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  • Articles  (867)
  • Springer  (486)
  • Wiley  (381)
  • Annual Reviews
  • PANGAEA
  • 1980-1984  (867)
  • 1980  (867)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (867)
Collection
  • Articles  (867)
Years
  • 1980-1984  (867)
Year
Journal
  • 1
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    Springer
    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 73-76 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 2
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 85-93 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Performance testing of multiple extended coverage sidewall sprinklers indicates that these sprinklers, installed on spacings that are multiples of specified room areas with ceiling heights up to 9 ft, perform comparably to single sprinkler per room installations under fire conditions.
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  • 3
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 94-103 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Flashover is the ultimate event in a room fire signaling the final untenability for room occupants and greatly increased hazard to other building spaces. Despite this importance, hazard evaluations of furnishings and other common fuel loads have normally not been based on estimates of flashover potential. This paper considers a simple combustion model and examines available experimental data.
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  • 4
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 104-112 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract An exploratory study has been made of the adsorption of incipient combustion gases on metal surfaces and organic metal chelate coated metal surfaces. Data obtained in this study suggest that a smoke or fire detection system could be based on the adsorption-photoelectric effects observed.
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  • 5
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 113-117 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Four samples of thermoplastics and nine samples of wood were evaluated for smoke evolution in the Aminco-NBS smoke chamber under piloted (flaming) conditions, using two different types of pilot burners, and in the Arapahoe chamber.
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  • 6
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 118-132 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a method for calculating radiative heat transfer to an adjacent tank from fire involving insulation on tank exteriors. An approximate method for calculating the radiative flux from an ignition source is also provided. The results are generalized to allow convenient estimates of safe separations for a range of tank sizes, fire intensities, and critical ignition fluxes. Wind effects are not considered in the present study.
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  • 7
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 133-141 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The authors discuss the detailed application of surface flammability assessment theory to the major test methods available in North America.
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  • 8
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 142-149 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract At the request of the Consumer Product Safety Commission, the National Bureau of Standards developed a proposed standard for the flammability of upholstered furniture. This paper briefly describes the proposed standard and its history, and examines the performance of pile fabrics tested at the University of Washington Textile Laboratories in accordance with the provisions of the proposed standard.
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  • 9
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 150-152 
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  • 10
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 153-154 
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  • 11
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 155-156 
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  • 12
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 157-158 
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  • 13
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 163-163 
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  • 14
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 212-226 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Coal pulverizing system explosions during the last few years have pointed to the need of developing inerting systems for preventing such incidents. The greater use of western subbituminous coals (with their higher tendency for spontaneous ignition) is a contributing factor to the increased frequency of coal pulverizer explosions.
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  • 15
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 181-191 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract An electronic circuit has been designed and tested which can automatically determine ignition temperatures of shredded combustible materials.
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  • 16
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 165-180 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The Kern Plateau in Sequoia National Forest was selected as a pilot study area for the development and application of a new fire management planning process.
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  • 17
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 192-203 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The author discusses a toxicity screening test for evaluating materials for off-gas toxicity using a rising temperature program.
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  • 18
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 227-231 
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  • 19
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 204-211 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The pulsation characteristic of fires was examined using acoustic parameters at very low sonic and subsonic frequencies up to 2 Hz. The existences of a characteristic frequency related to the diameter of the seat of the fire was demonstrated. The signal was found to decay rapidly with distance, suggesting displacement of the medium rather than vibrations in the medium. The use of this type of effect in fire detection is also discussed.
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  • 20
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 232-234 
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  • 21
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 235-236 
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  • 22
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 237-238 
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  • 23
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 163-163 
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  • 24
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 181-191 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract An electronic circuit has been designed and tested which can automatically determine ignition temperatures of shredded combustible materials.
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  • 25
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 165-180 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The Kern Plateau in Sequoia National Forest was selected as a pilot study area for the development and application of a new fire management planning process.
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  • 26
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 192-203 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The author discusses a toxicity screening test for evaluating materials for off-gas toxicity using a rising temperature program.
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  • 27
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 204-211 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The pulsation characteristic of fires was examined using acoustic parameters at very low sonic and subsonic frequencies up to 2 Hz. The existences of a characteristic frequency related to the diameter of the seat of the fire was demonstrated. The signal was found to decay rapidly with distance, suggesting displacement of the medium rather than vibrations in the medium. The use of this tpe of effect in fire detection is also discussed.
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  • 28
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 227-231 
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  • 29
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 232-234 
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  • 30
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 212-226 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Coal pulverizing system explosions during the last few years have pointed to the need of developing inerting systems for preventing such incidents. The greater use of western subbituminous coals (with their higher tendency for spontaneous ignition) is a contributing factor to the increased frequency of coal pulverizer explosions.
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  • 31
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 235-236 
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  • 32
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 243-243 
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  • 33
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 237-238 
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  • 34
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 252-258 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Electrical arcing under fire conditions is examined in this paper. It explains why arcs are started under fire conditions, while they are difficult to start under normal conditions.
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  • 35
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 245-251 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Changes in ultimate tensile strength and mass (weight) of burning redwood were measured, and a correlation between the ultimate tensile strength and mass loss was developed. A simple model was employed for calculating the mass loss. The accuracy of this model was assessed by comparing calculated mass loss values to the data.
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  • 36
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 259-272 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Pressurization with inert gas, typically nitrogen, has been proposed for fire suppression in pressurizable enclosures. Implementation requires assurance of sufficiently uniform presurant distribution. A convenient procedure for scale modeling pressurant distribution is described and applied to a 1/6-scale model of an uncluttered 5-m3 enclosure. Two inexpensive methods for determining local pressurant fraction history are indicated, temperature and continuous gas analysis.
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  • 37
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 273-286 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The smoke-producing characteristics of various materials are discussed with particular attention to thermal insulation. The different methods of measuring smoke density are described, and selected data are presented.
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  • 38
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 303-313 
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    Notes: Abstract To improve the quality and reliability of fire detection and alarm, the author calls for internationally agreed upon test specifications that will not hinder future development.
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  • 39
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 287-302 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Diversity of fuels, differences in their arrangement, and environmental changes such as in temperature, air pressure, wind velocity, and humidity are among the factors contributing to the variation in fire development. This paper presents a framework for modeling this variability so that product design and firesafety standards can reflect the total information provided by these actual fire tests.
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  • 40
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 314-316 
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  • 41
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 3-4 
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  • 42
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 5-11 
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    Notes: Abstract Rockwood tested all its foam concentrates on gasohol, a mixture of gasoline and alcohol. This paper discusses the results of those tests, offers an explanation of the results, and makes some suggestions about handling gasohol emergencies.
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  • 43
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 12-21 
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    Notes: Abstract A small-scale laboratory fire test has been developed to replace costly and air-polluting large-scale field fire tests that are used to evaluate reliability of fire fighting foam formulations.
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  • 44
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 22-28 
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    Notes: Abstract Scant field information and the difficulty of conducting long-term research experiments on the low-level heating of cellulosics until ignition occurs have led to the advancement of an incipient smoldering ignition predictive model.
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  • 45
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 29-36 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses the concept of flammability, merit ranking, and the theoretical objections to it that are currently crystallizing. The usefulness of an alternative approach to measuring rates of heat release is briefly considered.
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  • 46
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 37-62 
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    Notes: Abstract Plastic DWV pipe will not propagate flame through a fire separation even under adverse pressure differentials if appropriate barrier devices and construction methods are used. This paper reports the results of a small-scale test program that studied the penetration of fire separations by plastic drain, waste, and vent pipe.
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  • 47
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 70-72 
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  • 48
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 63-69 
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    Notes: Abstract The problem of locating emergency service facilities in a developing area is modelled in its generic form as a dynamic set covering problem.
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  • 49
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 77-78 
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  • 50
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 83-84 
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  • 51
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 317-320 
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  • 52
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 321-323 
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  • 53
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 324-325 
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  • 54
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 1-2 
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  • 55
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 33-43 
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    Notes: Abstract In Germany, the need for coordination and integration of transport services has been seen as a pre-condition to improving public transportation. A major step in this direction,which attracted world-wide attention, has been the institution of the Transport Federation (Verkehrs verbund). The paper discusses the operation of the Hamburg Transit Federation and considers a number of factors which have created a favorable climate for the development of public transportation in Germany.
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 17-32 
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    Notes: Abstract So far in the decade of the 1970's, commitments have been made to construct a “second generation” of new rail systems in four urban areas — Atlanta, Baltimore, Miami and Buffalo. In this paper the authors speculate on the prospects and perils that lie ahead for these systems in the context of national and local expectations for rail transit and the experience of the first generation rail transit systems of San Francisco (BART) and Washington.
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  • 57
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 292-292 
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 309-310 
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  • 59
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    Notes: Abstract The New York State Department of Transportation was required to certify as to the “economy and efficiency” of transit operators participating in the State's public transportation operating assistance program. This paper describes the efforts undertaken to meet this mandate. Discussed are past efforts to link performance measures to funding programs; reasons for modifying measures which had been used in previous efforts; and some of the problems and issues raised by the use of such criteria. The paper identifies 15 performance measures being used by New York State in its evaluations, the actual ranges encountered in the transit operations being funded through the state program, and tentative “acceptable and desirable” levels of those measures which the Transportation Department is using in its evaluation. The role these measures play in the state's operating assistance policy decision process is also described.
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 93-98 
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 103-104 
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 125-143 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper explores the use of recently developed time series techniques for short term traffic volume forecasts. A data set containing monthly volumes on a freeway segment for the years 1968 through 1976 is used to fit a time series model. The resulting model is used to forecast volumes for the year 1977. The forecast volumes are then compared to actual volumes in 1977. The results of this study indicate that time series techniques can be used to develop highly accurate and inexpensive short term forecasts. A discussion of the ways in which such models can be used to evaluate the effects of policy changes or other outside impacts is included.
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 173-189 
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    Notes: Abstract In an attempt to provide priority facilities for high occupancy vehicles, many cities have investigated or installed active bus priority signals at selected intersections. This paper describes one such installation at the intersection of Bell Street and Oriel Road in Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia. In particular, it describes the impact of the signals on bus performance levels and on non-priority traffic performance levels. An evaluation is performed taking account of the costs of the installation, the changes in the amount of fuel consumed and the changes in the perceived, budgeted delay of people passing through the intersection. Perceived, budgeted delay is defined so as to take account of the variability of delay and the perception of small delay changes. The evaluation at this site showed that, for various reasons, it was difficult to justify the priority signals at this isolated intersection. The evaluation is then extended to the concept of a route of bus priority signal intersections. A simple model is built to simulate the performance of such a priority route and the evaluation repeated. As a result of using perceived delay as a measure of performance, it is then shown that although the priority intersections along the route may not be individually justifiable, the priority route as a whole may show considerable net benefits. These benefits will occur given that there are greater than a critical number of priority intersections on the route. This critical number will depend on the assumptions made in the priority route model. It is concluded that re-evaluation of bus priority signal intersections along the lines suggested in the paper may yield a number of viable bus priority intersections and bus priority routes which were previously considered to be non-viable.
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 229-248 
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    Notes: Abstract This study examines the journey to work as a multiple-purpose trip (home-to-home circuit). Using disaggregate travel diary data collected over 35 consecutive days, the study shows the importance of the multi-purpose work trip in the overall travel pattern of the urban household. A large proportion of many households' total travel is undertaken in conjunction with the journey to and from work. The paper also examines the nature of these work-induced travel linkages and finds that many types of urban establishments depend heavily upon stops made in connection with the work trip. In fact, there is a group of urban functions that have stronger travel links with the workplace than with the home or with any other type of urban establishment. The study examines the implications of the multi-purpose journey to work for policies regarding mode use and the viability of centrally-located urban functions.
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 287-291 
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 293-298 
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 333-353 
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    Notes: Abstract Full reliance on conventional forms of bus transit for peak hour needs reduces industry productivity and creates major new subsidy requirements. Restructuring of transit is needed to enable paratransit integration and other innovations than can improve efficiency. This paper discusses the industry's long-term neglect of efficiency and describes subsidy policies that would promote necessary changes.
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 311-331 
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    Notes: Abstract Because of a general trend of increasing costs of public transport operations and higher subsidies (in some cases accompanied by falling patronage) the European Conference of Ministers of Transport (ECMT) initiated a study of subsidisation and sought the help of the Transport and Road Research Laboratory. The study, in which eighteen countries took part, was concerned with the aims of subsidy, the sources and conditions attached to subsidy, trends in subsidies and the effect of subsidies on patronage, fares, service levels, costs and productivity. The qualitative information concerning the aims of subsidy was analysed in relation to the likelihood of achieving such aims, taking into account current experience of attempts to switch car drivers to public transport. The quantitative information on trends referred to public transport stage services covering where possible the entire country and relating to the period 1965–77; these data were supplemented by data from 59 cities in different parts of the world collected in the course of a TRRL-sponsored study of travel demand factors. The relationship between patronage and service levels, and between subsidies and various operating factors, including costs and productivity, were studied using regression analysis and the general conclusion reached was that although the major part of the subsidy paid was reflected by reduced fares and improved service levels there may well have been some leakage into higher unit costs and manning levels.
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 45-55 
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    Notes: Abstract A number of forces currently at work in the United States are fostering the rebirth of urban rail transportation. In order to maximize the beneficial economic and developmental impact of future rail investment, certain procedures and techniques must be employed in the planning, design, and implementation of rail systems. The paper offers a set of guidelines and principles for transportation and land use policy makers.
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 83-92 
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 75-82 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper describes current light rail transit planning and operation in Canada's major cities and smaller communities. There are ten urban areas in Canada with 250,000 or more people. Two of these have light rail systems in operation, three have lines under construction and nine others are planning LRT systems.
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 105-124 
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    Notes: Abstract Three of the most highly regarded disaggregate mode split models incorporate very different estimates of the responsiveness, or elasticity, of mode choice to changes in auto travel times and costs. These differences appear to be due in part to the varying specifications used by the model, and particularly whether certain variables (such as a dummy variable for CBD destinations or automobile ownership) are included in addition to the more traditional variables (such as travel time, cost, and household income). More research is needed on the implications of the theory of traveler choices for model specification and the effect of alternative, but theoretically justifiable, specifications on elasticity estimates. Until this research reduces our uncertainty about the elasticity of demand, analysts evaluating transportation policies should assess the sensitivity of their results to the range of plausible elasticities or models.
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 191-197 
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 207-208 
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 209-227 
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    Notes: Abstract Electric cars provide the convenience and mobility of internal combustion engine vehicles without their dependence on fossil fuels or their associated environmental problems. While range constraints continue to limit their ultimate market acceptance, recent changes in the automotive marketplace have made American consumers more energy conscious. This paper examines a recently conducted U.S. survey of household travel behavior. The objective of the analysis is to determine the implications of observed vehicle ownership and use patterns on the feasibility of limited performance vehicles. Several factors are identified which serve to enhance the potential market penetration of electric cars. Included here are the recent growth in multiple vehicle ownership, and significant functional specialization in household allocation of vehicle use. On the other hand, it is pointed out that the substitutability of electric cars with the majority of currently owned vehicles is not clear by virtue of either their seating capacity, luggage space, or other specialized characteristics. Moreover, it is shown that the majority of secondary household cars are purchased used, which raises questions on the cost competitiveness of electric cars. The analysis of household daily driving range confirms the finding from previous studies that currently available electric vehicle technology can serve over 95 percent of vehicle travel requirements. However, serious flaws are pointed out in the use of cross sectional travel diaries for such analyses, raising questions as to the validity of the results. Overall, it is concluded that the ultimate potential size of the electric vehicle market with current technology is about one third of U.S. household vehicles, representing approximately one fifth of total non-commercial VKT. However, more research is needed to assess whether functionally feasible electric vehicles can actually be competitive under market conditions.
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 369-388 
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    Notes: Abstract The Israeli transport sector, like those of many other countries is subject to complete government control with regard to fares, entry into the market, terms of operation and subsidies. It is unique, however, in that the fares charged are remarkably low and that the major transit mode, buses, is operated by privately owned companies. This paper explores what makes this low level of fares possible and in doing so examines the principal characteristics of the sector. It shows that this phenomenon cannot be explained by the amount of subsidy given to the operators but must be attributed to other factors, mainly the efficiency in the production of the services which is motivated by the profit maximization objective of the operators. The paper further argues that government policies regarding subsidy and regulation are generally inefficient as they cause misallocation of resources.
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 389-409 
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    Notes: Abstract The basic justification for transit subsidy is that such a subsidy is necessary, given substantial economies of scale, in order to permit fares to be set at a level which will result in reasonably efficient use of the service. Efficiency is not, however, merely a matter of the level of the fares but even more of the fare structure and pattern. Major changes in fare patterns are needed to permit reasonable efficiency of utilization to be attained, and full advantage derived from subsidy. Differentiation according to time and direction, as well as the distance of travel, is required. Ideally, competing modes such as the private automobile should be priced at marginal cost, differentially by time and place, and the subsidy should be derived from taxes on land values in the areas where such values are enhanced by the presence of transit service at low fares. In the absence of such conditions, fares should differ from marginal cost in ways that take into account the impacts of transit fare variations on auto traffic and congestion, and on the subsidy requirements and the adverse impacts of the taxes imposed to finance the subsidy. In addition to these economic efficiency considerations there may be added considerations of distributional impact and political acceptability, which may modify the optimal solution somewhat but should not greatly change the main outlines of the patterns to be recommended.
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 3-16 
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    Notes: Abstract On the basis of available evidence we cannot clearly establish a causal relationship between rail transit and changes in land use and development patterns. At best, such changes would seem to occur only in the presence of other favorable factors, such as supportive local land use policies and development incentives, availability of developable land and a good investment climate. In any event, however, determining the precise extent of rail investment's effect on urban structure is less important than assessing the role it could play in an overall strategy for reaching larger urban goals.
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 269-285 
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    Notes: Abstract Under the United States federal Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977, states must implement transportation system management (TSM) tactics in urban areas that have not attained national ambient air quality standards for carbon monoxide and photochemical oxidants. This paper provides a preliminary assessment of the effectiveness and feasibility of using TSM tactics to improve air quality. Based on this assessment, the authors conclude that TSM measures should be effective in eliminating localized carbon monoxide problems, but that such measures are not likely to contribute significantly toward reducing regional oxidant levels. In addition, because most individual TSM tactics can have only marginal impacts on regional motor vehicle emissions, coordinating the planning and implementation of a portfolio of TSM measures will be an essential element of an effective TSM program for improving air quality.
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 249-267 
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    Notes: Abstract Transport planning is based on traffic forecasts which are subject to great uncertainties. These uncertainties have generally been ignored or, at least, not explicitly included in the planning process. This paper describes the principles behind the estimation of the uncertainty (or range of error) of the forecasts of a traffic model and discusses the means by which this information can be absorbed into the decision-making in transport planning projects. These principles have been applied to the appraisal of a British highway project and throughout the paper reference is made to this project in order to illustrate the results of the practical application of an explicit treatment of uncertainty. It is believed that this approach can and should be developed for application in most areas of transport planning, leading inevitably to an improvement in the quality of the decisions taken.
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 299-308 
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 411-416 
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 57-65 
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    Notes: Abstract Almost two years ago the U.S. Department of Transportation issued a formal statement of policy on rail transit. The aim of the policy was to articulate more clearly some of the basic principles and philosophy which would guide Federal participation in urban rail transit investment. The paper examines the principal tenets of the policy and assesses its influence on local rail transit development.
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 67-74 
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    Notes: Abstract In recent years interest in light rail transit has grown substantially in the United States. The concept of LRT is increasingly viewed as a possible answer to the search for a less costly rail transit technology that could reduce America's dependency on the private automobile and put the country on the road to a more secure, self-sufficient energy future. The paper reviews recent LRT developments in four American cities, two of which have undertaken to rehabilitate and upgrade their existing surface street railway systems, and the other two have embarked upon construction of entirely new light rail systems.
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 99-102 
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 145-172 
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    Notes: Abstract The concept of accessibility and its related indicators have been in use for a long time, with still diverging interpretations of their significance and formulation. In this paper, a review is made of various existing theoretical bases, with special emphasis on recent behavioural approaches. It is suggested that this theoretical framework now allows a better appraisal of accessibility indicators and precise recommendations are proposed for their practical formulation and use. Various examples are given, especially for disaggregate analysis where a calculation “for a given person” is proposed instead of the conventional calculation .“by a given mode”. Finally, the relations between accessibility and trip rate are examined; from a study made in French cities, it is suggested that accessibility is a powerful determinant of trip rate.
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 199-206 
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 228-228 
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 12 (1980), S. 167-192 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Maβstabeffekte bei der Bestimmung mechanischer Eigenschaften von Fels Ein eingehendes Literaturstudium wurde durchgeführt, um den Maßstabeffekt auf die Festigkeits- und Verformbarkeitsmessungen im Fels zu untersuchen. Es werden Resultate von Plattendruckversuchen, Druckversuchen und mehreren Verformungsversuchen aufgeführt. Die in-situ gemessene Festigkeit ist im allgemeinen ein Bruchteil derjenigen, die bei Laborversuchen festgestellt wird. Die Verformbarkeiten in-situ betragen meistens 20 bis 60 Prozent der im Labor erhaltenen Werte. Alle Resultate zeigen, daß mehr In-situ-Versuche notwendig sind. Der Autor macht dazu einige Vorschläge.
    Abstract: Résumé L'effet d'échelle dans les mesures de propriétés mécaniques des massifs rocheux. On a fait une recherche bibliographique détaillée, pour étudier l'effet d'échelle sur les mesures de résistance et de déformabilité des masses rocheuses. On présente des résultats concernant les essais de résistance à la plaque, les essais de compression, et plusieurs types d'essais de déformabilité en place. Les résistances mesurées in-situ sont généralement une fraction de celles mesurées au laboratoire. Les déformabilités mesurées en place sont généralement entre 20 et 60 pour cent des valeurs au laboratoire. Tous les résultats que l'on a examiné indiquent la nécessité d'effectuer plus d'essais en place. L'auteur offre un certain nombre de suggestions.
    Notes: Summary Scale Effects in the Determination of Rock Mass Strength and Deformability An extensive literature search was conducted, to investigate the effect of the scale of testing on the measurement of strength and stiffness of rock masses. The results are presented for bearing capacity tests, compression tests, and several types of deformability tests. Field strength values are generally several times smaller than laboratory values. Field moduli generally appear to be between 20 per cent to 60 per cent of laboratory measured moduli. All strength and deformability results reviewed point to the great need for more field tests. Specific suggestions are given.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 12 (1980), S. 193-219 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Application of Geophysical Methods for an Engineering Geologic Investigation of a Dam Project of the Austrian Part of the Danube River In the neighbourhood of a variscian transform fault — the so called “Diendorfer Störung” — the Danube lowlands near the village of Melk are bordered on both sides by cristalline rocks, but below the gravel cover tertiary sediments with changing thickness have been found. For the geologic investigation different geophysical methods were applied: The total magnetic field intensity showed two local anomalies with amplitudes of 500 nanotesla. These anomalies were caused by serpentine in the cristalline basement. The interpretation of gravity measurements was done by model studies using three dimensional calculations with variable density by Talwani. A good accordance of drilling results and model depth was achieved. The interpretation of refraction seismic profiles was performed by a uniform routine. The first step was a reduction of the near surface layers above the water level, which had been investigated by additional hammer seismic measurements. The basement rocks showed a weathered layer of low velocity. The seismics yield the discontinuity to the not weathered cristalline. The velocity distribution with depth had been measured with a down hole geophone cable and by Sonic Log measurement. Data of Radioactive-Logs, Density-Logs, Electrical-Logs, and Sonic-Logs are interpreted. A comparison of the different geophysical methods and their utility was possible by using the result of exploratory drilling.
    Abstract: Résumé Application des méthodes géophysiques pour un projet de barrage entrepris sur la partie autrichienne du Danube A proximité de la dislocation horizontale variscique — appelée “Diendorfer Störung” — le terrain bas du Danube à proximité de la ville de Melk (Basse Autriche) est délimité au nord et au sud par des roches cristallines. En dessous de la couche de cailloutis on a cependant trouvé des sédiments tertiaires à épaisseur variable. Pour les investigations sur le plan de la géologie appliquée de différentes méthodes géophysiques furent appliquées. L'intensité totale du champ magnétique terrestre a montré deux anomalies locales ayant des amplitudes de 500 nanotesla. Ces anomalies sont causées par des blocs de serpentin au sein du fond rocheux cristallin. L'interprétation de l'intensité gravimétrique fut basée sur des études tridimensionnelles — modèle à densité variable selon Talwani. Un bon accord fut obtenu quant aux profondeurs calculées et aux résultats de forage. L'interprétation des profils sismiques-réfraction fut effectuée sur la base d'un programme uniforme. Dans un premier temps on fit la réduction des couches superposant la surface de la nappe phréatique qui furent examinées par des méthodes sismiques à coup de marteau. Les méthodes sismiques appliquées permettaient de localiser la discontinuité séparant le cristallin décomposé du cristallin intact. La distribution de la vitesse dépendant de la profondeur fut déterminée par des “Sonic-logs”. Les sondages de radioactivité, de densité de même que des sondages électriques et acoustiques furent interprétés. L'efficacité de l'application des différentes méthodes géophysiques fut démontrée par la comparaison avec les résultats des forages investigateurs.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Anwendung geophysikalischer Verfahren bei einem Kraftwerksprojekt an der österreichischen Donau Zur baugeologischen Vorerkundung für das Donaukraftwerk Melk wurden mehrere geophysikalische Meßverfahren in der Donauniederung westlich von Melk eingesetzt. Über die Ergebnisse der magnetischen Messung der Totalintensität, der gravimetrischen Messungen, der refraktionsseismischen sowie der elektrischen und der Bohrloch-Messungen wird berichtet und die Leistungsfähigkeit der verschiedenen Methoden miteinander verglichen.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 12 (1980), S. 258-258 
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 12 (1980), S. 221-230 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A Quick and Reliable Method of Forecasting the Performance of Tunnel Cutting Machines The following study shows a method which — besides the procedures already known — permits not only to determine the basic drillability with regard to the nature of the rock itself, but also enables us to ascertain changes in the basic drillability caused by the structure of the rock masses. This is done by means of rebound values of the “Schmidt-hammer” and by way of a rock coefficient. If the rebound values are chosen and evaluated according to certain given rules it is possible, by means of geological and technical knowledge, to ascertain the penetration of any machine equipped with disc chisels. The same applies to the degree of potential scattering, i. e. one becomes aware of the risk.
    Abstract: Résumé Méthode rapide et sûre pour pronostiquer la puissance de forage. L'étude suivante présente une méthode — outre celles déjà connues — qui permet de déterminer non seulement la forabilité de base conditionnée par les caractéristiques de roche mais aussi les changements de cette forabilité dus à la nature des massifs rocheux. Ceci se fait à l'aide de valeurs de rebondissement du Schmidthammer et d'un coefficient de roche. Avec de bonnes connaissances en géologie et de la compréhension technologique la pénétration de toute machine à taillants à disques peut donc être déterminée, si les valeurs de rebondissement sont appliquées et évaluées selon les règles citées, et si le coefficient de roche est correctement établi. Il en est de même pour la mesure de la dispersion possible, c'est à dire, on développe une conscience du risque.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Schnelle und verläßliche Verfahren zur Prognostizierung der Fräsleistung Die nachfolgende Arbeit zeigt einen Weg, neben den schon bekannten Methoden zur Ermittlung der gesteinsbedingten Basis-Bohrbarkeit auch die gebirgsbedingten Änderungen dieser Basis-Bohrbarkeit zu erfassen. Dies erfolgt durch Rückprallwerte des Schmidthammers und einem Gesteinskoeffizienten. Werden Rückprallwerte nach bestimmten angeführten Regeln genommen und ausgewertet, der Gesteinskoeffizient richtig gebildet, kann bei geologischer Sachkenntnis, gepaart mit technischem Verständnis, für jede Maschine bei Diskenmeißeln die Penetration ermittelt werden. Dies gilt auch für das Maß der möglichen Streuung, d. h. das Risiko wird bewußt.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 13 (1980), S. 23-38 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Einfluβ von Scherstrukturen auf die Auswahl von Abbaumethoden Beobachtungen unter Tag und phänomenologische Studien haben gezeigt, daß in söhligen und flach einfallenden Kohleschichten drei Arten von Deformationen angetroffen werden können: Extrusionen einzelner Lagen, Extrusion des gesamten Flözes und ungleichmäßige Extrusion mehrerer Lagen des Flözes. Solche Verformungen kommen vor allem in stark zerklüfteten Kohleschichten mit überwiegend glänzenden, weichen Lagen vor. Extrusionverformungen sind nur für bituminöse, leicht vergasbare Kohlen charakteristisch; andere Kohlearten sind für diese Art der Verformung zu spröd und zu hart. Um das Phänomen der Extrusionsverformung quantitativ erfassen zu können, wurde im Laboratorium die Scherfestigkeit parallel zur Schichtung bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß der Anteil der scheinbaren Kohäsion an der maximalen Festigkeit zwischen den Kohlelagen variiert; die Werte der Restscherfestigkeit sind nahezu gleich.
    Abstract: Résumé L'influence de la structure des déformations du charbon par cisaillement sur la sélection des méthodes de minage Des observations souterraines et des études phénomènologiques ont montré que les structures minières, dans les couches charbonneuses horizontales ou en faible pente, peuvent avoir trois modes principaux de déformation: extrusion d'une couche individuelle de charbon, extrusion intégrale et extrusion différentielle. De telles déformations existent préférentiellement dans les couches charbonneuses très fracturées avec une majorité de bandes de charbon doux et brillant. Ce type de déformation n'est charbons d'autres rangs étant plus cassants et durs. Pour quantifier ce phénomène de déformation par extrusion, des tests en laboratoire ont été menés sur la résistance au cisaillement parallèle aux laminations. Les résultats expérimentaux ont montré que la résistance maximum entre les couches de charbon varie en fonction de la valeur apparente de cohésion, mais les forces résiduelles de resistance au cisaillement sont à peu près les mêmes.
    Notes: Summary Influence of Shear Deformation Structures in Coal on Selecting Methods of Mining Underground observations and phenomenological studies have shown that in flat and gently dipping coal seams, mine structures may have three modes of deformation: individual coal layer extrusion, integral coal layer extrusion, and differential coal layer extrusion. Such deformations occur preferentially in moderately fractured coal seams with a majority of bright soft coal bands. Extrusion deformation is characteristic only of low volatile bituminous coals, as coals of other ranks are more brittle and harder. To quantify the phenomenon of extrusion deformation, shearing resistance parallel to lamination has been tested in the laboratory. The results show that the apparent cohesion between coal layers varies at peak strength, but residual shear strengths are almost the same.
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    Materials and structures 13 (1980), S. 115-124 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary During placing, fresh concrete should retain flowability whilst remaining homogeneous. To ensure this, casting is usually carried out under vibration. In order to determine the parameters which improve the efficiency of a poker vibrator, the authors have undertaken investigations on the rheological behaviour of cement pastes and following their development not only as affected by the distance from the vibrating source but also the type of vibration. Guided by practical requirements, they sought essentially to define the areas where the behaviour is made exclusively viscous by vibrating (yield value suppressed) and those where vibration is ineffective since the material remains viscoplastic (with a yield value). After describing the test apparatus and method used, the paper shows that there is never really a sudden change in the rheological behaviour of cement pastes, so the existence of any shear threshold linked to measuring equipment sensitivity becomes an arbitrary concept. The efficiency of a vibrator is therefore defined conventionally starting from the moment when the yield stress can be considered no longer negligible in the range of normal practical applications. Vibration efficiency in fresh cement paste is known to be above all related to the amplitude the source exerts on the grains. It must be sufficient especially to lower the forces of bonding between the grains significantly, in this way ensuring improved flowability. On the other hand, frequency seems to be the essential parameter governing the propagation of vibration; the higher the frequency, the lower the damping. For a vibrator of given output, increase in amplitude implies lowering of frequency. Any improvement in efficiency is therefore achieved to the detriment of the radius of action. This paper helps to define areas of efficiency but the development of material rheological properties within within these areas is not dealt with. This will be the subject of a forthcoming article.
    Notes: Résumé L'efficacité d'une vibration dans une pâte de ciment fraîche est avant tout liée à l'amplitude communiquée aux grains par la source. Il faut en effet qu'elle soit suffisamment grande pour que les forces de liaisons existant entre les grains puissent être diminuées notablement, entraînant ainsi une meilleure fluidité. Par contre, la fréquence semble être le paramètre essentiel régissant la propagation de la vibration; plus elle est élevée, plus l'amortissement est faible. Pour un vibrateur de puissance donnée, l'augmentation de l'amplitude entraîne la diminution de la fréquence; l'amélioration de l'efficacité se fait donc au détriment du rayon d'action.
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    Materials and structures 13 (1980), S. 255-264 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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    Materials and structures 13 (1980), S. 279-279 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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    Materials and structures 13 (1980), S. 353-360 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary By assimilating mortar to a two-phase material, it is possible to set up a design model to assess shrinkage of the mix from paste shrinkage. Therefore we are brought to distinguish between the active phase consisting of the hydrated binder matrix and the “inertia” phase formed by the aggregate as a whole. Knowing the intrinsic shrinkage value of the paste as well as the figure for the deformability characteristics of the two phases enables us to calculate the shrinkage of a mortar of given mix design. We develop this model in the case of thin layers of mortars for which we report test results, thereby comparing the measured shrinkage values with those predicted by the model.
    Notes: Résumé Il est possible, en assimilant le mortier à un matériau à deux phases, d'établir un modèle de calcul permettant d'évaluer le retrait du mélange à partir de celui de la pâte. On est pour cela amené à distinguer la phase active constituée par la matrice de liant hydraté et la phase «inerte» formée par l'ensemble des granulats. La connaissance de la valeur du retrait intrinsèque de la pâte, ainsi que celle des caractéristiques de déformabilité des deux phases, permet d'accéder au retrait d'un mortier de composition donnée. Nous développons ce modèle dans le cas des couches minces de mortier pour lesquelles nous rapportons des résultats d'essais permettant de comparer les valeurs mesurées des retraits à celles prévues par le modèle.
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    Materials and structures 13 (1980), S. 397-399 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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    Materials and structures 13 (1980), S. 383-389 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des panneaux de plâtre de types divers sont utilisés largement dans de nombreaux pays. Le type le plus répandu est le produit de plâtre et carton connu sous le nom de «gypsum wallboard». Celuici sert de matériau de recouvrement, d'isolation et d'«enduisage à sec», surtout pour des cloisons non porteuses. La propriété qui est exigée de ces produits est en premier lieu la résistance à la flexion. La présente étude a été entreprise en vue de la production de panneaux minces sans carton, tout en assurant la résistance et la flexibilité par des éléments de renforcement. Un pareil produit peut être fabriqué dans le pays dans de petites entreprises, si les matières premières sont disponibles ou si elles sont fabriquées sur place. Le stade préliminaire de cette étude envisageait l'incorporation d'un agrégat (sable, sciure de bois, vermiculite) ou d'un produit de renforcement (jute, laine de verre, laine de pierre, fibres de sisal, fils de coton, déchets de feuilles de plame, réseau en plastique, feuilles de nylon). Les panneaux fabriqués avec du sable atteignaient la même résistance à la flexion que ceux fabriqués avec du plátre sans produits d'addition, ce qui prouvait qu'il était possible de faire des économies de plâtre et par conséquent de réduire le coût du produit. Quant aux panneaux renforcés produits à ce stade de l'étude, aucun ne satisfaisait aux exigences de la norme ASTM C-36, mais la plupart atteignaient un pourcentage considérable de ces exigences (65–90%) et ils peuvent être utilisés avec succès dans la construction en série d'habitations à bon marché. L'étude proprement dite s'était proposé les objectifs suivants: 1. L'amélioration éventuelle de l'ouvrabilité du plâtre par l'incorporation de polymères. 2. L'amélioration de la résistance à la flexion par un renforcement à haute résistance (fibres de verre). 3. L'examen des effets de l'utilisation de fibres coupées, en vue d'assurer une résistance égale dans les deux sens. L'analyse des résultats montre une amélioration de la résistance à la flexion par l'addition d'un polymère (137%) et de fibres de verre (175%). Quand on a utilisé ces deux adjuvants, la résistance résultante montrait un effet synergétique: elle était de 29% supérieure à la somme arithmétique des effets pris séparément.
    Notes: Abstract The present study was undertaken with a view to production of thin gypsum panels minus the outer cardboard as in gypsum wallboard, with strength and flexibility provided through reinforcement. Such a product can be handled by small plants, while the necessary materials are available or produced locally. A preliminary stage deal with incorporation of aggregates and reinforcement. The study proper had as its objectives: (1) Possible improvement in workability of the gypsum matrix through incorporation of polymers. (2) Improved bending strength, through high-strength reinforcement (glass fibre). (3) Examination of the effect of cut fibres, with a view to uniform two-way strength. The analysis of the results indicates that bending strength improved on admixture of a polymer (137%) and of glass fibres (175%). When both were used, the resulting strength showed synergistic effect: 29% over the arithmerical sum of the separate contributions.
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    Materials and structures 13 (1980), S. 447-454 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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