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  • Other Sources  (2,173)
  • GEOPHYSICS  (1,328)
  • AERODYNAMICS  (845)
  • 1980-1984  (2,173)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1925-1929
  • 1983  (1,073)
  • 1981  (1,100)
  • 101
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    High lift technology (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The NASA Langley high lift technology program is reviewed and elements of the program which are considered Reynolds number sensitive are discussed. The Energy Efficient Transport (EET) and Supersonic Cruise Research (SCR) models proposed for high lift studies in the National Transonic Facility (NTF) are described. Recommendations regarding the NTF facility and test techniques are presented.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: High Reynolds Number Res. - 1980; p 197-213
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  • 102
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    Wall interference effects: Status review (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The interference technology incorporated into the NTF design (hardware) and the emerging transonic wall interference assessment correction procedures (software) to be employed when the NTF becomes operational was reviewed. It is anticipated that the early experiments will provide data relevant to wall interference effects.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: High Reynolds Number Res. - 1980; p 123-241
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  • 103
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    Configuration aerodynamics (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Static aerodynamic research related to aircraft configurations in their cruise or combat modes is discussed. Subsonic transport aircraft, transonic tactical aircraft, and slender wing aircraft are considered. The status and plans of Langley's NTF configuration research program are reviewed. Recommendations for near term configuration research are made.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: High Reynolds Number Res. - 1980; p 217-234
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  • 104
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    Comments on Reynolds number effects and the role of NTF in the development of air vehicles (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The National Transonic Facility (NTF) capability to match the full scale Reynolds numbers of all but the largest airplanes is discussed. Conversion factors to enable calculation of Sl-unit equivalents for all U.S. units are listed. Using data from several facilities, analytic methods, and flight test data, a competetive aircraft in the relatively low Reynolds number was developed. The NTF offers the capability to obtain data at full scale Reynolds numbers in the cruise condition for most of the products, and will be much closer than previous tunnels to full scale Reynolds number for the operating envelopes. It is primarily on the operating envelope that Reynolds number effects are most important and least predictable.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center High Reynolds Number Res. - 1980; p 143-148
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  • 105
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    Laser remote sensing of atmospheric temperature by observing resonant absorption of oxygen (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A dual-frequency system is used to demonstrate the measurement of atmospheric temperature, through laser energy absorption monitoring at the center of an O2 resonant absorption line near 770 nm. It is shown that the average temperature of a 1 km path can be determined within 1.0 C, with a noise level of 0.3 C. An iterative algebraic expression for this method was developed, and is shown to be applicable in the troposphere; the effects of pressure and humidity on temperature determination were made clear by the algorithm and found to be small near the earth's surface.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Applied Optics; 20; June 1
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  • 106
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    Jikiken /EXOS-B/ observation of Siple transmissions (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Preliminary results of observations by the Japanese magnetospheric satellite Jikiken (EXOS-B) of Siple transmissions and VLF emissions triggered by the Siple signals are reviewed. The experiments discussed were carried out in July, August, and September of 1979 and in December 1979 and January 1980. Only four events concentrated within the period from August 14 to 18 were found in which triggered emissions were associated with Siple transmissions. The electron distributions observed on the equatorial crossing passes, when Siple triggered emissions were detected, suggest that the cyclotron resonance condition is satisfied for Siple signals and electrons of energy around 1 keV or less, provided the interaction region is inside the plasmapause. It is noted that if these emissions were generated outside the plasmapause, electron energies much higher than 10 keV would be necessary for the cyclotron interaction, which were above the range of the measurements. For the high latitude passes of August 14 and 17, the electron fluxes were found to be very small.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 107
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    A magnetospheric signature of some F layer positive storms (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Calculations of electron density distributions in the global thermosphere-ionosphere system perturbed by high-latitude thermospheric heating are presented which indicate a link between the heating and magnetospheric plasma disturbances near the equator. The calculations were made using a self-consistent model of the global sunlit thermosphere-ionosphere system describing the evolution of equatorial plasma disturbances. The heat input is found to cause electron density enhancements that propagate along magnetic field lines from the F2 maximum over mid-latitudes to the equator in the magnetosphere and which correspond to the positive phase of an F layer storm. The positive phase is shown to be generated by the induction of equatorward winds that raise the mid-latitude F layer through momentum transfer from neutral atoms to ionospheric ions, which ions pull electrons with them. Model results are used to identify plasma signatures of equatorward winds and an intensified magnetospheric electric field in Explorer 45 and Arial 4 measurements taken during the positive phase of an F layer storm.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; May 1
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  • 108
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    Photochemical processes induced by a major warming of the upper atmosphere - Variations in mesospheric trace constituents (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The temperature rise and enhanced winds during an upper atmospheric warming cause substantial changes in the high level ozone profile of the sunlit winter hemisphere. Calculations based on a photochemical model, using temperatures measured at Fort Churchill during a major warming, predict a factor of 2 variation in the ozone number density near 60 km over a time period of approximately 3 weeks. This temporal variability at a fixed location results from the planetary wave structure of the temperature field and reflects a similar longitudinal behavior at a given time. The ozone number density at fixed altitude is a maximum when the temperature is greatest at and below this level. This is due primarily to thermal expansion of the atmosphere which results in a large increase in pressure at constant altitude. However, chemical activity during a warming decreases the mesospheric ozone mixing ratio at fixed pressure. The ozone mixing ratio at constant pressure during the peak of the event studied is near 75% of its unperturbed value. The predicted variability of ozone in longitude and time demonstrates the need for hemispheric scale information on trace gas abundances, temperature, and winds in order to delineate adequately the response of upper atmospheric composition to a major perturbation.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Apr. 20
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  • 109
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    Computer simulation of a geomagnetic substorm (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A global two-dimensional simulation of a substormlike process occurring in earth's magnetosphere is presented. The results are consistent with an empirical substorm model - the neutral-line model. Specifically, the introduction of a southward interplanetary magnetic field forms an open magnetosphere. Subsequently, a substorm neutral line forms at about 15 earth radii or closer in the magnetotail, and plasma sheet thinning and plasma acceleration occur. Eventually the substorm neutral line moves tailward toward its presubstorm position.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Physical Review Letters; 46; Apr. 13
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  • 110
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    Simultaneous measurements of magnetotail dynamics by IMP spacecraft (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Pressure in the magnetotail is investigated using observations obtained by IMP spacecraft. Using combined field and plasma data, the approximate balance of pressure between the high beta plasma sheet and the low beta tail lobes is demonstrated. The changes in this pressure during substorms and the characteristics of the plasma and field that produce it are discussed. A distance of about 15 earth radii separates an inner region where the plasma sheet thins during the hour before substorm onset from an outer region where the plasma sheet thins within 5 or 10 min of the time of onset. Substorm onset and plasma sheet expansion in the inner region are simultaneous if the spacecraft is near the equatorial plane. This expansion may be delayed as much as a few tens of minutes if the spacecraft is at high latitudes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Mar. 1
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  • 111
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    The effect of data analysis techniques on the interpretation of wide-angle longwave radiation measurements (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Three different data analysis techniques - shape factor, parameter estimation, and deconvolution - have been applied to the same set of satellite radiation measurements to determine their effect on the estimated radiation field. The measurements are from a wide-angle, horizon-to-horizon, nadir-pointing sensor. The shape factor technique reduces each measurement to a radiant exitance at the top of the atmosphere by simple division by a constant. The parameter estimation technique processes all measurements together as a batch and defines the radiant exitance as a least-squares fit to the data. The deconvolution technique takes advantage of the fact that spherical harmonics are the eigenfunctions of the measurement operator. All three techniques are derived, and their assumptions, advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Their results are compared globally, zonally, regionally and on a spatial spectrum basis. All three techniques give comparable results for global parameters; however, results on a regional scale were quite different. The standard deviations of the regional differences in radiant exitance varied from 7.4 to 13.5 W/sq m. Of the three techniques, the parameter estimation technique produced the best regional results and is the choice of the author.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; Sept
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  • 112
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    A simple model of the Lagrangian-mean flow produced by dissipating planetary waves (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A simple equation for the Lagrangian-mean flow induced by damped planetary waves is derived. The flow computed for stationary planetary waves of a beta-plane is found to be generally poleward and downward during winter and appears to be about twice as strong as the diabatic circulation in the lower stratosphere. An important factor in determining the high-latitude Lagrangian-mean flow field is the subtropical jet stream which blocks planetary wave propagation toward the equatorial regions. Computations using two types of Lagrangian-mean boundary conditions at the surface show that incorrect orographic forcing distorts the Lagrangian-mean flow up to three scale heights or more above ground.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; Sept
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  • 113
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    Solution of the transonic full potential equation in conservative form using an implicit algorithm (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The paper presents numerical solutions of the full potential equation in conservative form. The iteration scheme used is a fully implicit approximate factorization technique and provides a significant improvement in convergence speed relative to standard successive line overrelaxation algorithms. The spatial differencing algorithm is centrally differenced in both subsonic and supersonic regions to maintain stability. This effectively approximates rotated differencing, thereby greatly improving the reliability of the algorithm.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
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  • 114
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    Diffusion of cold magnetospheric ions (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The paper investigates conditions under which a diffusion equation is a valid description of the transport across magnetic field lines of low energy magnetospheric plasma. The case in which the guiding center drift and its fluctuating component are comparable in size to the particle thermal speed is considered. It is concluded that a two-dimensional diffusion equation is valid in the alpha-beta space of the Euler potentials, provided that the fluctuations have a short enough correlation time so that the guiding center drifts remain negligible, and ions in Jupiter's Io plasma torus can thus be described by a diffusion equation if the correlation time is no more than a few rotation periods of the planet.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Oct. 1
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  • 115
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    OCS photolysis and absorption in the 200- to 300-nm region (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A continuum source with three different interference filters and two different monochromatic sources were used to photolyze OCS in the region from 200 nm to 300 nm. The total quantum yield for the production of CO was measured, and the results indicate a primary quantum yield of 0.72 + or - 0.08. Absorption cross sections for OCS measured at 0.5-nm intervals are reported as well as the percent change in absorption upon cooling to 195 K. The structured features in the absorption are reinvestigated and discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Oct. 20
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  • 116
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    Stratospheric observations of the attenuated solar irradiance in the Schumann-Runge band absorption region of molecular oxygen (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A spectrometer flown on the first Solar Absorption Balloon Experiment (SABE-1) observed the attenuated solar irradiance between 184 and 202 nm from an altitude near 40 km. These measurements provide a check on the absorption cross sections of molecular oxygen in the spectral region of the Schumann-Runge bands. Comparison of the measurements with calculations based on cross sections derived from laboratory data shows a general agreement although the irradiance measurements have large error bars near the centers of the absorption bands. The results imply that the 184-200 nm solar irradiance that penetrates to the stratosphere can be computed to an accuracy of + or - 30% or better by using presently available cross sections.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Oct. 20
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  • 117
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    The solar irradiance from 200 to 330 nm (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The full disk solar spectrum over the wavelength range 200-330 nm is measured with a spectral resolution of 0.12 nm. The measurement is performed by using a double monochromator pointed at the sun from a high altitude parachute. Only small corrections are required to account for atmospheric absorption. Good agreement is obtained with previously reported measurements.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Oct. 20
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  • 118
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    Global ozone long-term trends from satellite measurements and the response to solar activity variations (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Analysis of global ozone variations for the period April 1970 to December 1975 was performed by using the reprocessed Nimbus 4 backscattered ultraviolet (BUV) measurements of total ozone. A correlation coefficient of 0.97 is found between the 6-month running mean of global mean total ozone (filtered for mean semiannual, annual, and quasibiennial variations) and the 10.7-cm solar activity index. Correcting ozone for a time-dependent latitudinal bias relative to Dobson ozone measurements reduces to 2-3% the global mean ozone variation over the solar cycle. The solar ultraviolet variability required in a one-dimensional time-dependent radiative photochemical model to account for the observed ozone variation appears to be consistent with recent solar UV observations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Oct. 20
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  • 119
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    Parameterization of linear wave chemical transport in planetary atmospheres by eddy diffusion (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Two-dimensional transport by linear waves is parameterized by wave velocity and temperature correlations and nonconservative properties of the atmosphere in a residual Eulerian framework. Explicit expressions derived for the eddy tracer flux vector are written in eddy diffusion tensor form, but it is demonstrated that strong coupling of chemistry and temperature through the rate constants, as is the case for ozone, requires additional terms proportional to the mixing ratio and not to its gradient. A variety of limiting cases are discussed. In the residual Eulerian framework the K(yz), K(zy) components are nonzero for a nonconservative atmosphere and/or a reactive tracer. Tracers have common transport coefficients in the limit where their chemistry is negligible in comparison to transience. It is shown that the usual one-dimensional vertical eddy diffusion continuity equation is rigorously valid only when the temperature dependence of the rate constants is negligible and the tracer has strong vertical stratification relative to its horizontal variability.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Oct. 20
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  • 120
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    Repeatability and measurement uncertainty of the United States meteorological rocketsonde (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is pointed out that rocketsondes provide the only in situ 'ground truth' data for altitudes above 30 km. The need for precise temperature information has, therefore, led to a study of rocketsonde instrument repeatability and measurement uncertainty. Results obtained from root-mean-square difference and linear regression techniques are consistent and strongly suggest that the Datasonde precision is better than 1 C up to an altitude of 53 or 54 km. This result excludes atmospheric variability, which may occur within 5 min, and effects owing to spatial differences, which are small for paired measurements. At altitudes of 55 km and higher it is possible that sensor and flight-related anomalies, differences in radiation corrections owing to differing solar angles because of varying launch times, or even seasonal variations may create conditions that affect the magnitude of the standard corrections.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 121
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    Seasonal dependence of large-scale Birkeland currents (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Seasonal variations of large-scale Birkeland currents are examined in a study of the source mechanisms and the closure of the three-dimensional current systems in the ionosphere. Vector magnetic field data acquired by the TRIAD satellite in the Northern Hemisphere were analyzed for the statistics of single sheet and double sheet Birkeland currents during 555 passes during the summer and 408 passes during the winter. The single sheet currents are observed more frequently in the dayside of the auroral zone, and more often in summer than in winter. The intensities of both the single and double dayside currents are found to be greater in the summer than in the winter by a factor of two, while the intensities of the double sheet Birkeland currents on the nightside do not show a significant difference from summer to winter. Both the single and double sheet currents are found at higher latitudes in the summer than in the winter on the dayside. Results suggest that the Birkeland current intensities are controlled by the ionospheric conductivity in the polar region, and that the currents close via the polar cap when the conductivity there is sufficiently high. It is also concluded that an important source of these currents must be a voltage generator in the magnetosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 8; Oct. 198
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  • 122
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    Error in Dasibi flight measurements of atmospheric ozone due to instrument wall-loss (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Theory suggests that in laminar flow the percent loss of a trace constituent to the walls of a measuring instrument varies as P to the -2/3, where P is the total gas pressure. Preliminary laboratory ozone wall-loss measurements confirm this P to the -2/3 dependence. Accurate assessment of wall-loss is thus of particular importance for those balloon-borne instruments utilizing laminar flow at ambient pressure, since the ambient pressure decreases by a factor of 350 during ascent to 40 km. Measurements and extrapolations made for a Dasibi ozone monitor modified for balloon flight indicate that the wall-loss error at 40 km was between 6 and 30 percent and that the wall-loss error in the derived total ozone column-content for the region from the surface to 40 km altitude was between 2 and 10 percent. At 1000 mb, turbulence caused an order of magnitude increase in the Dasibi wall-loss.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 8; Oct. 198
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  • 123
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    Revised age estimates of Brunhes palaeomagnetic events - Support for a link between geomagnetism and eccentricity (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Revisions in the dates of reported geomagnetic excursions during the Brunhes Epoch are proposed in light of possible correlations between a section at Gioia Tauro, Italy, deep-sea cores, a core from Lake Biwa, Japan, and some lava flows. The anomalously long, double Blake Event reported at Gioia Tauro is here correlated with the Blake Event (approximately 110 kyr) and the Biwa 1 event (180 plus or minus 5 kyr); an hiatus may be present in the section between these two events. The alpha event at Gioia Tauro is correlated with the Biwa 2 event at about 295 kyr; the beta event with the 'Biwa 3' event at about 400 kyr; the gamma event with the Snake River event at 480 plus or minus 50; and the delta event, not recorded elsewhere, is estimated to have occurred at approximately 620 kyr. These proposed refinements in the age estimates of the excursions suggest an approximately 100 kyr cyclicity. If the events are real and the revised dating is correct, the timing of the geomagnetic events seems to coincide with times of peak eccentricity of the earth's orbit, suggesting a causal connection.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 8; Oct. 198
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  • 124
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    Greenhouse effect of trace gases, 1970-1980 (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Increased abundances were measured for several trace atmospheric gases in the decade 1970-1980. The equilibrium greenhouse warming for the measured increments of CH4, chlorofluorocarbons and N2O is between 50% and 100% of the equilibrium warming for the measured increase of atmospheric CO2 during the same 10 years. The combined warming of CO2 and trace gases should exceed natural global temperature variability in the 1980's and cause the global mean temperature to rise above the maximum of the late 1930's.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 8; Oct. 198
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  • 125
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    Solute partitioning under continuous cooling conditions as a cooling rate indicator (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A model of solute partitioning in a finite body under conditions of continuous cooling is developed for the determination of cooling rates from concentration profile data, and applied to the partitioning of zirconium between ilmenite and ulvospinel in the Apollo 15 Elbow Crater rocks. Partitioning in a layered composite solid is described numerically in terms of concentration profiles and diffusion coefficients which are functions of time and temperature, respectively; a program based on the model can be used to calculate concentration profiles for various assumed cooling rates given the diffusion coefficients in the two phases and the equilibrium partitioning ratio over a range of temperatures. In the case of the Elbow Rock gabbros, the cooling rates are calculated from measured concentration ratios 10 microns from the interphase boundaries under the assumptions of uniform and equilibrium initial conditions at various starting temperatures. It is shown that the specimens could not have had uniform concentrations profiles at the previously suggested initial temperature of 1350 K. It is concluded that even under conditions where the initial temperature, grain sizes and solute diffusion coefficients are not well characterized, the model can be used to estimate the cooling rate of a grain assemblage to within an order of magnitude.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Oct. 10
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  • 126
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    Computation of airfoil buffet boundaries (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The ILLIAC IV computer has been programmed with an implicit, finite-difference code for solving the thin layer compressible Navier-Stokes equation. Results presented for the case of the buffet boundaries of a conventional and a supercritical airfoil section at high Reynolds numbers are found to be in agreement with experimentally determined buffet boundaries, especially at the higher freestream Mach numbers and lower lift coefficients where the onset of unsteady flows is associated with shock wave-induced boundary layer separation.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 19; Nov. 198
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  • 127
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    Absorption of visible radiation in atmosphere containing mixtures of absorbing and nonabsorbing particles (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The presence of a strongly absorbing material, tentatively identified as graphitic carbon, or 'soot', is indicated by measurements of single-scattering albedo of tropospheric aerosols. Although theoretical calculations based on models of the ways in which soot may mix with other aerosol materials yield the single-scattering albedo values of 0.6, accounted for by a minimum 20% soot by volume, in urban regions and 0.8, yielded by 1-5% soot by volume, in rural settings, it is found that these same values can be produced by similar amounts of the iron oxide magnetite. Magnetite is shown to be indistinguishable from soot by optical measurements performed on bulk samples, and calculation of various mixtures of soot indicate the difficulty of determining aerosol composition by optical scattering techniques.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Applied Optics; 20; Oct. 15
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  • 128
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    High-latitude stratospheric aerosols measured by the SAM II satellite system in 1978 and 1979 (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Results of the first year of data collection by the SAM (Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement) II satellite system are presented. Almost 10,000 profiles of stratospheric aerosol extinction in the Arctic and Antarctic regions are used to construct plots of weekly averaged aerosol extinction versus altitude and time and stratospheric optical depth versus time. Corresponding temperature fields are presented. These data show striking similarities in the aerosol behavior for corresponding seasons. Wintertime polar stratospheric clouds that are strongly correlated with temperature are documented. They are much more prevalent in the Antarctic stratosphere during the cold austral winter and increase the stratospheric optical depths by as much as an order of magnitude for a period of about 2 months. These clouds might represent a sink for stratospheric water vapor and must be considered in the radiative budget for this region and time.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Science; 214; Oct. 16
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  • 129
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    Determination of water-soluble ions in soils from the dry valleys of Antarctica (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The soil chemistry of the dry valleys of Antarctica was studied. These valleys furnish a terrestrial analog for the surface of Mars. The abundance of the water-soluble ions magnesium, calcium, potassium, sodium chloride, and nitrate in soil samples was determined. All samples examined contained water-soluble salts reflecting the aridity of the area. Movement of salts to low-lying areas was verified. Upward ionic migration was evident in all core samples. Of all cations observed, sodium showed the greatest degree of migration.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Houston Univ. The 1981 NASA ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program, Vol. 1; 16 p
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  • 130
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    Influence of surface-albedo in subtropical regions on July circulation (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A simulation study to examine the influence of surface-albedo on July circulation in subtropical regions is presented. The results are based on two 47-day integrations. In the first integration, called the control run, surface albedos were normally prescribed, whereas in the second integration, called the anomaly run, the surface albedo was modified in four regions: the Sahel in Africa, the Great Plains in the United States, the Thar Desert border in the Indian subcontinent, and Brazil in South America. Each run was started from observed initial conditions for June 15, 1979 based on NMC analysis. The surface albedo in each of the regions was arbitrarily made 30%.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 237-240
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  • 131
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    Integrated and spectral energy flows of the GLAS GCM (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Methods to analyze the generation, transport, and dissipation of energy to study geophysical fluid flows are discussed. Energetics analyses are pursued in several directions: (1) the longitudinal and time dependence on the energy flow to the stratosphere was examined as a function of geographical sector; (2) strong and weak energy flows were correlated by medium range forecasts; (3) the one dimensional spectral results (Fourier services around latitude circles) were extended to spherical harmonics over a global domain; (4) the validity of vertical velocities derived from mass convergence was examined for their effect on the conversion of eddy available potential energy to eddy kinetic energy.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 142-144
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  • 132
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    The role of zonally asymmetric heating in the vertical and temporal structure of the global scale flow fields during FGGE SOP-1 (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The global scale structure of atmospheric flow is best documented on time scales longer than a few days. Theoretical and observational studies of ultralong waves have emphasized forcing due to global scale variations of topography and surface heat flux, possibly interacting with baroclinically unstable or vertically refracting basic flows. Analyses of SOP-1 data in terms of global scale spherical harmonics is documented with emphasis upon weekly transitions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 132-141
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  • 133
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    The effects of tropical wind data on the prediction of ultralong waves (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The influence of tropical wind data on the prediction of planetary waves were studied. Two assimilation experiments were performed, one with and one without FGGE tropical winds. The planetary wave error was then analyzed in 72 h forecasts from the initial conditions provided by the two assimilations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 14-17
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  • 134
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    VLF-emissions associated with ring current electrons - Off-equatorial observations (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Simultaneous observations of magnetospheric VLF emissions and the associated enhancement of ring current electrons up to 15 deg geomagnetic latitudes are made by the Explorer 45. Using a 4 deg inclination of orbit with a tilt angle of the earth's magnetic dipole axis of 11 deg, microdensitometer scanning of wideband data indicates that the band of missing emissions in the off-equatorial whistler mode emissions appears at f(H0)/2. Intensities above f(H0)/2 appear very weak in contrast to those of near-equatorial emissions where f(H0) is the equatorial electron gyrofrequency corresponding to the local gyrofrequency at the satellite. Whistler mode waves are reflected from high latitudes to the equator inside the source region, and the intensities of those waves are shown to be insufficient to explain the observed emissions below f(H0)/2 at the equator. Results indicate that the superposition of two types of emissions from the same processes at different locations is not the main mechanism for the formation of the two-band chorus, and the dominant sources of these choruses are located at the + or - 5 deg geomagnetic latitude.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 29; Aug. 198
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  • 135
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    Chlorine monoxide radical, ozone, and hydrogen peroxide - Stratospheric measurements by microwave limb sounding (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Profiles of stratospheric ozone and chlorine monoxide radical (ClO) have been obtained from balloon measurements of atmospheric limb thermal emission at millimeter wavelengths. The ClO measurements, important for assessing the predicted depletion of stratospheric ozone by chlorine from industrial sources, are in close agreement with present theory. The predicted decrease of ClO at sunset was measured. A tentative value for the stratospheric abundance of hydrogen peroxide was also determined.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Science; 214; Oct. 2
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  • 136
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    Application of VLBI and satellite laser ranging to geodynamics (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The NASA Crustal Dynamics Project has developed very-long baseline interferometer (VLBI) systems and satellite laser ranging (SLR) systems for geodynamics measurements. In VLBI, a radio noise signal from a distant quasar is received by two or more radio antennas and coherently recorded. These recordings are cross-correlated to determine the relative signal delays between stations which are used to derive the vector baselines between the stations. The SLR systems accurately determine the range to a retroreflector satellite as a function of time with short laser pulses. These range measurements from several stations to the same satellite are used in orbit analysis programs to determine the position of the stations and the vector baselines between the stations. Measurements with these systems have achieved precisions of a few centimeters in length for distances of several thousand km. These systems are now operating in a global network for measuring the relative motion of the N. American, Pacific, S. American, Nazca, Eurasian and Australian tectonic plates. Highly mobile VLBI and SLR systems are being operated at many sites in the active earthquake areas in western N. America in order to determine the crustal deformation and strain accumulation.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 137
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    Neogene Caribbean plate rotation and associated Central American tectonic evolution (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A theoretical model of the opening of the Cayman Trough is developed on the basis of geological evidence from a wide area. It is proposed that strike slip motion began about 30 Myr ago and proceeded at a rate of 37 + or - 6 mm/yr for a total of 1100 km of relative plate displacement, and that Central America Underwent an anticlockwise rotation with internal plate deformation. Maps of the reconstructed motion are provided.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Tectonics (ISSN 0278-7407); 2; 633-643
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  • 138
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    Magnetospheric currents (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: After outlining the constituent parts of the magnetospheric system, a historical review is presented of studies of the earth's magnetic field. It is noted that a connection between the aurora and variations in the magnetic field was first suggested by Halley in 1716. In discussing the magnetosphere, it is pointed out that the geomagnetic field can be thought of as being produced by a huge bar magnet embedded in the earth, with the axis of the magnet tilted away slightly from the earth's rotational axis. Attention is also given to the interplanetary magnetic field, to the relationship between the interplanetary magnetic field and the geomagnetic field, to convective flow, to field-aligned currents, and to Birkeland currents and auroral emissions. Various questions concerning the Birkeland currents are summarized.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest (ISSN 0270-5214); 4; 276-284
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  • 139
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    Comparison of the Nimbus-4 BUV ozone data with the Ames two-dimensional model (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Predictions by the Ames two-dimensional model of altitude, latitude and seasonal variations in ozone distribution are compared with the first two years of Nimbus 4 backscattered ultraviolet (BUV) measurements in a preliminary attempt at model verification. The ozone observations consist of mixing ratios on the 1-, 2-, 5-, and 10-mbar pressure surfaces zonally and time averaged to obtain seasonal means for 1970 and 1971. The model is based on chemical reaction and photolysis rate constants recommended by the NASA Panel for Data Evaluation (1979), diurnally averaged for latitudes from 80 deg N to 80 deg S and altitudes from 0 to 60 km with 5 deg horizontal and 2.5 km vertical grid spacings. The large altitude, latitude and seasonal variations observed in the data are found to agree well with model predictions. Examination of the sensitivity of the model predictions to various assumed parameters indicates that improvements in agreement may be obtained by variations of the odd chlorine mixing ratio, odd-nitrogen level and transport parameters.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Pure and Applied Geophysics; 119; 4, 19; 1980-198
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  • 140
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    Solar UV variability - Effects on stratospheric ozone, trace constituents and thermal structure (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The effect of long-term (11-year solar cycle) solar UV variability on stratospheric chemical and thermal structure has been studied using a time-dependent one-dimensional model. Previous studies have suggested substantial variations in local and total ozone, and in stratospheric thermal structure from solar minimum to solar maximum. It is shown that significant variations also occur in some of the trace constituents. Members of the HOx family and N2O exhibit the largest variations, and these changes, if detected, may provide additional means of verifying the presence of solar UV variability and its effects. Some of the species show large phase differences with the assumed solar flux variation. The role of chemical and transport time constants on the time variations of the trace species is examined. Comparisons with reported ozone and temperature data show reasonable agreement for the period 1960 to 1972.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Pure and Applied Geophysics; 119; 4, 19; 1980-198
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  • 141
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    Observations of ozone depletion associated with solar proton events (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Ozone profiles from the solar proton events (SPE) of January and September 1971 and August 1972 were obtained after the backscattered ultraviolet (BUV) measured radiances were corrected for the direct effects of protons on the instrument. The SPE of August 1972 produced an ozone depletion of 15% at 42 km that persisted for one month in both northern and southern polar regions. This long recovery time indicates that NO(x) was produced in a quantity sufficient to alter the ozone chemistry. The two SPE in 1971 were of moderate size, but produced ozone depletions of 10-30% at 50 km with a 36 hour recovery time. This rapid recovery is consistent with the assumption that HO(x) is responsible for altering the ozone chemistry (Weeks et al., 1972). The magnitude of the observed depletion, however, exceeds that predicted by the chemical models.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Dec. 20
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  • 142
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    The surface albedo of the earth in the near ultraviolet /330-340 nm/ (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Satellite-borne measurements of solar radiation backscattered by the earth and atmosphere allow a determination of the surface albedo in the near ultraviolet. The data yielded albedos at tropical latitudes during a 15-month period in 1979-1980. The wavelengths studied are 331.2 and 339.8 nm. Sixty-nine percent of the measurements imply albedos less than 0.3. Higher values include a contribution due to reflection from clouds and are consistent with previous estimates of the fractional cloudover in the tropics. An albedo histogram based on a bin width of 0.1 shows results in the range 0.1-0.2 to be the most frequent, appearing in 29% of the cases, although values which span the entire range 0.0-1.0 are present. The derived albedos show no correlation with solar zenith angle. This result is consistent with the fact that, at the wavelengths considered, the diffuse integrated intensity is larger than the attenuated direct solar beam near the ground.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 11; Nov. 198
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  • 143
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    Dehydration-induced luminescence in clay minerals (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Reports of triboluminescent phenomena in organic crystalline materials prompted a search for related processes in clay minerals. The reported extensive mechanical distortion produced on freezing and drying of montmorillonite was particularly interesting because of studies of condensation reactions in a wet/dry cycled reaction sequence. The discovery of an unusual luminescent process in several clay minerals is reported and its characteristics are described.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 292; Aug. 27
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  • 144
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    The distribution of NOx and the production of ozone - Comments on 'On the origin of tropospheric ozone' by S. C. Liu et al (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Dec. 20
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  • 145
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    Total ozone seasonal and interannual variations derived from the 7 year Nimbus-4 BUV data set (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: BUV total ozone data from the Nimbus 4 satellite were used to derive the seasonal and interannual variations of total ozone over a 7-year period. The variations were studied using harmonic and superposition analyses of zonal mean data at 10 deg latitudinal increments. Harmonic analysis of the zonal mean data revealed a clear quasibiennial oscillation (QBO) strongest in the tropics and at high latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere. An estimation of the QBO period using a superposition analysis for each latitude zone revealed a decreasing period with latitude in both hemispheres. A maximum period of 27 months occurs in the tropics, while the minimum period in the Northern Hemisphere is about 20 months. This decrease in QBO period with latitude implies that the observed QBO in ozone at low and high latitudes are not directly related. The results do indicate, however, that the interannual variations are latitude dependent.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Dec. 20
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  • 146
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    Spectroscopy of the extreme ultraviolet dayglow during active solar conditions (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The spectral characteristics of the mid-latitude daytime airglow observed between 530 and 1500 A under conditions of high solar activity are compared with those obtained at the same location during markedly lower solar activity. The spectral observations were made by two scanning spectrometers and an N2 3371 A photometer carried aboard Astrobee-F rockets launched from White Sands Missile Range, NM, on January 9, 1978 and June 27, 1980. The more recent data allow the partial resolution of the emission spectrum between 800 and 1200 A into a large number of weak N I, O I and N2 transitions. Data taken at 220 km altitude suggest an increase in atomic nitrogen density of more than a factor of 3 between the two observations, along with a doubling of the solar EUV flux at wavelengths less than 688 A. No evidence of a corresponding increase in the 10 to 50 eV photoelectron flux is found, however, an ionospheric sounding data indicate the peak electron density to have decreased during this period. The mechanism for this electron flux decrease in the face of increased EUV flux and only a three-fold increase in N concentration remains unknown.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 8; Dec. 198
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  • 147
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    Preserved signatures of ion flux modulations observed by ATS 6 (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The considered investigation is concerned with a detailed analysis of the event of August 13, 1974. The considered day was a geomagnetically quiet day, and ATS 6 was stationed at 94 deg W longitude. On the basis of the conducted analysis it is found that the observed flux oscillations may be a fossil signature of flux modulations which have occurred in ions at an earlier time and at a region away from the spot of observation. In conclusion, it is pointed out that the August 13, 1974, and the January 23, 1975, events of proton flux oscillations observed by ATS 6 are of great importance. They reveal another unique capability of the drifting particles for preserving small modulation signatures imposed upon them during earlier wave-particle interactions. At the present, no conclusions are drawn as to what kind of the wave-particle interaction process was responsible for the observation.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Dec. 1
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  • 148
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    The response of ozone to solar activity variations - A review (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The effects of solar UV variations on the ozone concentration in the atmosphere are studied with respect to determinations of the global mean ozone concentrations as measured by satellite instrumentation. The Nimbus 4 satellite revealed an NO presence, which catalytically destroys ozone, during a solar proton event. An 11-year UV variability has been detected at increasing wavelengths above 1500 A, an energy band which causes photolysis of O2 into O3, N2O into NO, and NO production in the stratosphere. The latter two reactions decrease ozone destruction. IR interferometer spectrometer (IRIS) data is cited to show an ozone variation of about 3%, which is possible with a 20% solar UV variability at 1800 A; the variability has been confirmed to exist by measurements taken from the Atmospheric Explorer E satellite.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 149
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    Fast magnetospheric echoes of energetic electron beams (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Electron beam experiments using rocket-borne instrumentation confirmed earlier observations of fast magnetospheric echoes of artificially injected energetic electrons. A total of 234 echoes were observed in a pitch angle range from 9 to 110 deg at energies of 1.87 and 3.90 keV. Of these, 102 echoes could unambiguously be identified with known accelerator operations at 2, 4 or 8 keV energy and highest current levels resulting in the determination of transit times of typically 300 to 400 ms. In most cases, when echoes were present in both energy channels, the higher energy electrons led the lower energy ones by 50 to 70 ms. Adiabatic theory applied to these observations yields a reflection height of 3000 to 4000 km. The injection process is discussed as the strong beam-plasma interaction that occurred near the electron accelerator appears to be instrumental in generating the source of heated electrons required for successful echo detection.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: ESA Active Expts. in Space; p 113-120
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  • 150
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    The Atmospheric Lifetime Experiment. II - Calibration (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The calibration standards used in the Atmospheric Lifetime Experiment (ALE) for CFCl3, CF2Cl2, CH3CCl3, and CCl4 are described. This includes the preparation of the primary standards by static dilution and their propagation and stability for the period 1977-1982. Two independent assessments of the absolute concentrations of the primary standards used to initiate the ALE measurements in 1977-1978 are reported. For consistency in the ALE program the values assigned to the primary standards and subsequent working standards used in the field were not altered during the experiment when results of better estimates of the original concentration values were obtained. Rather, the appropriate factors by which the ALE mixing ratios for a given species should be multiplied to obtain the best estimate of the current concentration of a given species, are provided.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; Oct. 20
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  • 151
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    Orbital and cloud cover sampling analyses for multisatellite earth radiation budget experiments (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Computer simulations have been performed to determine the geographical and temporal coverage of various satellite orbits and scanning and nonscanning radiometers for earth radiation budget measurements. These results were used to simulate the sampling of a diurnally varying cloud and radiation field for several different satellite systems to estimate errors in regional monthly mean reflected radiation. The combined results indicate that coincient observations with a minimum of one sun-synchronous satellite and a midinclined orbit satellite are needed to obtain the required regional, zonal, and global coverage with sufficient temporal sampling for obtaining accurate estimates of monthly mean reflected solar radiation. Overall, the best sampling capability and lowest errors were obtained with a three-satellite system, i.e., two sun-synchronous satellites with different equatorial crossing times combined with either a 46 or 57-deg orbit satellite. The results from these analyses have been used in defining a joint NASA-NOAA multisatellite mission for an earth radiation budget experiment.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (ISSN 0022-4560); 20; Sept
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  • 152
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    Characteristics of low-energy plasma in the plasmasphere and plasma trough (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Initial results of studies of low-energy plasma using the light ion mass spectrometer (LIMS) on the SCATHA satellite are presented. Results are discussed primarily for plasma flux in the noon to midnight local time sector, examining the behavior of the plasma with geomagnetic activity and local time. Measurements of the ion mass composition in this region for the energy ranges of the LIMS instrument are presented. Results of temperature measurements are given and a possible explanation for the difference between the whistler and OGO 5 plasmapause positions is suggested. The observed pitch angle distributions are presented, limited to a broad characterization of the plasma population. The effects of the spacecraft potential on the low-energy plasma measurements are considered.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; Oct. 1
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  • 153
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    El Chichon eruption cloud - Comparison of lidar and optical thickness measurements for October 1982 (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Sun photometer and lidar backscatter measurements of the El Chichon volcanic cloud were obtained during an airborne latitude survey. The observations were collected between 46 deg N and 46 deg S from Oct. 19-Nov. 7, 1982. Comparisons between these data sets have been performed. An aerosol optical model was developed for the conversion of the lidar measurements to optical thickness values using numerical aerosol size distribution data and index of refraction information collected with coordinated dustsonde balloon flights. The derived lidar optical thickness values were found to agree with the sun photometer optical thickness values within measurement uncertainties. The lidar derived values ranged from 0.16 at the equator to 0.03 at 30 deg S latitude. Peak values were concentrated between 35 deg N and 10 deg S.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 10; Sept
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  • 154
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    El Chichon eruption cloud - Latitudinal variation of the spectral optical thickness for October 1982 (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Sun photometer measurements of the spectral optical thickness of the El Chichon eruption cloud were obtained during an airborne latitudinal survey. The measured optical thicknesses were greatly enhanced over background levels for the stratosphere. The observations covered 44 deg N to 36 deg S, and increased optical thickness was found at all latitudes where measurements were made. Significant variations in the magnitude and spectral dependence of the optical thickness were found within the latitude range covered by the observations. The maximum optical thickness was found at 20 deg N and the minimum was found at 30 deg S. The optical thickness values ranged between 0.13 and 0.017 at 870 nm and between 0.15 and 0.044 at 440 nm.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 10; Sept
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  • 155
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    Stratospheric aerosol mass and latitudinal distribution of the El Chichon eruption cloud for October 1982 (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The eruptions of El Chicon in Mexico during March and April, 1982, produced the largest enhancements in stratospheric aerosols, which were experienced in at least the last 20 years. An experimental survey flight was conducted in October-November 1982 to underfly El Chichon's eruption cloud and to map out its latitudinal distribution. A NASA aircraft was flown between 46 deg N latitude and 46 deg S latitude in a coordinated field campaign. The present investigation is concerned with the results of lidar stratospheric measurements taken over the entire mission. The employed airborne lidar system consists of a ruby laser, nominally emitting 1 joule/pulse at 0.5 pulse/sec during flight, and a 35.6-cm receiving Cassegrainian-configured telescope. The lidar data presented are described in two forms, taking into account the lidar backscattering ratio and the integrated aerosol backscattering function.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 10; Sept
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  • 156
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    A quasi-continuous record of atmospheric opacity at lambda = 1.1 mm over 34 days at Mauna Kea Observatory (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A quasi-continuous record of atmospheric attenuation is obtained. The data were gathered during a 24-day period in September and October 1982 and a 10-day period in December of that year. The opacity is arrived at by measuring the thermal emission of the atmosphere over a bandwidth of approximately 300 MHz. Using an experimental relationship established by Zammit and Ade (1981), opacity measurements at 1.1 mm are converted to the precipitable water vapor column overhead. With the precipitable water vapor, estimates of opacity due to water vapor can be made for other mm and FIR wavelengths. These estimates require model absorption curves for the atmosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves (ISSN 0195-9271); 4; Sept
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  • 157
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    Lead isotope systematics of some igneous rocks from the Egyptian Shield (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Lead isotope data on whole-rock samples and two feldspar separates for a variety of Pan-African (late Precambrian) igneous rocks for the Egyptian Shield are presented. It is pointed out that the eastern desert of Egypt is a Late Precambrian shield characterized by the widespread occurrence of granitic plutons. The lead isotope ratios may be used to delineate boundaries between Late Precambrian oceanic and continental environments in northeastern Africa. The samples belong to three groups. These groups are related to a younger plutonic sequence of granites and adamellites, a plutonic group consisting of older tonalites to granodiorites, and the Dokhan volcanic suite.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Precambrian Research (ISSN 0301-9268); 20; 1983
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  • 158
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    Oxygen and ozone in the early earth's atmosphere (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The precise amount of O2 and O3 in the earth's prebiological paleoatmosphere has been a topic of considerable discussion in the past. Since the photolysis of H2O and CO2, the prebiological mechanisms to produce O2, depends on the ultraviolet flux from the Sun, a reliable quantification of the problem requires detailed knowledge of such flux. Using the most recent astronomical observation of young stars from the International Ultraviolet Explorer, as well as a detailed photochemical model of the paleoatmosphere, it is found that the amount of O2 in the prebiological paleoatmosphere may have been as much as a million times greater than previously estimated. Some of the implications of this new value are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Precambrian Research (ISSN 0301-9268); 20; 1983
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  • 159
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    Analysis of Mount St. Helens ash from optical photoelectric photometry (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The optical properties of suspended dust particles from the eruption of Mt. St. Helens on July 23, 1980 are investigated using photoelectric observations of standard stars obtained on the 0.76-m telescope at the University of Washington 48 hours after the eruption. Measurements were made with five broad-band filters centered at 3910, 5085, 5480, 6330, and 8050 A on stars of varying color and over a wide range of air masses. Anomalous extinction effects due to the volcanic ash were detected, and a significant change in the wavelength-dependent extinction parameter during the course of the observations was established by statistical analysis. Mean particle size (a) and column density (N) are estimated using the Mie theory, assuming a log-normal particle-size distribution: a = 0.18 micron throughout; N = 1.02 x 10 to the 9th/sq cm before 7:00 UT and 2.33 x 10 to the 9th/sq cm after 8:30 UT on July 25, 1980. The extinction is attributed to low-level, slowly migrating ash, possibly combined with products of gas-to-particle conversion and coagulation.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Publications (ISSN 0004-6280); 95; July 198
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  • 160
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    Balloon-borne remote sensing of stratospheric constituents (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Data on species of interest in the photochemistry of the ozone layer obtained from balloon flights are presented. The flights made use of remote-sensing instruments that took measurements in the wavelength region from the ultraviolet to millimeter wavelengths. Most of the data were obtained with instruments whose readings were in the midinfrared wavelengths. Descriptions are given of the two techniques generally used in this type of research, namely solar absorption and atmospheric emission. The promise that these techniques hold for providing data on the photochemistry of the ozone layer is discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 22; Sept. 1
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  • 161
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    Remote sensing of stratospheric and mesospheric winds by gas correlation electrooptic phase-modulation spectroscopy (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A method is developed for directly measuring atmospheric winds in the 20-120 km altitude interval from a spacecraft. The wind sensor measures the Doppler shift between the spectral absorption lines of a gas in a cell within the instrument and the thermal emission lines of the same gas in the atmosphere. The wind measurements are performed using a spacecraft-borne gas correlation spectrometer viewing the limb of the atmosphere. The wind-induced Doppler shift between the two spectra, and thus the magnitude of the wind itself, is obtained by phase modulating the incoming thermal radiation (equivalent to frequency modulation) by means of an electrooptically active crystal to determine the frequency shift required to reestablish exact correlation between the lines in the cell and the lines from the atmosphere. Results of numerical simulations of the wind-sensor performance indicate that the noise-equivalent-wind is between 1-5 m/s over most of the stratosphere and mesosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 22; Sept. 1
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  • 162
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    Latitudinal (seasonal) variations in the thermospheric midnight temperature maximum - A tidal analysis (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The temperature variations of the neutral gas in the thermosphere are considered as a function of local time and season, taking into account the latitude range from -17.5 deg to +17.5 deg and the altitude range from about 250 km to about 400 km. The temperature measurements were conducted in situ with the Neutral Atmospheric Temperature Experiment (NATE) on the Atmospheric Explorer E (AE-E) spacecraft during the time between December 1976 and January 1979. The altitude of the circular orbit of the spacecraft was gradually increased during this period from 250 to 400 km. A significant result of the reported analysis is the latitudinal (seasonal) variation observed in the semidiurnal and terdiurnal tides during solstice. It is found that this variation is responsible for the seasonal behavior of the midnight temperature maximum.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; Sept. 1
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  • 163
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    Low-energy (less than 100 eV) ion pitch angle distributions in the magnetosphere by ISEE 1 (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Attention is given to isotropic distribution, bidirectional field alignment distribution, unidirectional field alignment distribution, and low flux, in a statistical examination of low energy ion data from the ISEE 1 plasma composition experiment whose aim was the study of pitch angle distributions in all local times of the magnetosphere. The isotropic distribution consisting of less than 10 eV ions is a persistent inner region feature, while the bidirectional field-aligned distribution consisting of warm ions is a persistent feature of the outer dayside and is seen just outside the isotropic distribution region of the nightside. On the outer nightside, the unidirectional field-aligned distribution consisting of warm ions is the dominant signature. The 'sources' of ions in various regions are discussed in view of the present and other results.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; Sept. 1
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  • 164
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    Results from an absolute gravity survey in the United States (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Using the recently completed JTLA absolute gravity meter, we made a survey of twelve sites in the United States. Over a period of eight weeks, the instrument was driven a total distance of nearly 20,000 km to sites in California, New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming, Maryland and Massachusetts. The time spent in carrying out a measurement at a single location was typically one day. We report the results of the measurements in this survey along with earlier measurements made with the instrument, discuss the measurement accuracy and compare our results with other measurements. Previously announced in STAR as N83-20480
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; Sept. 10
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  • 165
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    A re-evaluation of laser heterodyne radiometer ClO measurements (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Previously reported measurements of stratospheric ClO using a balloon-borne laser heterodyne radiometer, launched from Palestine, Texas, are re-evaluated as a result of recent spectroscopic data. A spectral feature which was observed during September, 1978 and November, 1979 flights was incorrectly identified as a ClO absorption line, while a second feature observed during the latter flight with somewhat limited sensitivity is now believed to be due to ClO. This new interpretation results in a measured ClO profile which falls off more rapidly with decreasing altitude than the previous results indicated.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 10; Aug. 198
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  • 166
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    Simple energy balance model resolving the seasons and the continents - Application to the astronomical theory of the ice ages (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An analysis is undertaken of the properties of a one-level seasonal energy balance climate model having explicit, two-dimensional land-sea geography, where land and sea surfaces are strictly distinguished by the local thermal inertia employed and transport is governed by a smooth, latitude-dependent diffusion mechanism. Solutions of the seasonal cycle for the cases of both ice feedback exclusion and inclusion yield good agreements with real data, using minimal turning of the adjustable parameters. Discontinuous icecap growth is noted for both a solar constant that is lower by a few percent and a change of orbital elements to favor cool Northern Hemisphere summers. This discontinuous sensitivity is discussed in the context of the Milankovitch theory of the ice ages, and the associated branch structure is shown to be analogous to the 'small ice cap' instability of simpler models.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; Aug. 20
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  • 167
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    Injection slot location for boundary-layer control in shock-induced separation (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Previously cited in issue 18, p. 726, Accession no. A78-41866
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: (ISSN 0021-8669)
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  • 168
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    Pre-Keweenawan anorthosite inclusions in the Keweenawan Beaver Bay and Duluth Complexes, northeastern Minnesota (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geological Society of America Bulletin (ISSN 0016-7606); 94; Feb. 198
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  • 169
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    A numerical model of gravity wave breaking and stress in the mesosphere (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The goal of the study is to calculate numerically the deceleration and heating caused by breaking gravity waves. The effect of the radiative dissipation of the wave is included as vertical-wavelength-dependent Newtonian cooling. The parameterization for zonal deceleration is extended by breaking gravity waves (Lindzen, 1981) to include the turbulent diffusion of heat and momentum. After describing the numerical model, the numerical results are presented and compared with the parameterizations in a noninteractive model of the mean zonal wind. Attention is then given to the transport of constituents by gravity waves and the attendant turbulent zone. It is noted that if gravity wave breaking were not an intermittent process, gravity wave stresses would produce an adiabatic mesosphere with a zonal mean velocity close to the phase speed of the breaking wave.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; June 20
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  • 170
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    Stability of electron distributions within the earth's bow shock (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The present examination of the linear Vlasov stability of a class of electron velocity distributions modeling those observed within the earth's bow shock is restricted to electrostatic waves propagating parallel to the ambient magnetic field B. Two instabilities are identified as driven by free energy in the direction parallel to B: an ion acoustic wave with real frequency below the ion plasma frequency, and an electron acoustic wave whose real frequency is several times the ion plasma frequency. Unstable wave characteristics are in accord with the trend of the observed electrostatic waves toward polarization parallel to the magnetic field. The instabilities identified may contribute to electron dissipation in collisionless shocks.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 88; Apr. 1
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  • 171
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    Global distribution of stratospheric aerosols by satellite measurements (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously cited in issue 08, p. 1248, Accession no. A82-22043)
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 172
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    Calculations of atmospheric refraction for spacecraft remote-sensing applications (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Analytical solutions to the refraction integrals appropriate for ray trajectories along slant paths through the atmosphere are derived in this paper. This type of geometry is commonly encountered in remote-sensing applications utilizing an occultation technique. The solutions are obtained by evaluating higher-order terms from expansion of the refraction integral and are dependent on the vertical temperature distributions. Refraction parameters such as total refraction angles, air masses, and path lengths can be accurately computed. It is also shown that the method can be used for computing refraction parameters in astronomical refraction geometry for large zenith angles.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Applied Optics; 22; Mar. 1
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  • 173
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    The application of forest classification from Landsat data as a basis for natural hydrocarbon emission estimation and photochemical oxidant model simulations in southeastern Virginia (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The possible contribution by natural hydrocarbon emissions to the total ozone budget recorded in the Tidewater region of southeastern Virginia during the height of the summer period was examined. Natural sources investigated were limited to the primary HC emitters and most prevalent natural vegetation, the forests. Three types and their areal coverage were determined for Region VI of the Virginia State Air Pollution Control Board using remotely sensed data from Landsat, a NASA experimental earth resources satellite. Emission factors appropriate to the specific types (coniferous 0.24 x 10 to the 13th, mixed 0.63 x 10 to the 13th, deciduous 1.92 x 10 to the 13th, microgram/h), derived from contemporary procedures, were applied to produce an overall regional emission rate of 2.79 x 10 to the 13th microgram/h for natural non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC). This rate was used with estimates of the anthropogenic NO(x) and NMHC loading, as input into a photochemical box model. Additional HC loading on the order of that estimated to be produced by the natural forest communities was required in order to reach certain measured summer peak ozone levels as the computer simulation was unable to account for the measured episodic levels on the basis of the anthropogenic inventory alone.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Air Pollution Control Association; vol. 33
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  • 174
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    Average configuration of the distant (less than 220-earth-radii) magnetotail - Initial ISEE-3 magnetic field results (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Magnetic field measurements from the first two passes of the ISEE-3 GEOTAIL Mission have been used to study the structure of the trans-lunar tail. Good agreement was found between the ISEE-3 magnetopause crossings and the Explorer 33, 35 model of Howe and Binsack (1972). Neutral sheet location was well ordered by the hinged current sheet models based upon near earth measurements. Between X = -20 and -120 earth radii the radius of the tail increases by about 30 percent while the lobe field strength decreases by approximately 60 percent. Beyond X = -100 to -1200 earth radii the tail diameter and lobe field magnitude become nearly constant at terminal values of approximately 60 earth radii and 9 nT, respectively. The distance at which the tail was observed to cease flaring, 100-120 earth radii, is in close agreement with the predictions of the analytic tail model of Coroniti and Kennel (1972). Overall, the findings of this study suggest that the magnetotail retains much of its near earth structure out to X = -220 earth radii.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 10; Oct. 198
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  • 175
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    Examination of wintertime latitudinal gradients in stratospheric NO2 using theory and LIMS observations (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Nimbus 7 LIMS data and a photochemical model are used to show that the observed sharp latitudinal gradients in stratospheric wintertime NO2 are consistent with the conversion of NO2 to N2O5 at high latitudes. This conversion, and the sharp gradients, are brought about by the interaction between transport and photochemistry. Calculated variations show good agreement with observations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 10; Oct. 198
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  • 176
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    Ozone and water vapor monitoring using a ground-based lidar system (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Measurements of atmospheric ozone and water vapor profiles obtained using a differential absorption lidar (DIAL) technique at Haute Provence Observatory are reported. The DIAL technique is based on the comparison of differences in attenuation in backscattered signals at wavelengths centered on strong absorptions or absorption lines of the species in question, and wavelengths corresponding to weaker or no absorption. The system in use is based on three lasers - a Nd:YAG Q-switched laser frequency doubled to emit at 532 nm, and two tunable narrowline dye lasers used to convert this emission into the IR or UV spectral regions. Ozone concentration profiles have been recorded up to a height of 30 km, and reveal large day-to-day variations in number density which were correlated with a decrease in tropopause height. Measurements of water vapor concentrations show a variability of the mixing ratio at heights up to 2.5 km representative of dynamic processes, and a variability above 2.5 km that is within the measurement error. Day-to-day variations in tropospheric mixing ratio were also observed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 177
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    Comprehensive missile aerodynamics programs for preliminary design (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Previously cited in issue 12, p. 1851, Accession no. A82-27106
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: (ISSN 0022-4560)
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  • 178
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    Asymmetries of the upper stratospheric ozone distribution between two hemispheres (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: In connection with the eccentricity of the earth's orbit, conditions of solar radiation are not strictly symmetrical for the two hemispheres. The intensity of solar irradiation is approximately 6.6 percent higher near perihelion than near aphelion. As the ozone densities in the upper stratosphere and mesosphere are mainly controlled by photochemical processes, the asymmetry of irradiation conditions for both hemispheres could result in corresponding asymmetries regarding the ozone content. The present investigation is concerned with this possibility. The investigation takes into account Nimbus-7 and Nimbus-4 satellite data. It is found that the hemispheric asymmetries of the ozone distribution in the summer mesosphere and upper stratosphere are fully ascribable to the hemispheric temperature differences due to the combined effects of the earth's orbital ellipticity and its tilted spin axis from the ecliptic plane. The wintertime hemispheric asymmetries imply the presence of additional effects.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 40; May 1983
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  • 179
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    Equivalent angle-of-attack method for estimating nonlinear aerodynamics of missile fins (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Previously cited in issue 19, p. 2971, Accession no. A82-39113
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
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  • 180
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    Aerodynamics of wraparound fins (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Previously cited in issue 07, p. 863, Accession no. A83-21011
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
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  • 181
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    A mechanistic model of Eulerian, Lagrangian mean, and Lagrangian ozone transport by steady planetary waves (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Ozone transport is calculated for steady, dissipative planetary waves using the Eulerian, Lagrangian mean, and residual circulation. A Lagrangian model of parcel dynamics is used to interpret planetary wave-photochemistry interaction. In chemically active regions the mean field ozone changes are found to be significant only where there are large gradients in chemical sources and sinks along parcel trajectories. The largest changes in the mean field are found in the lower stratosphere and are due to the Lagrangian mean advection. When the Lagrangian mean advection is approximated by the residual circulation, errors in the transport velocities as large as 30 pct may occur.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; June 20
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  • 182
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    Numerical calculation of nonlinear aerodynamics of wing-body configurations (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Previously cited in issue 07, p. 864, Accession no. A83-21022
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: (ISSN 0001-1452)
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  • 183
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    Sighting of El Chichon sulfur dioxide clouds with the Nimbus 7 total ozone mapping spectrometer (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The eruptions of El Chichon volcano on March 28 and April 3 and 4, 1982 were observed by the Nimbus 7 total ozone mapping spectrometer due to strong absorption by volcanic gases at the shortest wavelengths of the spectrometer (312.5 and 317.5 nm). These ultraviolet pictures permit a measurement of the volume, dispersion, and drift of volcanic gas clouds. The tropospheric clouds were rapidly dispersed in westerly winds while persistent stratospheric clouds drifted in easterly winds at speeds up to 13 m/sec. The spectral reflectance is consistent with sulfur dioxide absorption and rules out carbon disulfide as a major constituent. A preliminary estimate of the mass of sulfur dioxide deposited in the stratosphere by the large eruptions on April 3 and 4 is 3.3 million tons. Prior estimates of volcanic cloud volume were based on extrapolation of locally measured sulfur dioxide concentrations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 220; June 24
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  • 184
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    Ionospheric and Birkeland current distributions inferred from the MAGSAT magnetometer data (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Ionospheric and field-aligned sheet current density distributions are presently inferred by means of MAGSAT vector magnetometer data, together with an accurate magnetic field model. By comparing Hall current densities inferred from the MAGSAT data and those inferred from simultaneously recorded ground based data acquired by the Scandinavian magnetometer array, it is determined that the former have previously been underestimated due to high damping of magnetic variations with high spatial wave numbers between the ionosphere and the MAGSAT orbit. Among important results of this study is noted the fact that the Birkeland and electrojet current systems are colocated. The analyses have shown a tendency for triangular rather than constant electrojet current distributions as a function of latitude, consistent with the statistical, uniform regions 1 and 2 Birkeland current patterns.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; June 1
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  • 185
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    Benchmark determination of Shuttle Orbiter entry aerodynamic heat-transfer data (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Previously cited in issue 07, p. 965, Accession no. A82-19777
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: (ISSN 0022-4560)
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  • 186
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    Controlled stimulation of magnetospheric electrons by radio waves Experimental model for lightning effects (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Magnetospheric electrons precipitated by ground-based coded very low frequency radio transmissions have been detected by rocket measurement of bremsstrahlung X-rays, caused by impact of the electrons with the upper atmosphere. The direct correlations obtained between the very low frequency signals and the X-rays demonstrate the limits of sensitivity required and indicate that this remote sensing technique would be useful for future study of very low frequency effects induced by single lightning strokes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Science; 219; Mar. 18
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  • 187
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    Carbon monoxide mixing ratio inference from gas filter radiometer data (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A new algorithm has been developed which permits, for the first time, real time data reduction of nadir measurements taken with a gas filter correlation radiometer to determine tropospheric carbon monoxide concentrations. The algorithm significantly reduces the complexity of the equations to be solved while providing accuracy comparable to line-by-line calculations. The method is based on a regression analysis technique using a truncated power series representation of the primary instrument output signals to infer directly a weighted average of trace gas concentration. The results produced by a microcomputer-based implementation of this technique are compared with those produced by the more rigorous line-by-line methods. This algorithm has been used in the reduction of Measurement of Air Pollution from Satellites, Shuttle, and aircraft data.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Applied Optics; 22; Mar. 1
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  • 188
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    Computation of high Reynolds number internal/external flows (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously cited in issue 17, p. 2878, Accession no. A81-39001)
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
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    Existence of a persistent background of turbulence (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A plausible scenario for the existence of a persistent back-ground of turbulence in the free atmosphere is described. The MST radar technique is the only existing technique that can be used to describe the morphology of occurrence of turbulence as a function of altitude, wind speed, shear, weather conditions, geographical location, etc. This technique was used also to assess the degree of universality of shape and amplitude of the buoyancy wave spectrum and the relation between the buoyancy wave spectrum and turbulence.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program, Vol.
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  • 190
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    Techniques for studying gravity waves and turbulence (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Gravity waves and their associated breaking into turbulence are very important in producing the overall picture of middle atmosphere global dynamics and associated transport. It is shown in this research that MST radars represent a most powerful technique for obtaining the needed parameters for gravity-wave-induced drag and diffusion effects as well as measuring wave accelerations and diffusion directly. A mathematical solution to this problem is that of radiative equilibrium with a balanced thermal wind.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program, Vol. 9; p 241-246
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  • 191
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    Solar control of winter mesospheric echo occurrence at Poker Flat, Alaska (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Winter mesospheric echoes are observed between about 55 and 80 km when auroral absorption is present during daylight hours. Relatively steady auroral absorption during sunrise and sunset periods causes a distinct onset and decay signature in mesospheric echo occurrence. The echo onset and disappearance time are shown versus height by the inclined lines for four different dates. The more vertical lines give the visible sunlight height/time curves for both sunrise (SR) and sunset (SS). The data is combined and replotted to give the morning onset height and the afternoon disappearance height as a function of solar zenith angle. Echoes are not observed at the lowest heights in the morning until the solar zenith angle is less than 90 deg. The afternoon echoes at the lowest heights also start to disappear as soon as the solar zenith angle exceeds 90 deg, implying that the solar component which sustains the mesospheric echo is screened by a layer extending up to about 60 km. The morning echo at 73 km onsets near the time of visible sunrise, but in the afternoon the 73 km echo lasts well past visible sunset.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program, Vol. 9; p 145-146
    Format: text
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  • 192
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    A review of tropospheric refraction effects on Earth-to-satellite systems (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Abnormal refractivity gradients may cause radio waves to be trapped within tropospheric layers, thus producing regions through which the waves do not pass called radio holes. For some locations and for many applications, refractive corrections based on the surface refractivity are adequate for elevation angles above a few degrees. However, new systems which operate at elevation angles near the horizon often require improved accuracies. Techniques for obtaining these improved corrections are reviewed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the 16th Ann. Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Appl. and Planning Meeting; p 247-248
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  • 193
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    Geochemistry of volcanic rocks from the Wawa greenstone belt (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The Wawa greenstone belt is located in the District of Algoma and extends east-northeast from Lake Superior to the western part of the Sudbury District in Ontario, Canada. Recent mapping by Attoh has shown that an unconformity at the base of the Dore' Formation and equivalent sedimentary rocks marks a significant stratigraphic break which can be traced throughout the volcanic belt. This break has been used to subdivide the volcanic-sedimentary into pre- and post-Dore' sequences. The pre-Dore' sequence includes at least two cycles of mafic-to-felsic volcanism, each capped by an iron-formation unit. The post-Dore' sequence includes an older mafic-to-felsic unit, which directly overlies sedimentary rocks correlated with the Dore' Formation, and a younger felsic breccia unit interpreted to have formed as debris flows from a felsic volcanic center. In the present study, samples of both the pre-and post-Dore' volcanic sequences were analyzed for major and trace elements, incuding rare earths (REE). This preliminary study is part of an ongoing program to assess the petrogenesis of the volcanic rocks of the Wawa greenstone belt.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst. Workshop on a Cross Section of Archean Crust; p 81-82
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  • 194
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    A multi-element study of ISUA iron-formation, W-Greenland (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Meta-sediments from Isua, West Greenland were analyzed by instrumental thermal neutron activation analysis (ITNAA). These sediments are chemical precipitates having some layers of remarkably high Cr content. The latter were compared to Cr poor layers. It turned out that the Cr enriched layers had higher Ir and Ni contents than the samples from the Cr poor layers. Compared to phanerozoic samples the highest Ir contents are not extraordinarily higher than in a modern sediment, and the Cr poor layers, representing more or less phanerozoic shale. From the cratering record of the Moon one can assume a similar cratering of the Earth at about the time when the Isua rocks were formed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst. Workshop on a Cross Section of Archean Crust; p 71-75
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  • 195
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    Geophysical consequences of phanerozoic and Archean crustal evolution: Evidence from crustal cross-sections (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Geophysical properties of continental crust depend on the nature of crustal evolution. This is well illustrated by examination of two crustal cross-sections (1), the combined Ivrea-Verbano zone (IVZ) and Strona-Ceneri zone (SCZ) of northern Italy and the Pikwitonei granulite belt (PGB) and Cross Lake subprovince (CLS) of Manitoba. These two cross-sections are of particular interest because the IVZ and SCZ developed during Phanerozoic time whereas the PGB-CLS is an example of Archean crustal evolution. Consequently, each cross-section is geologically distinctive and, thus, exhibits very different geophysical properties such as density, seismic velocity, heat production, and magnetism. Results of geological investigations of each area are given.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst. Workshop on a Cross Section of Archean Crust; p 47-50
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  • 196
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    The transition from an Archean granite-greenstone terrain into a charnockite terrain in southern India (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: In southern India, it is possible to study the transition from an Archean granite-greenstone terrain (the Karnataka province) into high grade charnockites. The transition occurs over an outcrop width of 20-35 km and appears to represent burial depths ranging from 15 to 20 km. Field and geochemical studies indicate that the charnockites developed at the expense of tonalites, granites, and greenstones. South of the transition zone, geobarometer studies indicate burial depths of 7-9 kb.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst. Workshop on a Cross Section of Archean Crust; p 34-37
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  • 197
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    Is the Kapuskasing structure the site of a cryptic suture (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The demonstration that the Kapuskasing structure involves substantial thrusting of deep continental crustal rocks over shallower continental rocks calls into question an earlier suggestion (by Wilson) that the Circum-Ungaua suture zone continued through the Kapuskasing to join the Penokean fold belt (implying that the Kapuskasing marked the site of what has since come to be called a cryptic suture). Problems are discussed which arose in attempting to reconcile Wilson's idea with data from more recent studies: whether the Kapuskasing and the Thompson belt both mark sutures of about 1700 Ma age; why there is no age difference across the Kapuskasing if it does mark the site of continental collision, and why there is no offset of Superior subprovinces across the Kapuskasing.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst. Workshop on a Cross Section of Archean Crust; p 20-23
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  • 198
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    Thermal contraints on high-pressure granulite metamorphism of supracrustal rocks (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The circumstances leading to the formation and exposure at the Earth's surface of supracrustal granulites are examined. These are defined as sediments, volcanics, and other rock units which originally formed at the surface of the Earth, were metamorphosed to high-pressure granulite facies (T = 700-900 C, P = 5-10 kbar), and reexposed at the Earth's surface, in many cases underlain by normal thicknesses of continental crust (30-40 km). Five possible heating mechanisms to account for granulite metamorphism of supracrustal rocks are discussed: magnetic heating, thermal relaxation of perturbed temperature profiles following underthrusting of the continental crust, thermal relaxation after underthrusting of thin slivers of supracrustal rocks below continental crust of normal thickness, major preheating of the upper plate, and shear heating caused by frictional stress along the thrust plane.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Workshop on a Cross Section of Archean Crust; p 13-19
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  • 199
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    Techniques for studying gravity waves and turbulence: Vertical wind speed power spectra from the troposphere and stratosphere obtained under light wind conditions (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A joint France/U.S. experiment was conducted near the mouth of the Rhone river in southern France as part of the ALPEX program. This experiment used 3 vertically directed 50 MHz radars separated by 4 to 6 km. The main purpose of this experiment was to study the spatial characteristics of gravity waves. The good height resolution (750 meters) and time resolution (1 minute) and the continuous operation over many weeks have yielded high resolution vertical wind speed power spectra under a variety of synoptic conditions. Vertical spectra obtained during very quiet (low wind) conditions in the troposphere and lower stratosphere from a single site are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program, Vol. 9; p 269
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  • 200
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    Comparison of subsonic/transonic aftbody flow prediction methods (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously cited in issue 21, p. 3614, Accession no. A81-44900)
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
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