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  • Inorganic Chemistry  (757)
  • Organic Chemistry  (669)
  • GEOPHYSICS  (467)
  • Aluminium oxide; Calcium oxide; DEPTH, sediment/rock; Description; Event label; Finland; GulfBothnia_AA; Gulf of Bothnia, Baltic sea; Heinajarvi_AA; Identification; Insoluble material; Iron oxide, Fe2O3; Kuivajarvi_AA; Liesjarvi_AA; Loss on ignition; Magnesium oxide; Manganese oxide; NOAA and MMS Marine Minerals Geochemical Database; NOAA-MMS; Oksjarvi_AA; Onkimajarvi_AA; Phosphorus pentoxide; Punelianjarvi_AA; Pyhajarvi_AA; Saarijarvi_AA; Sakaranjarvi_AA; Salkolanjarvi_AA; Salovesi_AA; Silicon dioxide; Vahermajarvi_AA; Vuotinainenjarvi_AA; Wet chemistry
  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
  • 1980-1984  (2,168)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1945-1949
  • 1920-1924
  • 1915-1919
  • 1980  (2,168)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1980-1984  (2,168)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1945-1949
  • 1920-1924
  • 1915-1919
Year
  • 101
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    Production of nitrous oxide in the auroral D and E regions (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A study of nitrous oxide formation mechanisms indicates that N2O concentrations greater than 10 to the 9th per cu cm could be produced in IBC III aurora or by lower-level activity lasting for many hours, and, in favorable conditions, the N2O concentration could exceed the local nitric oxide density. An upper limit on the globally averaged N2O production rate from auroral activity is estimated at 2 x 10 to the 27th per second.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 287; Oct. 9
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  • 102
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    Magnetic field directional discontinuities. I - Minimum variance errors (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper deals with a statistical analysis of the errors associated with a minimum variance analysis of directional discontinuities by use of an idealized model of these discontinuities and various simulations, and also by an examination of actual Mariner 10 interplanetary magnetic field data. An empirical expression is derived for the magnitude of the error in an estimated discontinuity normal component, relative to the total field across the directional discontinuity. The analysis was performed primarily to aid in differentiating between interplanetary tangential and rotational discontinuities observed by Mariner 10.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Sept. 1
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  • 103
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    Short-interval SMS wind vector determinations for a severe local storms area (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Short-interval SMS-2 visible digital image data are used to derive wind vectors from cloud tracking on time-lapsed sequences of geosynchronous satellite images. The cloud tracking areas are located in the Central Plains, where on May 6, 1975 hail-producing thunderstorms occurred ahead of a well defined dry line. Cloud tracking is performed on the Goddard Space Flight Center Atmospheric and Oceanographic Information Processing System. Lower tropospheric cumulus tracers are selected with the assistance of a cloud-top height algorithm. Divergence is derived from the cloud motions using a modified Cressman (1959) objective analysis technique which is designed to organize irregularly spaced wind vectors into uniformly gridded wind fields. The results demonstrate the feasibility of using satellite-derived wind vectors and their associated divergence fields in describing the conditions preceding severe local storm development. For this case, an area of convergence appeared ahead of the dry line and coincided with the developing area of severe weather. The magnitude of the maximum convergence varied between -10 to the -5th and -10 to the -14th per sec. The number of satellite-derived wind vectors which were required to describe conditions of the low-level atmosphere was adequate before numerous cumulonimbus cells formed. This technique is limited in areas of advanced convection.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 108; Sept
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  • 104
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    Ozone, ultraviolet flux and temperature of the paleoatmosphere (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The development of surface and atmospheric levels of paleoatmospheric ozone is calculated by means of a detailed photochemical model and used to determine the levels of ultraviolet flux to the surface and the surface and atmospheric temperatures of the primitive earth. The model takes into account the chemistry of oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen species and the effects of vertical transport in an atmosphere originally composed of as much N2, H2O and CO2 as the present atmosphere to which O2 is added to calculate the vertical profiles of O3 and nitrogen oxides as a function of O2 content. Calculations show that as oxygen content increases from 0.0001 to 1 times its present value, the height of the ozone peak moves from 5 to 25 km, and that maximum ozone densities are achieved for an O2 level of 0.1 times the present. Calculations of solar UV absorption by atmospheric species indicate the presence of a UV window between 200 and 220 nm that closed only when O2 reached 0.01 times its present level. Finally, calculations made using a radiative-convective model reveal that O3 levels corresponding to an O2 level of 0.1 times the present result in a globally averaged surface temperature increase of about 4.5 K for the present solar constant.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 105
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    Stratospheric NO2 and H2O mixing ratio profiles from high resolution infrared solar spectra using nonlinear least squares (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Nonlinear least squares spectral curve fitting has been used to derive vertical mixing ratio profiles for NO2 and H2O above 16 km from high resolution (0.2/cm) solar spectra collected during sunset with a balloon borne interferometer. The NO2 profile shows a sharp peak of 8 ppbv at 32 km falling rapidly to less than 0.5 ppbv at 17 km. The H2O profile shows a broad peak of 6.5 ppmv at 30 km falling to less than 4 ppmv at 17 km.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; July 198
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  • 106
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    Water-ice and water-updraft relationships near -10 C within populations of Florida cumuli (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Evidence is presented for a sequential development of cloud water, rainwater, graupel, and crystalline ice with the aging of the cloud. This evidence is based on in-cloud microphysical data set collected in Florida convective towers that were penetrated close to their tops near -10 C; the very rapid onset of graupel that appears on repeat penetrations of some towers is of particular interest. A separate data set shows a large scatter in the relationship between the maximum value of cloud water and vertical velocity which indicates that measurements of cloud water can be misleading as an indication of growth activity. The sequential pass data showing the evolution of ice and water are consistent with a rime-splintering, secondary ice production hypothesis.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 19; May 1980
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  • 107
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    Stratospheric ozone decrease due to chlorofluoromethane photolysis - Predictions of latitude dependence (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A two-dimensional model is used to predict the 1990 reduction in ozone due to the chlorine compounds formed by chlorofluoromethane (CFM) photolysis when the CFM release rate is held constant at the 1975 value. The predicted globally averaged ozone reduction of 3.5% is similar to that predicted by one-dimensional models that did not include chlorine nitrate chemistry, and used lower values for the reactions rates of NO + HO2 yielding NO2 + OH and O3 + HO2 yielding OH + 2O2. When the 5.7 ppbv increase in chlorine compounds predicted by one-dimensional models to occur under steady-state conditions is simulated by the two-dimensional model, a 26% decrease in atmospheric ozone is predicted. The latitude dependence of the ozone reduction is discussed in terms of the relevant photochemical reaction and transport. The chemical reactions that most strongly influence the meridional dependence of the ozone depletion are identified as those associated with the reactions of chlorine monoxide and atomic oxygen, the recombination of ozone and atomic oxygen, and the photodissociation of molecular oxygen.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 37; Mar. 198
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  • 108
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    Seasonal variations in high-latitude ozone and metastable molecular oxygen emissions - A theoretical interpretation (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Comparison of photochemical calculations of atmospheric ozone between 40 and 55 km with measurements from a satellite-borne remote sensor shows agreement in the high-latitude summer hemisphere. However, in the sunlit high-latitude winter, the available data imply either a smaller water vapor mixing ratio than generally accepted or a temperature 15 - 20 K colder than contained in published model atmospheres. As with the ozone data the infrared emission in winter implies an odd oxygen loss rate smaller than predicted on the basis of standard water vapor and temperature models. The magnitude of the 1.27 micron signals and their consistency with upper stratospheric ozone data cast doubt on the large mesospheric ozone abundances deduced in independent experiments.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Mar. 20
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  • 109
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    Study of electric fields parallel to the magnetic lines of force using artificially injected energetic electrons (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Electron beam experiments using rocket-borne instrumentation will be discussed. The observations indicate that reflections of energetic electrons may occur at possible electric field configurations parallel to the direction of the magnetic lines of force in an altitude range of several thousand kilometers above the ionosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; Feb. 198
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  • 110
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    Energetic particle penetrations into the inner magnetosphere (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The nose structures observed on 90-deg pitch angle ion spectrograms characteristic of energetic particle injection into the ring current region of the inner magnetosphere in the afternoon to midnight sector are examined in detail on the basis of Explorer 45 data. A statistical analysis of the time dependence of nose structures yields a highest probability of occurrence at around 2000 MLT, and most events are found to occur on successive passes. The appearance of nose events is also related to an enhancement or change in configuration of the geoelectric field which alters magnetospheric convection patterns to drive an ion front close to the earth, where it can be observed by Explorer 45. The observed characteristics of nose structures are interpreted in terms of adiabatic charged particle motions in the magnetosphere in a Volland-Stern convection electric field model, which is also applied to explain the energy spectra and dispersion in penetration distances of electrons and ions observed in the postmidnight to morning sectors.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Feb. 1
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  • 111
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    Production of odd nitrogen in the stratosphere and mesosphere - An intercomparison of source strengths (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Galactic cosmic rays (GCRs), nuclear explosions, lightning, solar proton events (SPEs), relativistic electron precipitation, and meteors are related to the oxidation of nitrous oxide by comparing several sources of odd nitrogen (ON) in the stratosphere and mesosphere. Published O3 and N2O data show that ON produced by the reaction of O(1D) with N2O peaks between 25 and 35 km; the GCRs add approximately the same amount of ON as N2O oxidation at the solar minimum for geographic latitudes over 50 deg. Nuclear explosions in 1961-1962 added 1.1 and 2.2 x 10 to the 34th NO molecules each, and SPEs produced greater amounts of ON above 50 deg than N2O oxidation during 1958 through 1960, and in 1972.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 20
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  • 112
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    A search for correlation between geomagnetic activity and stratospheric ozone (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The total ozone column content (TOZ) measured from the Nimbus 4 BUV experiment is analyzed in geomagnetic coordinates to study a possible link between the solar corpuscular radiation and the lower stratosphere. Using planetary magnetic index Ap as a measure of the solar corpuscular radiation, it is shown that the correlation between TOZ and Ap, if any, occurs predominantly at high latitudes during winter seasons. This is typical of most of the claimed correlations between sun and weather and may be the result of the winter increase of planetary wave activity which by coincidence have periods comparable to magnetic activity. The fact that even major magnetic storms have no detectable effect on the stratospheric ozone during summer does not support a direct cause and effect relation between solar and stratospheric perturbations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; Oct. 198
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  • 113
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    Trigger, an active release experiment that stimulated auroral particle precipitation and wave emissions (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The experimental design by which a cesium vapor cloud was suddenly released in order to stimulate auroral particle precipitation is described along with the general results obtained. A drastic increase of the field-aligned charged-particle flux was observed with subsequent particle bursts. It is suggested that low-energy acceleration was due to parallel electric fields created by an instability which was driven by field-aligned currents resulting from the plasma injection. Pitch angle scattering in the deep magnetosphere may account for particle precipitation continuing for 130 sec after release.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Oct. 1
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  • 114
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    Correlations between neutral meridional winds and ion densities observed on AE-E (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The southward directed neutral meridional wind and the nighttime ion density simultaneously measured on AE-E for altitudes from 250 to 290 km are compared and found to correlate when the magnetic field inclination is negative and anticorrelate when the inclination is positive. This effect is attributed to neutral winds transporting the ions up or down a field line depending upon the sign of the field-aligned wind and the inclination. Model calculations for the ion density in the presence of a field-aligned wind and ambipolar diffusion are presented. Six examples of this ionospheric response are analyzed and found to be in qualitative and approximate quantitative agreement with the theoretical results.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Sept. 1
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  • 115
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    Low-light-level television measurements of lightning (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Nighttime observations of lightning were conducted using a low-light-level television system at the Langmuir Laboratory for Atmospheric Research in New Mexico. The number of strokes per flash, the interstroke intervals, and flash durations of cloud-to-ground activity were measured for storms ranging from 50 to 200 km away from the observation site. The flash frequency was also obtained for a severe storm system at a distance of 320 km. Some comparisons of the data are made with results obtained from previous television and photographic lightning observations.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 61
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  • 116
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    Dissociation of molecular oxygen in the Schumann-Runge bands (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Oscillator strengths and predissociation linewidths deduced in recent studies predict a dissociation rate for O2 in the Schumann-Runge bands which is significantly larger in the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere than previously believed. Error bars on molecular parameters required in the cross-section calculation translate into uncertainties in the dissociation rate which are less than plus or minus 10% at all altitudes where the Schumann-Runge bands are aeronomically significant.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 37; May 1980
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  • 117
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    The semidiurnal and terdiurnal tides in the equatorial thermosphere from AE-E measurements (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Measurements of neutral composition and temperature aboard the near-equatorial AE-E satellite are analyzed to determine the semidiurnal and terdiurnal variations from 145 to 295 km. The amplitudes and phases of the semidiurnal variation are approximately the same for N2, O, He, and Ar at the lowest altitude, and the amplitude increases with decreasing altitude. Except for He, the phase undergoes a 180 deg shift around 200 km. The behavior of the terdiurnal variation is in many respects similar to the behavior of the semidiurnal variation. These characteristics suggest that the semidiurnal tide and (to a lesser extent) the terdiurnal tide have an origin primarily in the lower thermosphere or below.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Apr. 1
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  • 118
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    Energetic ion beam magnetosphere injection and solar power satellite transport (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The effects of ion beam injection in the magnetosphere are considered. The beam's parameters are those characteristic of the ion propulsion engines envisioned for use in solar power satellite placement (Hanley and Guttman, 1978). Specifically, from a detailed analysis of the beam's propagation through the magnetosphere it is shown that the bulk of the ion beam is not stopped in the magnetosphere. However, the relatively small fraction of the beam which is deposited via the beam's sheath loss may give rise to a large distortion in the magnetospheric plasma population. Possible loss mechanisms from the magnetosphere for this artificial energetic ion component are evaluated. Electron Coulomb scattering yields the shortest lifetime throughout most of the plasmasphere provided that plasmasphere heating by beam ions is not too intense. Charge exchange dominates beyond the plasmasphere. The effects of pitch angle scattering due to beam ion turbulence may appreciably shorten beam ion lifetimes throughout the magnetosphere
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Apr. 1
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  • 119
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    A statistical determination of the shape and position of the geomagnetic neutral sheet (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Using 2.5-minute average field values from Imp 6, 7, and 8 magnetic field measurements, the standard magnetotail neutral sheet (MNS) model is examined. The best representation for the MNS is found to be an arched surface which crosses the solar magnetospheric equatorial plane on the flanks of the tail about 18 earth radii (ER) from the tail axis; the surface is anchored to the geomagnetic dipole at a hinging distance of 10.5 ER. In addition, the shape and position of the neutral sheet (NS) do not vary significantly with distance down the tail, but the NS is anchored somewhat closer to the earth during disturbed geomagnetic conditions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Feb. 1
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  • 120
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    Stratospheric aerosol modification by supersonic transport and space shuttle operations - Climate implications (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The potential effects on stratospheric aerosols of supersonic transport emissions of sulfur dioxide gas and submicron soot granules, and space shuttle rocket emissions of aluminum oxide particulates are estimated. An interactive particle-gas model of the stratospheric aerosol layer is used to calculate changes due to exhaust emissions, and an accurate radiation transport model is employed to compute the effect of aerosol changes on the earth's average surface temperature. It is concluded that the release of large numbers of small particles (soot or aluminum oxide) into the stratosphere should not lead to a corresponding significant increase in the concentration of large, optically active aerosols, but that the increase in large particles is severely limited by the total mass of sulfate available to make large particles in situ, and by the rapid loss of small seed particles via coagulation. We find that a fleet of several hundred advanced supersonic aircraft operating daily at 20 km, or the launch of one space shuttle rocket per week, could produce roughly a 20% increase in the large-particle concentration of the stratosphere. We find, in addition, that aerosol increases of this magnitude would reduce the global surface temperature by less than 0.01 K.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 19; Jan. 198
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  • 121
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    An airborne system for detection of volcanic surface deformations (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A technique is proposed for measuring volcanic deformation on the order of centimeters per day to centimeters per year. An airborne multifrequency pulsed radar, tracking passive ground reflectors spaced at 1 kilometer intervals over a 50 square kilometer area is employed. Identification of targets is accomplished by Doppler and range resolution techniques, with final relative position measurements accomplished by phase comparison of multifrequency signals. Atmospheric path length errors are corrected by an airborne refractometer, meteorological instruments, or other refractive index measuring devices. Anticipated system accuracy is 1-2 cm, with measuring times on the order of minutes. Potential problems exist in the high intrinsic data assimilation rate required of the system to overcome ground backscatter noise.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 122
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    An experiment concept to measure stratospheric trace constituents by laser heterodyne spectroscopy (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Laser heterodyne spectroscopy (LHS) techniques were used to measure radical gases from Spacelab. Major emphasis was placed on the measurement of ClO, ClOnO2, HO2, H2O2, N2O5, and HOCl in solar occultation with vertical resolution less than or equal to 2-km and vertical range from 1O to 70-km. Sensitivity analyses were performed on ClO and O3 to determine design criteria for the LHS instrument. Results indicate that O3 and ClO vertical profiles can be measured with an accuracy more than or equal to 95% and more than or equal to 80%, respectively, over the total profile.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: High Resolution Infrared Spectry. Tech. for Upper Atmospheric Meas.; p 55-79
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  • 123
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    Executive summary of the Workshop on High Resolution Infrared Spectroscopy Techniques for Upper Atmospheric Measurements (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The role of high resolution techniques in measurements of trace gases in the stratosphere was assessed. The capabilities of proposed infrared instruments for measurements of stratospheric trace constituents were reviewed with particular emphasis on laser heterodyne techniques.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: High Resolution Infrared Spectry. Tech. for Upper Atmospheric Meas.; p 1-32
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  • 124
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    The influence of NO and ClO variations at twilight on the interpretation of solar occultation measurements (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The influence of short lived photochemically produced species on solar occultation measurements of ClO and NO was examined. Time varying altitude profiles of ClO and NO were calculated with a time dependent photochemical model to simulate the distribution of these species during a solar occultation measurement. These distributions were subsequently used to calculate simulated radiances for various tangent paths from which mixing ratios were inferred with a conventional technique that assumes spherical symmetry. These results show that neglecting the variation of ClO in the retrieval process produces less than a 10 percent error between the true and inverted profile for both sunrise and sunset above 18 km. For NO, errors are less than 10 percent for tangent altitudes above about 35 km for sunrise and sunset; at lower altitudes, the error increases, approaching 100 percent at altitudes near 25 km. the results also show that average inhomogeneity factors, which measure the concentration variation along the tangent path and which can be calculated from a photochemical model, can indicate which species require more careful data analysis.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: High Resolution Infrared Spectry. Tech. for Upper Atmospheric Meas.; p 39-53
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  • 125
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    Baroclinic instability with variable static stability - A design study for a spherical atmospheric model experiment (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The effect of a radially-variable, dielectric body force, analogous to gravity on baroclinic instability for the design of a spherical, synoptic-scale, atmospheric model experiment in a Spacelab flight is investigated. Exact solutions are examined for quasi-geostrophic baroclinic instability in which the rotational Froude number is a linear function of the height. Flow in a rotating rectilinear channel with a vertically variable body force without horizontal shear of the basic state is also discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical and Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics; 16; 3, 19; 1980
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  • 126
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    Surface solar ultraviolet radiation for paleoatmospheric levels of oxygen and ozone (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Many investigators have concluded that the level of solar ultraviolet radiation (200-300 nm) reaching the surface was a key parameter in the origin and evolution of life on earth. The level of solar ultraviolet radiation between 200 and 300 nm is controlled primarily by molecular absorption by ozone, whose presence is strongly coupled to the level of molecular oxygen. In this paper, a series of calculations is presented of the solar ultraviolet radiation reaching the surface for oxygen levels ranging from 0.0001 the present atmospheric level to the present level. The solar spectrum between 200 and 300 nm has been divided into 34 spectral intervals. For each spectral interval, the solar ultraviolet radiation reaching the earth's surface has been calculated by considering the attenuation of the incoming beam due to ozone and oxygen absorption. A one-dimensional photochemical model of the atmosphere was used for these calculations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Origins of Life; 10; Dec. 198
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  • 127
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    The UV dayglow 3, OI emissions at 989, 1027, 1152, 1304, and 1356A (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Rocket observations of the dayglow spectrum between 530 and 1500A were obtained on 9 January 1978 at a solar zenith angle of 56 deg. Data were obtained from 80 to 260 km with viewing angles of 40, 90, and 180 deg to the local zenith. OI emissions were observed at 989, 1027, 1152, 1304, and 1356A. Analysis of these data with a radiative transfer model using the energy dependences of currently accepted excitation cross sections, branching ratios and photoelectron fluxes shows that electron impact excitation is the primary source of these emissions. The infrared emission rates at 7990 and 11287A are also calculated in this analysis for comparison with previous observations and estimates.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; Dec. 198
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  • 128
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    Magsat scientific investigations (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The nature of the geomagnetic field and of presatellite and early satellite measurements is described. The objectives of each investigation in the areas of geomagnetic modeling, crustal magnetic anomaly studies, investigations of the inner earth, and studies of external current systems are presented, along with some early results from Magsat.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest; 1; July-Sep
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    Overview of the Magsat program (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Magsat project which is designed to provide precise measurements of the near-earth geomagnetic field is examined. Rapidly obtained global surveys are possible through satellite observations without the long-term variations obtained by conventional surface measurements. The altitude for Magsat measurements is a trade-off between the lowest possible altitude necessary for increasing the anomaly signals and their spatial resolution, and the minimum satellite lifetime necessary for obtaining adequate data distribution. A nominal perigee of 350 km was selected. The background leading to the project inception and mission objectives are discussed along with plans to study regional geology and geophysics.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest; 1; July-Sep
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  • 130
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    The effect of directional radiation models on the interpretation of earth radiation budget measurements (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A parameter estimation technique is presented to estimate the radiative flux density distribution over the earth from a set of radiometer measurements at satellite altitude. The technique analyzes measurements from a wide field of view, horizon to horizon, nadir pointing sensor with a mathematical technique to derive the radiative flux density estimates at the top of the atmosphere for resolution elements smaller than the sensor field of view. A computer simulation of the data analysis technique is presented for both earth-emitted and reflected radiation. The errors resulting from the assumed directional radiation model, spatial model and random measurement error have little effect on the global mean radiation. Zonal estimates were found to be more sensitive to the spatial model than to the directional radiation model. Results from analyzing medium field of view measurements showed a much greater sensitivity to the directional radiation model even on a global scale.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 37; Oct. 198
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  • 131
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    New advances in thermal plasma research (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Recent measurements obtained of the cold or thermal plasma of the earth's magnetosphere, which is believed to originate in the ionosphere, are reviewed. Consideration is given to the results of ATS 6 measurements which indicated unexpectedly high plasma temperatures and varied pitch-angle distributions, and the data from the low-energy plasma experiments on board GEOS 1 and 2 and ISEE 1, which were intended to clarify the ATS 6 results. These later measurements of ion composition, plasma energy and plasma distribution are noted to have confirmed earlier data and discovered new plasma components (D(+) or He(+2)), an intermixing of cold ionospheric plasma and hot magnetospheric plasma, the ordering of the plasma by the magnetic field rather than the ram direction in the outer magnetosphere, and wave phenomena. Questions remaining concerning the temperature and composition distributions of the plasmasphere and plasma trough, the relative densities of the cold and warmer components of the magnetosphere, plasma energization mechanisms, and the relative mix of the various plasma distributions are indicated.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 18; Nov. 198
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  • 132
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    Reactivity of stratospheric aerosols to small amounts of ammonia in the laboratory environment (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Trace ammonia in laboratory air reacts easily with sulfuric acid aerosol samples to form crystalline ammonium sulfate. Argon atmospheres, however, protect sampling surfaces from ammonia contamination. It is found that atmospheric aerosols treated in this way contain only sulfuric acid. After an hour exposed to laboratory air, these same samples convert to ammonium sulfate. Aerosol particles have been collected, using argon control, to determine if the absence of crystalline sulfate is common. But so far there is no evidence that aerosols are neutralized by ammonia in the stratosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; Nov. 198
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  • 133
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    Backus effect observed by Magsat (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Two harmonic expansions of the geomagnetic potential, obtained from Magsat, are compared, one based on scalar data and one based on vector data. It is found that although the field magnitudes given by the two models are in close agreement, the vector fields are not; the vector difference was highly regular. Analysis of the data showed that the Backus effect (1970) accounted for most of the discrepancy. This result emphasizes the importance of using vector data in deriving global models of the geomagnetic field and suggests that some past models based on scalar data alone may suffer from errors of a similar nature.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; Nov. 198
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  • 134
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    Magnetospheric observation of large sub-auroral electric fields (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An example of large subauroral poleward electric fields similar to those observed on OGO-6, S3-2 and AE-C (SAID) has been found in the magnetosphere near L = 4 and 2300 MLT using ISEE-1 electric field data. The event is located adjacent to and outside the plasmapause and occurs 1 1/2 hours into a substorm. The event is accompaned by a significant penetration of the convection electric field inside the plasmasphere. Data from similar regions on the next orbit occurring near the beginning of a substorm did not exhibit these effects. Recent theoretical models predict SAID to occur in the trough regions, where substorm dynamics force currents to flow in regions of low conductivity. These models provide a first-order interpretation of this phenomena; however, the overal picture is more complex.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; Nov. 198
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  • 135
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    Carbon dioxide measurements in the stratosphere (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A mass spectrometer experiment for the analysis of minor constituents in the stratosphere has been flown successfully four times from Palestine, Texas on board a balloon gondola. The carbon dioxide mixing ratio, which shows unexpectedly large variations in the stratosphere, reached 400 ppm in one particular night flight. This is about 20% higher than the ground value. Evidence is presented that the experiment performed well during each of the balloon flights. The isotopic ratio C-12/C-13 was measured and found in good agreement with previous air analyses showing a depletion of C-13.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; Nov. 198
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  • 136
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    A steady state model for the distribution of stress and temperature on the San Andreas Fault (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 137
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    High resolution IR balloon-borne solar spectra and laboratory spectra in the HNO3 1720 per cm region - An analysis (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Applied Optics; 19; Nov. 15
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  • 138
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    On the role of upper tropospheric jet streaks and leeside cyclogenesis in the development of low-level jets in the Great Plains (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 108; Oct. 198
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  • 139
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    Mantle convection pattern and subcrustal stress field under South America (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The tectonic, igneous and metallogenic features of South America are discussed in terms of the crustal deformation associated with stresses due to mantle convection as inferred from the high degree harmonics in the geopotential field. The application of Runcorn's model for the laminar viscous flows in the upper mantle to satellite and gravity data results in a convection pattern which reveals the ascending flows between the descending Nazca plate and the overlying South American plate as well as segments of the descending Nazca plate beneath South America. The arc volcanism in South America is shown apparently to be related to the upwelling of high-temperature material induced by the subduction of the Nazca plate, with the South American basin systems associated with downwelling mantle flows. The resulting tensional stress fields are shown to be regions of structural kinship characterized by major concentrations of ore deposits and related to the cordillera, shield and igneous systems and the upward Andean movements. It is suggested that the upwelling convection flows in the upper mantle, coupled with crustal tension, have provided an uplift mechanism which has forced the hydrothermal systems in the basement rocks to the surface.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Modern Geology; 7; 3, 19; 1980
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  • 140
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    X-ray measurements during the Araks experiments (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Measurements of the X-ray bremsstrahlung precipitation were made during the Araks experiments. The following conclusions were deduced from the data: with several exceptions the ambient X-ray flux observed was the normal quiet background expected for the location and existing conditions. The X-ray flux at energies below 20 keV was in excess of that predicted by theory. No obvious effects of the Araks experiments were seen in the data. However, a superposed epoch analysis of the X-ray data revealed a very small amount of precipitation associated with the electron gun.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 141
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    Diffusion in the lower stratosphere as determined from lidar measurements of volcanic aerosol dispersion (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Lidar measurements of the stratospheric aerosol layer from the Fuego volcanic eruption in 1974 are analyzed to yield estimates of effective vertical mixing coefficients K(z). The data at 19 deg N latitude give K(z) = 6.6 x 10 to the 2nd sq cm/sec for the altitude range of 19 + or - 1.5 km, while the data at 37 deg N yield K(z) = 13 x 10 to the 2nd sq cm/sec for 19 + or - 3.5 km. The variability in these values is about a factor of 2. These derived K(z) values are interpreted as being due mainly to diffusion.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 37; Sept
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  • 142
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    Latitude-dependent sensitivity to stationary perturbations in simple climate models (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The steady-state zonally averaged climate is perturbed by adding a latitude-dependent heat source to an energy balance equation of the simplified Budyko-Sellers type. The latitude of the ice edge, which is attached to an isotherm, becomes dependent on the strength of the perturbation. This dependence is given in terms of the well-known iceline-solar constant relation, and the latitude dependence of the perturbed temperature field is then uniquely determined. The exact analytical solution is linearized and expressed in terms of a superposition of line sources at various latitudes. The main features are: (1) The total temperature response is a sum of the direct effect of the perturbation and an indirect ice-albedo effect proportional to the solar ice-edge sensitivity; and (2) the indirect feedback effect produces an enhanced response in polar latitudes.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 37; Aug. 198
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  • 143
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    Initial geomagnetic field model from Magsat vector data (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Magsat data from the magnetically quiet days of November 5-6, 1979, were used to derive a thirteenth degree and order spherical harmonic geomagnetic field model, MGST(6/80). The model utilized both scalar and high-accuracy vector data and fit that data with root-mean-square deviations of 8.2, 6.9, 7.6 and 7.4 nT for the scalar magnitude, B(r), B(theta), and B(phi), respectively. The model includes the three first-order coefficients of the external field. Comparison with averaged Dst indicates that zero Dst corresponds with 25 nT of horizontal field from external sources. When compared with earlier models, the earth's dipole moment continues to decrease at a rate of about 26 nT/yr. Evaluation of earlier models with Magsat data shows that the scalar field at the Magsat epoch is best predicted by the POGO(2/72) model but that the WC80, AWC/75 and IGS/75 are better for predicting vector fields.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; Oct. 198
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  • 144
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    Some features of inverted-V events as seen from simulated double layers (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Results from a numerical simulation of a double layer show some features similar to those of inverted-V events. The strong heating of thermal and precipitating electrons is observed along with extremely low frequency fluctuations found during inverted-V events. It is suggested that after the acceleration of auroral electrons by the double layer, the precipitating free electrons are heated by the nonlinear effects of the electron beam plasma instability. Fluctuations and pulsations of auroral electron fluxes during auroral events are caused by a relaxation type of oscillation. The finite extent of one dimensional plasma is simulated by solving the Vlasov and Poisson equations as an initial and boundary value problem.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; Oct. 198
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  • 145
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    A review of observational evidence for short and long term ultraviolet flux variability of the Sun (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Observation of the Sun in the 160 to 400 nm wavelength region reveals no significant broadband variation with solar flares, variability associated with the rotation of active regions, and a possible long term change which may be related to the 11 year sunspot cycle or longer. A continuing ultraviolet solar flux variability below 200 nm was observed from 1969 through the present from satellites, which is modulated at solar rotation rates. Recent observations from Nimbus-7 show the solar flux is varying by significant amounts also in the regions from 200 nm up to the Calcium 2 H-line at 396.8 nm. Typically the flux may vary over a solar rotation from about 10 percent at 160 nm to slightly less than 1 percent at the Ca2 K-line. Results of an evaluation of observations from rockets, satellites, and the ground measurements are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: CNES Sun and Climate; p 447-471
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  • 146
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    Low level moisture from VAS (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Previous research and current opinion are too pessimistic concerning the capability of defining moisture fields from satellite measurements. The TIROS-N sounder is a close analogue to what will fly on GEOS-D and can be used to investigate the probable capability of VAS. Basically, there are three frequencies applied to sensing moisture in the troposphere. The ability of these three measurements to define the moisture pattern is assessed. It is certainly true that one cannot achieve the detail available with a radiosonde hygristor. Sharp discontinuities cannot be sensed by a passive sounder, especially since the measurement tends to "saturate" with the first moisture layer encountered. However, the satellite measurements demonstrate a high degree of skill in defining the horizontal gradient. Moisture "tongues" and "dry lines" are readily delineated with some, perhaps two layers, of vertical definition. These attributes allow both the calculation of important advective quantities as well as (in concert with the temperature sounding) a gross definition of the vertical stability. The skill is demonstrably commensurate with subsynoptic forecast models and perhaps even to regional scale models.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center VAS Demonstration Sounding Workshop; p 57-65
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  • 147
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    Statistically conditioned least squares retrievals planned for the VAS demonstration experiment (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Problems in the retrieval of atmospheric profiles from passively observed satellite radiances are reviewed. Plans are described for statistically conditioned least squares retrievals of temperature and moisture profiles around mesoscale events, based upon the expected sensitivity of the VAS channels to the atmospheric variations. Simulated soundings for a global data set and for the 1976 National Storm Laboratory (NSSL) severe storm data set are also examined. This combination of radiance modeling and statistical conditioning should yield reliable mesoscale soundings and provide a test bed for sounding research and development with the VAS instrument.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: VAS Demonstration Sounding Workshop; p 67-79
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  • 148
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    Evaluation of NESS soundings used in the FGGE special effort (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A special effort to produce high quality edited and enhanced global data sets is being conducted for the two special observing periods of the first GARP global experiment. More than 60 cases were selected for enhancement on the basis of meteorological interest. These cases include situations of blocking, cut off low development, cyclogenesis, and tropical circulations. The sounding data enhancement process consists of supplementing the operational satellite sounding data set with higher resolution sounding in meteorologically active regions and with new soundings where data voids or soundings of questionable quality exist. After the enhancement process is completed, a final editing and quality assessment of the enhanced data are performed. The data is archived for further analyses. Subjective evaluation of the effects of sounding data enhancement indicate that: (1) enhanced and operational IR retrievals are similar in most situations; (2) large improvements in 1000 to 300 mb thickness and mandatory level temperature and intensification of atmospheric thermal gradients occasionally occur; (3) interactive processing can fill in major gaps in the TIROS-N coverage; and (4) assimilation of special effort soundings can result in major modifications to large scale analyses and prognoses.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: VAS Demonstration Sounding Workshop; p 31-40
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  • 149
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    Evaluation and use of TOVS retrievals at NMC (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: In a current analysis procedure at the National Meteorological Center (NMC), a first guess analysis (from the latest 6 or 12 hour forecast) is updated by new data. In the newest analysis procedures, which are based on optimum interpolation, the observational correction depends on the size of preassigned, expected observational errors versus the size of expected errors in the first guess forecast. In the case of Northern Hemisphere ocean temperatures, the latter are around 2 degrees. The infrared satellite retrievals have a similar size "error". If (as assumed) their errors are uncorrelated with the first guess error, they will improve the analysis. The larger errors of the microwave retrievals, however, mean that they will be given little weight in the analysis. An evaluation of the TIROS-N retrievals is currently underway at NMC to determine the impact of satellite derived data within operational analysis schemes, to isolate possible problems within current retrieval methods, and to offer possible solutions for these problems.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center VAS Demonstration Sounding Workshop; p 19-30
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  • 150
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    On Rosen's theory of gravity and cosmology (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Formal similarities between general relativity and Rosen's bimetric theory of gravity were used to analyze various bimetric cosmologies. The following results were found: (1) physically plausible model universes which have a flat static background metric, have a Robertson-Walker fundamental metric, and which allow co-moving coordinates do not exist in bimetric cosmology. (2) it is difficult to use the Robertson-Walker metric for both the background metric (gamma mu nu) and the fundamental metric tensor of Riemannian geometry( g mu nu) and require that g mu nu and gamma mu nu have different time dependences. (3) A consistency relation for using co-moving coordinates in bimetric cosmology was derived. (4) Certain spatially flat bimetric cosmologies of Babala were tested for the presence of particle horizons. (5) An analytic solution for Rosen's k = +1 model was found. (6) Rosen's singularity free k = +1 model arises from what appears to be an arbitary choice for the time dependent part of gamma mu nu.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Alabama Univ. Res. Rept.: The 1980 NASA(ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; 13 p
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  • 151
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    Statistical wind profile gust model (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A statistical wind profile gust model for the Space Transportation Operations and Trade Studies is developed by using 1800 Jimsphere wind profile data collected at Cape Kennedy during 1965 to 1972. Wind profiles from the surface to 20 km in component form, i.e., zonal and meridional are processed through the digital filters of different wave length ranges bases on the Martin-Graham cosine rolloff model. The residuals obtained from the filtering processes for the data base for the statistical analysis. For each wind component the gust and gust length at a specified reference altitude in a residual profile are defined. A two parameter gamma probability marginal distribution seems to fit the component gust amplitude and the gust length when redefined. The problem of finding an appropriate bivariate joint distribution of the gust amplitude and length remains to be solved. The probability distribution of the modulus of the gust amplitudes was derived under the assumption that they are independently distributed as gamma variates.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Res. Rept.: The 1980 NASA(ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; 9 p
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  • 152
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    Middle atmosphere electric fields (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A review is presented describing the classical picture relative to sources of electric fields in the middle atmosphere, the coupling of these sources and factors which cause variations in the coupling functions. Measurement techniques for middle atmosphere electric fields and results of measurement attempts are also given.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: ESA European Rocket and Balloon Programs and Related Res.; p 105-114
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  • 153
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    Radar, an optimum remote-sensing tool for detailed plate tectonic analysis and its application to hydrocarbon exploration (an example in Irian Jaya Indonesia) (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Geometric, geomorphic, and structural information derived from the examination of radar imagery and combined with geologic and geophysical evidences strongly indicates that Salawati Island was attached to the Irian Jaya mainland during the time of Miocene lower Pliocene reef development, and that it was separated in middle Pliocene to Pleistocene time, opening the Sele Strait rift zone. The island moved 17.5 km southwestward after an initial counterclockwise rotation of 13 deg. The rift zone is subsequent to the creation of the large left lateral Sorong fault zone that is part of the transitional area separating the westward-moving Pacific plate from the relatively stable Australian plate. The motion was triggered during a widespread magmatic intrusion of the Sorong fault zone, when the basalt infiltrated a right lateral fault system in the area of the present Sele Strait.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: JPL Radar Geol: An Assessment Rept. of the Radar Geol: Workshop; p 457-501
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  • 154
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    Geological mapping in the Amazon Jungle: A challenge to side-looking radar (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A brief outline of the physical environment and vegetation characteristics peculiar to the Amazon Jungle is given to provide the background for the discussion of energy target interaction models. Examples of radar images of the central part of the jungle are used to illustrate a common approach to geologic mapping in this environment. During the initial phase of interpretation, the interaction phenomenon is evaluated and textural and tonal characteristics of the radar image are observed. Field checking of selected areas is the next phase of a geologic mapping program. Reinterpretation of radar images and auxiliary data (aerial photographs, Landsat images, and field data) is the last phase of geologic mapping.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: JPL Radar Geol: An Assessment Rept. of the Radar Geol. Workshop; p 385-416
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  • 155
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    Applications of radar imagery to arctic and subarctic problems (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Radar imagery provides year around data acquisition of areas in the Arctic and the Subarctic. The foremost factor influencing the choice of radar imagery as the major data source was the demand for neotric data. The weather is so adverse in parts of Alaska that radar imagery was the only remote sensing technique which could meet the demand. The major map products derived from radar imagery are landform maps and lineament maps. These maps are used to make environmental assessments of areas and to reconstruct the geomorphic history of certain regions or features. Since radar imagery provides information about geologic structure and geomorphic features, it can be used to determine the relationship which exists between geologic structure and geomorphology. Important geologic information related to surface roughness can be obtained through a dry snow cover. Radar imagery is the only remote sensing technique which can provide information needed about sea ice through a cloud cover and dry snow, during strong wind conditions, and throughout the Arctic night.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: JPL Radar Geol.: An Assessment Rept. of the Radar Geol. Workshop; p 265-274
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  • 156
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    Some confusion factors in radar image interpretation (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Geologic interpretation of radar imagery for land use applications is discussed with reference to its dependence on classification of the radar return into categories related to some training area within the image. It is shown that such interpretation relies on the assumption that surface characteristics of areas with similar returns are truly similar. It is further shown that this may not always be true over water surfaces due to the influence of system parameters on the radar return. In imagery over land, both system parameters and scene parameters may lead to ambiguous returns which can ultimately lead to misinterpretation.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: JPL Radar Geol: An Assessment Rept. of the Radar Geol. Workshop; p 223-232
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  • 157
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    Expression of San Andreas fault on Seasat radar image (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A Seasat image (23.5 cm wavelength) of the Durmid Hills in southern California, the San Andreas Fault was analyzed. It is shown that a prominent southeast trending tonal lineament exists that is bright on the southwest side and dark on the northeast side. The cause of the contrasting signatures on opposite sides of the lineament was determined and the geologic signficance of the lineament was evaluated.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Radar Geol: An Assessment Rept. of the Radar Geol. Workshop; p 64-74
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  • 158
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    Radar geology: Technology and program overview (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The state-of-the-art of active microwave remote sensors (altimeters, scatterometers and imagers) used in geologic applications is assessed and the ongoing radar geology activities within NASA, government agencies, industry, universities and foreign organizations is summarized. Plans for radar geology research and development and space flight missions are also outlined.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Radar Geol: An Assessment Rept. of the Radar Geol. Workshop; p 38-41
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  • 159
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    Historical sketch: Radar geology (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A chronological assessment is given of the broad spectra of technology associated with radar geology. Particular attention is given to the most recent developments made in the areas of microwave Earth resources applications and geologic remote sensing from aircraft and satellite. The significance of space derived radar in geologic investigations is discussed and the scientific basis for exploiting the sensitivity of radar signals to various aspects of geologic terrain is given.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: JPL Radar Geol: An Assessment Rept. of the Radar Geol. Workshop; p 23-38
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  • 160
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    An observed annual cycle in tropical upper stratospheric and mesospheric ozone (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Analysis of more than one year of backscattered ultraviolet radiances obtained from an equatorial orbit by the Atmosphere Explorer-E satellite reveals an annual cycle in tropical, high altitude ozone which shows no latitude dependence between 20 degrees south and 20 degrees north. The amplitude of the variation increases with altitude. In the 35 to 45 km altitude region statistics of the data suggest no variation whatsoever, while in the lower mesosphere the radiances indicate an ozone increase of 25 to 30 percent between January and July with a decrease thereafter provided the solar irradiance remained constant except for the variation with earth-sun distance.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; Sept
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  • 161
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    Identification of isolated NO lines in balloon-borne infrared solar spectra (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Ballon-borne infrared solar spectra at about 0.02/cm resolution show a number of atmospheric NO lines isolated from other atmospheric and solar lines in the 1830-1930/cm region. Typical spectra are presented and NO total column values are derived.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; Sept
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  • 162
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    Measurements of NO, O3, and temperature at 19.8 km during the total solar eclipse of 26 February 1979 (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Local measurements of stratospheric NO and O3 mixing ratios and air temperature were made during the total solar eclipse of 26 February 1979. The instrumentation was carried aboard a U-2 aircraft flown at an altitude of 19.8 km in the region near 47 deg N, 112 deg W. Eclipse maximum occurred approximately in the middle of the 2-3/4-hr measurement period. The NO mixing ratio was reduced at least a factor of 25 at the maximum of the eclipse. The decrease and recovery of NO during the passage of the Moon's shadow over the measurement region follows approximately the predictions of two independent models. No change was observed in either the O3 mixing ratio or the air temperature that could be attributed to the eclipse.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; July 198
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  • 163
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    The effect of a nonuniform planetary albedo on the interpretation of earth radiation budget observations (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The flux density measured at satellite altitude with a fixed field of view radiometer differs from the true flux density reflected by the earth-atmosphere system within the field of view of the radiometer. This difference is due to angular response characteristics of the radiometer, solid angle effects due to geometry, and angular reflectance effects of the earth-atmosphere system. All of these effects lead to uncertainties in the interpretation of instantaneous earth radiation budget measurements. The differences between the true flux density and the measured flux density are shown to be significant when the field of view of the radiometer is large and when the atmosphere has a nonuniform, or spatially dependent, reflectance (albedo). A simulation experiment is described whereby the scene within the field of view of a nadir looking sensor is divided into a large number of equal area elements, each of which reflects radiation with one of two different reflectance models (corresponding to cloud-free and cloudy areas). The conditional mean values of the measured flux density, given values of the true flux density, are shown to differ significantly from the conditional means of the inverse problem, that of finding the mean value of the true flux density given a value for the measured flux density. The differences between the true flux density and the measured flux density are examined as a function of satellite altitude, field of view of the radiometer and solar zenith angle (including the effects of a terminator within the field of view) for both Lambertian and non-Lambertian reflectance models.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 37; June 198
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  • 164
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    Simultaneous mixing ratio profiles of stratospheric NO and NO2 as derived from balloon-borne infrared solar spectra (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; June 198
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  • 165
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    Atmospheric opacity in the Schumann-Runge bands and the aeronomic dissociation of water vapor (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Knowledge of the aeronomic production of odd hydrogen in the dissociation of water vapor is limited by uncertainties in the penetration of solar irradiance in the Schumann-Runge bands of O2 and by incomplete information concerning the products of photolysis at Lyman alpha. Consideration of all error sources involved in computing the H2O dissociation rate in the wavelength region 175-200 nm leads to an estimated uncertainty of plus or minus 35% at an altitude of 90 km for an overhead sun. The uncertainty increases with decreasing altitude such that the true dissociation rate at 60 km for an overhead sun lies between 0.45 and 1.55 times the results computed using the best input parameters currently available. Calculations of the H2O dissociation rate by Lyman alpha should include the variation in O2 opacity across the solar line width. Neglect of this can lead to errors as large as 50% at altitudes where the process is the major source of odd hydrogen.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 37; May 1980
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  • 166
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    Ionospheric wave measurements with satellite-borne cross-power spectrum analyzers (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper studies the feasibility of using the cross-power spectrum analyzer on a satellite such as the Space Shuttle to measure the spectrum of potential and charged particle density fluctuations and macroscopic parameters in the ionosphere. The integration time required to make a measurement of a cross-power spectral density to a given accuracy, or its equivalent, the spatial resolution of a measurement to a given accuracy is examined.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Radio Science; 15; May-June
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  • 167
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    An algorithm for retrieval of ocean surface and atmospheric parameters from the observations of the scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The scanning multichannel microwave radiometer is a five-frequency (6.6, 10.7, 18, 21, and 37 GHz), dual-polarized microwave radiometer, which was launched in two separate satellites, Nimbus 7 and Seasat, in 1978. A formalism is developed which can be used to interpret the data in terms of sea surface temperature, sea surface wind speed, and the atmospheric content of water vapor and liquid water. It is shown with reasonable instrumental performance assumptions that these parameters can be derived to useful accuracies. Although the algorithms are not derived for use in rain, it is shown that at least token rain rates can be tolerated without invalidating the retrieved geophysical parameters.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Radio Science; 15; May-June
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  • 168
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    Propagation of trans-equatorial deuteron whistlers in the low latitude topside ionosphere (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The high latitude limit of transequatorial deuteron whistlers is found to occur at latitudes where B(m) = B/2, in which B is the local magnetic field at the satellite and B(m) is the minimum magnetic field on the field line through the satellite. The high latitude limit of transequatorial proton whistlers, often extends to the latitude where B(m) = B/4 in the autumn and winter. Transequatorial deuteron whistlers have a constant time interval for an echo train. The damping rate of the cyclotron resonant interaction with rare deuteron is large enough to generate deuteron whistlers. Ray tracing results for nonducted propagation of transequatorial deuteron whistlers show that rays are guided by the geomagnetic field within one degree in invariant latitude for several bounces between the two hemispheres.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 42; May 1980
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  • 169
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    Dependence of the spectral surface irradiance on aerosol properties and surface reflectivity (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A reduction in global surface irradiance occurs with increasing aerosol loadings when the aerosols are absorbing. For scattering aerosols, a reduction is pronounced for isotropic scattering (characteristic of small particles) but reduction is not as significant for scattering with a high anisotropy of a large forward peak (characteristic of large particles). This distinction between isotropic and anisotropic scattering becomes small or null over highly reflecting terrain; and for reflectivities higher than 0.5 and solar elevation angles close to the zenith, the global irradiance can be slightly higher for isotropic scattering than in the case of an anisotropy of a forward peak. Under such conditions, which can be encountered in reflective infrared bands over dense vegetation or over sandy deserts (close to noon, in low latitudes) the surface irradiance becomes nearly independent of the aerosol optical thickness.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Solar Energy; 24; 3, 19; 1980
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  • 170
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    Report on the Summer MONEX Field Phase (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Summer Monsoon Experiment (MONEX) which was conducted over the Indian Ocean and adjacent land areas from May to August 1979, and overlapped with the second Special Observing Period of the Global Weather Experiment (FGGE). Attention is given to the scientific goals of Summer MONEX which cover (1) planetary scale aspects, (2) synoptic scale aspects, (3) interactions with atmospheric circulation in the Pacific, Southern Hemisphere, Northern midlatitudes, and stratosphere, and (4) numerical simulation and prediction. The observing system and field operations designed to attain these goals are discussed in detail. In conclusion, it is noted that the combined MONEX and FGGE observations should provide an unprecedented data set for a basic study of the monsoon phenomena.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 61
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  • 171
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    Remote infrared heterodyne radiometer measurements of atmospheric ammonia profiles (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An infrared heterodyne radiometer has been used to study the seasonal variation of the vertical distribution of atmospheric ammonia. The ammonia profiles are inferred from high-resolution atmospheric solar transmittance measurements around the ammonia absorption feature at 927.32323 kaysers. The transmittance data are obtained from six IF channels with spectral resolutions ranging from .0067 to .033 kaysers. Results from this study show a marked decrease in the tropospheric ammonia level with a decrease at ground level from approximately 10 ppb in March 1979 to 1.3 ppb in August 1979.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; May 1980
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  • 172
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    The vertical distribution of tropospheric ammonia (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A one-dimensional tropospheric photochemical model is used to simulate measured profiles of NH3 obtained with the Infrared Heterodyne Radiometer. The relative roles of homogeneous loss, heterogeneous loss, and vertical eddy transport are discussed in terms of selecting parameters which best fit the measurements. The best fit was obtained for a vertical eddy diffusion coefficient of 200,000/sq cm per sec or greater (corresponding to a characteristic vertical transport time in excess of about 35 days), and a characteristic heterogeneous loss time in excess of 10 days. The characteristic homogeneous chemical loss time was found to be about 40 days at the surface and decreased to about 180 days at 10 km, and not very sensitive to model chemical perturbations. Increased ground-level concentrations of NH3 to about 10 ppb, compared to background surface concentrations of about 1 ppb, were measured several weeks after application of ammonium nitrate fertilizer. This suggests that the volatilization of ammonium nitrate fertilizer is rapid, and an important source of NH3. Because of the characteristic times for the loss mechanisms, synoptic time-scale phenomena may play an important role in determining the tropospheric distribution of NH3 concentrations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; May 1980
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  • 173
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    Polar 5 - An electron accelerator experiment within an aurora. I - Instrumentation and geophysical conditions (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A mother-daughter rocket was launched over two auroral structures, which included a 10 keV electron accelerator and a series of diagnostic instruments for monitoring optical and wave effects generated through beam-atmospheric interactions and production of secondary electrons. The instrumentation, the ground and rocket background measurements obtained, and some of the beam effects on various geophysical parameters are presented. Attention is given to the rocket geometry, capacitance probe, particle counters, photometers, and the bremsstrahlung X-ray detector. Observations on the plasma environment, auroral particle precipitation, d.c. electric field, optical emissions, and auroral background HF and VLF emissions are also discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 28; Mar. 198
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  • 174
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    Ionospheric irregularities (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper describes in detail the recent experimental studies of the E and F region irregularities and also the extensive work on plasma instability theories developed to explain them. Both radio wave and spacecraft-borne experimental techniques are described in order to allow a common ground for the understanding of the data from ground-based and in situ experiments. To date, theoretical work has been mostly concentrated on the low-latitude irregularities and, together with computer simulations, has been able to explain many aspects of the experimental data. These theoretical efforts are also discussed in some detail.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 18; May 1980
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  • 175
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    Interplanetary particles and fields, November 22 to December 6, 1977 - Helios, Voyager and Imp observations between 0.6 and 1.6 AU (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper presents a wealth of data obtained at approximately 0.6, 1, and 1.6 AU by Helios 1 and 2, Voyager 1 and 2, and Imp 7 and 8, describing the evolution and interactions of particles, flows, and fields in the period 22 November to 6 December 1977. Three flow systems were observed in the period under consideration: (1) a corotating stream and a stream interface associated with a coronal hole; (2) a shock wave and an energetic particle event associated with a 2B flare; and (3) an isolated shock wave of uncertain origin. These phenomena are discussed in some detail.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; May 1
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  • 176
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    Micropulsations in the electric field near the plasmapause, observed by Isee 1 (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The results of a survey of occurrence of micropulsations near and inside the plasmapause, made on the basis of 1 year of data from the double probe electric field instrument on Isee 1, are presented. It is reported that the observed pulsations are classified as Pc 3 and P 2, and that one single Pc 1 event is observed. It is found that Pc 3 events are common during the local day, with a maximum percentage of occurrence as high as 72 in the morning hours. Attention is given to Pi 2 events showing that they are concentrated on the local nightside. Finally, it is noted that pulsations in the Pc 1 range appear on only one inbound pass, which makes the Pc 1 a rare phenomenon at low and moderate latitudes in the plasmasphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; May 1
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  • 177
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    Atmospheric aerosols and climate (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The impact of terrestrial aerosols on the earth's climate and solar and infrared radiation budget are considered. Attention is given to the optical properties of aerosols, that is, optical depth, the single scattering albedo, and the asymmetry parameter, and to the relation between the optical depth and surface temperature for tropospheric and stratospheric aerosols. Also considered are experimental projects to determine the single scattering albedo, as well as the optical properties of natural aerosols such as sea salt, soil, and sulfates, and their variability. In addition, the impact of volcanic activity and the question of whether aerosols cause climatic warming or cooling are discussed, and the available observational evidence linking aerosols and climate is reviewed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Scientist; 68; May-June
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  • 178
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    High-altitude-resolution stratospheric measurements with the Arecibo 2380-MHz radar (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The 2380-MHz planetary radar of the Arecibo Observatory and the 30-m interferometer antenna at Higuialles, Puerto Rico, have been instrumented as a bistatic radar for stratospheric turbulence research studies. The average power of the transmitter is 400 kW, and it uses the 300-m Arecibo spherical reflector. A vertical resolution of 30 m has been achieved by means of a novel continuous pseudorandom phase coding scheme. Preliminary results obtained with the system are presented. The thickness and internal structure of turbulent stratospheric layers have been resolved for the first time. The potential of the instrument in assessing the role of turbulence in the vertical transport of tracers, contaminants, and momentum is discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Radio Science; 15; Mar
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  • 179
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    Scattering by nonspherical particles of size comparable to wavelength - A new semi-empirical theory and its application to tropospheric aerosols (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A semiempirical theory is developed which is based on simple physical principles and comparisons with laboratory measurements. The ultimate utility of this approach rests on its ability to successfully reproduce the observed single-scattering phase function for a wide variety of particle shapes, sizes and refractive indices. This approximate theory is developed for evaluating the interaction of randomly oriented, nonspherical particles with the total intensity component of electromagnetic radiation. Mie theory is used when the particle size parameter x (ratio of particle circumference to wavelength) is less than some upper bound x sub zero (about 5). For x greater than x sub zero, the interaction is divided into three components: diffraction, external reflection and transmission. The application of the theory is illustrated by considering the influence of the shape of tropospheric aerosols on their contribution to the earth's global albedo.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 37; Apr. 198
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  • 180
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    A narrow clear zone over Florida and the Atlantic Ocean (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A narrow cloud-free zone of large longitudinal extent was observed in visible and infrared satellite imagery on September 21, 1978. An attempt to explain the zone in terms of subsidence induced by a transverse frontal circulation is presented.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 108; Apr. 198
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  • 181
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    Predicting tropical cyclone intensity using satellite-measured equivalent blackbody temperatures of cloud tops (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A relationship between maximum winds and satellite-measured equivalent blackbody temperatures near tropical cyclones is investigated with data from both the Atlantic and western North Pacific areas. This investigation revealed not only a significant correlation between satellite-derived equivalent blackbody temperatures and maximum winds but also a strong lag relationship between these temperatures and maximum winds. From this latter relationship a regression technique was developed to forecast 24-h changes of the maximum winds for weak (maximum winds less than or equal to 65 kt) and strong (maximum winds greater than 65 kt) tropical cyclones by utilizing the equivalent blackbody temperatures around the storm alone, together with changes in maximum winds during the preceding 24 h and the current maximum winds. Testing of these equations with independent data showed that the mean errors of forecasts made by the equations are lower than the errors in forecasts made by persistence techniques.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 108; Apr. 198
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  • 182
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    Simulation study of geometric shape factor approach to estimating earth emitted flux densities from wide field-of-view radiation measurements (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A study was performed on the use of geometric shape factors to estimate earth-emitted flux densities from radiation measurements with wide field-of-view flat-plate radiometers on satellites. Sets of simulated irradiance measurements were computed for unrestricted and restricted field-of-view detectors. In these simulations, the earth radiation field was modeled using data from Nimbus 2 and 3. Geometric shape factors were derived and applied to these data to estimate flux densities on global and zonal scales. For measurements at a satellite altitude of 600 km, estimates of zonal flux density were in error 1.0 to 1.2%, and global flux density errors were less than 0.2%. Estimates with unrestricted field-of-view detectors were about the same for Lambertian and non-Lambertian radiation models, but were affected by satellite altitude. The opposite was found for the restricted field-of-view detectors.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 9; May 1980
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  • 183
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    Satellite solar occultation sounding of the middle atmosphere (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: This paper discusses the principles, achievements, and prospects for satellite solar occultation sounding of the middle atmosphere. Advantages, disadvantages, and spatial and temporal coverage capabilities are described. Progress over the past 15 years is reviewed, and results from a recent satellite aerosol experiment are presented. Questions with regard to Doppler shift, atmospheric refraction, instrument pointing, pressure sensing, and measurement of diurnally active species are addressed. Two experiments now orbiting on the Nimbus-7 and AEM-B satellites, and approved experiments under development for future flights on Spacelab and the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite, are also described. In some cases more than one experiment is scheduled to be flown on the same spacecraft, and the advantages and synergistic effects of these applications are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Pure and Applied Geophysics; 118; 1-2,; 1980
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  • 184
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    Effect of molecular anisotropy on the intensity and degree of polarization of light scattered from model atmospheres (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Computations of the properties of sunlight scattered from models of the earth-atmosphere system are presented to show the effect of molecular anisotropy on the intensity, flux, and degree of polarization of the scattered light. The values of these parameters change significantly when the anisotropy factor is neglected in the molecular optical thickness and scattering phase matrix. However, if the Rayleigh scattering optical thickness is kept constant and the molecular anisotropy factor is included only in the Rayleigh phase matrix, the flux does not change, the intensity changes by a small amount, but the changes in the degree of polarization are still significant.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Applied Optics; 19; Apr. 15
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  • 185
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    Effect of ice-albedo feedback on global sensitivity in a one-dimensional radiative-convective climate model (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The feedback between the ice albedo and temperature is included in a one-dimensional radiative-convective climate model. The effect of this feedback on global sensitivity to changes in solar constant is studied for the current climate conditions. This ice-albedo feedback amplifies global sensitivity by 26 and 39%, respectively, for assumptions of fixed cloud altitude and fixed cloud temperature. The global sensitivity is not affected significantly if the latitudinal variations of mean solar zenith angle and cloud cover are included in the global model. The differences in global sensitivity between one-dimensional radiative-convective models and energy balance models are examined. It is shown that the models are in close agreement when the same feedback mechanisms are included. The one-dimensional radiative-convective model with ice-albedo feedback included is used to compute the equilibrium ice line as a function of solar constant.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 37; Mar. 198
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  • 186
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    Comments on 'Rocket effluent - Its ice nucleation activity and related properties' (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Parungo and Allee (1978) reported ice nucleus (IN) measurements made from an aircraft in stabilized ground clouds from Titan III launches at KSC. They concluded from the measurements that the SGC contained IN. After an examination of the data the present authors (Hindman and Lala) argue that the filter devices were unable to detect IN in the SGC. In a reply Parungo and Allee attempt to refute this conclusion.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 19; Jan. 198
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  • 187
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    The coupled effects of chemistry and diffusion on the stratospheric zone reduction (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The effect of diffusive-mixing on O3 depletion using the 5 step chemistry model is estimated.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Indian Inst. of Science The J. of the Aeron. Soc. of India, Vol. 322, No. 1-4, Feb.-Nov. 1980; p 95-99
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  • 188
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    Ceiling and visibility instrumentation within government agencies (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-04
    Description: The key systems requirements for ceilometer systems are described. The following items are included: range must be 10,000 ft.; laser emission must conform to the bureau of radiological health class I performance; system must detect two lowest cloud layers; display must be in either English or metric units; and system must be capable of self monitoring and testing performance. Based upon the requirements competitive prototype cloud height indicator systems are to be built.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 125-129
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  • 189
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    Plasma convection in the high-latitude F-region (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-27
    Description: Plasma convection patterns in the high-latitude F region are examined, and their implications for F region plasma distributions and the magnetosphere-solar wind interaction are discussed. In-situ electric field measurements in the ionospheric plasma above invariant latitudes of 60 deg are presented which show that the dominant plasma motion is one of two-cell convection perpendicular to the magnetic field, with motion directed away from the sun at invariant latitudes above 70-75 deg and return flow at lower latitudes. AE-C data revealing the presence of eastward, rather than antisunward, convection in the polar cap region is also noted. Analysis of the F region plasma distributions that may result from the two convection patterns indicates that total ion concentrations may differ by two or three orders of magnitude in different signatures of the high-latitude F region, and may account for the mid-latitude F region trough. The F region patterns are also shown to imply that in an open magnetosphere, a region of reconnection extends across a substantial portion of the magnetotail, while in a closed magnetosphere, the viscous interaction may weaken as the plasma moves down the tail, or remain strong with the boundary layer extending down the tail. The importance of further measurements of the stability of the F region convection pattern is pointed out.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Space Research in Bulgaria; 3; 1980
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  • 190
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    Trace constituents in the middle atmosphere by high resolution UV spectroscopy (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: An array of 5 autonomous spectrometers, the imaging spectrometric observatory covers a broad wavelength range (approximately 200 to 12,000 A), has a resolution selectable down to approximately 0.5 A, and a dynamic range of approximately 10 to the 7th power and is designed to select experiment measurement sequences by software control. Because current models of thermospheric ionic processes produce too much N2(+) ionization, the N2(+) reaction with O and the chemistry of metastable (N(+) ions and of O2(+) ions are objects of study on Spacelab 1.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Space Plasma Phys. Active expt.; p 26-56
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  • 191
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    Measurement of visible and UV emission from Energetic Neutral Atom Precipitation (ENAP), on Spacelab (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The charge exchange of plasmaspheric ions and exospheric H and O and of solar wind ions with exospheric and interplanetary H are sources of precipitating neutrals whose faint emission may be observed by the imaging spectrometric observatory during dark periods of the SL-1 orbit. Measurements of the interactions of these precipitating atoms with the thermosphere are needed to evaluate the heating and ionization effects on the atmosphere as well as the selective loss of i energetic ions from the sources (predominantly the ring current).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Space Plasma Phys. Active Expt.; p 57-74
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  • 192
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    Spacelab experiment: ALAE, Atmospheric Lyman-Alpha Emissions (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A spectrophotometer associated with two absorption cells, one filled with hydrogen and the other with deuterium, is described for use in studying various sources of Lyman-alpha emission in the atmosphere, in the interplanetary medium, and possibly in the galactic medium. As the result of charge exchange, Lyman-alpha emission is possibly present in auroral zones, equatorial zones, and at the foot of the polar cusp, where the solar wind interacts directly with the neutral atmosphere. Some emission is also expected from the plasma guns on board Spacelab. The use of the absorption cell is also a test for determining if the presence of geocoronal and interplanetary emission will prevent future astronomical observations of Lyman-alpha emissions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Space Plasma Phys. Active Expt.; p 1-8
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  • 193
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    ORION mobile unit design (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: An overview of the design of the ORION mobile system is presented. System capability and performance characteristics are outlined. Functional requirements and key performance parameters are stated for each of the nine subsystems. A master design and implementation schedule is given.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition; p 6-32
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  • 194
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    Review of spectroscopic data for measurement of stratospheric species (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-09
    Description: The role of various infrared techniques in measurements of trace gases in the stratosphere were surveyed. Particular emphasis was placed on the role of instruments exhibiting ultrahigh resolution (i.e., less than or equal to 0.00/cm) such as laser heterodyne spectrometers.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: High Resolution Infrared Spectry. Tech. for Upper Atmospheric Meas.; p 81-112
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  • 195
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    Measurement of Electromagnetic Properties of Lightning with 10 Nanosecond Resolution (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Electromagnetic data recorded from lightning strikes are presented. The data analysis reveals general characteristics of fast electromagnetic fields measured at the ground including rise times, amplitudes, and time patterns. A look at the electromagnetic structure of lightning shows that the shortest rise times in the vicinity of 30 ns are associated with leader leader streamers. Lightning location is based on electromagnetic field characteristics and is compared to a nearby sky camera. The fields from both leaders and return strokes were measured and are discussed. The data were obtained during 1978 and 1979 from lightning strikes occuring within 5 kilometers of an underground metal instrumentation room located on South Baldy peak near Langmuir Laboratory, New Mexico. The computer controlled instrumentation consisted of sensors previously used for measuring the nuclear electromagnetic pulse (EMP) and analog-digital recorders with 10 ns sampling, 256 levels of resolution, and 2 kilobytes of internal memory.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA Langley Res. Center Lightning Technol.; p 39-83
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  • 196
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    Conductive surge testing of circuits and systems (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Techniques are given for conductive surge testing of powered electronic equipment. The correct definitions of common and normal mode are presented. Testing requires not only spike-surge generators with a suitable range of open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current waveshapes, but also appropriate means, termed couplers, for connecting test surges to the equipment under test. Key among coupler design considerations is minimization of fail positives resulting from reduction in delivered surge energy due to the coupler. Back-filters and the lines on which they are necessary, are considered as well as ground-fault and ground potential rise. A method for monitoring delivered and resulting surge waves is mentioned.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Lightning Technol.; p 327-344
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  • 197
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    The SEM description of interaction of a transient electromagnetic wave with an object (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The singularity expansion method (SEM), proposed as a means for determining and representing the transient surface current density induced on a scatterer by a transient electromagnetic wave is described. The resulting mathematical description of the transient surface current on the object is discussed. The data required to represent the electromagnetic scattering properties of a given object are examined. Experimental methods which were developed for the determination of the SEM description are discussed. The feasibility of characterizing the surface current induced on aircraft flying in proximity to a lightning stroke by way of SEM is examined.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Lightning Technol; p 245-263
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  • 198
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    Broadband electromagnetic sensors for aircraft lightning research (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A set of electromagnetic sensors, or electrically-small antennas, is described. The sensors are designed for installation on an F-106 research aircraft for the measurement of electric and magnetic fields and currents during a lightning strike. The electric and magnetic field sensors mount on the aircraft skin. The current sensor mounts between the nose boom and the fuselage. The sensors are all on the order of 10 cm in size and should produce up to about 100 V for the estimated lightning fields. The basic designs are the same as those developed for nuclear electromagnetic pulse studies. The most important electrical parameters of the sensors are the sensitivity, or equivalent area, and the bandwidth (or rise time). Calibration of sensors with simple geometries is reliably accomplished by a geometric analysis; all the sensors discussed possess geometries for which the sensitivities have been calculated. For the calibration of sensors with more complex geometries and for general testing of all sensors, two transmission lines were constructed to transmit known pulsed fields and currents over the sensors.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Lightning Technol.; p 131-152
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  • 199
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    A wave guide model of lightning currents and their electromagnetic field (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Lightning channels are considered as resonant wave guides in which only standing resonant wave modes can be excited. Two types of discharging currents develop. Type 1 is an aperiodic wave; type 2 is a damped oscillation. The electromagnetic radiation field of both types of currents is calculated and compared with the observation.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Lightning Technol.; p 3-19
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  • 200
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    Transient corona effects on a wire over the ground (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The nuclear EMP effect on VLF/trailing wire antennas is investigated in relation to new features of corona effects. Previous experimental results on transmission lines with corona under E 80 kV/cm recorded in the nanosecond time frame are analyzed. A nonlinear macroscopic model which describes a transmission line with corona is discussed. The model not only accounts for overall waveform, but also describes the sharp changes in the waveform associated with the corona onset.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Lightning Technol.; p 265-281
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