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  • wheat  (75)
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae  (65)
  • Springer  (140)
  • Nature Publishing Group
  • 1990-1994  (122)
  • 1980-1984  (18)
  • 1993  (122)
  • 1981  (18)
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  • 1990-1994  (122)
  • 1980-1984  (18)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of experience on in-flight orientation to host-associated cues in the generalist parasitoidLysiphlebus testaceipes (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 68 (1993), S. 219-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Aphidiidae ; Homoptera ; Aphididae ; Schizaphis graminum ; wheat ; tritrophic interactions ; learning ; host-habitat location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of experience on the responsiveness of the aphidiid parasitoidLysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) to host-associated cues was investigated using a wind-tunnel bioassay. Naive females were able to discriminate between uninfested wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and wheat infested withSchizaphis gramimum (Rondani) (Homoptera: Aphididae), but oviposition experience significantly increased the parasitoid's propensity to respond to aphid-infested plants with upwind, targeted flight. The behavioural change associated with such experience was acquired rapidly (within five minutes) and persisted for at least 24 h. The parasitoid could be successfully conditioned to associate a novel odour with the presence of hosts, suggesting that the increase in response to aphid-infested plants which occurs as a result of experience is probably due to associative learning of olfactory cues from the plant-aphid complex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380774
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cloning and expression of Hormoconis resinae glucoamylase P cDNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 24 (1993), S. 38-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Glucoamylase ; Gene cloning ; Hormoconis resinae ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cDNA coding for glucoamylase P of Hormoconis resinae was cloned using a synthetic oligonucleotide probe coding for a peptide fragment of the purified enzyme and polyclonal anti-glucoamylase antibodies. Nucleotide-sequence analysis revealed an open reading frame of 1848 base pairs coding for a protein of 616 amino-acid residues. Comparison with other fungal glucoamylase amino-acid sequences showed homologies of 37–48%. The glucoamylase cDNA, when introduced into Saccharomyces cerevisiae under the control of the yeast ADC1 promoter, directed the secretion of active glucoamylase P into the growth medium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00324663
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Normal mitochondrial structure and genome maintenance in yeast requires the dynamin-like product of the MGM1 gene (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 24 (1993), S. 141-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Dynamin ; Mitochondria ; GTP binding protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The isolation and characterization of MGM1, and yeast gene with homology to members of the dynamin gene family, is described. The MGM1 gene is located on the right arm of chromosome XV between STE4 and PTP2. Sequence analysis revealed a single open reading frame of 902 residues capable of encoding a protein with an approximate molecular mass of 101 kDa. Loss of MGM1 resulted in slow growth on rich medium, failure to grow on non-fermentable carbon sources, and loss of mitochondrial DNA. The mitochondria also appeared abnormal when visualized with an antibody to a mitochondrial-matrix marker. MGM1 encodes a dynamin-like protein involved in the propagation of functional mitochondria in yeast.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00324678
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular cloning of the PEL1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that is essential for the viability of petite mutants (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 24 (1993), S. 307-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Growth control ; Genetic mapping ; Molecular cloning ; Nucleo-mitochondrial interaction ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Viability of petites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The PEL1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is essential for the cell viability of mitochondrial petite mutants, for the ability to utilize glycerol and ethanol on synthetic medium, and for cell growth at higher temperatures. By tetrad analysis the gene was assigned to chromosome III, centromere proximal of LEU2. The PEL1 gene has been isolated and cloned by the complementation of a pel1 mutation. The molecular analysis of the chromosomal insert carrying PEL1 revealed that this gene corresponds to the YCL4W open reading frame on the complete DNA sequence of chromosome III. The putative Pel1 protein is characterized by a low molecular weight of approximately 17 kDa, a low codon adaptation index, and a high leucine content.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336781
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sequence analysis of a Papaver somniferum L. mitochondrial DNA fragment promoting autonomous plasmid replication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces lactis (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 24 (1993), S. 366-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Papaver somniferum L. ; ARS ; Mitochondrial DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The minimal fragment of mitochondrial DNA from Papaver somniferum L. (poppy) able to promote autonomous plasmid replication in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was sequenced. Sequence analysis of the 917-bp MK4/8 DNA fragment revealed a high AT content, and the presence of two 12-bp sequences differing from the ARS core consensus of S. cerevisiae only by a T and C insertion, respectively. The mitochondrial insert contains a further six 11-bp sequences with one mismatch to the S. cerevisiae core consensus, more then 20 related sequences with two base pair exchanges, numerous direct and inverted repeats, and many copies of a sequence motif called the ARS box. The original 4.2-kb mitochondrial DNA fragment, as well as the minimal 917-bp subfragment in vector pFL1-E (a variant of YIP5, lacking an origin of replication in yeast), were then tested for their ability to replicate autonomously in another fungus, Kluyveromyces lactis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336790
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ogd1 and kgd1 mutants lacking 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase activity in yeast are allelic and can be differentiated by the cloned amber suppressor (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 24 (1993), S. 377-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: 2-Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase ; Molecular cloning ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Sequencing ; Suppressor ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The activity of mitochondrial 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase in S. cerevisiae can be impaired either by the ogd1 or the kgd1 mutation. The OGD1 gene and two suppressor genes were isolated by complementation of the ogd1 mutant. The complementation of the kdg1 mutant by the OGD1 gene, an allelism test, and meiotic mapping, revealed that the ogd1 and kgd1 mutations are allelic. The two mutations were differentiated by the cloned suppressor gene which was able to partially complement ogd1, but not kgd1. The molecular analysis of the suppressor gene revealed its identity with the natural tRNA CAG Gln gene found in the upstream region of URA10.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351844
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of reporter genes for the isolation and characterisation of different classes of sporulation mutants in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 24 (1993), S. 451-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Sporulation mutants ; Reporter genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Reporter genes consisting of sporulation-specific promoters fused to lacZ were used as markers to monitor the sporulation pathway of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Strains transformed with these lacZ gene fusions expressed β-galactosidase (assayable on plates using the substrate 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-galactopyranoside, X-gal) in a sporulation-dependent manner. Mutagenesis experiments performed on transformed strains resulted in the recovery of a number of novel sporulation mutants. Three classes of mutants were obtained: those which overexpressed the reporter gene under sporulation conditions, those which did not express the gene under any conditions, and those which expressed the gene in vegetative cells not undergoing sporulation. On the basis of the blue colony-colour produced in the presence of X-gal these have been described as superblue, white, and blue vegetative mutants, respectively. These were further characterised using earlier reporter genes and other marker systems. This study established that the multicopy reporter plasmids chosen do not interfere with sporulation; they are valid tools for monitoring the pathway and they provide a way to isolate mutations not readily selected by other markers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351856
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physical mapping of the MEL gene family in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 24 (1993), S. 461-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Chromosome fragmentation ; MEL gene family ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nine members, MEL2–MEL10, of the MEL gene family coding for α-galactosidase were physically mapped to the ends of the chromosomes by chromosome fragmentation. Genetic mapping of the genes supported the location of all the MEL genes in the left arm of their resident chromosomes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351706
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parameters affecting lithium acetate-mediated transformation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and development of a rapid and simplified procedure (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 24 (1993), S. 455-459 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Transformation ; Plasmid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have compared a number of procedures for the transformation of whole cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and assessed the effects of dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) or ethanol, both of which have been reported to enhance transformation efficiency. We find that simplified methods benefit from the addition of one of these compounds, and although differences are observed between strains as to the more beneficial reagent, peak transformation efficiency is, in general obtained with 10% DMSO or 10% EtOH. Increases of between six- and 50-fold are observed, despite a reduction in cell viability, and at this concentration the two compounds are not additive in their effects. The optimum level appears to depend on a balance between improved DNA uptake and reduced cell viability. As a result of this work we present a straightforward and rapid transformation procedure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351857
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Posttranscriptional heme control of catalase synthesis in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1981)
    Springer
    Current genetics 4 (1981), S. 19-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Catalase ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Heme ; Posttranscriptional control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Compared to wild type cells, strains bearing the pleiotropic regulatory mutations cgr4 or cas1 synthesize apocatalase T at a high rate when grown on high glucose. Like heme-deficient ole3 single mutants, ole3 cgr4 and ole3 cas1 double mutants accumulate no catalase T protein in vivo. This defect introduced by the ole3 mutation is cured by the addition of ALA. By use of the inhibitor actinomycin D we confirm previous findings that ole3 mutants lack catalase T mRNA and show that (i) the ole3 cgr4 and ole3 cas1 double mutants do accumulate catalase T mRNA or mRNA precursor, and (ii) the processing or translation of this RNA or the accumulation of apocatalase T depends on the presence of home.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376781
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolutionary conservation of genomic sequences related to the GGP1 gene encoding a yeast GPI-anchored glycoprotein (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 23 (1993), S. 19-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchored-protein ; Southern analysis ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The GGP1 gene encodes the only GPI-anchored glycoprotein (gp115) that has been purified todate in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is a single-copy gene whose deduced amino-acid sequence shares no significant homology to any other known protein. In this paper we report a Southern hybridization analysis of genomic DNA from different eukaryotic organisms to identify homologues of the GGP1 gene. We have analyzed DNA prepared from a unicellular green alga (Chlamydomonas eugametos), from two distantly related yeast species (Candida cylindracea and Schizosaccharomyces pombe), and from the common bean Phasoleus vulgaris. The moderate stringency of the experimental conditions and the high specificity of the probes used indicate that a single-copy of GGP1-related sequences exists in all these eukaryotic organisms. The chromosomal localization of the GGP1 gene in S. cerevisiae has also been determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336744
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The STA2 and MEL1 genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are idiomorphic (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 23 (1993), S. 92-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Gene mapping ; Idiomorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The STA2 (glucoamylase) gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been mapped close to the end of the left arm of chromosome II. Meiotic analysis of a cross between a haploid strain containing STA2, and another strain carrying the melibiase gene MEL1 (which is known to be at the end of the left arm of chromosome II) produced parental ditype tetrads only. Since there is no significant DNA sequence similarity between the STA2 and MEL1 genes, or their respective flanking regions, we conclude that these two genes are carried by separate non-hybridizing sequences of chromosomal DNA, either of which can reside at the end of the left arm of chromosome II. By analogy with the mating-type locus of Neurospora crassa, we suggest that the STA2 and MEL1 genes are idiomorphs with respect to one another.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336753
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular cloning of the yeast OPI3 gene as a high copy number suppressor of the cho2 mutation (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 23 (1993), S. 95-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Phospholipid synthesis ; Phospholipid-N-methyltransferase ; Mutant ; Over-expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract By functional complementation of the auxotrophic requirements for choline of a cdg1, cho2 double-mutant, by transformation with a genomic DNA library in a high copy number plasmid, two different types of complementing DNA inserts were identified. One type of insert was earlier shown to represent the CHO2 structural gene. In this report we describe the molecular and biochemical characterization of the second type of complementing activity. The transcript encoded by the cloned gene was about 1000-nt in length and was regulated in response to the soluble phospholipid precursors, inositol and choline. A gene disruption resulted in no obvious growth phenotype at 23°C or 30°C, but in a lack of growth at 37°C in the presence of monomethylethanolamine. Null-mutants exhibited an inositol-secretion phenotype, indicative of mutations in the lipid biosynthetic pathway. Complementation analysis, biochemical analysis of the phospholipid methylation pathway in vivo, and comparison of the restriction pattern of the cloned gene to published sequences, unequivocally identified the cloned gene as the OPI3 gene, encoding phospholipid-N-methyltransferase in yeast. When present in multiple copies the OPI3 gene efficiently suppresses the phospholipid methylation defect of a cho2 mutation. As a result of impaired synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, the INO1-deregulation phenotype is abolished in cho2 mutants transformed with the OPI3 gene on a high copy number plasmid. Taken together, these data demonstrate a significantly overlapping specificity of the OPI3 gene product for three sequential phospholipid methylation reactions in the de novo Ptd-Cho biosynthetic pathway.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00352006
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Epitope-tagging vectors designed for yeast (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 23 (1993), S. 181-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; c-myc epitope ; Fusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In order to facilitate the process of epitope-tagging of yeast proteins, we have constructed two Saccharomyces cerevisiae-Escherichia coli shuttle vectors that allow fusion of a sequence encoding an epitope of the human c-myc protein at the 3′ end of any gene. An example of the use of this technique is presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00352019
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic and molecular analysis of REC114, an early meiotic recombination gene in yeast (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 23 (1993), S. 295-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Meiosis ; Meiotic recombination ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; REC114
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four new meiotic recombination genes were previously isolated by selecting for mutations that rescue the meiotic lethality of rad52 spo13 strains. One of these genes, REC114, is described here, and the data confirm that REC114 is a meiosis-specific recombination gene with no detectable function in mitosis. REC114 is located on chromosome XIII approximately 4,9 cM from CIN4. The nucleotide sequence reveals an open reading frame of 1262 bp, consensus intron splice sites close to the 3′ end, and indicates that the second exon codes for only seven amino acids. In the promoter region, a URS1 consensus sequence (TGGGCGGCTA), identical to the URS1 found in the promoter of SPO16, is present 93 bp upstream of the translation start site. Northern-blot hybridization demonstrates that REC114 is transcribed only during meiosis and that it is not expressed in the absence of the IME1 gene product, even when IME2 is constitutively expressed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310890
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lack of correlation between trehalase activation and trehalose-6 phosphate synthase deactivation in cAMP-altered mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 23 (1993), S. 382-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Trehalase ; Trehalose-6-P synthase ; cAMP mutants ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The rise in cAMP level that follows the addition of glucose or 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) to stationaryphase cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was accompanied by a marked activation of trehalase (3-fold increase) and a concomitant deactivation of trehalose-6 phosphate synthase (50% of the basal levels). In glucose-grown exponential cells, which are deficient in glucose-induced cAMP signalling, the addition of glucose also prompted a decrease in trehalose-6 phosphate synthase, but had no effect on trehalase activity. Mutants defective in the RAS-adenylate cyclase pathway (ras1 ras2 bcy1 strain), as well as mutants containing greatly reduced protein kinase activity either cAMP-dependent (tpk w1 BCY1 strains) or cAMP-independent (tpk1 w1 bcy1 strains), were unable to show glucose- or DNP-induced trehalase activation but still displayed a clear decrease in trehalose-6 phosphate synthase activity upon addition of these compounds. These data suggest that the activity of trehalose-6 phosphate synthase, as opposed to that of trehalase, is not controlled by the cAMP signalling pathway “in vivo”. Trehalose-6 phosphate synthase was competitively inhibited by glucose (Ki=15 mM) and resulted unaffected by ATP in assays performed “in vitro”.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00312622
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure and regulation of the isocitrate lyase gene ICL1 from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 23 (1993), S. 375-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Isocitrate lyase ; Gene regulation ; Ethanol induction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ICL1 gene encoding the isocitrate lyase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was cloned and sequenced. A reading frame of 557 amino acids showing significant similarity to isocitrate lyases from seven other species could be identified. Construction of icl1 null mutants led to growth defects on C2 carbon sources while utilization of sugars or C3 substrates remained unaffected. Using an ICL1-lacZ fusion integrated at the ICL1 locus, a more than 200-fold induction of β-galactosidase activity was observed after growth on ethanol when compared with glucose-repressed conditions. A preliminary analysis of the ICL1 upstream region identified a 364-bp fragment necessary and sufficient for this regulatory phenotype. Sequence motifs also present in the upstream regions of co-regulated genes were found within this region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00312621
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phenotypic identification of amplifications of the ADH4 and CUP1 genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 23 (1993), S. 392-396 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Gene amplification ; ADH4 ; CUP1
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Primary gene amplification, i.e., mutation from one gene copy to multiple gene copies per genome, is important in genomic evolution, as a means of producing anti-cancer drug resistance, and is associated with the progression of tumor malignancy. Primary amplification has not been studied in normal eukaryotic cells because amplifications are extremely rare in these cells. A system has been developed to phenotypically identify co-amplifications of the ADH4 and CUP1 genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and 21 independent spontaneous amplifications have been isolated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00312624
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Donation of information to the unbroken chromosome in double-strand break repair (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 23 (1993), S. 414-422 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Donation ; Gene conversion ; Double-strand break repair ; Heteroduplex DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have used transformation of yeast with lincarized plasmids to study the transfer of information to the unbroken chromosome during double-strand break repair. Using a strain which carried the wild-type HIS3 allele, and a linearized plasmid which carried a mutant his3 allele, we have obtained His- transformants. In these, double-strand break repair has resulted in precise transfer of genetic information from the plasmid to the chromosome. Such repair events, we suggest, are gene conversions which entail the formation of heteroduplex DNA on the (unbroken) chromosome. If this suggestion is correct, our results reflect the spatial distribution of such heteroduplex DNA. Transfer of information from the plasmid to the chromosome was obtained at a maximal frequency of 1.5% of the repair events, and showed a dependence with distance. Transformation to His- was also obtained with a 2-kbp insertion and with a deletion of 200 bp. The latter results suggest that gene conversion of large heterologies can occur via repair of a heteroduplex DNA intermediate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00312628
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  • 20
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    Electronic Resource
    MCB elements and the regulation of DNA replication genes in yeast (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 24 (1993), S. 185-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Cell cycle ; Transcription ; DNA replication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In eukaryotic organisms, genes involved in DNA replication are often subject to some form of cell cycle control. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, most of the DNA replication genes that have been characterized to date are regulated at the transcriptional level during G1 to S phase transition. A cis-acting element termed the MluI cell cycle box (or MCB) conveys this pattern of regulation and is common among more than 20 genes involved in DNA synthesis and repair. Recent findings indicate that the MCB element is well conserved among fungi and may play a role in controlling entry into the cell division cycle. It is evident from studies in higher systems, however, that transcriptional regulation is not the only form of control that governs the cell-cycle-dependent expression of DNA replication genes. Moreover, it is unclear why this general pattern of regulation exists for so many of these genes in various eukaryotic systems. This review summarizes recent studies of the MCB element in yeast and briefly discusses the purpose of regulating DNA replication genes in the eukaryotic cell cycle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351790
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pentose-phosphate pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: analysis of deletion mutants for transketolase, transaldolase, and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 24 (1993), S. 373-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Pentose-phosphate pathway ; Transketolase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Deletion mutants for the yeast transketolase gene TKL1 were constructed by gene replacement. Transketolase activity was below the level of detection in mutant crude extracts. Transketolase protein could be detected as a single protein band of the expected size by Western-blot analysis in wild-type strains but not in the delection mutant. Deletion of TKL1 led to a reduced but distinct growth in synthetic medium without an aromatic amino-acid supplement. We also isolated double and triple mutants for transketolase (tkl1), transaldolase (tal1), and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (zwf1) by crossing the different mutants. A tal1 tkl1 double mutant grew nearly like wild-type in rich medium. Only the tkl1 zwf1 double and the tal1 tkl1 zwf1 triple mutant grew more slowly than the wild-type in rich medium. This growth defect could be partly alleviated by the addition of xylulose but not ribose. The triple mutant still grew slowly on a synthetic mineral salts medium without a supplement of aromatic amino acids. This suggests the existence of an alternative but limited source of pentose phosphates and erythrose 4-phosphate in the tkl1 zwf1 double mutants. Hybridization with low stringency showed the existence of a sequence with homology to transketolase, possibly a second gene.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351843
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid isolation of yeast nuclei (1981)
    Springer
    Current genetics 4 (1981), S. 85-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Nuclear isolation ; Percoll ; in vitro Transcription
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A procedure has been developed for the rapid isolation of yeast nuclei in high yield using Percoll gradients. The nuclei are substantially free of cytoplasmic contamination as measured by alcohol dehydrogenase activities, have the typical chromatin digestion pattern when digested with nucleases, are useful for isolation of nuclear proteins and for in vitro transcription experiments.
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    Construction of new yeast vectors and cloning of the nif (nitrogen fixation) gene cluster of Klebsiella pneumoniae in yeast (1981)
    Springer
    Current genetics 3 (1981), S. 173-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Yeast vectors ; Cosmids ; nif genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two vectors, termed pG63.11 (7.6 Kb) and pHCG3 (9.6 Kb), suitable for yeast transformation have been constructed. The pHCG3 vector has cosmid properties. Both vectors contain a single 3.3 Kb EcoRI-HindIII fragment of yeast origin which carries the yeast URA3 gene (1.1 Kb) and the origin of replication of the 2 µm plasmid (2.2 Kb). They confer ampicillin resistance and they contain 5 unique EcoRI,HpaI,HindIII,BamHI and SalI restriction sites. Cosmid pHCG3 was used to clone the nitrogen fixation (nif) gene cluster of Klebsiella pneumoniae carried by twoHindIII fragments of 17 and 26 Kb, respectively. The resulting cosmid, termed pGPC875 (53 Kb) which conferred a Nif+ phenotype to Escherichia coli, was introduced in yeast by transformation. No acetylene reduction activity was detectable in the transformants. However it was shown that the entire information for nitrogen fixation can be replicated and maintained intact in yeast for more than 50 generations of growth.
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    Nucleotide modification of tRNA in. the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is not Affected by the ψ factor which modulates suppression efficiency (1981)
    Springer
    Current genetics 3 (1981), S. 163-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Suppressors-tRNA ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Nucleotide modification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have examined the tRNAs of two related strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ψ + and ψ −, which differ with respect to an extrachromosomal genetic element that modulates the expression of genotypic and phenotypic suppression. Both the pattern of tRNAs synthesized and the level of nucleotide modification of several selected tRNA species were found to be the same in the ψ + and ψ − strains.
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    Organization and expression of a tRNA gene cluster in Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondrial DNA (1981)
    Springer
    Current genetics 4 (1981), S. 135-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mitochondria ; Gene cloning ; Transfer RNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have studied the organization and expression of a group of tRNA genes located on a 2,700 base pair portion of the yeast mitochondrial genome between the genetic markers cap (chloramphenicol resistance) and oxil (cytochrome oxidase subunit II). This region is spanned by mitochondrial DNA inserts of two recombinant plasmids, pYm162 and pYm267, which have been extensively mapped and sequenced. This tRNA group is composed of six tRNA genes, coding for tRNA AAR Lys , tRNA AGR Arg , tRNA GGN Gly , tRNA GAY Asp , tRNA AGY Ser , and tRNA CGN Arg . We report the sequence for the majority of the 2,700 base pair region including the genes for all six tRNAs. All six genes are oriented in the same direction and are, therefore, transcribed from the same DNA strand. Further, a comparison of the organization of this region with the analogous region of a related wild type strain shows that the tRNA gene order in the two strains is the same. Five of the six tRNA genes have corresponding transcripts in wild type RNA. Although a potential structural gene for tRNA CGN Arg is present, we do not detect a tRNA CGN Arg gene transcript.
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    Homoserine and threonine pools of borrelidin resistant Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants with an altered aspartokinase (1981)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 129 (1981), S. 368-370 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Borrelidin ; Aspartokinase ; Feedback regulation ; Threonine pool ; Homoserine pool ; S-Adenosylmethionine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Borrelidin is a specific inhibitor of the threonyl-tRNA-synthethase. A class of dominant borrelidin resistant mutants (BOR1) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was biochemically characterized. The mutants possess an altered aspartokinase which is insensitive to threonine inhibition. The threonine and homoserine pools in these mutants are 22 times larger than in the wild type. By feeding aspartate under a variety of conditions the homoserine pool is increased even 57 times whilst the threonine pool is reduced.
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    Inhibition of yeast tRNATrp aminoacylation by 4-methyltryptophan (1981)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 129 (1981), S. 146-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Inhibition of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase ; Mode of action of tryptophan analogues ; Tryptophan analogue degradation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of the tryptophan analogue 4-methyltryptophan in Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been investigated. 4-Methyltryptophan inhibits the aminoacylation of tryptophan specific transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNATrp). The mode of inhibition is competitive and the analogue is not charged onto tRNATrp. Thus 4-methyltryptophan application depletes the cells from charged tRNATrp. As a consequence cell growth and protein synthesis are strongly reduced. 4-Methyltryptophan is degraded efficiently in culture media inoculated with the wild type strain; the effects of 4-methyltryptophan were therefore found to be transient.
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    Concentration of metabolites and the regulation of phosphofructokinase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1981)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 129 (1981), S. 216-220 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase ; Phosphofructokinase ; Antagonistic enzymes ; Glycolytic intermediates ; ATP ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The intracellular levels of adenosine triphosphate and several glycolytic intermediates were determined in Saccharomyces cerevisiae in relation to the presence of the metabolically antagonistic enzymes phosphofructokinase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. Phosphofructokinase is synthesized constitutively in cells grown in the presence of glucose and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase derepression occurs upon the exhaustion of glucose from the growth medium. Transcriptional regulation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase was suggested based on experiments with wild type cells using 8-hydroxyquinoline, a known inhibitor of nuclear transcription, and with the S. cerevisiae mutant strain A364A (ts-136) blocked in the transport of nuclear RNA at non-permissive temperature. The level of phosphofructokinase was reduced more than 25-fold under conditions of high citrate accumulation in an aconitaseless, glutamate requiring mutant strain, MO-1-9B. There was a rapid decrease in the levels of adenosine triphosphate and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate at the end of log-phase of culture growth when both fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and phosphofructokinase were present in the cells simultaneously. The changes in the levels of key glycolytic intermediates, but not the changes in adenosine triphosphate, during the simultaneous presence of these two enzymes, can be explained without involving any futile cycling.
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    Sex pheromones of the yeast Hansenula wingei and their relationship to sex pheromones in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces kluyveri (1981)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 129 (1981), S. 281-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Hansenula wingei ; Induction ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Saccharomyces kluyveri ; Sex pheromone ; Sexual agglutinability ; Sexual agglutination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The yeast, Hansenula wingei has two mating types designated 5 and 21. Cells of each mating type were found to produce mating type-specific sex pheromone which induces sexual agglutinability of the opposite mating type. Crude fractions of these pheromones were prepared by using an Amberlite CG 50 (H+ type) column. The agglutinability-inducing action of the pheromones required glucose as carbon source, but no external nitrogen source. The action of the pheromones was inhibited by 5 μg/ml cycloheximide. The optimum pH for the pheromone action was 4.0. α Pheromones of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces kluyveri induced sexual agglutinability of 5 mating type cells but did not that of 21 mating type cells. a Pheromones of the Saccharomyces yeasts had no effect on both 5 and 21 mating type cells. The sex pheromones of H. wingei had no effect on the sexual agglutinability of inducible a cells of S. cerevisiae. From the experimental results obtained so far, we propose to call 5 and 21 mating types in H. wingei a and α mating types, respectively.
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    The glucan-chitin complex in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1981)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 130 (1981), S. 312-318 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Bud scar ; Scar ring ; Glucan ; Chitin ; Mannan ; Cytology ; Electron and X-ray diffractions ; Physico-chemical characterization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Scar rings (SR) from scarless cells at the early stages of budding and mature bud scars from Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated by both chemical and enzymic treatment of cell walls were observed by selected-area electron diffraction (SAED), X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy with simultaneous physico-chemical characterization (including molar mass, intrinsic viscosity and crystallite size) of α-chitin and glucan. The SR, composed of glucan with strong 0.608; 0.397 and 0.293 nm X-ray reflections, was formed at the start of budding. The SAED patterns of α-chitin both in the adjacent circular zone and in the parts of newly formed primary septum (PS), observed when the development of the PS started, did not differ from those of α-chitin in the single mature bud scar. The bud scar consisted of α-chitin, glucan and mannan and their content, as well as the crystallite size of chitin, depended on the mode of preparation.
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    Induction of pyruvate decarboxylase in glycolysis mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae correlates with the concentrations of three-carbon glycolytic metabolites (1993)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 160 (1993), S. 324-328 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Pyruvate decarboxylase ; Pyruvate kinase ; Signalling ; Glycolysis mutants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pyruvate decarboxylase, PDCase, activity in wild-type yeast cells growing on ethanol is quite low but increases up to tenfold upon addition of glucose, less with galactose and only slightly with glycerol. PDCase levels in glycolysis mutant strains growing on ethanol or acetate were higher than in the wild-type strain. These levels correlated with the sum of the concentrations of three-carbon glycolytic metabolites. The highest accumulation was observed in a fructose bisphosphate aldolase deletion mutant concomintant with the highest PDCase activity wild-type level. On the other hand, the PDCase levels in the different mutants again correlated with the sum of the concentrations of the three-carbon glycolytic metabolites. This was interpreted to mean that full induction of PDCase activity requires the accumulation of hexose-and triosephosphates.
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    Characterization of acetyl-CoA: l-lysine N6-acetyltransferase, which catalyses the first step of carbon catabolism from lysine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1993)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 160 (1993), S. 397-400 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Acetyl-CoA ; l-Lysine N6 ; acetytransferase ; Lysine catabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The carbon catabolism of l-lysine starts in Saccharomyces cerevisiae with acetylation by an acetyl-CoA: l-lysine N6-acetyltransferase. The enzyme is strongly induced in cells grown on l-lysine as sole carbon source and has been purified about 530-fold. Its activity was specific for acetyl-CoA and, in addition to l-lysine, 5-hydroxylysine and thialysine act as acetyl acceptor. The following apparent Michaelis constants were determined: acetyl-CoA 0.8 mM, l-lysine 5.8 mM, dl-5-hydroxylysine 2.8 mM, l-thialysine 100 mM. The enzyme had a maximum activity at pH 8.5 and 37°C. Its molecular mass, estimated by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, was 52 kDa. Since the native molecular mass, determined by gel filtration, was 48 kDa, the enzyme is a monomer.
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    Intracellular pH inSchizosaccharomyces pombe — Comparison withSaccharomyces cerevisiae (1993)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 124 (1993), S. 131-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; H+-ATPase ; intracellular pH ; carboxy-seminaphthorhodafluor-1
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We examined cytoplasmic pH regulation inSchizosaccharomyces pombe andSaccharomyces cerevisiae using pH-sensitive fluorescent dyes. Of several different fluorescent compounds tested, carboxy-seminaphthorhodafluor-1 (C.SNARF-1) was the most effective. Leakage of C.SNARF-1 fromS. pombe was much slower than leakage fromC. cerevisiae. Using the pH-dependent fluorescence of C.SNARF-1 we showed that at an external pH of 7, mean resting internal pH was 7.0 forS. pombe and 6.6 forS. cerevisiae. We found that internal pH inS. pombe was maintained over a much narrower range in response to changes in external pH, especially at acidic pH. The addition of external glucose caused an intracellular alkalinization in both species, although the effect was much greater inS. cerevisiae than inS. pombe. The plasma membrane H+-ATPase inhibitor diethylstilbestrol reduced both the rate and extent of alkalinisation, with an IC50 of approximately 35 μM in both species. Amiloride also inhibited internal alkalinisation with IC50's of 745 μM forS. cerevisiae and 490 μM forS. pombe.
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    Isozymes in wheat-barley hybrid derivative lines (1981)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 19 (1981), S. 237-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: wheat ; barley ; addition lines ; isozymes ; genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Zymogram analysis was used to identify the barley chromosomes that carry the structural genes for particular isozymes. Wheat, barley, and wheatbarley hybrid derivative lines (which contained identified barley chromosomes) were tested by gel electrophoresis for isozymes of particular enzymes. It was found that barley chromosome 4 carries structural genes for acid phosphatase and β amylase isozymes, barley chromosome 5 carries genes for phosphoglucose isomerase and malate dehydrogenase isozymes, and that barley chromosome 2 carries a gene for at least one glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase protomer. These results reinforce previous conclusions that barley chromosome 4 shows homoeology with wheat chromosome group 4 and that barley chromosome 5 shows homoeology with wheat chromosome group 1.
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    Single-seed PCR of LMW glutenin genes to distinguish between durum wheat cultivars with good and poor technological properties (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 22 (1993), S. 1173-1176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: polymerase chain reaction ; LMW glutenin genes ; wheat ; quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify low-molecular-weight (LMW) glutenin sequences from genomic DNA extracted from a single germinating seed of several durum wheat genotypes. Electrophoretic analysis of PCR reactions showed the presence of amplified products characteristic of durum wheat cultivars with good and poor technological properties. This PCR-based approach is proposed as a very efficient and safe alternative to standard procedures for selecting durum wheat genotypes with good qualitative characteristics.
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    Antibodies raised against yeast HSP 104 cross-react with a heat-and abscisic acid-regulated polypeptide in rice (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 22 (1993), S. 1177-1180 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; developmental regulation ; heat shock proteins ; Oryza sativa ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Antibodies raised against yeast heat shock protein (HSP) 104 recognized a heat-inducible polypeptide with a molecular mass of 110 kDa in shoot tissue of young rice seedlings. Root tissue of the same age showed no immuno-reaction with yeast HSP 104 antibodies. The 110 kDa polypeptide of rice was also shown to be abscisic acid-inducible in young seedlings. Though this polypeptide was seen to be constitutively present in the flag leaf of 90-day-old field-grown plant, it was not much affected by either heat shock or abscisic acid in this case.
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    The amino acid sequence of a protein from wheat kernel closely related to proteins involved in the mechanisms of plant defence (1993)
    Springer
    The protein journal 12 (1993), S. 379-386 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4943
    Keywords: Amino acid sequence ; wheat ; wounding ; plant defence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The amino acid sequence of wheatwin1, a monomeric protein of 125 residues isolated from wheat kernel (variety S. Pastore), is reported. Wheatwin1 is highly homologous (95%) to barwin, a protein from barley seed, which was shown to be related to the C-terminal domain of two proteins encoded by the wound-induced geneswin1 andwin2 in potato and to a protein encoded by the same domain of the hevein gene (hev1) in rubber tree. Similarly to barwin, wheatwin1 contains six cysteine residues all linked in disulfide bridges and the N-terminal residue is pyroglutamate. Moreover, structural studies performed on wheatwin1 andwin1 protein by predictive methods demonstrated that these proteins and barwin are closely related in the secondary structure also. The high level of homology found with the product ofwin1,win2, andhev1 genes strongly suggests that barwin and wheatwin1 play a common role in the mechanism of plant defence.
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    Unusual sequence of group 3 LEA (II) mRNA inducible by dehydration stress in wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 21 (1993), S. 907-912 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; dehydration ; LEA ; water stress ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cDNA clone, pMA1949, detects two mRNA species in wheat seedling tissue that are late embryogenesis-abundant (LEA) and dehydration stress-inducible. Sequence analysis of the pMA1949 clone shows it to be a 991 bp partial cDNA encoding a polypeptide of 317 amino acids with homology to two group 3 LEA proteins, carrot (DC8) and a soybean protein encoded by pGmPM2 cDNA. Molecular analysis of the deduced protein reveals a 33 kDa acidic and extremely hydrophilic protein with potential amphiphilic α-helical regions. In addition, the protein contains eleven similar, contiguous repeats of 11 amino acids, which are separated by 118 amino acids from two additional and unique repeats of 36 residues each at the carboxyl end of the protein. Comparisons of sequences of reported group 3 LEA proteins revealed that there are two types, separable by sequence similarity of the 11 amino acid repeating motifs and by the presence or absence of a certain amino acid stretch at the carboxyl terminus. Based on resuls from these comparisons, we propose a second type of group 3 LEA proteins, called group 3 LEA (II).
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    Wheat acetyl-CoA carboxylase (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 22 (1993), S. 547-552 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: acetyl-CoA carboxylase ; chloroplast ; haloxyfop ; herbicide ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The acetyl-CoA carboxylase present in both wheat germ and total wheat leaf protein contains ca. 220 kDa subunits. It is the major biotin-dependent carboxylase present in wheat chloroplasts. Active acetyl-CoA carboxylase purified from wheat germ is a homodimer with an apparent molecular mass of ca. 500 kDa. The enzyme from wheat germ or from wheat chloroplasts is sensitive to the herbicide haloxyfop at micromolar levels. The incorporation of 14C-acetate into fatty acids in freshly cut wheat seedling leaves provides a convenient in vivo assay for both acetyl-CoA carboxylase and haloxyfop.
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    Purification and characterization of (1→3, 1→4)-β-glucan endohydrolases from germinated wheat (Triticum aestivum) (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 22 (1993), S. 847-859 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: amino acid sequence ; cDNA ; germination ; (1→3, 1→4)-β-glucanases ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A (1→3, 1→4)-β-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase [(1→3, 1→4)-β-glucanase, EC 3.2.1.73] was purified to homogeneity from extracts of germinated wheat grain. The enzyme, which was identified as an endohydrolase on the basis of oligosaccharide products released from a (1→3, 1→4)-β-glucan substrate, has an apparent pI of 8.2 and an apparent molecular mass of 30 kDa. Western blot analyses with specific monoclonal antibodies indicated that the enzyme is related to (1→3, 1→4)-β-glucanase isoenzyme EI from barley. The complete primary structure of the wheat (1→3, 1→4)-β-glucanase has been deduced from nucleotide sequence analysis of cDNAs isolated from a library prepared using poly(A)+ RNA from gibberellic acid-treated wheat aleurone layers. One cDNA, designated λLW2, is 1426 nucleotide pairs in length and encodes a 306 amino acid enzyme, together with a NH2-terminal signal peptide of 28 amino acid residues. The mature polypeptide encoded by this cDNA has a molecular mass of 32085 and a predicted pI of 8.1. The other cDNA, designated λLW1, carries a 109 nucleotide pair sequence at its 5′ end that is characteristic of plant introns and therefore appears to have been synthesized from an incompletely processed mRNA. Comparison of the coding and 3′-untranslated regions of the two cDNAs reveals 31 nucleotide substitutions, but none of these result in amino acid substitutions. Thus, the cDNAs encode enzymes with identical primary structures, but their corresponding mRNAs may have originated from homeologous chromosomes in the hexaploid wheat genome.
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    Isolation and analysis of a cDNA clone encoding the small subunit of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase from wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 23 (1993), S. 23-33 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; cDNA clone ; ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase ; small-subunit ; starch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A full-length cDNA clone from hexaploid bread wheat, encoding the small subunit of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, has been isolated from an endosperm cDNA library. The cDNA insert has an open reading frame which encodes a protein of 473 amino acids (52.1 kDa). The presence of a chloroplast/amyloplast transit peptide of 22 amino acids is proposed. The deduced amino acid sequence exhibits a high degree of homology with the small subunit ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase proteins from rice (with 90% of identical amino acids) and potato (with 86% of identical amino acids) and contains conserved sequence elements which are thought to represent the substrate binding and allosteric activator sites. The genes are organised as single-copy loci on chromosomes 7A, 7B and 7D in the wheat genome and are highly expressed during grain development. Homologous transcripts are expressed in leaves and roots.
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    Fluorescence staining of yeast cells permeabilized by killer toxin K1: Determination of optimum conditions (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of fluorescence 3 (1993), S. 241-244 
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    ISSN: 1573-4994
    Keywords: Killer toxin K1 ; bromocresol purple staining ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Optimal assay conditions were established for the previously described method used to determine the activity ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae pore-forming killer toxin K1. The method is based on cell staining with bromocresol purple. Sensitive cells ofS. cerevisiae from the early exponential phase under nongrowth conditions and in the presence of glucose were the most convenient for determining the killer toxin activity. Maximum killing war reached when the suspension was buffered with 10 mM citrate-phosphate at pH 4.6.
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    Analysis of nuclear proteins interacting with a wheat α/β-gliadin seed storage protein gene (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 22 (1993), S. 25-41 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gliadin storage proteins ; wheat ; transcriptional regulation ; nuclear proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The promoter region (−524 to −46) of the wheat α/β-gliadin seed storage protein gene was analyzed for interactions with nuclear proteins from developing wheat seeds. Six complexes were detected within the first 165 bp upstream of the transcriptional start site. One of the proteins was a non-sequence specific AT-binding protein. The remaining five proteins bound in a sequence specific manner. One (CABP) mapped to a conserved CA-rich element at −134 to −112 while another (PalBP) mapped to an adjacent, palindromic sequence at −112 to −106. Three proteins (CTBPs 1–3) formed complexes at two, independent homologous sites. The activities of four of the binding proteins, CTBPs 1–3 and CABP, exhibited similar patterns of expression during seed development: they first appeared at early to mid stages, reached a maximum at mid stage and subsequently decreased, paralleling the pattern of gliadin mRNA accumulation. The non-specific AT-binding protein was detected at relatively high levels only at mid development. PalBP activity, on the other hand, first appeared at mid stage and was present at a constant level throughout later stages of development. The results suggest that the binding proteins may regulate gliadin expression in an antagonistic manner.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00038993
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    A light- and developmentally-regulated DNA-binding interaction is common to the upstream sequences of the wheat Calvin cycle bisphosphatase genes (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 22 (1993), S. 507-516 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Calvin cycle genes ; DNA-binding proteins ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have characterised a DNA-binding interaction common to the upstream sequences of the wheat fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) and sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase (SBPase) genes. The recognition site for this sequence-specific binding activity, designated wheat FBPase factor (WF-1), is located within 125 bp of the transcription start site of each gene. Within these regions there are no sequence motifs similar to those shown to be important for light-regulated expression in other species. The binding activity was not detected in wheat root nuclear extracts, or in pea leaf extracts. There was a higher level of binding activity in light-grown than in dark-grown wheat leaves. The level was also found to decline when light-grown plants were given an extended dark treatment, but could be reinduced by light. Utilising the gradient of developmental maturity which exists within the wheat leaf it was found that WF-1 activity increases during leaf development.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015979
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    Growth-related expression of ribosomal protein genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1993)
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 239 (1993), S. 196-204 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Ribosomal protein genes ; Transcription activation ; cAMP ; Growth control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The rate of ribosomal protein gene (rp-gene) transcription in yeast is accurately adjusted to the cellular requirement for ribosomes under various growth conditions. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this co-ordinated transcriptional control have not yet been elucidated. Transcriptional activation of rp-genes is mediated through two different multifunctional trans-acting factors, ABF1 and RAP1. In this report, we demonstrate that changes in cellular rp-mRNA levels during varying growth conditions are not parallelled by changes in the in vitro binding capacity of ABF1 or RAP1 for their cognate sequences. In addition, the nutritional upshift response of rp-genes observed after addition of glucose to a culture growing on a non-fermentative carbon source turns out not to be the result of increased expression of the ABF1 and RAP1 genes or of elevated DNA-binding activity of these factors. Therefore, growth rate-dependent transcription regulation of rp-genes is most probably not mediated by changes in the efficiency of binding of ABF1 and RAP1 to the upstream activation sites of these genes, but rather through other alterations in the efficiency of transcription activation. Furthermore, we tested the possibility that cAMP may play a role in elevating rp-gene expression during a nutritional shift-up. We found that the nutritional upshift response occurs normally in several mutants defective in cAMP metabolism.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00281618
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    Inducible removal of UV-induced pyrimidine dimers from transcriptionally active and inactive genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1993)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 239 (1993), S. 28-32 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; UV damage ; Mating type ; Inducible repair
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The prior UV irradiation of α haploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae with a UV dose of 25 J/m2 substantially increases the repairability of damage subsequently induced by a UV dose of 70 J/m2 given 1 h after the first irradiation. This enhancement of repair is seen at both the MATa and HMLα loci, which are, respectively, transcriptionally active and inactive in α haploid cells. The presence in the medium of the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide in the period between the two irradiations eliminated this effect. Enhanced repair still occurred if cycloheximide was present only after the final UV irradiation. This indicated that the first result is not due to cycloheximide merely blocking the synthesis of repair enzymes associated with a hypothetical rapid turnover of such molecules. The enhanced repairability is not the result of changes in chromatin accessibility without protein synthesis, merely caused by the repair of the damage induced by the prior irradiation. The data clearly show that a UV-inducible removal of pyrimidine dimers has occurred which involves the synthesis of new proteins. The genes known to possess inducible promoters, and which are involved in excision are RAD2, RAD7, RAD16 and RAD23. Studies with the rad7 and rad16 mutants which are defective in the ability to repair HMLα and proficient in the repair' of MATα showed that in rad7, preirradiation enhanced the repair at MATα, whereas in rad16 this increased repair of MATα was absent. The preirradiation did not modify the inability to repair HMLα in either strain. Thus RAD16 has a role in this inducible repair. Inducible repair is also absent in a rad2 strain which cannot repair MATα or HMLα after a single UV dose.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00281597
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    Differential expression of two genes encoding isoforms of the ATPase involved in sodium efflux in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1993)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 236 (1993), S. 363-368 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Sodium efflux ; Lithium efflux ; ATPase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ENA2 gene encoding a P-type ATPase involved in Na+ and Li+ effluxes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been isolated. The putative protein encoded by ENA2 differs only in thirteen amino acids from the protein encoded by ENA1/PMR2. However, ENA2 has a very low level of expression and for this reason did not confer significant Li+ tolerance on a Li+ sensitive strain. ENA1 and ENA2 are the first two units of a tandem array of four highly homologous genes with probably homologous functions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00277134
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    Post-transcriptional regulation of IME1 determines initiation of meiosis in Saccharomyces cerevislae (1993)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 237 (1993), S. 375-384 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Regulation of meiosis ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; IME1
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The IME1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required for initiation of meiosis. Transcription of IME1 is detected under conditions which are known to induce initiation of meiosis, namely starvation for nitrogen and glucose, and the presence of MATa1 and MATα2 gene products. In this paper we show that IME1 is also subject to translational regulation. Translation of IME1 mRNA is achieved either upon nitrogen starvation, or upon G1 arrest. In the presence of nutrients, constitutively elevated transcription of IME1 is also sufficient for the translation of IME1 RNA. Four different conditions were found to cause expression of Imel protein in vegetative cultures: elevated transcription levels due to the presence of IME1 on a multicopy plasmid; elevated transcription provided by a Gal-IME1 construct; G1 arrest due to α-factor treatment; G1 arrest following mild heat-shock treatment of cdc28 diploids. Using these conditions, we obtained evidence that starvation is required not only for transcription and efficient translation of IME1, but also for either the activation of Ime1 protein or for the induction/activation of another factor that, either alone or in combination with Ime1, induces meiosis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00279441
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    Molecular and genetic characterization of SPT4, a gene important for transcription initiation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1993)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 237 (1993), S. 449-459 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Transcription ; spt mutants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mutations in the SPT4 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were isolated as suppressors of δ insertion mutations that interfere with adjacent gene transcription. Recent genetic evidence indicates that the SPT4 protein functions with two other proteins, SPT5 and SPT6, in some aspect of transcription initiation. In this work we have characterized the SPT4 gene and we demonstrate that spt4 mutations, like spt5 and spt6 mutations, cause changes in transcription. Using the cloned SPT4 gene, spt4 null mutations were constructed; in contrast to spt5 and spt6 null mutants, which are inviable, spt4 null mutants are viable and have an Spt− phenotype. The DNA sequence of the SPT4 gene predicts a protein product of 102 amino acids that contains four cysteine residues positioned similarly to those of zinc binding proteins. Mutational analysis suggests that at least some of these cysteines are essential for SPT4 function. Genetic mapping showed that SPT4 is a previously unidentified gene that maps to chromosome VII, between ADE6 and CLY8.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00279450
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    Characterization of the cyrl-2 UGA mutation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1993)
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 237 (1993), S. 463-466 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; cyrl-2 ; Nonsense mutation ; CAMP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary cyrl-2 is a temperature-sensitive mutation of the yeast adenylate cyclase structural gene, CYR1. The cyrl-2 mutation has been suggested to be a UGA mutation since a UGA suppressor SUP201 has been isolated as a suppressor of the cyrl-2 mutation. Construction of chimeric genes restricted the region containing the cyrl-2 mutation, and the cyrl-2 UGA mutation was identified at codon 1282, which lies upstream of the region coding for the catalytic domain of adenylate cyclase. Alterations in the region upstream of the cyrl-2 mutation site result in null mutations. The complete open reading frame of the cyrl-2 gene expressed under the control of the GAL1 promoter complemented cyrl-dl in a galactose-dependent manner. These results suggest that at the permissive temperature weak readthrough occurs at the cyrl-2 mutation site to produce low levels of active adenylate cyclase. An endogenous suppressor in yeast cells is assumed to be responsible for this readthrough.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00279452
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    Characterization of the MKS1 gene, a new negative regulator of the Ras-cyclic AMP pathway in Saccharomyces cerevislae (1993)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 238 (1993), S. 6-16 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; cAMP MKS1 ; GAL11
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In order to isolate genes that function downstream of the Ras-cAMP pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a YEp13-based genomic library was screened for clones that inhibit growth of cells with diminished A-kinase activity. One such gene, MKS1, was found to encode a hydrophilic 52 kDa protein that shares weak homology with the yeast SPT2/SIN1 gene product. Three lines of evidence suggest that the MKS1 gene product is a negative regulator downstream of the Ras-cAMP pathway: (i) overexpression of MKS1 inhibits growth of cyrl disruptant cells on YPD medium containing a low concentration of cAMP; (ii) overexpression of MKS1 does not affect TPK1 expression; and (iii) the temperature-sensitive cyrl-230 mutation is partially suppressed by mks1 disruption. The mks1 mutant shows similar phenotypes to gal11/spt13, i.e., it cannot grow on YPGal containing ethidium bromide at 25°C, or on YPGly or SGal at 37°C. The mks1 gal11 double mutant shows more marked phenotypic changes than the single mutants. These results suggest that MKS1 is involved in transcriptional regulation of several genes by cAMP.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00279524
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    Budding yeast mutants showing constitutive basal levels of expression of DNA synthesis genes (1993)
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 240 (1993), S. 36-42 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; DNA synthesis genes ; Cell cycle regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two mutants have been isolated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae in which transcripts from at least CDC8, CDC9, CDC21 (TMP1) and POL1 genes are expressed constitutively in cells blocked at START by use of either α-pheromone or the cdc28 mutation. The transcripts from these genes also persist in mutant stationary phase cells; however, cell cycle regulation of these four DNA synthesis genes occurs normally in late G1. The mutation therefore does not appear to lie in the MCB-DSC1 (MBF) system that controls the periodic regulation of the genes, but must affect some control mechanism regulating basal levels of expression.
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    MSl3, a multicopy suppressor of mutants hyperactivated in the RAS-CAMP pathway, encodes a novel HSP70 protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1993)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 240 (1993), S. 323-332 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Heat shock response ; HSP70 ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; RAS-CAMP pathway ; Multicopy suppressor of ira1
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: abstract The MSI3 gene was isolated as a multicopy suppressor of the heat shock-sensitive phenotype of the iral mutation, which causes hyperactivation of the RAS-cAMP pathway. Overexpression of MSI3 also suppresses the heat shock-sensitive phenotype of the bcyl mutant. Determination of the DNA sequence of MSI3 revealed that MSI3 can encode a 77.4 kDa protein related to the HSP70 family. The amino acid sequence of Msi3p is about 30% identical to that of the Ssalp of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This contrasts with the finding that members of the HSP70 family generally show at least 50% amino acid identity. The consensus nucleotide sequence of the heat shock element (HSE) was found in the upstream region of MSI3. Moreover, the steady-state levels of the MSI3 mRNA and protein were increased upon heat shock. These results indicate that the MSI3 gene encodes a novel HSP70-like heat shock protein. Disruption of the MSI3 gene was associated with a temperature sensitive growth phenotype but unexpectedly, thermotolerance was enhanced in the disruptant.
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    Characterisation of PDC2, a gene necessary for high level expression of pyruvate decarboxylase structural genes in Saccharomyces cerevlsiae (1993)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 241 (1993), S. 657-666 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Pyruvate decarboxylase ; Transcription ; Glucose induction ; Autoregulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The regulatory gene PDC2 was identified in a screen for mutations affecting pyruvate decarboxylase activity in yeast. I have cloned and sequenced this gene. The predicted protein of 925 amino acids has no homology to any sequence in the databases. However, the protein sequence is rich in asparagine and serine residues, as is often found for transcriptional regulators. The PDC2 deletion mutant exhibits a phenotype very similar to, but more severe than that of the point mutant: a strongly reduced pyruvate decarboxylase specific activity, slow, respiration-dependent growth on glucose, and accumulation of pyruvate. The activity of other glycolytic enzymes seems to be unaffected by the pdc2Δ mutation. Synthesis of pyruvate decarboxylase is regulated by PDC2 at the transcriptional level. Expression of the major structural gene for pyruvate decarboxylase, PDC1, is strongly reduced in pdc2Δ mutants. Transcription of the generally more weakly expressed PDC5 gene appears to be entirely abolished. However, glucose induction of pyruvate decarboxylase synthesis is unaffected. Thus, PDC2 is either important for a high basal level of PDC gene expression or it plays a positive role in the autoregulation that controls expression of PDC1 and PDC5.
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    Co-regulation with genes of phospholipid biosynthesis of the CTR/HNM1-encoded choline/nitrogen mustard permease in Saccbaromyces cerevisiae (1993)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 241 (1993), S. 680-684 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Nitrogen mustard resistance ; Regulation of choline permease ; Co-regulation ; Phospholipid biosynthesis ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An 815 by region of the promoter of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene CTR/HNM1, encoding choline permease was sequenced and its regulatory function analysed by deletion studies in an in-frame promoter-lacZ construct. In addition to the TATA box, a 10 by motif (consensus 5′-CATGTGAAAT-3′) was found to be mandatory for CTR/HNM1 expression. This ‘decamer’ motif is located between nucleotides −262 and −271 and is identical in 9 of 10 by with the regulatory motif found in the S. cerevisiae INO1 and CHO1 genes. Constructs with the 10 by sequence show high constitutive expression, while elimination or alterations at three nucleotide positions, of the decamer motif in the context of an otherwise unchanged promoter leads to total loss of β-galactosidase production. Expression of the CTR/HNM1 gene in wild-type cells is regulated by the phospholipid precursors inositol and choline; no such influence is seen in cells bearing mutations in the phospholipid regulatory genes INO2, INO4, and OPI1. There is no regulation by INO2 and OPI1 in the absence of the decamer motif. However constructs not containing this sequence (promoter intact to positions −213 or −152) are still controlled by INO4. Other substrates of the choline permease, i.e. ethanolamine, nitrogen mustard and nitrogen half mustard do not regulate expression of CTR/HNM1.
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    Mitochondrial dysfunction in yeast expressing the cytoplasmic male sterility T-urf13 gene from maize: analysis at the population and individual cell level (1993)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 236 (1993), S. 299-308 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Texas maize cytoplasmic male sterility ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mitochondria ; Image and flow cytometry ; 3,3′-Dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The urf13TW gene, which is derived from the mitochondrial T-urf13 gene responsible for Texas cytoplasmic male sterility in maize, was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by targeting its translation product into mitochondria. Analysis by oxygraphy at the population level revealed that in the presence of methomyl the oxygen uptake of intact yeast cells carrying the targeted protein is strongly stimulated only with ethanol as respiratory substrate and not with glycerol, lactate, pyruvate, or acetate. When malate is the substrate oxidized by isolated mitochondria, interaction between the targeted protein and methomyl results in significant inhibition of oxygen uptake. This inhibition is eliminated and oxygen uptake is stimulated by subsequent addition of NAD+. Using 3,3′-dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide [DiOC6(3)] as probe, interactive laser scanning and flow cytometry, which permit analysis at the individual cell level, demonstrated that specific staining of the mitochondrial compartment is obtained and that DiOC6(3) fluorescence serves as a measure of the membrane potential. Finally, it was shown that, as in T cytoplasm maize mitochondria, HmT toxin and methomyl dissipate the membrane potential of yeast mitochondria that carry the foreign protein. Furthermore, the results suggest that the HmT toxin and methomyl response is related to the plasmid copy number per cell and that the deleterious effect induced by HmT toxin is stronger than that of methomyl.
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    A point mutation in the core subunit gene of yeast mitochondrial RNA polymerase is suppressed by a high level of specificity factor MTF1 (1993)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 237 (1993), S. 49-57 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Nuclear pet mutants ; Mitochondrial transcription ; Mutant RNA polymerase ; Specificity factor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The temperature-sensitive yeast mutant pet-ts798 is characterized by an altered mitochondrial transcription apparatus. The mutation has previously been shown to map in the RP041 gene encoding the core enzyme of mitochondrial RNA polymerase. In the present study the rpo41/pet-ts798 allele was cloned and sequenced, demonstrating that the mutant phenotype is caused by a single amino acid change in a conserved region of the core polymerase. The nuclear gene MTF1, previously isolated as a high copy suppressor of mutant rpo41/pet-ts798, and its gene product were characterized in more detail. Import of a MTF1-COXIV fusion protein in vivo and also import studies with in vitro synthesized MTF1 precursors indicate that MTF1 is a mitochondrial protein and that no apparent cleavage occurs during its import into mitochondria. DNA-binding assays demonstrate that the MTF1 protein alone interacts with DNA in a non-specific manner. An antibody directed against specificity factor MTF1 was raised and used for immunological quantification experiments. The results indicate that suppression is mediated by an increased level of MTF1 protein in mitochondria of the rpo41/pet-ts798 mutant. Possible implications of this finding for the mechanism of suppression are discussed.
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    Bending of DNA segments with Saccharomyces cerevisiae autonomously replicating sequence activity, isolated from basidiomycete mitochondrial linear plasmids (1993)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 237 (1993), S. 1-9 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: DNA bending ; Autonomously replicating sequence ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Basidiomycete ; Linear plasmid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Previous studies have indicated that DNA bending is a general structural feature of sequences (ARSs) from cellular DNAs of yeasts and nuclear and mitochondrial genomic DNAs of other eukaryotes that are capable of autonomous replication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here we showed that bending activity is also tightly associated with S. cerevisiae ARS function of segments cloned from mitochondrial linear DNA plasmids of the basidiomycetes Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinus edodes. Two plasmids, designated pLPO2-like (9.4 kb), and pLPO3 (6.6 kb) were isolated from a strain of P. ostreatus. A 1029 by fragment with high-level ARS activity was cloned from pLPO3 and it contained one ARS consensus sequence (A/T)TTTAT(A/G)TTT(A/T) indispensable for activity and seven dispersed ARS consensus-like (10/11 match) sequences. A discrete bent DNA region was found to lie around 500 by upstream from the ARS consensus sequence (T-rich strand). Removal of the bent DNA region impaired ARS function. DNA bending was also implicated in the ARS function associated with a 1430 by fragment containing three consecutive ARS consensus sequences which had been cloned from the L. edodes plasmid pLLE1 (11.0 kb): the three consecutive ARSs responsible for high-level ARS function occurred in, and immediately adjacent to, a bent DNA region. A clear difference exists between the two plasmid-derived ARS fragments with respect to the distance between the bent DNA region and the ARS consensus sequence(s).
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    Donation: a new, facile method of gene replacement in yeast (1993)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 237 (1993), S. 306-310 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Gene replacement ; Donation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We describe here a new method for the introduction of non-selectable alleles into Saccharomyces cerevisiae, gene replacement by donation. This method only requires the availability of an autonomously replicating, selectable plasmid containing the allele to be introduced into yeast. The plasmid is digested at a restriction site (or sites) within this allele, and introduced into yeast by transformation. In the course of double-strand break repair, the entering plasmid donates genetic information to the chromosome, replacing the chromosomal allele in a gene conversion-like event. Gene replacement events are identified by a phenotypic screen of the transformants. When necessary, the transforming plasmid may be subsequently lost by segregation during permissive growth. We have studied several parameters affecting the utility of this protocol as a method of gene replacement. Together with our previous results, the results show gene replacement by donation to be a useful, facile method, yielding gene replacement in up to 1.5% of transformants.
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    Molecular structure and genetic regulation of SFA, a gene responsible for resistance to formaldehyde in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and characterization of its protein product (1993)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 237 (1993), S. 351-358 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Formaldehyde hyper-resistance ; Alcohol dehydrogenase ; Glutathione ; Inducibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A 3.7 kb DNA fragment of yeast chromosome IV has been sequenced that contains the SFA gene which, when present on a multi-copy plasmid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, confers hyper-resistance to formaldehyde. The open reading frame of SFA is 1158 by in size and encodes a polypeptide of 386 amino acids. The predicted protein shows strong homologies to several mammalian alcohol dehydrogenases and contains a sequence characteristic of binding sites for NAD. Overexpression of the SFA gene leads to enhanced consumption of formaldehyde, which is most probably the reason for the observed hyper-resistance phenotype. In sfa:LEU2 disruption mutants, sensitivity to formaldehyde is correlated with reduced degradation of the chemical. The SFA gene shares an 868 by divergent promoter with UGX2 a gene of yet unknown function. Promoter deletion studies with a SFA promoter-lacZ gene fusion construct revealed negative interference on expression of SFA by upstream sequences. The upstream region between positons − 145 and − 172 is totally or partially responsible for control of inducibility of SFA by chemicals such as formaldehyde (FA), ethanol and methyl methanesulphonate. The 41 kDa SFA-encoded protein was purified from a hyper-resistant transformant; it oxidizes long-chain alcohols and, in the presence of glutathione, is able to oxidize FA. SFA is predicted to code for a long-chain alcohol dehydrogenase (glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase) of the yeast S. cerevisiae.
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    Isolation of the DLD gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encoding the mitochondrial enzyme D-lactate ferricytochrome c oxidoreductase (1993)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 238 (1993), S. 315-324 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Nuclear gene ; Mitochondrial enzyme ; Lactate dehydrogenase ; Flavoprotein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In Saccharomyces cerevisiae the utilization of lactate occurs via specific oxidation of l- and d-lactate to pyruvate catalysed by l-lactate ferricytochrome c oxidoreductase (L-LCR) (EC 1.1.2.3) encoded by the CYB2 gene, and d-lactate ferricytochrome c oxidoreductase (D-LCR) (EC 1.1.2.4), respectively. We selected several lactate− pyruvate+ mutants in a cyb2 genetic background. Two of them were devoid of D -LCR activity (dld mutants, belonging to the same complementation group). The mutation mapped in the structural gene. This was demonstrated by a gene dosage effect and by the thermosensitivity of the enzyme activity of thermosensitive revertants. The DLD gene was cloned by complementation for growth on d-, l-lactate in the strain WWF18-3D, carrying both a CYB2 disruption and the dld mutation. The minimal complete complementing sequence was localized by subcloning experiments. From the sequence analysis an open reading frame (ORF) was identified that could encode a polypeptide of 576 amino-acids, corresponding to a calculated molecular weight of 64000 Da. The deduced protein sequence showed significant homology with the previously described microsomal flavoprotein l-gulono-γ-lactone oxidase isolated from Rattus norvegicus, which catalyses the terminal step of l-ascorbic acid biosynthesis. These results are discussed together with the role of L-LCR and D-LCR in lactate metabolism of S. cerevisiae.
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    Amplification and loss of repeat units of the human minisatellite MS1 integrated in chromosome III of a haploid yeast strain (1993)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 238 (1993), S. 38-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; DNA amplification ; Minisatellites ; VNTR ; MS1
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Minisatellites comprise arrays of tandemly repeated short DNA sequences which show extensive variation in repeat unit number. The mechanisms that underlie this length variation are not understood. In order to study processes influencing length changes of minisatellites, we integrated the human minisatellite MS1 into a haploid strain of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Frequent spontaneous generation of MS1 alleles with new lengths were observed in this yeast strain. Hence it is concluded that recombination between members of a pair of homologous chromosomes is not a prerequisite for the generation of length changes in MS1 in yeast.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00279528
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    The centromere and promoter factor 1, CPFI, of Saccharomyces cerevisiae modulates gene activity through a family of factors including SPT21, RPD1 (SIN3), RPD3 and CCR4 (1993)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 240 (1993), S. 374-386 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Centromere and promoter factor ; Chromatin ; SPT ; Transcription
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the CPF1 gene encodes a ccntromere binding protein that also plays a role in transcription; cpf1 strains are methionine auxotrophs. In this paper we describe four strains that are methionine prototrophs despite containing a defective CPF1 gene. These strains, which contain mutations at either the SPT21, RPD1 (SINS), RPD3 or CCR4 loci, have defective centromere function and a chromatin structure around the CDEI elements in the MET25 promoter characteristic of strains lacking CPF1. This indicates that the roles of CPF1 in transcription, centromere function and chromatin modulation around CDEI sites are different. We propose that CPF1 functions to overcome the repressing action, mediated via inactive chromatin, of proteins such as SPT21 or RPDI (SIN3) on gene expression. The absence of proteins such as SPT21 or RPD1 (SIN3) relieves this respression and explains how methionine prototrophy is restored in the absence of CPF1.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00280389
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    Localization of a cruciform cutting endonuclease to yeast mitochondria (1993)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 240 (1993), S. 414-418 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Cruciform DNA ; Endonuclease ; Mitochondria ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have found a cruciform cutting endonuclease in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which localizes to the mitochondria. This activity apparently is associated with the mitochondrial inner membrane since the activity is not released into solution by osmolysis, in contrast to the matrix enzyme, isocitrate dehydrogenase. The cruciform cutting activity appears to be encoded by CCE1. This gene has been shown to encode one of the major cruciform cutting endonucleases present in a yeast cell. In ccel strains, which lack CCE1 endonuclease activity, the mitochondrial cruciform cutting endonucleolytic activity is also absent. Since CCE1 is allelic to MGT1, a gene required for the highly biased transmission of petite mitochondrial DNA in crosses between ϱ+ and hypersuppressive ϱ− cells, it seems likely that the CCE1 endonuclease functions within mitochondria.
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    Transcription of the yeast mitochondrial genome requires cyclic AMP (1993)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 241 (1993), S. 213-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mitochondria ; Transcriptional regulation ; Protein phosphorylation ; Stringent response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Using various mutant strains and nutritional manipulations, we investigated a potential role for cyclic AMP (cAMP) in the regulation of mitochondrial (mt) gene expression in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In RAS mutants known to have either abnormally low or high cellular levels of this nucleotide, we show that both mt transcription rate and overall mt transcript levels vary directly with cellular cAMP levels. We further show that nutritional downshift of actively growing cells causes a severe, rapid fall in cAMP levels, and that this fall is concomitant with the stringent mt transcriptional curtailment that we and others have previously shown to follow this nutritional manipulation. In in vitro mt transcription assays using intact organelles from downshifted and actively growing cells, stringently curtailed mt gene expression can be restored to 75% of control levels by addition of cAMP to the assay mix. Consistent with these observations a RAS2 vall9mutant strain, which cannot adjust cAMP levels in response to external stimuli, shows no mt stringent response following nutritional downshift. We also demonstrate a significant but transient increase in both mt transcript levels and mt transcription rate following shift of actively respiring wild-type cells to glucose-based medium, a manipulation known to cause a short-lived pulse of cAMP in yeast; similar manipulation of the RAS2 vall9mutant strain generates no such response. Taken together all these observations indicate that cellular cAMP levels are involved in the regulation of mt transcription in yeast. Moreover, the lack of a mt stringent transcriptional response following downshift in a strain in which the BCY1 gene had been insertionally inactivated suggests that cAMP may influence mt transcription via a mt cAMP-dependent protein kinase. These results link mt gene expression with mechanisms governing growth control and nutrient adaptation in yeast, and they provide a means by which nit gene expression might be coordinated with that of related nuclear genes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00280219
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    Cloning of Saccharomyces cerevisiae STE5 as a suppressor of a Ste20 protein kinase mutant: structural and functional similarity of Ste5 to Farl (1993)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 241 (1993), S. 241-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Mating pheromone ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Signal transduction ; STE5 ; Ste20 protein kinase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The β and γ subunits of the mating response G-protein in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been shown to transmit the mating pheromone signal to downstream components of the pheromone response pathway. A protein kinase homologue encoded by the STE20 gene has recently been identified as a potential G βγ , target. We have searched multicopy plasmid genomic DNA libraries for high gene dosage suppressors of the signal transduction defect of ste20 mutant cells. This screen identified the STE5 gene encoding an essential component of the pheromone signal transduction pathway. We provide genetic evidence for a functional interrelationship between the STE5 gene product and the Ste20 protein kinase. We have sequenced the STE5 gene, which encodes a predicted protein of 917 amino acids and is specifically transcribed in haploid cells. Transcription is slightly induced by treatment of cells with pheromone. Ste5 has homology with Fart, a yeast protein required for efficient mating and the pheromone-inducible inhibition of a G1 cyclin, Cln2. A STE5 multicopy plasmid is able to suppress the signal transduction defect of farl null mutant cells suggesting that Ste5, at elevated levels, is able functionally to replace Fart. The genetically predicted point of function of Ste5 within the pheromone signalling pathway suggests that Stc5 is involved in the regulation of a Gβγ-activated protein kinase cascade which links a G-protein coupled receptor to yeast homologues of mitogen-activated protein kinases.
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    A dominant interfering mutation in RAS1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1993)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 241 (1993), S. 280-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Yeast RAS ; RAS-CAMP pathway ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A mutant allele of RAS1 that dominantly interferes with the wild-type Ras function in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was discovered during screening of mutants that suppress an ira2 disruption mutation. A single amino acid substitution, serine for glycine at position 22, was found to cause the mutant phenotype. The inhibitory effect of the RAS1 Ser22 gene could be overcome either by overexpression of CDC25 or by the ira2 disruption mutation. These results suggest that the RAS1Ser22 gene product interferes with the normal interaction of Ras with Cdc25 by forming a dead-end complex between Ras1Ser22 and Cdc25 proteins.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00284679
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    An impaired RNA polymerase II activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae causes cell-cycle inhibition at START (1993)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 241 (1993), S. 327-334 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; RNA polymerase II ; Cyclins ; Transcription ; Cell cycle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells harboring the temperature-sensitive mutation rpo21-4, in the gene encoding the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II, were shown to be partially impaired for cell-cycle progress at a permissive temperature, and to become permanently blocked at the cell-cycle regulatory step, START, at a restrictive temperature. The rpo21-4 mutation was lethal in combination with cdc28 mutations in the p34 protein kinase gene required for START. Transcripts of the CLN1 and CLN2 genes, encoding G1-cyclin proteins that, along with p34, are necessary for START, were decreased in abundance by the rpo21-4 mutation at a restrictive temperature. Increased G1-cyclin production, by expression of the CLN1 or CLN2 genes from a heterologous GAL promoter, overcame the rpo21-4 — mediated START inhibition, but such mutant cells nevertheless remained unable to proliferate at a restrictive temperature. These findings reveal that START can be particularly sensitive to an impaired RNA polymerase II function, presumably through effects on G1-cyclin expression.
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    Functional expression of the transcriptional activator Opaque-2 of Zea mays in transformed yeast (1993)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 241 (1993), S. 319-326 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Transcriptional activators ; O2 gene ; Zea mays ; bZIP proteins ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this research was to determine whether the structural homology between the O2 gene, a maize transcriptional activator, and the GCN4 gene, a yeast transcriptional factor, is reflected at the level of function. The O2 cDNA was cloned in the yeast expression vector pEMBLyex4 under the control of a hybrid, inducible promoter, and used to transform the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Transformed yeast cells produced O2 mRNA and a polypeptide immunoreactive with anti-O2 antibodies during growth in galactose. The heterologous protein was correctly translocated into the yeast nuclei, as demonstrated by immunofluorescence, indicating that the nuclear targeting sequences of maize are recognized by yeast cells. Further experiments demonstrated the ability of O2 to rescue a gcn4 mutant grown in the presence of aminotriazole, an inhibitor of the HIS3 gene product, suggesting that O2 activates the HIS3 gene, gene normally under control of GCN4. It was shown that the O2 protein is able to trans-activate the HIS4 promoter in yeast cells and binds to it in vitro. The sequence protected by O2, TGACTC, is also the binding site for GCN4. Finally, the expression of O2 protein in yeast did not produce alterations during batch growth at 30° C, while transformants expressing O2 protein showed a conditionally lethal phenotype when grown in galactose at 36° C; this phenotype mimics the behaviour of gcd mutants. The results support the idea that basic mechanisms of transcription control have been highly conserved in eukaryotes.
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    A pair of putative protein kinase genes (YPK1 and YPK2) is required for cell growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1993)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 236 (1993), S. 443-447 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Protein kinases ; Protein Kinase C ; Growth control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Probes derived from cDNAs encoding isozymes of rat protein kinase C (PKC) were used to screen the genome of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We reported previously the isolation of the yeast PKC1 gene, a homolog of the α, β, and γ subspecies of mammalian PKC. Here we report the isolation and genetic characterization of a pair of previously described genes (YPK1 and YPK2) which are predicted to encode protein kinases that share 90% amino acid identity with each other and 44–46% identity with various isozymes of PKC throughout their putative catalytic domains. Deletion of YPK2 resulted in no apparent phenotypic defect, but loss of YPK1 resulted in slow growth. Cells deleted for both YPK1 and YPK2 were defective in vegetative growth, indicating that the protein kinases predicted to be encoded by these genes are functionally overlapping and play an essential role in the proliferation of yeast cells. The YPK1 gene was mapped to the left arm of chromosome XI and YPK2 was mapped to the right arm of chromosome XIII.
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    Effect of various metal ions on growth of two wheat lines known to differ in aluminium tolerance (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 489-492 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; analog ; boron ; copper ; gallium ; iron ; lanthanum ; manganese ; scandium ; tolerance ; Triticum aestivum ; toxicity ; wheat ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of aluminium (Al), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), boron (B), iron (Fe), gallium (Ga), scandium (Sc) and lanthanum (La) on growth of an Al-tolerant and an Al-sensitive line of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were measured in solution culture. The concentrations of nutrients in the basal nutrient solution were (μM) 500 Ca, 100 Mg, 300 K, 600 N (150 NH4, 450 NO3), 600 SO4, 2.5 P, 3 B, 2.5 Fe, 0.5 Zn, 0.5 Mn, 0.1 Cu at a pH of 4.7. The major solution nutrient concentrations were maintained at the nominal concentration with monitoring, frequent additions and weekly renewal. Differentiation in yield between the Al-tolerant and Al-sensitive line only occurred in the presence of Al indicating that, in the long term, none of the other metals tested could be used as an analog for Al. The visual symptoms in the roots of Cu toxicity (in both lines) and Al toxicity (in the sensitive line) were similar. The solution concentration (μM) at which yield of the roots of the tolerant line was reduced by 50% was, in order of increasing tolerance, Cu 0.5, Sc 1.1, La 7.1, Ga 8.6, Al 15, Zn 19, Fe 84, B 490 and Mn 600.
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    What is the significance of herbicide-nutrient interactions on wheat? (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 529-532 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: chlorsulfuron ; mineral nutrition ; sulfonylurea ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Sulfonylurea herbicides have been found to decrease the uptake and utilization of some nutrients by wheat. This paper reviews the effects of sulfonylureas on nutrient uptake, proposes physiological mechanisms which might explain the effects; and examines the agronomic implications.
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    Modelling nutrient responses in the field (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 57-66 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: nitrogen ; wheat ; simulation ; yield-response curve
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Models of the yield responses of crops to applied nutrients are a recent addition to the methods available for making fertilizer recommendations. They have a place in integrating nutrient information with information on other factors which affect yield and its response to added nutrients. This review deals with nitrogen models classified into three groups: those which predict yield-response curves based on empirical factors; those which simulate the yield response from complex simulation models of many processes regulating crop growth and the soil environment; and those which aim to simulate yield and selected processes based on simplified functional relationships which apply to a target region or industry. Three case studies representing the three classes of model are drawn from research on dryland wheat in different parts of Australia. They show examples in which models provide information which is unobtainable from experimental procedures and which provide information useful to farmers in making decisions about fertilizers. Suggestions are made for future developments in crop-nutrient modelling including further comparisons of models, linkage of models with tissue tests, modelling co-limiting nutrients, deciding on the appropriate level of detail within a model and the need for methods for calibrating and testing models on attributes other than yield alone.
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    Modifications of the carbon and nitrogen allocations in the plant (Triticum aestivum L.) soil system in response to increased atmospheric CO2 concentration (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 157 (1993), S. 215-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon partitioning ; CO2 enrichment ; nitrogen mineralization ; nitrogen partitioning ; rhizosphere ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this work was to examine the response of wheat plants to a doubling of the atmospheric CO2 concentration on: (1) carbon and nitrogen partitioning in the plant; (2) carbon release by the roots; and (3) the subsequent N uptake by the plants. The experiment was performed in controlled laboratory conditions by exposing fast-growing spring wheat plants, during 28 days, to a 14CO2 concentration of 350 or 700 μL L−1 at two levels of soil nitrogen fertilization. Doubling CO2 availability increased total plant production by 34% for both N treatment. In the N-fertilized soil, the CO2 enrichment resulted in an increase in dry mass production of 41% in the shoots and 23% in the roots; without N fertilization this figure was 33% and 37%, respectively. In the N-fertilized soil, the CO2 increase enhanced the total N uptake by 14% and lowered the N concentration in the shoots by 23%. The N concentration in the roots was unchanged. In the N-fertilized soil, doubling CO2 availability increased N uptake by 32% but did not change the N concentrations, in either shoots or roots. The CO2 enrichment increased total root-derived carbon by 12% with N fertilization, and by 24% without N fertilization. Between 85 and 90% of the total root derived-14C came from respiration, leaving only 10 to 15% in the soil as organic 14C. However, when total root-derived 14C was expressed as a function of root dry weight, these differences were only slightly significant. Thus, it appears that the enhanced carbon release from the living roots in response to increased atmospheric CO2, is not due to a modification of the activity of the roots, but is a result of the increased size of the root system. The increase of root dry mass also resulted in a stimulation of the soil N mineralization related to the doubling atmospheric CO2 concentration. The discussion is focused on the interactions between the carbon and nitrogen allocation, especially to the root system, and the implications for the acquisition of nutrients by plants in response to CO2 increase.
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    Genotype-environment interaction and correlation between vegetative and grain production measures of potassium use-efficiency in wheat (T. aestivum L.) grown under potassium stress (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 151 (1993), S. 39-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: efficiency ratio ; harvest index ; potassium ; Triticum aestivum ; utilization index ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nutrient use-efficiency (NUE) is commonly measured in relation to vegetative growth without regard for economic productivity of crops whose valued product is reproductive. Although vegetative measures can be useful, particularly in forage crops, their validity in the quantification of NUE in grain crops is questionable. This study was undertaken primarily to examine the relationship between vegetative and economic potassium use-efficiency (KUE) in several wheat (T. aestivum) genotypes under conditions of potassium stress. Genotype environment interaction for vegetative KUE was also examined. Vegetative KUE was assessed as shoot fresh weight, efficiency ratio (VKER) and utilization index (VKUI) whereas economic KUE was evaluated as grain weight, total weight and economic efficiency ratio (EKER). Significant genotype-environment interactions for shoot weight, VKER and VKUI were observed. In some instances interaction was associated with crossovers between genotypes indicating that it can affect selection. Correlations between vegetative and economic measures of KUE were generally nonsignificant, but negative and significant for shoot weight of three-week-old plants and grain weight. It appears that if genotypes differ considerably for harvest index and it is not positively correlated with total biomass, vegetative measures of KUE are unreliable as indicators of economic KUE. Therefore, economic rather than vegetative measures should be used to evaluate KUE in crops whose valued product is reproductive. ei]{gnH}{fnMarschner} ei]{gnH.}{fnLambers}
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    Non-structural carbohydrate: Analysis by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy and its importance as an indicator of plant growth (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 243-246 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: fructans ; NIR ; nitrogen ; non-structural carbohydrates ; rice ; starch ; stress ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Plant shoot samples are frequently analysed to assess if crops require additional nitrogen or mineral elements to maintain satisfactory growth. If plant growth is limited by temperature, water stress, disease, lodging or a mineral deficiency, non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) may be accumulated in, or depleted from, tissues especially those in the lower stems. Plant testing laboratories do not routinely analyse NSC to assist in the identification of plant stress probably because skilled technicians and time are required for the wet chemical determination. In this paper we report that routine determination of NSC is possible using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy; the errors of determination are comparable with traditional chemical methods. The concentration of NSC in the shoots of rice grown in south eastern Australia ranges from 1.6 to 22.8%, as starch. In the shoots of wheat grown in eastern Australia the range is from 2.4 to 35.2%, as fructans. In both crops the NSC content is highly inversely correlated with the shoot nitrogen content. Based on data from commercial wheat and rice crops we suggest that the ratio between nitrogen and NSC can be used to identify crops in which growth has been limited by a stress other than nitrogen and so are unlikely to show the predicted response to an application of nitrogen fertilizer.
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    A new approach to quantify the utilization of non-exchangeable soil potassium by plants (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 149 (1993), S. 235-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: De ; exchangeable K ; K diffusion ; K release ; K utilization ; model calculation ; non-exchangeable K ; root hairs ; sugar beet ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To predict the contribution of soil K fractions of different mobility to K supply of plants, the kinetics of K release from soil was related to the kinetics of K uptake of young sugar beet and wheat plants. For this purpose K release rates from soil were measured by continuously percolating samples of a luvisol with 0.01 M CaCl2 solution and effective diffusion coefficients, De, were determined. Two soil K fractions of different mobility were obtained. De values of the more mobile ‘exchangeable K’ and the less mobile ‘non-exchangeable’ K fraction were found to be 58.9 × 10−9 and 8.2 × 10−9 cm2 s−1, respectively. In a pot experiment, sugar beet and wheat plants were grown, for 15 days and both root growth and K uptake were measured. K uptake kinetics of both crops was determined in a separate experiment using flowing solution culture. To integrate these data quantitatively, the simulation model of Claassen et al. (1986) was applied. Results show that calculated total K uptake agreed closely with real K uptake of the plants. On this basis, 64 and 79% of the K taken up by wheat and sugar beet plants was derived from the rapidly released ‘exchangeable’ and 21–36% from the less mobile ‘non-exchangeable’ soil K fraction.
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    Regulation of NH4 + uptake in wheat plants: Effect of root ammonium concentration and amino acids (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 151 (1993), S. 211-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: amides ; free ammonium ; MSX ; net ammonium uptake inhibition ; total free amino acids ; Triticum aestivum L. ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract When N deficient 10-day-old wheat plants were supplied with 1.5 mol m−3 NH4 +, net NH4 + uptake rapidly decreased during the first 6h, while root free-NH4 + and free amino acids concentration increased. However, after 24 h the NH4 + uptake rate increased again, as the internal NH4 + concentration decreased. When plants were pretreated during 40 h with different external NH4 + concentrations, net uptake measured on 1.0 mol m−3 NH4 + decreased with the increasing ion concentration during the pretreatment. This decrement coincided with both root free-NH4 + and total free amino acids levels. When N-starved and NH4 + fed plants were treated during 0, 3 or 6 h with 1.0 mol m−3 NH4 + in the presence of 1.0 mol m−3 MSX2, net uptake (measured without MSX) decreased with the length of the inhibitor treatment. In both groups, MSX significantly increased root free-NH4 + concentration, while the level of total free amino acids was only increased in N-starved plants. When N-starved plants were externally supplied with 1.0 mol m−3 of different amino acids or amides, net NH4 + uptake was only strongly inhibited in the presence of glutamine or asparagine. It is concluded that rapid changes in the concentration of certain amino acids during NH4 + nutrition might regulate the ion absorption, though at high endogenous levels of free NH4 + net uptake could be suppressed independently of the root concentration of free amino acids.
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    Interaction of salinity and enhanced ammonium and potassium nutrition in wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 154 (1993), S. 133-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium nutrition ; potassium nutrition ; salinity ; Triticum aestivum L. ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was grown to maturity in a pot experiment in a calcareous silty sand soil. N was applied at two levels as granulated N-P fertilizers, amended or not with nitrification inhibitors (1% and 5% DCD, 1% N-serve). Potassium as KCl was given at three levels of application. P was applied at a uniform rate. Two levels of salinity were obtained by using the soil as such (EC= 0.3 mmho/cm) and by adding NaCl to the same soil (EC=2.4 mmho/cm). 1% DCD and 1% N-serve treatments gave significantly higher wheat grain yields and N-uptake than the other ones. Nitrate content of leachates indicated a prevalent nitrate nutrition in the treatment without nitrification inhibitors. The 5% DCD treatment showed a yield depression. In the lower N level treatments, a significant yield increase, generated by 1% DCD and N-serve was found in the salinized soil as compared to the non-saline soil. Soil salinity reduced N-uptake when nitrification inhibitors were not present. In treatments having the inhibitors, N-uptake was equal or greater in the salinized than in the non saline soil. An enhanced ammonium nutrition increased the P uptake.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011082
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    Understanding zinc reactions in vertisols to predict zinc responses by wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 247-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: rate of Zn desorption ; Vertisols ; wheat ; Zn buffer power ; Zn desorption power ; Zn intensity ; Zn quantity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Since Zn availability to plants growing in a soil is governed by quantity, intensity, buffer power, rate of Zn desorption and diffusion, an improved understanding of a number of these factors in Vertisols would facilitate a more reliable prediction of crop requirements for Zn. The DTPA-extractable Zn, a quantity factor, together with initial Zn desorption rate coefficients, accounted for 80% of the variation in relative dry matter yield of wheat grown to anthesis. In combination with these factors, desorption (buffer) power explained 92% of the variation in Zn concentration in the young mature leaf blade (YMB) of wheat. Thus, the combination of the quantity, rate of Zn desorption and buffer power better predict growth responses of wheat to applied Zn in Vertisols than the commonly-used single extraction with DTPA alone (quantity), which provides only a static measure of Zn availability.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025030
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    The control of boron accumulation by two genotypes of wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 305-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: boron ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum L. ; uptake ; genotypic variation ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The mechanism of boron (B) uptake in wheat was studied using two genotypes with known differences in their ability to accumulate B. Influx and efflux of B was measured in the roots of intact 21 d old plants. Roots grown in 15 μM B, when transferred to solutions containing 1mM B showed a rapid increase in B content for up to 60 min, after which no further increase was evident up to 4 h. No genotypic difference in B influx was apparent over these time periods. Roots grown in 1mM B for 7 d and then rinsed in B-free solutions quickly lost most of B that they contained within 1 hour; little further efflux was observed over the following three hours. As with the influx, no genotypic difference in B flux was evident. It is suggested that the lack of genotypic difference in the short-term B fluxes could be due to a masking effect of extracellular B bound in the cell walls of the roots.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025043
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    Distribution of potassium in the soil profile of a sandplain soil under pasture species (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 407-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: L. cosentinii ; nutrient recycling ; potassium ; subterranean clover ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The influence of pasture species and pasture/crop rotations on the fate of K fertilizer in the soil profile of a sandplain soil was investigated. Results for Lupinus cosentinii, subterranean clover and a subterranean clover/wheat rotation are presented. Potassium was applied as KCl at six rates up to 150 kg K ha-1 for three years; bicarbonate-extractable K was measured at five depths in the profile (0–100 cm) for four years. The net change in available K in the top 100 cm of the profile (kg ha-1) was calculated. There was a gradual increase in K down the profile under all species with fertilizer application. The increase was largest for L. cosentinii, which also appeared to redistribute K from below 100 cm to the soil surface. The K residual value on this soil type was higher than expected with most of the fertilizer applied over three years being retained in the top 100 cm.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025069
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    Development of an ELISA for estimation of the copper nutritional status of wheat and cotton (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 453-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: copper deficiency ; cotton ; ELISA ; Gossypium hirsutum ; immunoassay ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Studies were carried out with hydroponically grown wheat and cotton to develop the Cu-requiring protein phenolase as a biomarker of Cu nutrient status. Isozymes of phenolase whose levels were reduced by Cu deficiency were identified by Western blots. A competitive enzyme-linked, immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed that could detect as little as 25 ng of phenolase. The ELISA revealed that Cu-sufficient cotton leaves had about 4-fold more phenolase antigen than did Cu-sufficient wheat leaves. In both species, the level of phenolase was reduced by 2- to 5-fold in leaves of Cu-deficient plants. Because the immunoassay for phenolase protein is rapid, inexpensive, and can be carried out with small amounts of leaf material, it has potential as a tool for assessment of the Cu status of crop plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025081
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    The 2,4-D-induced wheat para-nodules are modified lateral roots with structure enhanced by rhizobial inoculation (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 157 (1993), S. 121-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate ; para-nodule ; Rhizobium trifolii ; structure ; Triticum aestivum L. ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nodular outgrowths (para-nodules or p-nodules) on the roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. Miskle seedlings were induced by treatment with 0.3 and 0.6 mg L-1, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-D). When co-inoculated with Rhizobium trifolii strain ATCC 14480, more p-nodules were formed at these levels and p-nodulation occured at 0.1 mg L-1 indicating that inoculation enhances 2,4-D-induced p-nodulation. Similar to lateral roots, the p-nodules arose from the pericycle opposite the phloem tissues and were free from the cortical cells of the parental root at all stages of development. Structurally, the p-nodules exhibited tissue differentiation. They possessed a highly organized central vascular cylinder connected to that of the parent root, an endodermis, a cap, and an apical and lateral meristems. P-nodules formed by 2,4-D treatment alone were irregularly lobed due to uncoordinated activity of the apical meristem, while those in the combined 2,4-D and inoculation treatment were more globose. The results of the present study indicate that the 2,4-D-induced wheat p-nodules are modified lateral roots, the structure of which is enhanced by rhizobial inoculation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00038755
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    A comparison of minirhizotron techniques for estimating root length density in soils of different bulk densities (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 157 (1993), S. 239-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: bean ; bulk density ; compaction ; minirhizotron ; root image analysis ; root quantification ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Flexible- and rigid-walled minirhizotron techniques were compared for estimating root length density of 14- to 28-day-old Pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and spring whet (Triticum aestivum L.) plants in soil boxes under controlled environment conditions at three soil bulk densities (1.3, 1.5 and 1.7 g cm−3). The flexible-tube system consisted of bicycle inner tubes inflated inside augered access holes and removed only when measurements were taken. Rigid tubes were constructed of extruded polybutyrate plastic. In both cases tubes were oriented horizontally. Despite similar root densities for wheat and beans based on measurements obtained from soil cores, root densities estimated from both types of minirhizotron were higher in bean than in wheat in uncompacted soil. Estimates of root density by the flexible tube minirhizotron were more closely correlated with soil core image analysis estimates than were those by the rigid minirhizotron system. At high soil bulk density, rigid tube measurements consistently overestimated actual rooting density of both wheat and bean. The relationship between estimated and actual rooting densities in the case of flexible tube measurements was not significantly influenced by soil bulk density. These findings were consistent with the theory that preferential root growth is induced by gaps at the soil-observation tube interface, inherent in the rigid tube technique, and was accentuated under conditions of high soil strength.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011052
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    Photoperiod-sensitive cytoplasmic male sterility in wheat with Aegilops crassa cytoplasm (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 67 (1993), S. 41-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Aegilops crassa ; hybrid wheat ; PCMS ; photoperiod-sensitive cytoplasmic male sterility ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Triticum aestivum cv. Norin 26 with Aegilops crassa, Ae. juvenalis or Ae. vavilovii cytoplasm (all D2 type) has been studied relative to its photoperiodic response of male sterility and fertility restoration patterns. Alloplasmic lines of ‘Norin 26’ with a D2 type cytoplasm showed almost complete male sterility under long-day conditions (≥15 h), but high male fertility under short-day conditions (≤14.5 h). No significant influence of temperature on reduction in male fertility was observed. Thus, this type of male sterility is called ‘photoperiod-sensitive cytoplasmic male sterility’ (PCMS). The PCMS is expressed in the form of pistillody of stamens. Histological studies revealed that there were incomplete ovule-like structures instead of tapetal cells and pollen grains in the pistillate stamens. The floret differentiation stage of the plant is the stage that is sensitive to photoperiod. The PCMS can be used as a new means for hybrid wheat production, named ‘two-line system’. The PCMS line is maintained and multiplied by self-fertilization under short-day conditions, and hybrid seed can be produced by crossing the PCMS line with a pollinator line under long-day conditions. In contrast to the system of hybrid wheat production using the T. timopheevi cytoplasm, the present system requires only PCMS and pollinator lines.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022723
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    Resistance to bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) in winter wheat varieties (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 67 (1993), S. 49-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: aphid infestation ; bird cherry-oat aphid ; Rhopalosiphum padi ; cereal aphids ; insect resistance ; leaf pubescence ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In Hungary the bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) is the most frequent aphid species in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Estimations of infestation by R. padi as well as measurements of grain yield and thousand-kernel mass were carried out in 26 winter wheat genotypes in conditions of naturally infested and not infested (protected) control plots. The experiment was performed in isolated conditions in two field cages covered by nets. The aphids overwintered on wheat and got into cage, extremely quickly multiplied, therefore there was no need to apply any artificial aphid infestation. Highly significant differences were demonstrated among genotypes in infestation severity of R. padi as well as in losses of grain yield and thousand-kernel mass. The most resistant variety ‘GK Zombor’ had 25% infestation, and the most susceptible one ‘GK Lili’ had 79.2%. The reduction of grain yield of the most tolerant genotypes (‘GK Korány’, ‘Downy’, ‘Mv 4’, ‘Jubilejnaja 50’, ‘Mv 8’, ‘GK Kincsö’ and ‘GK Zombor’) was 26–33%, and that of thousand-kernel mass was 23–30%. The most sensitive genotypes (‘GK Lili’, ‘GK Örzse’, ‘GK Koppány’ and ‘Mv 13’) suffered 58–63% losses in yield, and 40–50% in thousand-kernel mass. A close correlation was found between infestation of R. padi in different wheat genotypes and losses of grain yield (r=0.7572, P〈0.001). Also there were tolerance differences among genotypes even within the same level of infestation. The reductions of thousand-kernel mass correlated very closely with the reductions of grain yield (r=0.9212, P〈0.001), that makes screening possible by reductions of thousand-kernel mass. These results have found application in breeding. The leaf pubescence of the varieties studied did not generally influence the infestation by R. padi.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022724
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    Selection for biomass yield in wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 70 (1993), S. 35-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: biomass ; heritability ; response to selection ; selection ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Biomass (above ground plant parts) yield may be a useful selection trait for yield improvement in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). This study was conducted to estimate realized heritability of biomass yield and to determine the response to selection for high and low biomass yield in 8 genetically diverse populations of spring wheat under two production systems. Selections were made among the F3 lines. Progenies of the selected lines were evaluated in replicated field tests in the F4 generation under high fertility and low fertility production systems at Rampur, Nepal, in 1991. Fertility level had a significant effect on biomass yield, grain yield, effective tiller number, number of kernels per spike, thousand kernel weight, and harvest index. Selection in the F3 for high and low biomass yield was effective in identifying F4 lines with high and low biomass yield, respectively. Biomass yield differences between high and low selection groups in the F4 generation, expressed as percent of the mean of the low selection group and averaged over the eight populations, were 53.9 and 36.5% higher than the mean of the low selection group under the high and the low fertility production systems, respectively. The corresponding figures for grain yield were 48.8 and 34.9% under the high and the low production systems, respectively. Also, selection for high biomass yield resulted in higher effective tiller number, and number of kernels per spike, but lower harvest index. Realized heritability estimates for biomass yield were greater at high fertility (range 0.49 to 0.85) than at low fertility (range 0.22 to 0.44). Biomass yield showed positive genotypic correlations with grain yield, effective tiller number, and number of kernels per spike but a negative correlation with harvest index. The results indicated that selection for high biomass yield should bring about positive improvements in biomass yield, grain yield, effective tiller number, and number of kernels per spike. The correlation between F3 and F4 generations suggested that biomass yield in the F3 generation was a good predictor of biomass yield and grain yield in the F4 generation. Selection for biomass yield in wheat should be made under the standard production system to obtain a realistic response.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029638
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    Genetics of adult plant resistance to stripe rust in ten spring bread wheats (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 72 (1993), S. 1-7 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia striiformis ; yellow rust ; stripe rust ; genetics ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nine Mexican spring bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars derived from CIMMYT germplasm and the U.S. spring wheat cultivar Wheaton were susceptible to the Mexican Puccinia striiformis pathotype 14E14 in seedling growth stage, but displayed different levels of adult plant resistances to the same pathotype when tested in the field. One hundred and eighteen random F2 plant derived F3 and F5 lines from the crosses of these ten adult plant resistant wheats and susceptible cultivar Jupateco 73S were evaluated in the field. The moderate adult plant resistance of Penjamo 62, Lerma Rojo 64, Nacozari 76, Tesia 79, and Wheaton was under monogenic genetic control and was attributed to the adult plant stripe rust resistance gene Yr18. The moderate resistances of Cleopatra 74, Zaragoza 75, and Apache 81 were also monogenic, but gene Yr18 was absent. Pavon 76 carried two partially effective additive genes; and the adult plant resistance of Tonichi 81 was based on additive interaction involving Yr18 and two additional partially effective genes. Tonichi 81 does not carry any seedling resistance gene, however, the adult plant resistance is highly effective worldwide. This resistance, designated as the Yr18 complex, is of a durable nature. The partial adult plant resistance of Pavon 76 has also remained durable in Mexico and other countries where it is grown.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023766
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    Effects of recurrent selection for resistance to scab (Gibberella zeae) in wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 72 (1993), S. 107-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; recurrent selection ; resistance to scab ; gene pool ; Taigu male-sterile gene Ms2 ; breeding method ; Gibberella zeae ; Fusarium graminearum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Scab caused by Gibberella zeae Petch., in common wheat, is one of the most severe diseases in China. A source population C0, bred for scab resistance, was developed through three cycles of multiple-parent crossing and intercrossing by means of the dominant male-sterile gene Ta1 (Ms2), according to Wu's scheme. Phenotypic recurrent selection methods for increasing the resistance to scab-infection of spikelets and seeds with the male-sterile plants were carried out simultaneously in Nanjing and Shanghai and at Jianyang, Fujian Province, for three cycles. The generations from C0 to C3 and two check cultivars were evaluated, using a randomized block design, under conditions of an artificially induced epidemic of scab during 1988–1990. The results indicate that there were significant differences in the resistance to scab between these generations. On average, the percentages of diseased spikelets and seeds of the male-fertile plants were reduced by 9% and 10%, respectively. The frequency of resistant plants was distinctly enhanced by recurrent selection. Analysis of variance showed that no significant differences existed between cycles of recurrent selection in agronomic characters such as plant height, spikes per plant, spike length, numbers of spikelets and seeds per spike, weight of seeds per spike and 100-kernel weight, days to heading and to maturity. Except for plant height, most of these traits tended to be slightly improved with improvement of resistance in the gene pool. The variance for resistance in the generations was decreased under selection. Recurrent selection for scab resistance using the dominant male-sterile gene Ta1 (Ms2) was both an effective and feasible breeding method for producing this character in wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023778
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    The influence of disease complexes involving Leptosphaeria (Septoria) nodorum on detection of resistance to three leaf spot diseases in wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 72 (1993), S. 31-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; resistance selection ; disease complexes ; pathogen mixtures ; septoria nodorum blotch ; Leptosphaeria nodorum ; septoria tritici blotch ; Mycosphaerella graminicola ; yellow spot ; tan spot ; Drechslera tritici-repentis ; Pyrenophora tritici-repentis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In controlled inoculation studies with Septoria nodorum and Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, estimates of the relative proportion of each pathogen demonstrated differences in the responses of cultivars to pathogen mixtures that were not apparent from measurements of diseased leaf areas. Under field conditions estimates of the relative proportion of S. nodorum, P. tritici-repentis and S. tritici varied between field screening locations in Western Australian but also between lines within locations. Lines with known resistance to P. tritici-repentis and S. tritici, but susceptible to S. nodorum, could not be distinguished from susceptible lines on the basis of leaf area diseased or grain weight depression when S. nodorum was present in the disease complex. Such conditions, while suitable for the selection of combined resistance to these pathogens, were unsuitable for identifying resistance to individual pathogens. As symptoms were similar, the proportion of diseased leaf area sporulating with each pathogen provided a means of measuring the variation in disease development induced on lines varying in resistance. Knowledge of the components of disease and their relative importance were essential in understanding varietal response information under mixed infections of these leaf spot pathogens.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023770
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    Recent advances in alien gene transfer in wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 73 (1993), S. 199-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: wheat ; Triticum spp. ; gene pool ; wide hybridization ; chromosome translocation ; alien gene transfer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The recent advances in alien gene transfer from distantly-related species into wheat are reviewed in the present paper. The main achievements during the last ten years include the great expansion of the range of wide hybridization and development of new techniques for production and characterization of wheat-alien chromosome translocations. Updated results of wide hybridization since 1983 and comprehensive characterization of wheat-alien translocation lines in our laboratory are compiled. The future outlook for alien gene transfer in wheat is also discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00036700
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    Monosomic analysis of Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia) resistance in Triticum aestivum line PI137739 (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 74 (1993), S. 117-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Russian wheat aphid ; Diuraphis noxia ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; monosomic analysis ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) (Homoptera: Aphididae), has become an important pest of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the United States. The aphid causes a phytotoxemic reaction in wheat evidenced by local and systemic chlorosis and rolling of infested leaves. Developing resistance in wheat cultivars to D. noxia is an essential factor in controlling the damage caused by this pest. Several sources of genetic resistance to D. noxia have been identified in wheat germplasm. Monosomic analysis of the monogenic resistant T. aestivum accession PI137739 has shown that the gene (Dn1) for resistance is carried on chromosome 7D. It appears that chromosome 7B may carry a second resistance gene for D. noxia that might be a source of minor or complementary gene action for resistance.
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    Yield responses of Nepalese spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars to inoculation with Azospirillum spp. of Nepalese origin (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 151 (1993), S. 67-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azospirillum ; inoculation ; nitrogen fixation ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Azosprilla were collected in wheat fields from subtropical and temperate soils of central Nepal at various elevations. Different wheat cultivars responded positively and significantly in grain yield, grain N-yield, and total N-yield in plant shoots to the inoculation with Nepalese isolate Azospirillum 10SW. Nepalese wheat cv. Seto responded significantly better with Azospirillum 10SW than with the Brasilian isolate A. lipoferum Sp 108 st, a strain which was found highly efficient in earlier experiments with German wheat cultivars, especially cv. Turbo. Yield of Turbo was increased by inoculations of both Azospirillum strains too, but it showed no significant differences depending from the inoculum used. The higher efficacy of combining Azospirillum 10SW and Seto, both collected from the same locality, indicates the possibility of improved associations using traditional cultivars and local bacteria. ei]{gnR O D}{fnDixon}
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010787
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    Wheat root biomass and nitrogen dynamics—effects of daily irrigation and fertilization (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 151 (1993), S. 21-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: depth distribution ; irrigation ; nitrogen fertilization ; root biomass ; soil-coring ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Root biomass, root nitrogen content, and root distribution down to 50 cm depth in winter wheat were determined by soil coring on five dates in four different treatments: control (C), drought (D), daily irrigation (I), and daily irrigation and fertilization (IF). The first three treatments received the N fertilizer application as a single dose in spring, whereas in IF daily doses of N were supplied in the irrigation water using a drip-tube system, according to the estimated nutrient demand of the crop. All treatments received 20 g N m−2 year−1. The maximum root biomass (104 g m−2) was reached earliest in IF. On 6 June, root samples were taken down to a depth of 100 cm, and the proportion of deep roots (50–100 cm) was least in I, indicating that it had the shaklowest root system. The root biomass as a fraction of the total plant mass decreased during crop development in all treatments down to about 4% at harvest. The decrease was more rapid in I and C than in D and IF. The higher proportion of roots during spring in D and IF coincided with a low nitrogen concentration in the roots, which was attributed to the restricted water supply and to the relative shortage of nitrogen during early crop development in D and IF, respectively. The dynamics of mass and nitrogen in macroscopic organic debris in the soil suggested that root turnover rates were high. ei]{gnB E}{fnClothier}
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010782
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    Gas-filled root porosity in response to temporary low oxygen supply in different growth stages (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 152 (1993), S. 187-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aeration ; aerenchyma ; carnation ; cucumber ; gerbera ; maize ; oxygen stress ; oxygen transport ; redox dye ; rice ; rose ; sugar beet ; sweet pepper ; tomato ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The development of gas-filled root porosity in response to temporary low oxygen supply was tested for a range of edible and ornamental crops: rice, maize, wheat, sugar beet, tomato, cucumber, sweet pepper, carnation, gerbera and rose. In a first experiment, the roots of tomato, maize and gerbera had a higher gas-filled root porosity, Ep (% v/v), when grown permanently in a non-aerated instead of aerated solution. The Ep of roots increased during two weeks when half the root system of a young plant was transferred to a non-aerated solution; in older plants this response was not seen. Carnation had a negligible gas-filled porosity in all treatments. In a second experiment, a comparison was made between high (20 kPa) and low (about 2 kPa) O2 partial pressure in a recirculating nutrient solution. Half of the root system was transferred to low O2 at various growth stages. In most species older plants did not increase Ep on exposure to low O2. For tomato, sweet pepper and rose, Ep was normally in the range 3–8% (v/v). Young plants of cucumber, wheat and sugar beet also had an Ep in that range, but in older plants values ranged from 1 to 3%. Transverse root sections examined by light microscopy showed, on average, 60% more intercellular spaces in the root cortex than the measurements of gas-filled porosity, probably because some gaps and spaces in the cortex were not gas-filled. This effect was most pronounced in tomato. A negative pressure in the cortex may be needed for gaps to be gas-filled. An exodermis may increase the effectiveness of gas spaces in the cortex by closing the gas channels and, by offering some resistance to water uptake, allowing a negative pressure head in the cortex which keeps gaps gas-filled. A redox dye method was developed to study the length of root which is effectively supplied with oxygen, as a function of Ep. Results indicated that for every percent Ep the root can remain aerated over at least 1 cm in a non-aerated medium under the conditions of the test.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029088
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  • 97
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    Electronic Resource
    Interaction between zinc nutritional status of cereals and Rhizoctonia root rot severity (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 153 (1993), S. 215-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cereal root rot ; Rhizoctonia solani ; wheat ; Zn nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An inverse correlation between plant Zn concentration and the severity of Rhizoctonia root rot, described in an earlier paper, was examined in two experiments in a growth chamber. In the first experiment, wheat (Triticum aestivum cv Songlen) was planted in a Zn deficient soil with and without added Zn, and combined factorially with different inoculum densities of Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group 8. When Zn was added, the percentage of seminal roots infected with R. solani was significantly lower compared to the treatments without added Zn, showing that low Zn potentiated the disease. A subsequent factorial experiment of four inoculum densities and six Zn levels, (0, 0.01, 0.04, 0.1, 0.4 and 6.0 mg Zn kg−1 soil) was conducted to investigate the Zn effect in more detail. Disease severity was markedly decreased by the higher Zn applications; the disease score dropped sharply between treatments of Zn0.04 and Zn0.1, a difference which was reflected in the plant yield response to Zn. For both experiments the Zn concentrations in shoots were significantly different only among Zn treatments, not among the inoculum treatments. This indicated that inoculum density or disease severity did not reduce Zn concentration in the plant. Thus, disease did not exaggerate Zn deficiency, but rather, Zn sufficiency suppressed disease severity. A potentiating link between Zn nutrition and disease severity is thereby established, although this type of experiment did not indicate the mechanism of the Zn effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012994
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  • 98
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    Electronic Resource
    The contribution of different regions of the seminal roots of wheat to uptake of nitrate from soil (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 155-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: nitrate uptake ; root activity ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A technique was developed to determine the physiological activity of defined sections of seminal roots of wheat grown in sand. Wheat plants were grown for 2 weeks in narrow columns of N-deficient sand to which all other nutrients had been added. The columns were split longitudinally and 15N-labelled nitrate, in an agar medium, supplied to 2 cm sections of root. Shoots and roots were analysed after 24 h to determine the uptake of 15N. Three sections were examined on either the secondary or tertiary seminal root: 1 cm from the seed (basal segment), 35 cm from the seed (middle segment) and 4 cm from the root apex (apical segment). Total uptake was greatest from the basal and middle segments, declining by 50% from the apical segment. However, uptake per unit root length, including exposed sections of lateral roots, was not significantly different along the root.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025007
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  • 99
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    Electronic Resource
    Nutrient storage pool concentrations in plants as diagnostic indicators of nutrient sufficiency (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 175-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: diagnosis ; nutrition ; plants ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Macronutrients accumulate as free ions in all plant organs when supplies are abundant but growth requirements are generally satisfied before high concentrations are attained. Low threshold concentrations are necessary to ensure maximum growth and in wheat leaves these are around 10 mM nitrate, 5 mM phosphate, 0.5 mM sulfate and 130 mM potassium. The measurement of inorganic ion concentrations in leaves has potential as a diagnostic toll and might enable soil nutrient supplies to be more accurately matched with crop needs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025012
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of boron on pollen viability in wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 313-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: anther ; boron deficiency ; fertilization ; grain set failure ; in vitro pollen germination ; pollen ; pollen tube ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Grain set failure in wheat, caused by boron (B) deficiency, is associated with poorly developed pollen and anthers. This paper presents results of a study of the effect of B on pollen viability when it was supplied "internally" through the roots and externally in an agar medium for in vitro germination. There was no major effect of B supply to wheat plants on the number of pollen anther-1 or the percentage of pollen with positive reaction to iodine. Pollen germination in the medium was, however, responsive to both internal and external B supply. When B was not added to the medium, germination was poor, regardless of the level of B supplied to the plant, in both a B deficiency sensitive (SW41) and a B deficiency tolerant (Sonora 64) genotypes. The percentage of germinated pollen and length of the pollen tube increased with increasing medium B. With 20–100 mg H3BO3 L-1 in the medium, the percentage of germinated pollen and length of the pollen tube responded positively to increasing B supply to the plant. No difference was found between sensitive and tolerant genotypes in the effect of B on their pollen viability. On the other hand, without added B in the nutrient solution applied to the plant, grain set was depressed in the B deficiency sensitive SW41 and not in the B deficiency tolerant Sonora 64. A difference in B supply to the germinating pollen in the stigma and style is one possible explanation for this variation in the response to B among wheat genotypes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025045
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