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  • ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION  (634)
  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY  (347)
  • 2015-2019
  • 1980-1984  (981)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1981  (981)
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  • 2015-2019
  • 1980-1984  (981)
  • 1945-1949
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  • 101
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    Effect of cloud-radiation feedback on the climate of a general circulation model (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Experiments are described which show significant changes in the simulated large-scale dynamical circulation of a global model. Fixed clouds acting as zonally asymmetric radiative heat sources increase the generation of eddy available potential energy (EAPE) and the energy's conversion to eddy kinetic energy. Generation of EAPE by net radiative heating increases by 50% (0.11 W/sq m) for the fixed cloud experiment. The increase caused by the stationary component is much larger (approximately 100%), but it is partially compensated by a decrease caused by the transient component. A substantial increase is found in the variances of the planetary-scale stationary waves and the medium-scale waves of 2.7 day period. Although the sea surface temperatures are prescribed identically in both integrations, the changes in evaporation and precipitation are found to be much larger over the oceans than over the land.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; Nov. 198
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  • 102
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    Anomalous wind estimates from the Seasat scatterometer (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Seasat-A Satellite Scatterometer (SASS) measured the radar backscatter intensity from the sea surface using a four-beam microwave antenna. Estimates of wind speed and direction derived from these data agree well with surface measurements made during the Joint Air-Sea Interaction experiment, but there are occasions (3 out of 23 satellite passes) when the results are anomalous. One such occasion when the satellite measurements differed substantially from those at the surface of the sea has been studied, and it has been concluded that the interpretation of the SASS measurements may have been vitiated by a mid-level convective system deep enough to produce thunderstorms and lightning.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Nature; 294; Dec
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  • 103
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    A simple mechanism for blocking (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Numerical experiments show that blocking in a barotropic atmosphere can occur as a resonant enhancement of Rossby lee waves forced by two stationary sources of potential vorticity. In particular, if an upstream source of stationary forcing enhances the northerly flow over orography, then blocking occurs downstream of the mountain. In an analytical study, we show that, in the presence of friction, Rossby lee waves generate a rectified current downstream of the mountain, which does not vanish in the limit of zero friction. The relevance of this study to observed generation of blocking in the Atlantic Ocean and immediately upstream of the Rockies is discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; Oct. 198
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  • 104
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    Magnitude and frequency of wind speed shears from 3 to 150 meters (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An analysis is presented of high resolution wind profile measurements recorded at the NASA 150-m ground winds tower facility, showing wind speed shear frequency and magnitude distributions for six vertical layers of the atmosphere and one vertical distance. Vertical wind shear is defined as the change of wind speed with height, and its magnitudes were derived by algebraically subtracting lower level wind speeds from those of higher levels and dividing the distance between levels. Horizontal wind shear is understood to be change of wind speed with horizontal distance, and its magnitudes were derived by algebraically subtracting the wind speed at a short tower from that at a tall one and dividing by the distance between towers.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Aircraft; 18; July 198
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  • 105
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    Spiral feature observed at top of rotating thunderstorm (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A dark spiral feature is noted in the geosynchronous satellite visible image of the top of a thunderstorm which also has a Doppler radar-observed mesocyclone. Although the evidence is not conclusive, the feature may represent cyclonic rotation at cloud top associated with the pre-tornado mesocyclone.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 109; May 1981
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  • 106
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    Microphysical development of a pulsating cumulus tower - A case study (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: In-cloud microphysical data collected within a 22-minute period during seven consecutive passes at the -13 C sampling level of a deep (base +22 C) convective cloud provide observational evidence for a secondary ice production mechanism at work in the Florida environment. The observed microphysical characteristics of the convective tower, particularly the spatial distribution and habit of the ice phase relative to the updraft, are consistent with a rime-splintering hypothesis for secondary ice production. It is shown that the cloud's updraft structure is critically important in governing the timing of the ice production by controlling the flux of graupel particles through the critical temperature zone (-3 C to -8 C). The importance of the cloud's pulsation growth dynamics on the microphysics is emphasized, particularly as it relates to rapidly glaciating cumuli.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Royal Meteorological Society; vol. 107
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  • 107
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    Space-time spectral structure of a GLAS general circulation model and a comparison with observations (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The wavenumber-frequency spectra of geopotential height computed from a winter simulation of a general circulation model are compared with the observed winter spectra averaged over 15 winters. The space and time scales studied include: (1) stationary planetary waves; (2) stationary synoptic-scale waves; (3) low-frequency planetary waves; (4) low frequency synoptic-scale waves; (5) medium-frequency planetary waves; and (6) medium frequency synoptic-scale waves. Variances in these categories are presented and their distributions with latitude and height are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; May 1981
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  • 108
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    A split explicit reformulation of the regional numerical weather prediction model of the Japan Meteorological Agency (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The split explicit integration scheme for numerical weather prediction models is employed in a version of the regional numerical weather prediction model of the Japan Meteorological Agency. The finite-difference scheme of the model is designed in the manner proposed by Okamura (1975). The horizontal advection terms in the governing equations are integrated with a time step limited by the wind speed while the terms which describe inertial-gravity oscillations are integrated in a succession of shorter time steps. The physical processes included within the model are precipitation, small-scale convection, surface exchanges of sensible and latent heat, and radiative heating and cooling. An example of a surface pressure forecast over Europe is shown for initial data observed at 0000 GMT 29 December 1979. Quantitative precipitation forecasts over Europe and North America for the 24 h period beginning at 0000 GMT 30 December 1979 are also shown. It is concluded that the model is capable of realistically depicting the evolution of synoptic-scale systems.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 109; May 1981
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  • 109
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    Positive cloud-to-ground lightning flashes in severe storms (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The occurrence of cloud-to-ground flashes that effectively lower positive charge to earth (+CG flash) over flat terrain has been documented in the mature stage of severe thunderstorms. Of the 31 documented +CG flashes, most had only one return stroke. Zero-to-peak rise times for the strokes averaged 7 microsec. The +CG flashes averaged 520 ms in duration, with 25 percent lasting more than 800 ms. Many of these had field changes suggestive of continuing current. Positive flashes have been observed to emanate from several regions of severe storms: high on the back of the main storm tower, through the wall cloud, and from the downshear anvil. Visually most of these positive flashes have emanated from high in the storm, and acoustic mapping of two shows thunder sources to a height of about 15 km.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 8; July 198
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  • 110
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    Dispersed solar thermal generation employing parabolic dish-electric transport with field modulated generator systems (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: This paper discusses the application of field modulated generator systems (FMGS) to dispersed solar-thermal-electric generation from a parabolic dish field with electric transport. Each solar generation unit is rated at 15 kWe and the power generated by an array of such units is electrically collected for insertion into an existing utility grid. Such an approach appears to be most suitable when the heat engine rotational speeds are high (greater than 6000 r/min) and, in particular, if they are operated in the variable speed mode and if utility-grade a.c. is required for direct insertion into the grid without an intermediate electric energy storage and reconversion system. Predictions of overall efficiencies based on conservative efficiency figures for the FMGS are in the range of 25 per cent and should be encouraging to those involved in the development of cost-effective dispersed solar thermal power systems.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Energy; 27; 1, 19; 1981
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  • 111
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    An efficient method for computing the absorption of solar radiation by water vapor (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Chou and Arking (1980) have developed a fast but accurate method for computing the IR cooling rate due to water vapor. Using a similar approach, the considered investigation develops a method for computing the heating rates due to the absorption of solar radiation by water vapor in the wavelength range from 4 to 8.3 micrometers. The validity of the method is verified by comparison with line-by-line calculations. An outline is provided of an efficient method for transmittance and flux computations based upon actual line parameters. High speed is achieved by employing a one-parameter scaling approximation to convert an inhomogeneous path into an equivalent homogeneous path at suitably chosen reference conditions.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; Apr. 198
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  • 112
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    Predictability in a solvable stochastic climate model (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A highly idealized atmospheric model is presented for the purpose of examining the limits of predictability for the large scales of the temperature field. The model is of the semiempirical type introduced by Budyko (1968, 1969) and Sellers (1969), but forced by a white noise heating term. The advantage of the considered model is its simplicity and the fact that analytical methods can be used throughout so that each assumption and simplification can be examined explicitly. On the other hand, the model lacks many features expected to be important in the real geophysical system. The predictability problem is illustrated by considering first a simple model for the global temperature. The characteristic time for the decay of a global temperature anomaly is determined by the ratio of the associated heat storage to the radiative loss rate.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; Mar. 198
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  • 113
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    Tropical cyclone rainfall characteristics as determined from a satellite passive microwave radiometer (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Data from the Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer on Nimbus-5 (ESMR-5) have been used to calculate total tropical cyclone Latent Heat Release (LHR) and rainfall parameters for over 70 satellite observations of 21 tropical cyclones during 1973, 1974, and 1975 in the North Pacific tropical ocean. The data were found to be useful in determining the rainfall characteristics of these storms and appear to be potentially useful in monitoring and making short-term prediction of their intensity. Case studies as well as composite studies indicate that the increase in the ESMR-5 derived LHR corresponds to storm intensification. It also appears that the ESMR-5 derived rainfall parameters can be used to detect the beginning of tropical cyclone intensification.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 109; Mar. 198
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  • 114
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    The properties of polycrystalline silicon solar cells with controlled titanium additions (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: By coupling the results of electrical measurements, such as spectral response, lighted and dark I-V determinations, and deep-level-transient spectroscopy with optical and laser scan photomicroscopy, the effects of grain boundaries and impurities on silicon solar cells were evaluated. Titanium, which produces two deep levels in silicon, degrades cell performance by reducing bulk lifetime and thus cell short-circuit current. Electrically active grain boundaries induce carrier recombination in the bulk and depletion regions of the solar cell. Experimental data imply a small but measurable segregation of titanium into some grain boundaries of the polycrystalline silicon containing high Ti concentration. However, for the titanium-contaminated polycrystalline material used in this study, solar cell performance is dominated by the electrically active titanium concentration in the grains. Microstructural impacts on the devices are of secondary importance
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices; ED-28; Jan. 198
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  • 115
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    Assessment of solar-assisted gas-fired heat pump systems (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: As a possible application for the Goldstone Energy Project, the performance of a 10 ton heat pump unit using a hybrid solar gas energy source was evaluated in an effort to optimize the solar collector size. The heat pump system is designed to provide all the cooling and/or heating requirements of a selected office building. The system performance is to be augmented in the heating mode by utilizing the waste heat from the power cycle. A simplified system analysis is described to assess and compute interrrelationships of the engine, heat pump, and solar and building performance parameters, and to optimize the solar concentrator/building area ratio for a minimum total system cost. In addition, four alternative heating cooling systems, commonly used for building comfort, are described; their costs are compared, and are found to be less competitive with the gas solar heat pump system at the projected solar equipment costs.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 154-190
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  • 116
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    Computer simulated building energy consumption for verification of energy conservation measures in network facilities (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A computer program called ECPVER (Energy Consumption Program - Verification) was developed to simulate all energy loads for any number of buildings. The program computes simulated daily, monthly, and yearly energy consumption which can be compared with actual meter readings for the same time period. Such comparison can lead to validation of the model under a variety of conditions, which allows it to be used to predict future energy saving due to energy conservation measures. Predicted energy saving can then be compared with actual saving to verify the effectiveness of those energy conservation changes. This verification procedure is planned to be an important advancement in the Deep Space Network Energy Project, which seeks to reduce energy cost and consumption at all DSN Deep Space Stations.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Telecommun. and Data Acquisition; p 142-146
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  • 117
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    Fuel cells feasibility (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The technical and economic status of fuel cells is assessed with emphasis on their potential benefits to the Deep Space Network. The fuel cell, what it is, how it operates, and what its outputs are, is reviewed. Major technical problems of the fuel cell and its components are highlighted. Due to these problems and economic considerations it is concluded that fuel cells will not become commercially viable until the early 1990s.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition; p 154-168
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  • 118
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    A sensitivity model for energy consumption in buildings. Part 1: Effect of exterior environment (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A simple analytical model is developed for the simulation of seasonal heating and cooling loads of any class of buildings to complement available computerized techniques which make hourly, daily, and monthly calculations. An expression for the annual energy utilization index, which is a common measure of rating buildings having the same functional utilization, is derived to include about 30 parameters for both building interior and exterior environments. The sensitivity of a general class building to either controlled or uncontrolled weather parameters is examined. A hypothetical office type building, located at the Goldstone Space Communication Complex, Goldstone, California, is selected as an example for the numerical sensitivity evaluations. Several expressions of variations in local outside air temperature, pressure, solar radiation, and wind velocity are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition; p 58-88
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  • 119
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    Numerical simulation of a sudden stratospheric warming with a three-dimensional, spectral, quasi-geostrophic model (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An analysis of a sudden stratospheric warming which developed spontaneously during a winter simulation with a three-dimensional quasi-geostrophic model is described. Changes in the circulation and thermal structure of the winter polar stratosphere that occurred during the warming are shown to be in close agreement with observed behavior: enhanced vertical flux of eddy energy into the stratosphere, rapid temperature increase in high latitudes with a reversal of the zonal mean temperature gradient between midlatitude and pole, destruction of the circumpolar cyclonic vortex, and a marked deceleration of the westerly jet and the appearance of zonal mean easterlies. Energies of the warming are also consistent with observed characteristics. Many aspects of the dynamical development of the present model simulation are shown to agree with a previous model simulation, but there are also areas of disagreement.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; July 198
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  • 120
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    Glass as encapsulation for low-cost photovoltaic solar arrays (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: In photovoltaic systems, the encapsulant material that protects the solar cells should be highly transparent and very durable. Glass satisfies these two criteria and is considered a primary candidate for low-cost, photovoltaic encapsulation systems. In this paper, various aspects of glass encapsulation are treated that are important for the designer of photovoltaic systems. Candidate glasses and available information defining the state of the art of glass encapsulation materials and processes for automated, high volume production of terrestrial photovoltaic devices and related applications are presented. The desired characteristics of glass encapsulation are (1) low degradation rates, (2) high transmittance, (3) high reliability, (4) low-cost, and (5) high annual production capacity. The glass design areas treated herein include the types of glass, sources, prices, physical properties and glass modifications, such as antireflection coatings.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 121
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    Parabolic dish systems at work - Applying the concepts (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An overview is given of parabolic dish solar concentrator application experiments being conducted by the U.S. Department of Energy. The 'engineering experiments' comprise the testing of (1) a small-community powerplant system, in conjunction with a grid-connected utility; (2) stand-alone applications at remote sites such as military installations, radar stations and villages; and (3) dish modules that can deliver heat for direct use in industrial processes. Applicability projections are based on a dish and receiver that use a Brayton engine with an engine/generator efficiency of 25% and a production level of up to 25,000 units per year. Analyses indicate that parabolic-dish power systems can potentially replace small, oil-fired power plants in all regions of the U.S. between 1985 and 1991.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Sunworld; 5; May 1981
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  • 122
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    Parabolic dish collectors - A solar option (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A description is given of several parabolic-dish high temperature solar thermal systems currently undergoing performance trials. A single parabolic dish has the potential for generating 20 to 30 kW of electricity with fluid temperatures from 300 to 1650 C. Each dish is a complete power-producing unit, and may function either independently or as part of a group of linked modules. The two dish designs under consideration are of 11 and 12 meter diameters, yielding receiver operating temperatures of 925 and 815 C, respectively. The receiver designs described include (1) an organic working fluid (toluene) Rankine cycle engine; (2) a Brayton open cycle unit incorporating a hybrid combustion chamber and nozzle and a shaft-coupled permanent magnet alternator; and (3) a modified Stirling cycle device originally designed for automotive use. Also considered are thermal buffer energy storage and thermochemical transport and storage.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Sunworld; 5; May 1981
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  • 123
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    Satellite and correlative measurements of the stratospheric aerosol. II Comparison of measurements made by SAM II, dustsondes and airborne lidar (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Results are shown from the first set of measurements conducted to validate extinction data from the Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement II (SAM II). Dustsonde-measured number density profiles and lidar-measured backscattering profiles for two days are converted to extinction profiles, and are shown to agree within their respective uncertainties at all heights above the tropopause. Near the tropopause, agreement depends on use of model size distributions with larger particles, having radii greater than 0.6 microns. The presence of such large particles is supported by measurements made elsewhere, is suggested by the in situ size distribution measurements reported, and is likely to have an important bearing on the radiative impact of the total stratospheric aerosol. It is concluded that the SAM II extinction data and uncertainty estimates are supported.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; June 198
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  • 124
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    Steam reforming of n-hexane on pellet and monolithic catalyst beds. A comparative study on improvements due to heat transfer (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Monolithic catalysts with higher available active surface areas and better thermal conductivity than conventional pellets beds, making possible the steam reforming of fuels heavier than naphtha, were examined. Performance comparisons were made between conventional pellet beds and honeycomb monolith catalysts using n-hexane as the fuel. Metal-supported monoliths were examined. These offer higher structural stability and higher thermal conductivity than ceramic supports. Data from two metal monoliths of different nickel catalyst loadings were compared to pellets under the same operating conditions. Improved heat transfer and better conversion efficiencies were obtained with the monolith having higher catalyst loading. Surface-gas interaction was observed throughout the length of the monoliths.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Conversion of Hydrocarbons for Fuel Cell Appl.; p 75-120
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  • 125
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    An analysis of intermittent updating for the shallow water equations (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The method of intermittent updating for a model system is analyzed. How updating one variable of the system affects the other variables, what the factors are which influence the rate of convergence of this procedure, and how measurement error affects the procedure are considered.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 74-77
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  • 126
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    Applications of estimation theory to numerical weather prediction (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Numerical weather prediction (NWP) is an initial value problem for a system of nonlinear partial differential equations in which the initial values are known only incompletely and inaccurately. Data at initial time can be supplemented, however, by observations of the system distributed over a time interval preceding it. Estimation theory was successful in approaching such problems for models governed by systems of ordinary differential equations and of linear PDEs. Estimation-theoretic methods for NWP are developed. A model exhibiting many features of large scale atmospheric flow important in NWP is the one governed by the shallow fluid equations. The estimation problem for a linearized formulation of these equations is studied. A finite difference version of the equations is used as a forecast model to simulate the numerical models used in NWP.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981 (SEE N82-25551 16-42)
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  • 127
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    Comparison of observed and computed brightness temperatures for the HIRS2 and MSU sounders on TIROS-N (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Given the radiosonde temperature and humidity profile, brightness temperatures for the temperature sounding IR channels on HIRS 2 were calculated. The temperature profile was interpolated to 53 levels between 1000 and 30 mb assuming temperature to be linear in the logarithm of the pressure between the mandatory levels. The 11 levels above 30 mb were extrapolated according to climatology. The surface was taken to be the climatological sea surface temperature. The specific humidity was interpolated between mandatory levels assuming a p(n) dependence. A specific humidity corresponding to a climatological water vapor mixing ratio of 2 ppmv was assumed at and above 100 mb. Zonally averaged climatological ozone profiles were used to compute the ozone component of the transmittance.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 61-67
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  • 128
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    Numerical prediction of the large scale tropical flow (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The mean error characteristics of two series of forecasts of the tropical flow were studied. By using as initial conditions analyses made with and without the FGGE special observing system, the impact that initial data has on the accuracy of the forecasts is estimated.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 37-45
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  • 129
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    Recent work in advanced hydrogen production concepts (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The hydrogen photoelectrolytic conversion activity investigated the practicability of semiconductor electrolytic devises that use solar energy to decompose water into hydrogen and oxygen in an apparent single step process. The photocatalytic decomposition of inorganic hydrogen compounds; i.e., hydrobromic and hydriodic acids using rhodium organic bridge complexes were also studied. The feasibility of direct high temperature thermal decompositions of water with diffusion processes for separation of the equilibrium mixture of hydrogen and oxygen into usable energy sources was examined.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Courtesy Associates, Inc. Proc. of the DOE Thermal and Chem. Storage Ann. Contractor's Rev. Meeting; p 232
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    Containment materials: Status and summary (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The hydrogen containment materials are studied. The safe, reliable, and economic containment of hydrogen is essential to the success of virtually any hydrogen energy transport and storage scheme. The potential problems associated with hydrogen containment are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Courtesy Associates, Inc. Proc. of the DOE Thermal and Chem. Storage Ann. Contractor's Rev. Meeting; p 224-226
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  • 131
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    Dish-mounted latent heat buffer storage (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Dish-mounted latent heat storage subsystems for Rankine, Brayton, and Stirling engines operating at 427 C, 816 C, and 816 C respectively are discussed. Storage requirements definition, conceptual design, media stability and compatibility tests, and thermal performance analyses are considered.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Courtesy Associates, Inc. Proc. of the DOE Thermal and Chem. Storage Ann. Contractor's Rev. Meeting; p 113-117
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  • 132
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    Model verification studies using accurate measurements of spin up (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The reliability and accuracy of the numerical code for spin up flows in a cylinder by comparing the numerical results against high resolution laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) measurements of the azimuthal flows were checked. A computer code to generate numerical solution for axisymmetric rotating fluid in a cylinder was obtained and amended for routine use at MSFC. The numerical simulations used the Navier-Stokes equations in axisymmetric form and employed finite difference techniques on both constant and variable grids. The numerical solutions are analyzed to gain further insight into the fundamental questions analyzed in rotating fluid dynamics.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: The Numerical Studies Program for the Atmospheric Gen. Circ. Expt. (AGCE) for Spacelab Flights; p 40-43
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  • 133
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    The three dimensional spherical model for the AGCE (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The development of accurate numerical model of the atmospheric general circulation experiment (AGCE) is discussed. The model will serve both as a design and diagnostic tool for the AGCE, as well as for conducting numerical experiments which otherwise cannot be performed by AGCE. The code in its final form will solve the complete three dimensional nonlinear Navier-Stokes energy equations with the Boussinesq approximation. The code will allow for any thermal boundary conditions and any external forcing in the form of rotation and body forces and will allow for variable thermodynamic coefficients.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center The Numerical Studies Program for the Atmospheric Gen. Circ. Expt. (AGCE) for Spacelab Flights; p 37-39
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  • 134
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    A theoretical study of microwave beam absorption by a rectenna (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The results of a theoretical study of microwave beam absorption by a Rectenna are given. Total absorption of the power beam is shown to be theoretically possible. Several improvements in the Rectenna design are indicated as a result of analytic modeling. The nature of Rectenna scattering and atmospheric effects are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Workshop on Microwave Power Transmission and Reception; p 234-240
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  • 135
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    Shallow water experiments using an improved Kreiss-Oliger 2-4 scheme (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Abarbanel-Gottleib (AG) modification of the Kreiss-Oliger (KO) scheme is applied to a global 1-level shallow water model and the results compared to results obtained using the standard KO scheme. The standard KO scheme consists of the second order leapfrog scheme for time derivatives and fourth order space differencing for spatial derivatives. The AG scheme modifies the KO scheme in a manner similar to that done by Wilson to the multidimensional leapfrog scheme, obtaining a 35-40% improvement of the maximum time step. Application of the AG scheme expands the domain of influence of the KO scheme by including off-axis grid points.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 105-113
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  • 136
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    A variable vertical resolution weather model with an explicitly resolved planetary boundary layer (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A version of the fourth order weather model incorporating surface wind stress data from SEASAT A scatterometer observations is presented. The Monin-Obukhov similarity theory is used to relate winds at the top of the surface layer to surface wind stress. A reasonable approximation of surface fluxes of heat, moisture, and momentum are obtainable using this method. A Richardson number adjustment scheme based on the ideas of Chang is used to allow for turbulence effects.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 82-83
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  • 137
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    Analysis of the photo voltage decay /PVD/ method for measuring minority carrier lifetimes in P-N junction solar cells (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The photo voltage decay (PVD) method for the measurement of minority carrier lifetimes in P-N junction solar cells with cell thickness comparable to or even less than the minority carrier diffusion length is examined. The method involves the generation of free carriers in the quasi-neutral bulk material by flashes of light and the monitoring of the subsequent decay of the induced open-circuit voltages as the carriers recombine, which is dependent on minority carrier recombination lifetime. It is shown that the voltage versus time curve for an ordinary solar cell (N(+)-P junction) is proportional to the inverse minority carrier lifetime plus a factor expressing the ratio of diffusion length to cell thickness. In the case of an ideal back-surface-field cell (N(+)-P-P(+) junction) however, the slope is directly proportional to the inverse minority carrier lifetime. It is noted that since most BSF cells are not ideal, possessing a sizable back surface recombination velocity, the PVD measurements must be treated with caution and supplemented with other nonstationary methods.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Journal of Applied Physics; 52; Sept
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  • 138
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    Structure and dynamics of monsoon depressions: The Monex depression (July 1979) (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The mechanisms for the formation and movement of monsoon depressions are discussed. The east-west oriented monsoon throughs which move north and south and appear over the Bay of Bengal and move northwest over India are examined. The mechanisms of formation and movement are summarized: (1) monsoon depressions over the Bay of Bengal are caused either by amplification of westward propagating weak disturbances or by downward propagation of the internal jet instability of the easterly jet; (2) the barotropic instability of the low level flow over the Bay of Bengal is conductive to the growth of weak disturbances; (3) the CISK is the primary driving mechanism for the rapid growth for a preexisting weak perturbation; and (4) once the disturbance has attained adequate amplitude in the lower levels, the low level moisture convergence and latent heat condensation is utilized more efficiently for the development of a vertically coupled deep disturbance which along with upper level easterlies contribute to the westward propagation of the disturbance.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 217-222
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  • 139
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    Some aspects of southwest monsoon as seen in a GLAS GCM simulation (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The GCM simulations to see if they simulate the southwest summer monsoon or aspects of it were studied. In particular, the GLAS GCM simulations have also been studied with monsoon in view. Aspects of the summer monsoon, viz., disturbances in the monsoon flow and periodicities in the monsoon fluctuations as revealed in a simulation were investigated. Results of climate simulation for 50 summer days from June 15, 1979 through August 3, 1979 are reported. Daily mean fields were computed from these data sets for the monsoon region. The monsoon region here is defined as the region bounded by latitudes 30 S - 42 N and longitudes 45 E - 120 E.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 195-197
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  • 140
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    Climate model postprocessing (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The development of new postprocessing software of the climate modeling group is summarized. Code, test, and perform simulations with global general circulation models are described. The models improve understanding and ability to predict the vagaries of weather and climate. To learn from and utilize the model results, it is necessary to create elaborate postprocessing software to allow analysis of the large volume of data produced. The models produce sigma history tapes. The sigma history records are interpolated to pressure history records, which are written on a pressure history tape. The model results are analyzed on pressure surfaces, with snap shots or time averages.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Modeling Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 149-152
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  • 141
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    Preliminary evaluation of the FGGE special effort for data enhancement (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Man-computer Interactive Data Access System (McIDAS) terminals were utilized for data evaluation, quality assessment, and satellite data enhancement.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 52-60
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  • 142
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    Interactive processing of SEASAT scatterometer data (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Man-computer Interactive Data Access System (McIDAS), adapted for the interactive processing of satellite-derived temperature soundings and cloud-track winds for the FGGE Special Effort, was adapted for the processing and evaluation of SEASAT data. The implementation of the McIDAS SEASAT processing system required (1) extensive modifications to the data base structure to store and display SASS winds, as well as corroborative level II data, model first guess fields and level III analyses, and (2) the development of software to dealias and analyze SASS wind vectors interactively.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 49-51
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  • 143
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    The effect of varying amounts of satellite data, orography and diabatic processes on the numerical prediction of an intense cyclone (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Descriptive results from a study of cyclone evolution in the DST-6 forecast case from 0000 GMT 19 February 1976 are presented. The effects of satellite data, orography and diabatic processes on the numerical prediction of cyclone development, and displacement are assessed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 7-10
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  • 144
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    Autothermal reforming of sulfur-free and sulfur-containing hydrocarbon liquids (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The mechanisms by which various fuel component hydrocarbons related to both heavy petroleum and coal-derived liquids are converted to hydrogen without forming carbon were investigated. Reactive differences between paraffins and aromatics in autothermal reforming (ATR) were shown to be responsible for the observed fuel-specific carbon formation characteristics. The types of carbon formed in the reformer were identified by SEM and XRD analyses of catalyst samples and carbon deposits. From tests with both light and heavy paraffins and aromatics, it is concluded that high boiling point hydrocarbons and polynuclear aromatics enhance the propensity for carbon formation. The effects of propylene addition on the ATR performance of benzene are described. In ATR tests with mixtures of paraffins and aromatics, synergistic effects on conversion characteristics were identified. Indications that the sulfur content of the fuel may be the limiting factor for efficient ATR operation were found. The conversion and degradation effects of the sulfur additive (thiophene) were examined.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: conversion of Hydrocarbons for Fuel Cell Appl.; p 1-74
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  • 145
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    Climatology of blocking in the GLAS climate model (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The GLAS model's ability to simulate the occurrence of persistent anomalies to be referred to as blocking was examined. The GLAS climate model was integrated with a variety of initial and boundary conditions. Results of winter and summer simulation by the GLAS climate model are discussed. The model shows success in simulating the storm tracks.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 207-216
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  • 146
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    The seasonal-cycle climate model (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The seasonal cycle run which will become the control run for the comparison with runs utilizing codes and parameterizations developed by outside investigators is discussed. The climate model currently exists in two parallel versions: one running on the Amdahl and the other running on the CYBER 203. These two versions are as nearly identical as machine capability and the requirement for high speed performance will allow. Developmental changes are made on the Amdahl/CMS version for ease of testing and rapidity of turnaround. The changes are subsequently incorporated into the CYBER 203 version using vectorization techniques where speed improvement can be realized. The 400 day seasonal cycle run serves as a control run for both medium and long range climate forecasts alsensitivity studies.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 185-187
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  • 147
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    Solar energy (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The book opens with a review of the patterns of energy use and resources in the United States, and an exploration of the potential of solar energy to supply some of this energy in the future. This is followed by background material on solar geometry, solar intensities, flat plate collectors, and economics. Detailed attention is then given to a variety of solar units and systems, including domestic hot water systems, space heating systems, solar-assisted heat pumps, intermediate temperature collectors, space heating/cooling systems, concentrating collectors for high temperatures, storage systems, and solar total energy systems. Finally, rights to solar access are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 148
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    New technologies for solar energy silicon - Cost analysis of dichlorosilane process (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A reduction in the cost of silicon for solar cells is an important objective in a project concerned with the reduction of the cost of electricity produced with solar cells. The cost goal for the silicon material is about $14 per kg (1980 dollars). The process which is currently employed to produce semiconductor grade silicon from trichlorosilane is not suited for meeting this cost goal. Other processes for producing silicon are, therefore, being investigated. A description is presented of results obtained for the DCS process which involves the production of dichlorosilane as a silicon source material for solar energy silicon. Major benefits of dichlorosilane as a silicon source material include faster reaction rates for chemical vapor deposition of silicon. The DCS process involves the reaction 2SiHCl3 yields reversibly SiH2Cl2 + SiCl4. The results of a cost analysis indicate a total product cost without profit of $1.29/kg of SiH2Cl2.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Energy; 27; 6, 19; 1981
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  • 149
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    Large-scale variations in observed Antarctic Sea ice extent and associated atmospheric circulation (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The 1974 Antarctic large scale sea ice extent is studied from data from Nimbus 2 and 5 and temperature and sea level pressure fields from the Australian Meteorological Data Set. Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer data were three-day averaged and compared with 1000 mbar atmospheric pressure and sea level pressure data, also in three-day averages. Each three-day period was subjected to a Fourier analysis and included the mean latitude of the ice extent and the phases and percent variances in terms of the first six Fourier harmonics. Centers of low pressure were found to be generally east of regions which displayed rapid ice growth, and winds acted to extend the ice equatorward. An atmospheric response was also noted as caused by the changing ice cover.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 109; Nov. 198
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  • 150
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    Energy balance climate models (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An introductory survey of the global energy balance climate models is presented with an emphasis on analytical results. A sequence of increasingly complicated models involving ice cap and radiative feedback processes are solved, and the solutions and parameter sensitivities are studied. The model parameterizations are examined critically in light of many current uncertainties. A simple seasonal model is used to study the effects of changes in orbital elements on the temperature field. A linear stability theorem and a complete nonlinear stability analysis for the models are developed. Analytical solutions are also obtained for the linearized models driven by stochastic forcing elements. In this context the relation between natural fluctuation statistics and climate sensitivity is stressed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 19; Feb. 198
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  • 151
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    Metal-halide mixtures for latent heat energy storage (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: Some candidates for alkali metal and alkali halide mixtures suitable for thermal energy storage at temperatures 600 C are identified. A solar thermal system application which offer advantages such as precipitation of salt crystals away from heat transfer surfaces, increased thermal conductivity of phase change materials, corrosion inhibition, and a constant monotectic temperature, independent of mixture concentrations. By using the lighters, metal rich phase as a heat transfer medium and the denser, salt rich phase as a phase change material for latent heat storage, undesirable solidification on the heat transfer surface may be prevented, is presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ASME Solar Eng., 1981; p 667-674
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  • 152
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    The NASA Lewis large wind turbine program (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: The large wind turbine program activities are reviewed. These activities include results from the first and second generation field machines (Mod-OA, 1, and 2), the design phase of the third generation wind turbine (Mod-5) and the advanced technology projects. The status of the WTS-4 machine is also presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Midwest Res. Inst. Fifth Bien. Wind Energy Conf. and Workshop (WW5); p 39-58
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  • 153
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    An interferometer-based phase control system (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A system for focusing and pointing the SPS power beam is discussed. The system is ground based and closed loop. One receiving antenna is required on earth. A conventional uplinked data channel transmits an 8-bit phase error correction back to the SPS for sequential calibration of each power module. Beam pointing resolution is better than 140 meters at the rectenna.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Solar Power Satellite Microwave Transmission and Reception; p 139-140
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  • 154
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    SPS fiber optic link assessment (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Fiber optic technology was tentatively selected in the SPS baseline design to transmit a stable phase reference throughout microwave array. Over a hundred thousand microwave modules are electronically steered by the phase reference signal to form the power beam at the ground receiving station. The initially selected IF distribution frequency of the phase reference signal was at 980 MHz or a submultiple of it. Fiber optics offers some significant advantages in view of the SPS application. Optical transmission is highly immune to EMI/RFI, which is expected to be severe when considering the low distribution power. In addition, there are savings in both mass, physical size, and potentially in cost.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Solar Power Satellite Microwave Transmission and Reception; p 154-158
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  • 155
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    A sonic satellite power system microwave power transmission simulation (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A simulator is described which generates and transmits a beam of audible sound energy mathematically similar to the SPS power beam. The simulator provides a laboratory means for analysis of ground based closed loop SPS phase control and of ionospheric effects on the SPS microwave power beam.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Solar Power Microwave Transmission and Reception; p 141-143
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  • 156
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    Flutter of Darrieus wind turbine blades: Correlation of theory and experiment (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Flutter analysis of two wind turbines was correlated with experimental data for flutter of Darrieus blades.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Wind Turbine Dyn.; p 199-200
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  • 157
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    On the wake of a Darrieus turbine (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The theory and experimental measurements on the aerodynamic decay of a wake from high performance vertical axis wind turbine are discussed. In the initial experimental study, the wake downstream of a model Darrieus rotor, 28 cm diameter and a height of 45.5 cm, was measured in a Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel. The wind turbine was run at the design tip speed ratio of 5.5. It was found that the wake decayed at a slower rate with distance downstream of the turbine, than a wake from a screen with similar troposkein shape and drag force characteristics as the Darrieus rotor. The initial wind tunnel results indicated that the vertical axis wind turbines should be spaced at least forty diameters apart to avoid mutual power depreciation greater than ten per cent.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Wind Turbine Dyn.; p 51-66
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  • 158
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    Aerodynamic potpourri (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Aerodynamic developments for vertical axis and horizontal axis wind turbines are given that relate to the performance and aerodynamic loading of these machines. Included are: (1) a fixed wake aerodynamic model of the Darrieus vertical axis wind turbine; (2) experimental results that suggest the existence of a laminar flow Darrieus vertical axis turbine; (3) a simple aerodynamic model for the turbulent windmill/vortex ring state of horizontal axis rotors; and (4) a yawing moment of a rigid hub horizontal axis wind turbine that is related to blade coning.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Wind Turbine Dyn.; p 3-7
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  • 159
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    Calculation of guaranteed mean power from wind turbine generators (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A method for calculating the 'guaranteed mean' power output of a wind turbine generator is proposed. The term 'mean power' refers to the average power generated at specified wind speeds during short-term tests. Correlation of anemometers, the method of bins for analyzing non-steady data, the PROP Code for predicting turbine power, and statistical analysis of deviations in test data from theory are discussed. Guaranteed mean power density for the Clayton Mod-OA system was found to be 8 watts per square meter less than theoretical power density at all power levels, with a confidence level of 0.999. This amounts to 4 percent of rated power.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Wind Turbine Dyn.; p 139-150
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  • 160
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    An overview of fatigue failures at the Rocky Flats Wind System Test Center (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Potential small wind energy conversion (SWECS) design problems were identified to improve product quality and reliability. Mass produced components such as gearboxes, generators, bearings, etc., are generally reliable due to their widespread uniform use in other industries. The likelihood of failure increases, though, in the interfacing of these components and in SWECS components designed for a specific system use. Problems relating to the structural integrity of such components are discussed and analyzed with techniques currently used in quality assurance programs in other manufacturing industries.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Wind Turbine Dyn.; p 121-128
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  • 161
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    Performance testing of a 50 kW VAWT in a built-up environment (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The results of performance tests of a DAF Indal 50 kW vertical axis wind turbine are presented. Results of limited free stream turbulence and vertical wind shear measurements at the site are also presented. The close agreement between measured and predicted energy outputs, required to verify the wind turbine power output performance relationship, was not attained. A discussion is presented of factors that may have contributed to the lack of better agreement.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Wind Turbine Dyn.; p 129-138
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  • 162
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    Applications of the DOE/NASA wind turbine engineering information system (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A statistical analysis of data obtained from the Technology and Engineering Information Systems was made. The systems analyzed consist of the following elements: (1) sensors which measure critical parameters (e.g., wind speed and direction, output power, blade loads and component vibrations); (2) remote multiplexing units (RMUs) on each wind turbine which frequency-modulate, multiplex and transmit sensor outputs; (3) on-site instrumentation to record, process and display the sensor output; and (4) statistical analysis of data. Two examples of the capabilities of these systems are presented. The first illustrates the standardized format for application of statistical analysis to each directly measured parameter. The second shows the use of a model to estimate the variability of the rotor thrust loading, which is a derived parameter.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Wind Turbine Dyn.; p 113-120
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  • 163
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    Severe storms and local weather research (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Developments in the use of space related techniques to understand storms and local weather are summarized. The observation of lightning, storm development, cloud development, mesoscale phenomena, and ageostrophic circulation are discussed. Data acquisition, analysis, and the development of improved sensor and computer systems capability are described. Signal processing and analysis and application of Doppler lidar data are discussed. Progress in numerous experiments is summarized.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA(MSFC FY-81 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 51-140
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  • 164
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    General Electric point focus solar concentrator status (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The concentrator design approach evolved by a systemmatic process of examining the operating requirements particular to the solar application, minimizing material content through detail structural design and structurally efficient subsystem features, and utilizing materials and processes compatible with high volume production techniques. The design approach, the present concentrator configuration and the status of the hardware development are described.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Ann. Program Rev. Proc.; p 143-147
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  • 165
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    Cost goals (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: Cost goal activities for the point focusing parabolic dish program are reported. Cost goals involve three tasks: (1) determination of the value of the dish systems to potential users; (2) the cost targets of the dish system are set out; (3) the value side and cost side are integrated to provide information concerning the potential size of the market for parabolic dishes. The latter two activities are emphasized.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Ann. Program Rev. Proc.; p 247-250
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  • 166
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    Industrial application experiment series (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: Two procurements within the Industrial Application Experiment Series of the Thermal Power Systems Project are discussed. The first procurement, initiated in April 1980, resulted in an award to the Applied Concepts Corporation for the Capital Concrete Experiment: two Fresnel concentrating collectors will be evaluated in single-unit installations at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Parabolic Dish Test Site and at Capitol Concrete Products, Topeka, Kansas. The second procurement, initiated in March 1981, is titled, "Thermal System Engineering Experiment B." The objective of the procurement is the rapid deployment of developed parabolic dish collectors.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Ann. Program Rev. Proc.; p 215-216
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  • 167
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    Fresnel concentrating collector (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: An advanced point focusing solar technology demonstrated potential for near term commercialization as a renewable energy technology. The design features combine to produce a highly efficient, low cost, safe, adaptable, durable system which is simple to manufacture, install and maintain.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Ann. Program Rev. Proc.; p 171-178
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  • 168
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    Viking lander five year summary (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Description: The battery assemblies in the Viking lander are discussed. Discharge and recharge schemes are described. Performance charts for the batteries are included.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 361-370
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  • 169
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    Predelivery cell and battery summary for SMM 20A h batteries (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Description: Nickel cadmium batteries were performance tested and found to be compatible with the demands and goals of the Solar Maximum Mission flights.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 343-347
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  • 170
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    Anatomy of a short (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Description: The plate stocks of nickel cadmium batteries were disassembled to locate shorts. Through testing, the cause of the shorts was discovered to be a growth of cadmium coming through the separator.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 229-240
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  • 171
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    Expansion of the nickel electrode (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: To observe a reasonable amount of expansion, months or years in acutal batteries are required. Therefore, the technique of electrode bending was developed. Active material is taken off a sample electrode on one side, and left only on the other side with a cadmium counter electrode. With this configuration, if the active material expands, the electrode will bend convex - concave towards this direction. This very small bending may be easily detected with light deflection. A laser beam was used to project it on the screen through a mirror attached on the electrode, thus making a very sensitive measurement of a very small expansion.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 175 - 181
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  • 172
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    Nickel hydrogen cell tests (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Some parametric tests followed by cycling tests are described for the characterization of the service life of nickel hydrogen cells. Three cells were automatically cycled in simulated low Earth orbit in 35 minute discharge, 55 minute charge, with charging voltage limited, temperature compensated. The cells were mounted in a fixture that conducts heat to an aluminum baseplate. The baseplate in turn, is bounded in a temperature controlled bath to remove the heat from the mounted fixture. One cell was tested with a zircar separator, which failed after 2473 cyles. Two other cells were tested one with a zircar separator; the other with asbestos. More than 400 cycles were achieved.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 409-418
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  • 173
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    Nickel hydrogen cells, an historic overview (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The development of the nickel hydrogen battery system was primarily for replacement of the nickel cadmium battery and for space power systems. A chronological review of the major events and milestones leading up to the current system status is summarized.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 391-397
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  • 174
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    Nickel hydrogen life cycle test results (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Description: The charge efficiency of nickel hydrogen batteries is discussed. The general characteristics of the battery life cycle are described with respect to the dissipation of heat from the battery.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 339-407
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  • 175
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    Comparison of different plate treatments and designs, an update (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Description: Nine packs of cells of different designs were put on test at Crane. They were run through their initial evaluation tests and then put into a cycling test. These were GE 12A h cells. The temperature was 20 C, the orbit was 90 minutes, the depth of discharge was 40%, the discharge rate was 9.6A and the initial charge rate was 9.6A to a voltage limit where it went into a taper. The goal was to get 100% return. The voltage limit was 1.453V through most of the testing, although recently it became necessary to lower some packs and raise some to hold 115% return. After one year, one cell from each pack was removed and the initial evaluation tests were repeated.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 371-378
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  • 176
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    Multimission modular spacecraft parallel battery tests (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Description: Acceptance test data included: voltage profiles; pressure increase or decrease; and response of the third electrode cell. A softening of the voltage profile was revealed, as well as a lowering of the discharge profile and a 10 percent loss of capacity over a 0 to 20 C temperature range.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 335-341
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  • 177
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    Nickel cadmium cell optimization program (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Battery selection was based on tests to evaluate: weight, capacity; overcharge capability at varying temperatures; and charge retention.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 329-333
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  • 178
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    Battery failure model derived from flaw theory (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A previously derived failure model for battery lifetime is discussed in terms of growth rate of the flaw, distribution of flaw sizes, and number of flaws. Equations are presented for determining the failure model for a nickel cadmium battery.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 257-264
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  • 179
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    PBI treated polypropylene battery separator (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A generalized procedure for fabricating the separator is described. Some of the desired properties considered in fabricating the separator material for nickel-cadmium cells were good mechanical strength, good chemical stability, good wettability to the electrolyte, high electrolyte retention, and gas passage.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 217-223
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  • 180
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    The CMG Nickel Electrode (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: The development and design of the Controlled Microgeometry electrode are described. Advantages of the electrode over others in existance include a higher number of ampere hours per kilogram and the ability to make them over a wide range of thicknesses. The parameters that control the performance of the electrode can be individually controlled over a wide range. Therefore, the electrode may be designed to give the optimum performance for a given duty cycle.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 183-195
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  • 181
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    The structures of the sintered plaque in the nickel hydroxide electrode (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The various failure mechanisms were identified for the nickel electrode. The nickel sinter is involved in all these failure modes. The first one, chemical attack by carbonate, nitrate or other electrolyte components, involves corrosion of the nickel sinters. The second is the physical mode, which involves swelling of the electrode and physical shifting of the sinter in the electrodes. The third is the mechanical failure mode, and is due to fatigue or to the oxygen pressure that causes deformation or fracture of the sinter.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 157-164
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  • 182
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    Carbon catalysis of reactions in the lithium SOCl2 and SO2 systems (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Certain hazards associated with lithium batteries have delayed widespread acceptance of these power sources. The reactivity of ground lithium carbon mixtures was examined. The effect of carbon types on this reactivity was determined. The basic reaction involved mixtures of lithium and carbon with battery electrolyte. The various parameters that influenced this reactivity included: the nature and freshness of the carbon; the freshness, the purity, and the conductive salt of the electrolyte; and the effect of Teflon or moisture.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 105-110
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  • 183
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    Long life Li/SO2 cells (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The development of a long life Li/SO2 battery (one that could operate continuously for periods of at least five years) is discussed. The causes of premature failures in battery concepts are defined and solutions to these problems are described. In particular the corrosion of the glass in a glass-to-metal seal and a spot welded positive lead are addressed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 47-55
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  • 184
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    Thermal modeling of lithium systems (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The heat generation during cell discharge and its distribution are discussed. The effects of casing materials, thickness of current collectors, discharge environments, and entropies are described. A number of calorimetric experiments are described which quantify the heat during cell discharge.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 31-37
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  • 185
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    Capacity of a nickel hydrogen boilerplate cell as a function of temperature (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: An evaluation of the components was conducted with special emphasis on positive electrodes. Electrochemically impregnated positive electrodes were used which were made on a slurry plaque by using a perforated steel substrate. The capacity of the test cell was consistent with the loading level used and the effect of temperature on capacity seems to depend on the cobalt level.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 431-437
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  • 186
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    RCA Satcom in-orbit experience (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Description: The F1 and F2 spacecraft battery systems are described. Battery reconditioning and discharge are discussed and graphically illustrated. Current sharing as a measure of battery performance is also plotted.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 379-384
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  • 187
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    Air Force nickel hydrogen cells (1981)
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    Description: A 3.5 in. diameter, nominal 15A h cell went into advanced development in 1976 and is still in advanced development. The development of common pressure vessel nickel hydrogen modules is explored. The concept is to put a number of nickel hydrogen cells into one pressure vessel. There is a very modest advantage in terms of weight energy density, but a substantial advantage in both volume energy density and cost.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 387-389
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  • 188
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    Lightweight 50A h case design (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Description: Reduction of weight in the cell container and incorporation of compression seals are described. Design geometry is standard NASA 50A h geometry. The unit was pressurized to 100 psig. The yield point was not achieved. The case weighs 150 g.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 225-228
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  • 189
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    Electrolyte distribution study in sealed nickel cadmium cells (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The purpose of the study was threefold: to find an alternative method of estimating and extracting the electrolyte content in a cell; to understand how the electrolyte is distributed in the cell components (the positives and the negatives and in the separator material); and to discover whether the electrolyte is associated mostly with the positives and negatives or the separator. In each that cell the negative was associated with the greatest proportion of electrolyte, followed by the positive, and the separator.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 207-215
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  • 190
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    Lightweight composite cadmium electrodes (1981)
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    Description: The design and fabrication of the electrodes are discussed. The electrode efficiency of different impregnations of plaques is reported. The chemical impregnation for commercial use has the lowest efficiency, and for aerospace application it has higher efficiency. The electrochemically impregnated electrode is the most efficient.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 197-205
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  • 191
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    Initial capacity conditioning on electrochemical nickel hydroxide electrodes (1981)
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    Description: Conditioning is the initial cycling where cell capacity is usually unstable. The causes of the initial capacity build were examined. Gridless electrodes were fabricated to ensure mechanical homogeneity, so that a strain measured in one direction would be typical of a strain measured in the other directions. Plate hardness was also determined. These two parameters stabilize together.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 165-173
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  • 192
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    High energy density batteries for satellite applications (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The performance requirements of high-energy batteries for terrestrial applications were examined to establish whether or not these systems showed any promise in aerospace applications. The technology assessment is reported and consists of a battery technology evaluation, preliminary engineering studies, and system selection. Major candidate systems are compared and a program schedule is provided.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 143-154
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  • 193
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    Catastrophic event modeling (1981)
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    Description: A mathematical model for the catastrophic failures (venting or explosion of the cell) in lithium thionyl chloride batteries is presented. The phenomenology of the various processes leading to cell failure is reviewed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 99-103
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  • 194
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    Altus small button cell performance (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Description: Results of testing performed on Altus lithium thionyl chloride cells are presented. The test plan followed simulates the mine environment. It involves nondestructive testing, ruggedness testing and destructive testing. The nondestructive testing involves open circuit voltage measurements initially on all the cells, alternating current resistance measurements initially on all the cells and closed circuit voltage pulses, 20s on and 20s through 1000, 100, 10 and 1 ohms at temperatures of -54 to 71 C. The ruggedness testing involves low frequency vibration, high frequency vibration, and two-phase water entry shock at temperatures of -54, 25 and 71 C. It also involves thermal shock tests.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 91-97
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  • 195
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    Performance storage, safety and disposal of Li/SO2 cells (1981)
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    Description: Cell performance characteristics after storage at room temperature and 71 C as well as some cell failure modes are evaluated. The performance of cells at low temperatures (-30 C) even into voltage reversal is also considered. The correlation of Li/SO2 coulombic ratio with generated free cyanide (CN-) in forced discharged D cells is also included.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 61-71
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  • 196
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    Performance and safety characteristics of Li/BCX and Li/CSC systems (1981)
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    Description: The performance and safety characteristics of the lithium BCX and lithium CSC battery system are discussed. A comparison is made between the two systems with respect to open circuit voltage, energy density, and operating temperature.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 23-30
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  • 197
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    Experience on the use of MOSTAB-HFW computer code for horizontal-axis wind turbines (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Three topics are covered dealing with the frequencies of a rotating beam, the use of the fundamental mode of a uniform cantilever beam, and the analysis of resonance dwell. Immensely high peak loads were generated by the code for resonance dwell indicating further need for including structural damping and for transient analysis capability. The effect of structural damping, newly incorporated in the code, is described.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Wind Turbine Dyn.; p 221-223
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  • 198
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    Performance of wind turbines in a turbulent atmosphere (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: The effect of atmospheric turbulence on the power fluctuations of large wind turbines was studied. The significance of spatial non-uniformities of the wind is emphasized. The turbulent wind with correlation in time and space is simulated on the computer by Shinozukas method. The wind turbulence is modelled according to the Davenport spectrum with an exponential spatial correlation function. The rotor aerodynamics is modelled by simple blade element theory. Comparison of the spectrum of power output signal between 1-D and 3-D turbulence, shows the significant power fluctuations centered around the blade passage frequency.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Wind Turbine Dyn.; p 79-86
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  • 199
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    The UTRC wind energy conversion system performance analysis for horizontal axis wind turbines (WECSPER) (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The theory for the UTRC Energy Conversion System Performance Analysis (WECSPER) for the prediction of horizontal axis wind turbine performance is presented. Major features of the analysis are the ability to: (1) treat the wind turbine blades as lifting lines with a prescribed wake model; (2) solve for the wake-induced inflow and blade circulation using real nonlinear airfoil data; and (3) iterate internally to obtain a compatible wake transport velocity and blade loading solution. This analysis also provides an approximate treatment of wake distortions due to tower shadow or wind shear profiles. Finally, selected results of internal UTRC application of the analysis to existing wind turbines and correlation with limited test data are described.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Wind Turbine Dyn.; p 27-34
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 200
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    Analytical studies of new airfoils for wind turbines (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Computer studies were conducted to analyze the potential gains associated with utilizing new airfoils for large wind turbine rotor blades. Attempts to include 3-dimensional stalling effects were inconclusive. It is recommended that blade pressure measurements be made to clarify the nature of blade stalling. It is also recommended that new laminar flow airfoils be used as rotor blade sections.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Wind Turbine Dyn.; p 41-49
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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