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    Preparation and study of terephthalate copolyester of ethylene glycol and butane-1,4-diol (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 187-194 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Random terephthalate copolyesters of ethylene glycol and butane-1,4-diol of various compositions were prepared by trans-esterification of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) with butane-1,4-diol (BD). Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) was used to elucidate the structure and compositions of copolyesters. The thermal behaviour of the copolyesters were investigated by differential thermal analysis (DTA). Intrinsic viscosities were measured in orthochlorophenol at 30°C.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00265164
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    Cationic modification of polystyrene (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 201-207 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper concerns the cationic modification of polystyrene by the electophilic substitution of polystyrene with S-methylthiocarbcxonium.The substitution is quantitative and gives poly p-(methylthio) carbonylstyrene. After hydrolysis and purification poly (p-carboxystyrene is obtained. The polymers are formed without degradation after this cationic modification.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00265166
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    13C NMR spin-lattice relaxation in solid poly(methyl methacrylate) (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 255-261 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary 13C spin-lattice relaxation rates R1 in samples of solid PMMA have been measured with CP MAS NMR. Isotactic, atactic, syndiotactic, and the 1∶2 i-s PMMA complex were measured, along with atactic samples containing bisdioxan or the monomer as a plasticizer. The reorientation of the α-methyl protons is the dominant relaxation source for the methylene, α-methyl and quarternary carbon nuclei. Increased mobility of the polymer in the presence of a plasticizer is not reflected in significant changes in R1.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00254711
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    Effectiveness and limits of magnetic resonance techniques in the identification of different coordination pathways of the Mn(II) in the presence of biomacromolecules (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 263-269 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Magnetic resonance techniques yield important information on different coordination behaviour of Mn(II) in the presence of biomacromolecules. A preliminary study on model systems is necessary to have a deeper insight on dynamics and structural aspects. The EPR technique is not able to identify a binding interaction between Trp and manganous ion when the metal is bonded to the Imidazole. Proton shift NMR studies on the Mn(II)-5′ATP-Imid complex evidenziate a ternary system formation and a stacking interaction between the imidazole-ring and the nucleotide purine-moiety. An EPR and NMR combined analysis on the Mn(II)-5′ATP-Trp system points out a stacking interaction and the simultaneous presence of a covalent binding between the metal ion and the biomolecules. The role of the metal ion to favour this coordination is suggested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00254712
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    Dynamical polymer coil overlap observed by NMR on polystyrene chains (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 277-284 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary It is shown that the transverse magnetic component of protons bound to polystyrene chains in solutions is sensitive to the slow chain diffusion through entanglements. A theoretical interpretation of the dynamical polymer coil overlap observed by NMR is proposed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00254714
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    NMR study of molecular motion in poly(ethylene oxide) (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 271-275 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Proton second moment and spin-lattice relaxation times T1, T1e and T1D for helical poly (ethylene oxide) 5000 over a wide temperature range are measured. The results of CW and pulse experiments corroborate the existence of a motional process in the crystalline region of the polymer interpreted as oscillation or rotation of molecules around their helical axes. The activation energy for this type of motion is found to be 12 kcal/mole.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00254713
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    Proton spin-lattice relaxation in thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 285-289 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Measurements of proton spin-lattice relaxation time T1 for thylakoid membranes of wheat chloroplast suspensions as a function of proton concentration in solvent are performed. The solvent was a mixture of H2O and D2O. Different contributions to the proton relaxation process due to dipolar interactions are considered. The dipolar interactions p-p′ and p-i between exchangeable protons /p/ of membrane of solvent and non-exchangeable ones of membrane /p′/ and paramagnetic ions /i/ give predominant contribution to the relaxation process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00254715
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    Redox 1∶1 alternating copolymerization of cyclic acyl phosphonte with 4,4′-diphenoquinones (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 331-333 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A cyclic phosphonite(1) was copolymerized with 4, 4′-diphenoquinones (2a–2c) to give 1∶1 alternating copolymers (3a–3c) consisting of a carboxylic acid ester and a triaryl phosphonate ester. Copolymerization took place without added initiator. During the reaction 1 was oxidized whereas 2 was reduced (“redox copolymerization”). A mechanism involving a genetic zwitterion intermediate (4) is proposed for the copolymerization.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00255126
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    Cationic ring-opening polymerization of spirophosphorane, 5-phenyl-1,4,6,9-tetraoxa-5-phosphaspiro[4,4]nonane (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 325-329 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary This paper reports new cationic ring-opening polymerization of a spirophosphorane, 5-phenyl-1, 4, 6, 9-tetraoxa-5-phosphaspiro (4, 4) nonane, 1. The polymerization of 1. was induced by cationic initiators such as methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (MeOTf), BF3·OEt2, and Et3O+-BF4 − to give polymer 2 consisting of two different units, 2a and 2b. During the reaction cyclic phosphonate 3 and 1,4-dioxane were simultaneously produced. The formation of unit 2b is considered to be due mainly to the cationic ring-opening polymerization of 3.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00255125
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    Synthesis and application of fluorine containing graftcopolymers (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 335-340 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Well-defined graftcopolymers were prepared by radical copolymerization of methyl methacrylate macromonomer with perfluoroalkyl acrylate. Contact angle of the solvent cast films of poly(methyl methacrylate) containing various amount of the graftcopolymer was measured against water droplet. Addition of 0.2 wt% of the graftcopolymer was sufficient to improve the polymer films to water repellent surfaces, while 10 wt% was necessary to modify the polymer surfaces to the same level of water repellency.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00255127
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    The possibility of studying thermal motion correlation by multiple pulse NMR (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 347-354 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary We present the results of a calculation of the spin-lattice and spin-spin relaxation for dipolar solid when it is irradiated by the WAHUHA and MREV-8 pulse sequences. The spin-spin relaxation rate which is determined by the second-order dipolar interaction term of the average Hamiltonian depends on thermal motion of four atoms. It has been shown that from the temperature dependence of this relaxation rate the degree of correlated atomic motion can be estimated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00255129
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    Determination of polymer crystallinity from proton solid-echo NMR measurements (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 355-360 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The decomposition of the solid-echo curves of crystalline polymers into the crystalline and the amorphous component is discussed. The crystalline component is experimentally determined by using a special method of measurement. The amorphous component is assumed to correspond to a distribution of correlation times.
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    Effect of chemical crosslinking on molecular mobility in swollen polystyrenes (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 341-346 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Proton relaxation time measurements of chemical crosslinked polystyrenes swollen in protonated and deuterated benzene have been done in order to get informations on the microdynamic behaviour of polystyrene as well as of benzene molecules under the influence of the polymeric network. By means of additional T1d-measurements further evidences for a slow anisotropic motion could be obtained, which cause a T2-“plateau” in the high temperature region. The results are compared with those of MAR-experiments.
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    Syntheses of polyamide-poly(methyl methacrylate) graft copolymers by polycondensation reactions of macromonomers (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 361-366 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Dicarboxyl-terminated macromolecular monomers (macromonomers) were synthesized by radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate in the presence of thiomalic acid as a chain transfer agent. This macromonomer and sebacic acid were condensed with diamines (p,p′-diaminodiphenyl ether, p,p′-diaminodiphenylmethane and m-phenylenediamine) by triphenylphosphitepyridine system. Thus, graft copolyamides of well-defined structure and composition were readily prepared. This is the first example of the polycondensation reactions of macromonomers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00282684
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    1H-NMR/13C-NMR studies of branched structures in PVC obtained at atmospheric pressure (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 367-372 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The 1H-NMR-spectra of raw poly (vinyl chloride) obtained at atmospheric pressure (U-PVC) have revealed the presence of high concentrations of branches. The content of labile chlorine was determined by reaction with phenole in order to estimate the branch points with tertiary chlorine. The branch length of reductively dehalogenated U-PVC by13C-NMR analysis have provided evidence for both short chain branches including chloromethyl groups and 2.4-dichloro-n-butyl groups and long chain branching. For a number of U-polymers the total amount of branching ranges from 7.5 to 13.5/1000 C. The 13C-NMR measurements point to a ratio of methyl/butyl branches of 1 ∶ 1 and short chains/long chains of 6 ∶ 1 .
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    Active transport of alkali metal ion through a membrane composed of gluconolactone-containing polymer (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 373-377 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The membrane composed of gluconolactone-containing polymer was prepared by the following three steps, (1) the copolymerization between acrylonitrile and a styrene derivative carrying a protected glucose substituent, (2) casting a membrane from the DMF solution of the copolymer, and (3) a sequence of reactions for the membrane. It exhibited active transport of Na+ ion against the concentration gradient.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00282686
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    New telechelic polymers and sequential copolymers by polyfunctional initiator-transfer agents (Inifers) (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 379-384 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary This paper concerns the synthesis and characterization of new Si-Cl and Si-H end-groups containing polyisobutylenes. The syntheses involved 1) The preparation of polyisobutylenes carrying one or two -CH2C-(CH3)=CH2 termini, ii) Hydrosilylation with H(CH3)2-SiCl, H(CH3)SiCl2, and HSiCl3, and iii) Reduction of the Si-Cl groups to yield the corresponding -Si-H termini. A series of model compounds mimicking the end-groups have been synthesized and employed for end-group characterization. These Si-Cl and Si-H containing mono- and difunctional polyisobutylenes may be useful intermediates for the preparation of block and graft copolymers or for the synthesis of various terminal functional groups.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00282687
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    Synthesis and characterisation of poly(N-4'-fluorophenylmethacrylamide) (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 83-87 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The monomer, N-4'-fluorophenylmethacrylamide (FPMA) was polymerized for the first time using benzoyl peroxide as the initiator. The IR and NMR spectra of FPMA and the polymer, poly(N-4'-fluorophenylmethacrylamide) (PFPMA) are discussed. Viscosity measurements of PFPMA was carried out in dimethylformamide medium at 25°C. The number average molecular weight of PFPMA was determined to be 690 using vapour pressure osmometer. The formation of low molecular weight of PFPMA is explained on the basis of intermolecular hydrogen bonding in the monomer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01045244
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    HPLC and C-13 NMR spectroscopy of polymers (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 105-110 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Constitutional and configurational structure of oligomers from poly (styrene) have been determined by joint liquid chromatography and C-13 nmr spectroscopy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01045247
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    On the problem of structural microinhomogeneity of epoxy network polymers (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 119-125 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary An increase in light scattering intensity was observed throughout the curing of diepoxides with amines. The value of such an increase depends on the chemical structure of the reagents and on the curing temperature. This phenomenon was explained by polycondensation reaction peculiarities and the glass state transition nature.
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    Behaviour of crosslinked polymers (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 133-139 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract For application as components in an adhesive layer in photographic movie-films, five copolymers of methylmethacrylate and butylacrylate each with a different multifunctional comonomer, have been synthetized. Depending on the copolymerizability of the multifunctional comonomers, adhesive layers with different mechanical properties were obtained. An approach towards an explanation for the diverging results from swelling and modulus measurements was worked out.
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    Network formation during styrene-divinylbenzene copolymerization investigated by the fluorescence polarization method (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 141-148 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary If styrene-divinylbenzene copolymerization is performed at certain conditions of network formation, regions of relative high segmental density may occur. The segmental density can be monitored directly by the microstructure sensitive fluorescence polarization method. Measurements were made in the pre- and post-gel state at various degrees of conversion depending on the initial composition of the reaction mixture. The results, particularly in situations of high crosslinker content support the currently used models of network formation mechanisms during crosslinking copolymerization.
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    Synthesis and polymerization of p-bromomethylstyrene and p-lodomethylstyrene (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 577-582 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Synthesis of p-bromomethylstyrene (3) and p-iodome-thylstyrene (4) is reported. 3 was obtained by the bromomethylation of 2-phenylethyl bromide followed by dehydrobromination of the resultant p-(2-bromoethyl) benzyl bromide (2) with t-BuOK, as well as by cleaving p-vinyl-benzyl methanosulfonate with LiBr in the presence of 18--crown-6. 4 was obtained from p-chloromethylstyrene (1) via the Finkelstein reaction. 3 was polymerized successfully in the presence of free-radical initiators, but 4 was found to be too unstable to give a well-defined polymer.
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    Synthesis of aromatic-aliphatic polyamides containing azo linkage (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 417-424 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Two inherently coloured polyamides containing aromatic azo unit in their backbone were synthesised from 4,4′-diaminoazobenzene (1) and two aliphatic dicarboxylic acid chlorides (2a, 2b) using N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) and N,N-dimethyl acetamide (DMAc) as solvents by the low temperature solution polycondensation method. The polymers were characterised by inherent viscosity, solubility, infra-red and UV-visible spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis of the polymers was carried out to study polymer stability.
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    GPC calibration for poly(methyl acrylate) (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 429-435 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The methods of GPC calibration proposed by WEISS and COHN Ginsberg (1969) and by MAHABADI and O'DRISCOLL (1977) has been applied. Their restriction and a possibility to overcome it has been demonstrated.
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    Fine structural characteristics and physical properties of raw silk (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 437-441 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The theories of KRATKY, DEBYE and BUESCHE and POROD have been applied to evaluate macromolecular parameters which speak of the fine structural characteristics of raw silk — a natural polymer in the solid state. The small-angle KRATKY camera has been utilised for the measurements of the scattering intensities. The macromolecular parameters evaluated are the percentage of void (w1), the specific inner surface (O/V), length of coherence (1c), range of inhomogeneity (1r), transversal length −s − $$\bar l_l$$ and $$\bar l_2$$ which were found to be equal to 0.13%, 25.15 × 10−4 Å−1, 21.84 Å, 2.11 Å, 1.59 × 103 Å and 2.11 Å respectively The physical properties as evaluated by Scott's IP2 Tester have been reported.
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    Introduction of functional groups to polyalanine and alanine by contact glow discharge electrolysis (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 451-456 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The alanine residue of poly-DL-alanine (DP=120) was converted to Asp, Thr, Ser, Glu and Gly residues by means of contact glow discharge electrolysis (CGDE) in a formic and an acetic acid solution. The total conversion of alanine residues to other amino acid residues was almost 20%.
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    Inter-versus intramolecular oligomerization of nitrile groups in polyacrylonitrile (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 457-461 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Experimental evidence is presented indicating that intermolecular oligomerization of CN groups (leading to crosslinked structures) takes place, and possibly has an even greater importance than the intramolecular reaction (leading to “ladder polymer”), at higher temperatures. The easy, quasi “built-in” crosslinking upon heat treatment is considered the most significant single feature with regard to making polyacrylonitrile and its copolymers unique among synthetic polymers as a carbon fiber precursor.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00255983
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    Grafting onto wool (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 635-640 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary In order to study the role of -SH group of wool in graft copolymerization, an attempt has been made to study grafting of acrylic acid (AAc) onto reduced wool in aqueous medium using ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) as redox initiator. HNO3 was found to catalyze the graft copolymerization. Reduction of wool was effected with thioglycolic acid (TGA) in aqueous medium. Percentage of grafting was determined as a function of concentration of (i) CAN, (ii) vinyl monomer (AAc), (iii) nitric acid, (iv) time and (v) temperature. Under optimum conditions, poly-(acrylic acid) was grafted to the reduced wool to the extent of 9.14%, the unreduced wool under optimum conditions afforded maximum grafting of poly(AAc) to the extent of 12.24%. Reduction of wool does not promote grafting of AAc in the presence of CAN.
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    Polyoxalactones and their cationic complexes (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 645-651 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Some polyoxalactones were synthesised from the dichlorides of glycolic acids and polyethyleneglycoles in the presence of pyridine. The polyoxalactones were also complexed with some of alkaline and alkaline earth salts and quite stable polyoxalactone-salt complexes were obtained including the Ca++ cation. Complexes obtained exhibited mostly 1∶1 type of complex stoichiometry regardles from radius of the cation and the nature of lactone ring.
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    Reactivity of 6-methyl and 4,7-dimethyl indene in cationic polymerization (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 669-675 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The reactivity ratios of 6-methyl and 4,7-dimethyl indene were determined with respect to styrene, at various temperatures, and the relative activation parameters calculated and discussed.
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    Correction (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 683-683 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00255417
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  • 177
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    News from our polymer science publications (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 684-684 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00255418
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  • 178
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    A new method for data evaluation of small angle neutron scattering experiments and its application to amorphous polycarbonate (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 687-691 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The conformation of single chains in bulk polymer materials can be evaluated from coherent neutron scattering on mixtures of normal and deuterated polymers. It is shown that the single-chain structure factor can be also obtained from measurements of highly concentrated mixtures and the procedure of evaluation is described. The application to amorphous polycarbonate demonstrates the advantages of the method.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00285134
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  • 179
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    Intermediate angle scattering functions and local chain configurations of semicrystalline and amorphous polymers (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 693-698 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Molecular scattering functions at intermediate scattering vectors, of μ=(4π/λ sinϑ/2) in the range 0.03 to 1.0Å−1, are found to be extremely sensitive to the local configurations of polymer chains in both semicrystalline and amorphous states. Available experimental results of intermediate angle neutron scattering (IANS) from melt-crystallized polyethylene and isotactic polypropylene provide compelling evidence that adjacent re-entry is rare. The rotational isomeric state model satisfactorily accounts for IANS and chain dimensions of polycarbonate in the amorphous state.
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  • 180
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    Effect of spacer on the isomerization of bound azobenzene in soluble polymers (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 711-715 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Two polymerizable derivatives of 4-aminoazobenzene, viz., 4-methacryloylaminoazobenzene (MA-AAB) and 4-(12-methacryloylaminododecanoyl) aminoazobenzene (MA-12-AAB) were prepared and copolymerized with methacrylic acid (MA) and N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide (HPMA). The cis-trans thermal isomerization of these copolymers was investigated as a function of temperature, side chain length and character of the polymer carrier.
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  • 181
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    Aldehyde functionalization of styrene polymers (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 731-733 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Two methods of the introduction of aldehyde group into polystyrene skeleton are described.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00285141
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  • 182
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    Copolymerization of isobutene with trans-1,3,5-hexatriene (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 735-742 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The cationic copolymerization of isobutene (I) and trans-1,3,5-hexatriene (HT) at low temperature occurs randomly (rI=0.59, rHT=1.57). The prevalent 1,6-opening of the triconjugated system of HT was ascertained mainly by 1H- and 13C-NMR analysis. The formation of gelled products was avoided by working in a homogeneous medium and the cyclization of the triene units by copolymerizing I and HT in bulk.
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  • 183
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    Copolymerization of isobutene with 2,4,6-octatriene and other triconjugated trienes (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 743-750 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The cationic homogeneous Copolymerization at low temperature of 2,4,6-octatriene (OT), 1,3,5-heptatriene (HPT), 2,5-dimethyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DMH) and alloocimene (AO) with isobutene (I) was performed and the structure of the resulting copolymers examined spectroscopically. OT reacted mainly by 2,7-opening of the triene system yielding soluble copolymers with block character and containing a low amount of cyclized units. Soluble I-HPT copolymers containing 2–4 mol % of conjugated double bonds were obtained. DMH alway gave insoluble copolymers and only traces of conjugated unsaturations were found in I-AO copolymer.
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  • 184
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    Copolymerization of ethylene with propylene over the thermally-reduced γ-Al2O3-supported TiCl4 catalyst (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 157-164 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Copolymerization of ethylene with propylene was conducted over the thermally-reduced γ-Al2O3-supported TiCl4 catalyst both in the absence or presence of AlEt3 (or AlEt2Cl). It was found that the structure of the polymer drastically changed from a random copolymer to polyethylene with an increase in the concentration of AlEt3. A plausible mechanism was proposed for the copolymerization.
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    Crystallization of polymers in the presence of electric fields (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 171-177 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The influence of the external constant and alternating electric field on the crystallization from melt has been studied for poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(vinylidene fluoride). No real effect has been found. The orientation of crystals due to the external constant electric field has been established in one of the two liquid crystal polymers studied. The results point out that the external electric field could only influence the crystallization of species having very large resultant dipole moment.
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  • 186
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    Cationic ring-opening polymerization of 2-phenyl-1,3,6,2-trioxaphosphocane (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 185-191 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The ring-opening polymerization of 2-phenyl-1,3,-6,2-trioxaphosphocane (4), an eight-membered cyclic phosphonite, has been investigated. Cationic initiators of PhCH2-Cl and MeOTf gave polymers, whereas anionic and radical initiators did not yield polymer. The structure of polymer was examined by IR, 1H, 31P, and 31C NMR spectroscopy of polymers and elemental analysis as well as the alkaline hydrolysis products. The polymer consisted of two different units, i.e., the major part is the “normal” phosphinate structure 5 and the minor part is the isomerized unit 6 in 7% with PhCH2Cl initiation and in 34% with MeOTf initiator. The difference in nature of propagating species from these two initiators are discussed in connection with their reactivities.
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  • 187
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    Synthesis of monocarboxylic polyoxyethylenes (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 205-210 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The various methods of synthesis which can be used to prepare ω-carboxy polyoxyethylenes are reviewed. The synthesis and the purification of α-methoxy ω-carboxy polyoxyethylenes ( $$\overline {Mn} \simeq 1000$$ ) are reported. The process consists of the reaction of halogenoacetic acids with an α-methoxy ω-sodium hydroxylate polyoxyethylene followed by a purification by extraction. α ,ω-dimethoxy and α-methoxy ω-ethyl carboxylate polyoxyethylenes were synthesized.
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    Treatment of wood pulp with nitrogen dioxide before oxygen bleaching (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 219-223 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Pretreatment of kraft pulp with nitrogen dioxide and oxygen before conventional oxygen bleaching with magnesium sulfate as protector leads to markedly decreased lignin contents after a given duration of the oxygen bleaching. An increased temperature during the pretreatment favours the delignification. The most striking effect of the pretreatment is that it leads to a suppressed rate of depolymerization of the cellulose during the oxygen bleaching.
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  • 189
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    Spin label studies of poly(phenylvinyl alkyl thioethers)-co-maleic anhydride in different solvents (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 513-520 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Alternating copolymers of poly(phenylvinyl alkyl thioethers) and maleic anhydride covalently labeled with 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-hydroxypiperidine-1-oxyl and 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-aminopiperidine-1-oxyl free radicals in different solvents were investigated. The alkyl groups were Me, Et, sec-Bu and n-Bu. The rotational correlation times, τ R, characterizing the rate of rotation of spin label, are not significantly affected by the alkyl group at low solvent concentration. However, at higher dilution (above Tg) τ R is increasing with the increased bulkiness of the alkyl group. The motion of the two spin labels attached to the copolymer segment through different chemical linkage and an implication on the effective correlation time was discussed.
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    Alternating copolymers of dimethylmaleic anhydride (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 521-527 
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    Notes: Summary Copolymerization of 2, 3-dimethylmaleic anhydride was accomplished with vinyl ethers, particularly n-butylvinyl ether and isobutyl-vinyl ether and gave exactly alternating copolymers in all proportions of feed comonomer compositions. 2,3-Dimethylmaleic anhydride has not yet been copolymerized with vinyl comonomers with less electron donating properties.
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  • 191
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    Living polymerization of lactams and synthesis of monodisperse polyamides (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 529-534 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary For the first time, a living lactam polymerization was proved by choosing the proper type of polymerization, lactam, growth center as well as initiator. The anionic polymerization of the disubstituted four-membered lactam (I) initiated with its lithium salt in the presence of the N-pivaloyl derivative of I acting as the growth center yielded almost monodisperse polymers of I. Subsequent additions of monomer I increased the molecular weight proportionally without appreciable changes of the MWD and number of polymer molecules.
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    New sulfur-containing polymers (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 335-341 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The polymerization of 2-(3-mercaptophenyl)propene (3) and 1-(4-mercaptophenyl)propene (4) was studied. The polymerization proceeds by an Anti-Markovnikov addition of the SH-group to the C=C-bond.
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    Experimental study of stress-relaxation behaviour of polycarbonate after yielding (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 351-356 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The viscoelastic behaviour of a bisphenol A polycarbonate after yielding is described by means of empirical superposition of coordinates along both time and stress axis, which allow collecting stress relaxation data, taken both in tension and in compression, into a master curve.
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  • 194
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    Diffusion and intermolecular reaction rates of end-labeled polystyrenes in polymer networks studied with triplet probe (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 369-374 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The effect of chemical network on the diffusion and reaction rates of end-labeled polystyrenes in semidilute region has been measured by phosphorescence quenching technique with a 10-ns nitrogen-laser pulse, and is discussed in comparison with the results for linear polystyrene solution. The quenching rates between end-labeled polymers in semidilute region are influenced much by the formation of chemical crosslinks between the inert polymer chains.
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    Determination of the microstructure of poly(methyl α-fluoroacrylate) by NMR spectroscopy (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 391-397 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The 300 MHz pmr, 282 MHz fmr and 20 MHz cmr spectra of poly (methyl α-fluoroacrylate) that was prepared by free radical initiated polymerization have been recorded. They indicate the polymer to have a Bernoullian distribution of stereosequences, with σ = P(m) = 0.41. Pentad stereosequence distributions were measurable from the 282 MHz fmr spectra of this polymer, but only dyad and triad distributions could be determined from the pmr and cmr spectra, respectively.
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    The high temperature dispersion in rubbers (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 399-405 
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    Notes: Summary Results obtained by measuring dielectric absorption spectra in a 10−3 up to 107 Hz frequency region as well as depolarisation currents, showing the existence of a high-temperature maximum in both natural and synthetic cis-1, 4-polyisoprene, are given. The influence exerted by the network density and the degree of quenching of the sample upon this maximum is explained by the orientation of the microblock arrangements in the polymer.
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    Correction (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 421-421 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    Plasma-induced polymerization (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 415-419 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Plasma-induced low conversion bulk homopolymerization of styrene was studied at room temperature. Experimental data show that a self-acceleration process, appearing due to the existence of very high molecular weight macromolecular chains, has to be considered for a kinetic approach. The presence of oxygen in the reaction milieu increases the molecular weight.
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  • 199
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    Copolymerization of N-tert-butyl acrylamide with acrylonitrile and with methyl methacrylate (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 425-427 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The reactivity ratios for the radical Copolymerization of N-tert-butyl acrylamide with acrylonitrile and with methyl methacrylate were determined at 60°C.
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  • 200
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    New telechelic polymers and sequential copolymers by polyfunctional initiator-transfer agents (inifers) (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 445-450 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Novel oxycarbonyl isocyanate telechelic polyisobutylenes have been prepared by conversion of hydroxylterminated polyisobutylenes with N-chlorocarbonyl isocyanate. This reaction is free from side-reactions and provides highly reactive isocyanate-terminated polyisobutylene prepolymers. Conversion of these prepolymers with glycol, urea, pentaerythritol, and polyethylene glycol led to linear chain extension, crosslinking, and multiblock copolymer formation, respectively.
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