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  • Articles  (6,816)
  • Springer  (6,733)
  • Annual Reviews  (83)
  • PANGAEA
  • 2005-2009
  • 1980-1984  (6,816)
  • 1981  (6,816)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (6,816)
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  • Articles  (6,816)
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Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 2005-2009
  • 1980-1984  (6,816)
Year
Journal
Topic
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    My Early Aerodynamic Research Thoughts and Memories (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 13 (1981), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.13.010181.000245
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Existence Theorems for the Equations of Motion of a Compressible Viscous Fluid (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 13 (1981), S. 79-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.13.010181.000455
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Meniscus Stability (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 13 (1981), S. 189-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.13.010181.001201
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Field-Flow Fractionation (Polarization Chromatography) (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 13 (1981), S. 351-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.13.010181.002031
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Frazil Ice in Rivers and Oceans (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 13 (1981), S. 379-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.13.010181.002115
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cup, Propeller, Vane, and Sonic Anemometers in Turbulence Research (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 13 (1981), S. 399-423 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.13.010181.002151
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some Fluid-Dynamical Problems in Galaxies (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 13 (1981), S. 33-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.13.010181.000341
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coastal Sediment Processes (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 13 (1981), S. 9-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.13.010181.000301
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Debris Flow (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 13 (1981), S. 57-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.13.010181.000421
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Power From Water Waves (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 13 (1981), S. 157-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.13.010181.001105
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Turbulence in and above Plant Canopies (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 13 (1981), S. 97-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.13.010181.000525
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conditional Sampling in Turbulence Measurement (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 13 (1981), S. 131-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.13.010181.001023
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stability of Surfaces that are Dissolving or Being Formed by Convective Diffusion (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 13 (1981), S. 231-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.13.010181.001311
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some Aspects of Three-Dimensional Laminar Boundary Layers (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 13 (1981), S. 217-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.13.010181.001245
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Progress in the Modeling of Planetary Boundary Layers (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 13 (1981), S. 253-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.13.010181.001345
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cavitation in Fluid Machinery and Hydraulic Structures (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 13 (1981), S. 273-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.13.010181.001421
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Fluid Dynamics of Insect Flight (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 13 (1981), S. 329-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.13.010181.001553
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organized Motion in Turbulent Flow (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 13 (1981), S. 457-515 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.13.010181.002325
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Brownian Motion of Small Particles Suspended in Liquids (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 13 (1981), S. 425-455 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.13.010181.002233
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Perspective on Martensitic Nucleation (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 11 (1981), S. 1-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.11.080181.000245
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dislocation Creep (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 11 (1981), S. 31-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.11.080181.000335
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Higher Order Elastic Constants of Solids (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 11 (1981), S. 51-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.11.080181.000411
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weak-Beam Electron Microscopy (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 11 (1981), S. 75-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.11.080181.000451
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Microchemistry and Microstructure of Portland Cement (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 11 (1981), S. 123-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.11.080181.001011
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ellipsometry in Thin Film Analysis (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 11 (1981), S. 97-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.11.080181.000525
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Continuous Casting of Steel (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 11 (1981), S. 151-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.11.080181.001055
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular Beam Epitaxy of III-V Compounds: Technology and Growth Process (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 11 (1981), S. 171-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.11.080181.001131
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ionic Transport in Amorphous Solid Electrolytes (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 11 (1981), S. 211-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.11.080181.001235
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystallography at High Pressure (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 11 (1981), S. 233-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.11.080181.001313
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dual Phase Steels (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 11 (1981), S. 245-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.11.080181.001333
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Eutectic Solidification in Ceramic Systems (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 11 (1981), S. 267-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.11.080181.001411
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymer Alloys (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 11 (1981), S. 299-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.11.080181.001503
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron-Beam-Induced Currents in Semiconductors (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 11 (1981), S. 353-380 
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    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.11.080181.002033
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microstructure Fabrication in Electronic Devices (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 11 (1981), S. 321-351 
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    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.11.080181.001541
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  • 35
    Electronic Resource
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    Predicting the Fatigue Resistance of Welds (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 11 (1981), S. 401-425 
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    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.11.080181.002153
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  • 36
    Electronic Resource
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    Silicon Nitride Ceramics: Composition, Fabrication Parameters, and Properties (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 11 (1981), S. 381-399 
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    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.11.080181.002121
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  • 37
    Electronic Resource
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    Recent Developments in Lattice Imaging of Materials (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 11 (1981), S. 427-439 
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    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.11.080181.002235
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  • 38
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    Properties, Preparation, and Device Applications of Indium Phosphide (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 11 (1981), S. 441-484 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.11.080181.002301
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  • 39
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    Electronic Resource
    Auger Spectroscopy (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 11 (1981), S. 485-504 
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    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.11.080181.002413
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  • 40
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    Formability Maps (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 11 (1981), S. 505-521 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.11.080181.002445
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  • 41
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    The Selective Permeation of Gases Through Polymers (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 11 (1981), S. 523-550 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.11.080181.002515
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    The connection between the measured glass transition temperature and the time dependent order parameter description of the glass transition (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 597-601 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The time dependent order parameter concept of the glass transition is used in a description of the relaxation behaviour of the glassforming material. The connection between the macroscopic theory and the measured glass transition temperature has been determined. It has been found that in a case when the Prigogine-Defay ratio is greater than unity, different values of the relaxation functions of entropy and volume obtained by different experiments (e.g., isobaric dilatometry and isothermal compression) should be used in order to obtain the identical Tg. The Prigogine-Defay ratio is found to be a decreasing function of the observation time reaching values between unity in the limit of infinite time and a limit which corresponds to extremely short experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00255298
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    Separation of styrene oligomers by Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC) using a modified HPCL-instrument (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 603-608 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary An instrument for High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was modified by relatively simple means for working in the field of Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC). By use of this modified apparatus three different gradient methods were tried with respect to their applicability for the analytical separation of oligomers. Especially by using a gradient in eluent composition or by a pressure gradient good resolution could be obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00255299
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    Synthesis of ABA triblock copolymers containing electrono-donor or electrono-acceptor pendant groups in A blocks (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 643-649 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary α,ω-p-Toluensulphonic acid ester of poly(ethyleneglycoladipate) was synthesized and used to initiate the cationic isomerization polymerization of 2-phenyl-2-oxazoline, 2-(β-N-Carbazolylethyl)-2-oxazoline and 2-(3,5-dinitrophenyl)-2-oxazoline. ABA triblock copolymers containing poly(N-benzoylethylenimine), poly [N-β(N-carbazolyl)propionyl ethyleneimine] or poly(3,5-dinitrobenzoylethylenimine) blocks (A block) and poly (ethyleneglycoladipate) blocks (B block) have been synthesized.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00255305
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    Effect of nucleating agents upon the kinetics of polybutene-1 crystallization (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 635-641 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The influence of various nucleating agents on the crystallization parameters of polybutene-1 is reported. Isothermal crystallization is investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. The morphology induced by the differents nucleating agents has been observed by hot stage polarizing microscopy. It has been stated that the addition of nucleating agent affects the crystallization rate, dimension and homogeneity of spherulitic sizes. The induction time ti, the semicrystallization time t1/2, the crystallization rate constant K, and the Avrami coefficient n were measured and related to the different characteristics of the specimens. Because of the fractional values of n obtained in this study, it is not possible to propose well determined mechanisms of crystallization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00255304
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    NMR study on phase transitions in lyotropic liquid crystals caused by hydrophobic additives (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 667-672 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Broad line NMR spectra have been measured at room temperature of the binary system Arkopal (C9H19C6H4O(CH2CH2O)15H) -heavy water (40 % to 60 % by weight) and of the ternary systems Arkopal — heavy water — paraffin at different paraffin concentrations at constant Arkopal — heavy water ratio. It has been established how the additives change the lyotropic phases.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00255308
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    Plasma-induced polymerization (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 61-66 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Investigations carried out in plasma-induced polymerization (copolymerization) led to the idea of the existence of “living” macroradicals. Their presence in both homogeneous and heterogeneous media was experimentally proved and theoretically explained and their use as macromolecular initiators in polymerization processes is exemplified.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00256136
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    Physico-chemical studies of polymeric carriers: 2. Molecular mass determination of poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone-co-maleic acid) fractions (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 673-677 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Critical interpretation of the various conceptions concerning the problems in characterization of linear polyelectrolyte type polymers containing maleic acid as a comonomer is given. Proper conditions to avoid the fundamental experimental difficulties are proposed. Our conception is supported by molecular light scattering measurements of hydrolysed, fractionated poly (N-vinylpyrrolidone-co-maleic anhydride) samples. It was found that the problems were eliminated by the reduction of the degree of dissociation of carboxyl groups to a minimum value.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00255309
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    Relationship between preferential adsorption coefficient and intrinsic viscosity in ternary systems (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 67-74 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The relation proposed between the preferential adsorption coefficient, λ, and the intrinsic viscosity, ¦η¦ λ¦η¦=λ∞¦η¦+AKθ has been applied in this paper to previously published data. This equation is found to be valid in theta condi tions and far away from them. The obtained results are compared to the ones calculated with the Dondos-Benoit equation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00256137
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    Acid and enzymic hydrolysis of Kappa carrageenan (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 81-86 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary This paper describes the acid and enzymic hydrolysis of Kappa carrageenan and the gel permeation chromatography of the charged oligosaccharides.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00256139
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    An empirical model for the melt viscosity of polymer blends (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 75-80 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary On the basis of experimental data for blends of polyethylene with different polymers an empirical equation is proposed to describe the dependence of melt viscosity of blends on component viscosities and composition. The model ensures the continuity of viscosity vs. composition curves throughout the whole composition range, the possibility of obtaining extremum values higher or lower than the viscosities of components, allows the calculation of flow curves of blends from the flow curves of components and their volume fractions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00256138
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    Water vapor absorption and aqueous retention of hydrolyzed starch polyacrylonitrile graft copolymers — “superabsorbent starch” (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 87-94 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Starch copolymers with polyacrylonitrile grafts were prepared using the Mn3+ initiation method and different amounts of acrylonitrile. The product was hydrolyzed in aqueous alkali (nitrile groups to amide and carboxyl groups) to enhance the hydrophilic character of the copolymer and achieve “superabsorbent properties”. At relative humidities (RH) up to 95–97 % the modified starch shows “normal” water vapor absorption like cellulose and other polysaccharides. When in contact with liquid distilled water, the modified starch forms a “superabsorbent” gel which retains very large amounts of water (up to 800 g/g). At low and high pH and in aqueous salt solutions (NaCl, CaCl2 and synthetic urine) the water retention is strongly reduced. This is interpreted as due to the ionic strength (salt effect) and for Ca2+ ions probably also crosslinking by salt formation with carboxyl groups on adjacent chains or chain segments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00256140
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    Rigid backbone polymers (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 95-101 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary It is shown that the inverse velocity of a fallingball in, or ηm the apparent minimum viscosity of, anisotropic solutions of poly(n-hexylisocyanate) in toluene, are molecular weight dependent. The molecular weight dependence follows two linear branches. Below Mw=42600 the apparent minimum viscosity is very weakly dependent on Mw. Above Mw=42600 the apparent minimum viscosity of the anisotropic solution is strongly dependent on the molecular weight.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00256141
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    Chemical modification of polystyrene (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 111-116 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Sulfinate functional groups have been introduced on selected positions of the aromatic rings of soluble or crosslinked polystyrene via lithiation reactions followed by quenching with sulfur dioxide. The sulfinate polymers have good stability, can be stored at room temperature, and can be used for ion-exchange or as nucleophiles to produce polymer-bound sulfones. Good functional yields of polystyrene resins with sulfone pendant groups can be obtained by reaction of the polymeric sulfinates with various alkyl halides under phase transfer or classical conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00256143
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    A kinetic study of crosslinking vinyl polymerization by laser Raman spectroscopy (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 103-110 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Kinetic studies of crosslinking vinyl polymerizations are usually only applicable to the initial stages of the reaction, prior to the gel point, due to the subsequent insolubility of the polymer and the great increase in viscosity. We have demonstrated the suitability of laser Raman spectroscopy for quantitative analysis over the entire conversion range in an investigation of the polymerization of diethylene glycol bis (allyl carbonate) in bulk, with benzoyl peroxide initiation, between 70 and 85°C. The rate of consumption of vinyl bonds could be approximated by first-order kinetics up to ca. 80% depletion. Lower rates were observed at higher conversions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00256142
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    Correction (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 117-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00256144
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    A modification of rubber elasticity theory (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 151-157 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Based on a reconsideration of the packing conditions in amorphous polymers, a modification of the statistical theory of rubber elasticity is derived. The main assumption is, that the mean square end-to-end distance of a free chain in the bulk state depends on the dimensions of the surrounding chains. The theory describes quite well the deformation behaviour of real elastomeric networks.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00265159
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    Micro- and macroconformation of macromolecules (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 131-135 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Cyclotetracosane exhibits complex phase behaviour in the solid state as well as in the melt as evidenced by complementary methods, DSC, BRILLOUIN scattering, dielectric constant and PE-MAS 13c-NMR. Three solid phases have been verified, one of them — within the range from 299.5 to 312 K — exhibits extremely high molecular mobility. Between the start of melting, 312 K, and the first order transition at ∼ 321 K a mesomorphic type region develops. Two additional transitions have been detected in the melt. That occuring at 361 K (DSC), 356 K (BRILLOUIN data) resembles the Tu as observed in n-alkanes.
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    Synthesis, characterization and polycondensation of Bis-(4-hydroxybutyl) terephthalate (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 159-166 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Monomeric Bis-(4-hydroxybutyl) terephthalate has been synthesized and characterized. Titanium iso-propoxide has been found to be a superior catalyst for transesterification compared to metal acetates. Further polycondensation of Bis (HBT) yields poly (1,4-butylene terephthalate). The effect of various titanium derived catalysts on the polycondensation of Bis (HBT) has been studied. The catalytic efficiency of these derivatives is ascribed to their relative hydrolytic stability and the degree of interaction between the carbonyl oxygen and the metal.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00265160
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    On the PVC chlorination mechanism (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 167-174 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A radiochemical method was used to study PVC chlorination. A reaction mechanism was proposed based on the results obtained from chlorination of 36chlorine labeled PVC. A mechanism was proposed also for chain transfer reaction to polymer in vinyl chloride polymerization.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00265161
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    Longitudinal acoustic modes in cycloalkanes (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 175-177 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The longitudinal acoustic modes (LAM) of several cycloalkanes ((CH2)14 to (CH2)96) measured by Raman spectroscopy are described. The frequency differences between the LAMs of the cycloalkanes and the corresponding n-alkanes are explained by a simple linear chain model. It is shown that the LAM-modes are practically not affected by the gauche conformations of the two folds in the cyclic molecule.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00265162
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    A continuum analysis of a system of many ‘real’ chains confined between a pair of ‘sticky’ surfaces, with application to the ‘sandwich’ model of bulk polymers (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 179-186 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary An analysis is made of a system of many interacting chains confined between a pair of surfaces which exert a short range attraction on the chains. The free energy of the system is determined from the partition functions of the confined chains which are, in turn, determined by solutions to the self consistent field form of the diffusion equation with mixed boundary conditions. The incorporation of the analysis into the ‘sandwich’ model of bulk polymers is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00265163
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    Studies on syntheses and permeabilities of special polymer membranes (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 195-200 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The permeation and separation characteristics of methanol/n-pentanol systems and n-propanol/n-heptane systems through nylon 12 membranes were studied by changing the feed composition of the binary organic mixtures. These characteristics were discussed from the viewpoints of physical and chemical nature of the permeating molecules and the membrane.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00265165
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    Preparation and study of terephthalate copolyester of ethylene glycol and butane-1,4-diol (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 187-194 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Random terephthalate copolyesters of ethylene glycol and butane-1,4-diol of various compositions were prepared by trans-esterification of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) with butane-1,4-diol (BD). Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) was used to elucidate the structure and compositions of copolyesters. The thermal behaviour of the copolyesters were investigated by differential thermal analysis (DTA). Intrinsic viscosities were measured in orthochlorophenol at 30°C.
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    Cationic modification of polystyrene (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 201-207 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper concerns the cationic modification of polystyrene by the electophilic substitution of polystyrene with S-methylthiocarbcxonium.The substitution is quantitative and gives poly p-(methylthio) carbonylstyrene. After hydrolysis and purification poly (p-carboxystyrene is obtained. The polymers are formed without degradation after this cationic modification.
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    13C NMR spin-lattice relaxation in solid poly(methyl methacrylate) (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 255-261 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary 13C spin-lattice relaxation rates R1 in samples of solid PMMA have been measured with CP MAS NMR. Isotactic, atactic, syndiotactic, and the 1∶2 i-s PMMA complex were measured, along with atactic samples containing bisdioxan or the monomer as a plasticizer. The reorientation of the α-methyl protons is the dominant relaxation source for the methylene, α-methyl and quarternary carbon nuclei. Increased mobility of the polymer in the presence of a plasticizer is not reflected in significant changes in R1.
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    Effectiveness and limits of magnetic resonance techniques in the identification of different coordination pathways of the Mn(II) in the presence of biomacromolecules (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 263-269 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Magnetic resonance techniques yield important information on different coordination behaviour of Mn(II) in the presence of biomacromolecules. A preliminary study on model systems is necessary to have a deeper insight on dynamics and structural aspects. The EPR technique is not able to identify a binding interaction between Trp and manganous ion when the metal is bonded to the Imidazole. Proton shift NMR studies on the Mn(II)-5′ATP-Imid complex evidenziate a ternary system formation and a stacking interaction between the imidazole-ring and the nucleotide purine-moiety. An EPR and NMR combined analysis on the Mn(II)-5′ATP-Trp system points out a stacking interaction and the simultaneous presence of a covalent binding between the metal ion and the biomolecules. The role of the metal ion to favour this coordination is suggested.
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    Dynamical polymer coil overlap observed by NMR on polystyrene chains (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 277-284 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary It is shown that the transverse magnetic component of protons bound to polystyrene chains in solutions is sensitive to the slow chain diffusion through entanglements. A theoretical interpretation of the dynamical polymer coil overlap observed by NMR is proposed.
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    NMR study of molecular motion in poly(ethylene oxide) (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 271-275 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Proton second moment and spin-lattice relaxation times T1, T1e and T1D for helical poly (ethylene oxide) 5000 over a wide temperature range are measured. The results of CW and pulse experiments corroborate the existence of a motional process in the crystalline region of the polymer interpreted as oscillation or rotation of molecules around their helical axes. The activation energy for this type of motion is found to be 12 kcal/mole.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00254713
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    Proton spin-lattice relaxation in thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 285-289 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Measurements of proton spin-lattice relaxation time T1 for thylakoid membranes of wheat chloroplast suspensions as a function of proton concentration in solvent are performed. The solvent was a mixture of H2O and D2O. Different contributions to the proton relaxation process due to dipolar interactions are considered. The dipolar interactions p-p′ and p-i between exchangeable protons /p/ of membrane of solvent and non-exchangeable ones of membrane /p′/ and paramagnetic ions /i/ give predominant contribution to the relaxation process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00254715
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    Redox 1∶1 alternating copolymerization of cyclic acyl phosphonte with 4,4′-diphenoquinones (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 331-333 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A cyclic phosphonite(1) was copolymerized with 4, 4′-diphenoquinones (2a–2c) to give 1∶1 alternating copolymers (3a–3c) consisting of a carboxylic acid ester and a triaryl phosphonate ester. Copolymerization took place without added initiator. During the reaction 1 was oxidized whereas 2 was reduced (“redox copolymerization”). A mechanism involving a genetic zwitterion intermediate (4) is proposed for the copolymerization.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00255126
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    Cationic ring-opening polymerization of spirophosphorane, 5-phenyl-1,4,6,9-tetraoxa-5-phosphaspiro[4,4]nonane (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 325-329 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary This paper reports new cationic ring-opening polymerization of a spirophosphorane, 5-phenyl-1, 4, 6, 9-tetraoxa-5-phosphaspiro (4, 4) nonane, 1. The polymerization of 1. was induced by cationic initiators such as methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (MeOTf), BF3·OEt2, and Et3O+-BF4 − to give polymer 2 consisting of two different units, 2a and 2b. During the reaction cyclic phosphonate 3 and 1,4-dioxane were simultaneously produced. The formation of unit 2b is considered to be due mainly to the cationic ring-opening polymerization of 3.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00255125
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    Synthesis and application of fluorine containing graftcopolymers (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 335-340 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Well-defined graftcopolymers were prepared by radical copolymerization of methyl methacrylate macromonomer with perfluoroalkyl acrylate. Contact angle of the solvent cast films of poly(methyl methacrylate) containing various amount of the graftcopolymer was measured against water droplet. Addition of 0.2 wt% of the graftcopolymer was sufficient to improve the polymer films to water repellent surfaces, while 10 wt% was necessary to modify the polymer surfaces to the same level of water repellency.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00255127
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    The possibility of studying thermal motion correlation by multiple pulse NMR (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 347-354 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary We present the results of a calculation of the spin-lattice and spin-spin relaxation for dipolar solid when it is irradiated by the WAHUHA and MREV-8 pulse sequences. The spin-spin relaxation rate which is determined by the second-order dipolar interaction term of the average Hamiltonian depends on thermal motion of four atoms. It has been shown that from the temperature dependence of this relaxation rate the degree of correlated atomic motion can be estimated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00255129
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    Determination of polymer crystallinity from proton solid-echo NMR measurements (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 355-360 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The decomposition of the solid-echo curves of crystalline polymers into the crystalline and the amorphous component is discussed. The crystalline component is experimentally determined by using a special method of measurement. The amorphous component is assumed to correspond to a distribution of correlation times.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00255130
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    Effect of chemical crosslinking on molecular mobility in swollen polystyrenes (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 341-346 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Proton relaxation time measurements of chemical crosslinked polystyrenes swollen in protonated and deuterated benzene have been done in order to get informations on the microdynamic behaviour of polystyrene as well as of benzene molecules under the influence of the polymeric network. By means of additional T1d-measurements further evidences for a slow anisotropic motion could be obtained, which cause a T2-“plateau” in the high temperature region. The results are compared with those of MAR-experiments.
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    Syntheses of polyamide-poly(methyl methacrylate) graft copolymers by polycondensation reactions of macromonomers (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 361-366 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Dicarboxyl-terminated macromolecular monomers (macromonomers) were synthesized by radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate in the presence of thiomalic acid as a chain transfer agent. This macromonomer and sebacic acid were condensed with diamines (p,p′-diaminodiphenyl ether, p,p′-diaminodiphenylmethane and m-phenylenediamine) by triphenylphosphitepyridine system. Thus, graft copolyamides of well-defined structure and composition were readily prepared. This is the first example of the polycondensation reactions of macromonomers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00282684
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    1H-NMR/13C-NMR studies of branched structures in PVC obtained at atmospheric pressure (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 367-372 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The 1H-NMR-spectra of raw poly (vinyl chloride) obtained at atmospheric pressure (U-PVC) have revealed the presence of high concentrations of branches. The content of labile chlorine was determined by reaction with phenole in order to estimate the branch points with tertiary chlorine. The branch length of reductively dehalogenated U-PVC by13C-NMR analysis have provided evidence for both short chain branches including chloromethyl groups and 2.4-dichloro-n-butyl groups and long chain branching. For a number of U-polymers the total amount of branching ranges from 7.5 to 13.5/1000 C. The 13C-NMR measurements point to a ratio of methyl/butyl branches of 1 ∶ 1 and short chains/long chains of 6 ∶ 1 .
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    Active transport of alkali metal ion through a membrane composed of gluconolactone-containing polymer (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 373-377 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The membrane composed of gluconolactone-containing polymer was prepared by the following three steps, (1) the copolymerization between acrylonitrile and a styrene derivative carrying a protected glucose substituent, (2) casting a membrane from the DMF solution of the copolymer, and (3) a sequence of reactions for the membrane. It exhibited active transport of Na+ ion against the concentration gradient.
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    New telechelic polymers and sequential copolymers by polyfunctional initiator-transfer agents (Inifers) (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 379-384 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary This paper concerns the synthesis and characterization of new Si-Cl and Si-H end-groups containing polyisobutylenes. The syntheses involved 1) The preparation of polyisobutylenes carrying one or two -CH2C-(CH3)=CH2 termini, ii) Hydrosilylation with H(CH3)2-SiCl, H(CH3)SiCl2, and HSiCl3, and iii) Reduction of the Si-Cl groups to yield the corresponding -Si-H termini. A series of model compounds mimicking the end-groups have been synthesized and employed for end-group characterization. These Si-Cl and Si-H containing mono- and difunctional polyisobutylenes may be useful intermediates for the preparation of block and graft copolymers or for the synthesis of various terminal functional groups.
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    Synthesis and characterisation of poly(N-4'-fluorophenylmethacrylamide) (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 83-87 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The monomer, N-4'-fluorophenylmethacrylamide (FPMA) was polymerized for the first time using benzoyl peroxide as the initiator. The IR and NMR spectra of FPMA and the polymer, poly(N-4'-fluorophenylmethacrylamide) (PFPMA) are discussed. Viscosity measurements of PFPMA was carried out in dimethylformamide medium at 25°C. The number average molecular weight of PFPMA was determined to be 690 using vapour pressure osmometer. The formation of low molecular weight of PFPMA is explained on the basis of intermolecular hydrogen bonding in the monomer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01045244
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    HPLC and C-13 NMR spectroscopy of polymers (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 105-110 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Constitutional and configurational structure of oligomers from poly (styrene) have been determined by joint liquid chromatography and C-13 nmr spectroscopy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01045247
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    On the problem of structural microinhomogeneity of epoxy network polymers (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 119-125 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary An increase in light scattering intensity was observed throughout the curing of diepoxides with amines. The value of such an increase depends on the chemical structure of the reagents and on the curing temperature. This phenomenon was explained by polycondensation reaction peculiarities and the glass state transition nature.
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    Behaviour of crosslinked polymers (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 133-139 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract For application as components in an adhesive layer in photographic movie-films, five copolymers of methylmethacrylate and butylacrylate each with a different multifunctional comonomer, have been synthetized. Depending on the copolymerizability of the multifunctional comonomers, adhesive layers with different mechanical properties were obtained. An approach towards an explanation for the diverging results from swelling and modulus measurements was worked out.
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    Network formation during styrene-divinylbenzene copolymerization investigated by the fluorescence polarization method (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 141-148 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary If styrene-divinylbenzene copolymerization is performed at certain conditions of network formation, regions of relative high segmental density may occur. The segmental density can be monitored directly by the microstructure sensitive fluorescence polarization method. Measurements were made in the pre- and post-gel state at various degrees of conversion depending on the initial composition of the reaction mixture. The results, particularly in situations of high crosslinker content support the currently used models of network formation mechanisms during crosslinking copolymerization.
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    Synthesis and polymerization of p-bromomethylstyrene and p-lodomethylstyrene (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 577-582 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Synthesis of p-bromomethylstyrene (3) and p-iodome-thylstyrene (4) is reported. 3 was obtained by the bromomethylation of 2-phenylethyl bromide followed by dehydrobromination of the resultant p-(2-bromoethyl) benzyl bromide (2) with t-BuOK, as well as by cleaving p-vinyl-benzyl methanosulfonate with LiBr in the presence of 18--crown-6. 4 was obtained from p-chloromethylstyrene (1) via the Finkelstein reaction. 3 was polymerized successfully in the presence of free-radical initiators, but 4 was found to be too unstable to give a well-defined polymer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00256284
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    Synthesis of aromatic-aliphatic polyamides containing azo linkage (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 417-424 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Two inherently coloured polyamides containing aromatic azo unit in their backbone were synthesised from 4,4′-diaminoazobenzene (1) and two aliphatic dicarboxylic acid chlorides (2a, 2b) using N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) and N,N-dimethyl acetamide (DMAc) as solvents by the low temperature solution polycondensation method. The polymers were characterised by inherent viscosity, solubility, infra-red and UV-visible spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis of the polymers was carried out to study polymer stability.
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    GPC calibration for poly(methyl acrylate) (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 429-435 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The methods of GPC calibration proposed by WEISS and COHN Ginsberg (1969) and by MAHABADI and O'DRISCOLL (1977) has been applied. Their restriction and a possibility to overcome it has been demonstrated.
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    Fine structural characteristics and physical properties of raw silk (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 437-441 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The theories of KRATKY, DEBYE and BUESCHE and POROD have been applied to evaluate macromolecular parameters which speak of the fine structural characteristics of raw silk — a natural polymer in the solid state. The small-angle KRATKY camera has been utilised for the measurements of the scattering intensities. The macromolecular parameters evaluated are the percentage of void (w1), the specific inner surface (O/V), length of coherence (1c), range of inhomogeneity (1r), transversal length −s − $$\bar l_l$$ and $$\bar l_2$$ which were found to be equal to 0.13%, 25.15 × 10−4 Å−1, 21.84 Å, 2.11 Å, 1.59 × 103 Å and 2.11 Å respectively The physical properties as evaluated by Scott's IP2 Tester have been reported.
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    Introduction of functional groups to polyalanine and alanine by contact glow discharge electrolysis (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 451-456 
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    Notes: Summary The alanine residue of poly-DL-alanine (DP=120) was converted to Asp, Thr, Ser, Glu and Gly residues by means of contact glow discharge electrolysis (CGDE) in a formic and an acetic acid solution. The total conversion of alanine residues to other amino acid residues was almost 20%.
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    Inter-versus intramolecular oligomerization of nitrile groups in polyacrylonitrile (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 457-461 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Experimental evidence is presented indicating that intermolecular oligomerization of CN groups (leading to crosslinked structures) takes place, and possibly has an even greater importance than the intramolecular reaction (leading to “ladder polymer”), at higher temperatures. The easy, quasi “built-in” crosslinking upon heat treatment is considered the most significant single feature with regard to making polyacrylonitrile and its copolymers unique among synthetic polymers as a carbon fiber precursor.
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    Grafting onto wool (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 635-640 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary In order to study the role of -SH group of wool in graft copolymerization, an attempt has been made to study grafting of acrylic acid (AAc) onto reduced wool in aqueous medium using ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) as redox initiator. HNO3 was found to catalyze the graft copolymerization. Reduction of wool was effected with thioglycolic acid (TGA) in aqueous medium. Percentage of grafting was determined as a function of concentration of (i) CAN, (ii) vinyl monomer (AAc), (iii) nitric acid, (iv) time and (v) temperature. Under optimum conditions, poly-(acrylic acid) was grafted to the reduced wool to the extent of 9.14%, the unreduced wool under optimum conditions afforded maximum grafting of poly(AAc) to the extent of 12.24%. Reduction of wool does not promote grafting of AAc in the presence of CAN.
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    Polyoxalactones and their cationic complexes (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 645-651 
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    Notes: Summary Some polyoxalactones were synthesised from the dichlorides of glycolic acids and polyethyleneglycoles in the presence of pyridine. The polyoxalactones were also complexed with some of alkaline and alkaline earth salts and quite stable polyoxalactone-salt complexes were obtained including the Ca++ cation. Complexes obtained exhibited mostly 1∶1 type of complex stoichiometry regardles from radius of the cation and the nature of lactone ring.
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    Reactivity of 6-methyl and 4,7-dimethyl indene in cationic polymerization (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 669-675 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The reactivity ratios of 6-methyl and 4,7-dimethyl indene were determined with respect to styrene, at various temperatures, and the relative activation parameters calculated and discussed.
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    Correction (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 683-683 
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    News from our polymer science publications (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 684-684 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    A new method for data evaluation of small angle neutron scattering experiments and its application to amorphous polycarbonate (1981)
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    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 687-691 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The conformation of single chains in bulk polymer materials can be evaluated from coherent neutron scattering on mixtures of normal and deuterated polymers. It is shown that the single-chain structure factor can be also obtained from measurements of highly concentrated mixtures and the procedure of evaluation is described. The application to amorphous polycarbonate demonstrates the advantages of the method.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00285134
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intermediate angle scattering functions and local chain configurations of semicrystalline and amorphous polymers (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 693-698 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Molecular scattering functions at intermediate scattering vectors, of μ=(4π/λ sinϑ/2) in the range 0.03 to 1.0Å−1, are found to be extremely sensitive to the local configurations of polymer chains in both semicrystalline and amorphous states. Available experimental results of intermediate angle neutron scattering (IANS) from melt-crystallized polyethylene and isotactic polypropylene provide compelling evidence that adjacent re-entry is rare. The rotational isomeric state model satisfactorily accounts for IANS and chain dimensions of polycarbonate in the amorphous state.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00285135
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of spacer on the isomerization of bound azobenzene in soluble polymers (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 711-715 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Two polymerizable derivatives of 4-aminoazobenzene, viz., 4-methacryloylaminoazobenzene (MA-AAB) and 4-(12-methacryloylaminododecanoyl) aminoazobenzene (MA-12-AAB) were prepared and copolymerized with methacrylic acid (MA) and N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide (HPMA). The cis-trans thermal isomerization of these copolymers was investigated as a function of temperature, side chain length and character of the polymer carrier.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00285138
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aldehyde functionalization of styrene polymers (1981)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 731-733 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Two methods of the introduction of aldehyde group into polystyrene skeleton are described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00285141
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