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  • Articles  (2,955)
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  • American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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  • 1980-1984  (2,955)
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  • 1935-1939
  • 1980  (2,955)
  • Geosciences  (2,367)
  • Natural Sciences in General  (588)
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  • Articles  (2,955)
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  • 1980-1984  (2,955)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1935-1939
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  • 1
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 8 (1980), S. 65-93 
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 2
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 8 (1980), S. 169-190 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 3
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 8 (1980), S. 205-230 
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  • 4
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 8 (1980), S. 489-525 
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  • 5
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 8 (1980), S. 407-424 
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 8 (1980), S. 527-558 
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  • 7
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 8 (1980), S. 1-17 
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  • 8
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 8 (1980), S. 95-117 
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  • 9
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 8 (1980), S. 191-204 
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  • 10
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 8 (1980), S. 303-342 
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  • 11
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 8 (1980), S. 425-487 
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  • 12
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 8 (1980), S. 35-63 
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  • 13
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 8 (1980), S. 145-167 
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  • 14
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 8 (1980), S. 231-261 
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 8 (1980), S. 343-370 
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 8 (1980), S. 17-34 
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 8 (1980), S. 119-144 
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  • 18
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 8 (1980), S. 263-301 
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  • 19
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    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 8 (1980), S. 371-406 
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  • 20
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    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 8 (1980), S. 559-608 
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  • 21
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 10 (1980), S. 19-30 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Crystals of Sr2+ (C10H11PN4O8)2− · 6.5H2O are orthorhombic, space groupP212121, witha = 21.925(1),b = 21.503(1),c = 8.600(1) Å, and eight formula weights per unit cell. A trial structure was obtained by Patterson, superposition, and Fourier techniques and was refined by full-matrix least-squares calculations using absorption-corrected, CuKα, diffractometer data. The finalR index is 0.032. A strontium ion is coordinated to N(7), the site that is often involved in the binding of transition metals to purine nucleotides. Strontium ions are also directly coordinated to a phosphate-oxygen atom and to ribose-hydroxyl groups. These direct interactions are accompanied by a number of outer-sphere, water-mediated contacts of strontium ions with various acceptor sites on the nucleotides.
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  • 22
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 10 (1980), S. 55-60 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract The structure of the title complex [Co(R-Me4pn)Cl2] has been determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis and refined by least-squares methods based on diffractometer data (1224 counter intensities,R = 0.044). The blue crystals are orthorhombic, space groupP212121, withZ = 4,a = 8.254(3),b = 10.926(4) andc = 13.584(5) Å. The cobalt(II) ion has a distorted tetrahedral coordination geometry with N-Co-N 87.8 ° and Cl-Co-Cl 118.5 °. The observed distortions are compared with those reported for analogous quasitetrahedral [M(II)(diamine)(dihalide)] complexes.
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  • 23
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 10 (1980), S. 61-66 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
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    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of dicyanatobis(pyridinato)copper(II), C12H5CuN4O2, was determined from 658 X-ray diffraction data obtained by the θ-2θ scanning technique with MoKα radiation on a SYNTEX P21 four-circle diffractometer. The blue crystals are tetragonal:I41/a,a = 15.649(3),c = 9.917(3) Å, andZ = 8. The structure was determined by the heavy-atom method and refined by full-matrix least squares toR = 7.1%. Nonhydrogen atoms were refined anisotropically, and the positional parameters of hydrogen atoms were calculated from geometrical considerations. The copper atom is planarlytrans coordinated by two nitrogen atoms from the NCO groups and two nitrogen atoms from the pyridine molecules. The oxygen atoms from two of the approximately linear NCO groups complete the Cu(II) coordination as a distorted octahedron. Through their oxygen and nitrogen atoms, the NCO groups link the metal atoms to the skeleton structure. The bond lengths are 1.15 and 1.18 Å for N-C and C-O, respectively, the N-C-O bond angle being 176.8 °. The bond lengths Cu-N in square-planar coordination are 1.95 and 2.05 Å, while the Cu-O bonds are out of plane and 2.61 Å in length.
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  • 24
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 10 (1980), S. 101-102 
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 10 (1980), S. 75-81 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
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    Notes: Abstract The formula of the title compound is C16H27ClN2O5,P21/a = 8.348(1),b = 10.127(1),c = 11.264(2) Å, β = 116.42(1) °,Z = 2,D x = 1.41 g cm−3,V c = 852.8(2) Å3,MW = 362.9, μ (CuKα) = 2.25 mm−1. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined by full-matrix least squares to anR value of 0.055 for 1197 reflections. The cation consists of twotrans quinolizidine systems. RingA is a distorted half-chair, and the remaining rings are chairs. The CH3 group attached to C(17) is in the axial position. There is a weak hydrogen bond between N(16) and O(2) of the ClO 4 − group with N(16) ... O(2) distance 2.968(7) Å.
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  • 26
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 10 (1980), S. 115-121 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of dichlorofluoroacetamide has been determined from three-dimensional counter data, and refined by full-matrix least-squares techniques. The crystals belong to the monoclinic space groupP21 /c and have the unit-cell parametersa = 10.207(4),b = 5.729(2),c = 9.971(4) Å, β = 105.21(8) °, andD x = 1.72 g cm-3. The structural refinement gave a finalR factor of 0.067 from 440 observed reflections. The compound has nearly equal disorder of the -Cl2F moiety about the C-C bond axis with occupancy factors of the two fragments being 0.48 and 0.52.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Corrected values of some of the positional parameters of the title compounds are presented, together with the revised molecular geometries. All of the changes in these are quite small; the original discussion of them (Hayward and Donohue, 1977) does require revision.
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  • 28
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 10 (1980), S. 163-166 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary The crystal structure of thep-xylene solvate of diiododimethylaluminate was previously described and refined in the acentric space groupC2221 (Rogers and Atwood, 1979). It can be better described and more satisfactorily refined in the centric space groupCcmm.
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  • 29
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 10 (1980), S. 175-175 
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 10 (1980), S. 149-156 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
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    Notes: Abstract The title compound belongs to the triclinic space groupP¯1,a= 8.189 Å,b = 9.863 Å,c = 10.726 Å, α = 69.93 °, β = 68.62 °, γ = 73.66 °, andZ = 2. The structure was refined on 1337 observed reflections to anR factor of 0.042. The crystals contain [adeninato(CH3Hg)2]+ complex cations in which mercury is linearly bonded to N(7) and N(9) of a deprotonated adenine ring. Centrosymmetrically related complex cations are paired via two N(6)-H(6) ⋯ N(l) hydrogen bonds. Those planar units are stacked in the crystal with a distance of ∼ 3.4 Å between rings. The water molecule and the ClO4 -ion are involved in hydrogen bonding and Hg⋯O contacts. This structure identifies N(7) as the best residual coordination site after H(9) has been substituted by CH3Hg.
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 10 (1980), S. 11-18 
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    Notes: Abstract A scheme for the complete characterization of seven-membered ring conformation is described. Parameters of puckering which are calculated directly from crystallographic coordinates are used to map the conformation onto a torus in relation to the various symmetrical forms.
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 10 (1980), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
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    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of bis(aminomethylphosphonate)-copper(II), C2H10N2O6P2Cu, has been determined from MoKα diffractometer data. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space groupP21/n witha =7.571(2),b = 4.943(1),c = 11.212(3) Å, β = 105.84(2) °, andZ = 2. The structure was solved by the heavy-atom technique and refined by full-matrix least-squares methods toR = 0.041, using 1084 reflections for which ¦F o¦ 〉 3.92 σ (¦F o¦). In this complex, the Cu atom is square-planar coordinated by four O atoms from four phosphonic groups, and not by the amino group. The Cu-O bond lengths are 1.928(3) and 1.937(3) Å, and the phosphonic groups bridge adjacent Cu atoms in polymeric chains. The infrared spectrum of this complex is reported.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract The molecular structures of three dimethiodide bisquaternary aza steroids, determined crystallographically, are reported. The compounds are (i) 17a-methyl-3β-pyrrolidino-17a-aza-d-homo-5-androstene dimethiodide (HS310, or chandonium iodide), (ii) 4,17a-dimethyl-4, 17a-diaza-d-homo-5α-androstane dimethiodide (HS342), and (iii) 4-methyl-17β-dimethylamino-4-aza-5α-androstane dimethiodide (HS467). RingB in HS310 is a half-chair and ringD in HS467 is a distorted envelope. All other rings in the steroid skeletons of the three molecules are in the chair conformation, and all rings aretrans-connected. All three molecules are known to exhibit competitive neuromuscular blocking activity, each with different potency. This is discussed in relation to the observed inter-onium N+ ⋯ N+ distances and other features of molecular geometry of importance in drug design.
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  • 34
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 10 (1980), S. 67-74 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
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    Notes: Abstract The formula of the title compound is C16H27ClN2O5,MW = 362.9 orthorhombic,P212121,a = 8.403(1),b= 13.133(1),c= 15.972(2) Å,Z = 4,D x = 1.37 g cm−3, μ (CuKα) = 2.2 mm-1. The lupanine skeleton has atrans-trans configuration. The ringA has a half-chair conformation, theB andD rings adopt a chair form, and theC ring forms a boat. The lupanine cations are linked together by the intermolecular hydrogen bonds forming infinite chains alongb. The N(16) ... O(C2) distance is 2.763(7) Å.
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 10 (1980), S. 83-92 
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    Notes: Abstract 4,4′-Diaminobenzophenone crystallizes in the trigonal space groupP31:a = 9.136(2),c = 10.953(3) Å,Z = 3. The structure has been determined by direct methods (MULTAN) from MoKα diffractometer data and refined by full-matrix least squares toR = 0.044 for 2177 reflections. Phosphorescence emission and optically detected magnetic resonance spectra of 4,4′-diaminobenzophenone and those of some structurally related benzophenones are discussed.
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  • 36
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 10 (1980), S. 93-100 
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1572-8854
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    Notes: Abstract The title compound CI, C25H20O1, crystallizes in the monoclinic space groupCc with cell parametersa = 1.0186(2),b = 1.6327(6),c = 1.1000(4) nm, β = 99.43(2) °,Z = 4, andV = 1.8047 nm3; title compound CII, C25H20O1, crystallizes in the tetragonal space groupP42/n with cell parametersa =b = 2.4218(7),c = 0.6352(2) nm,Z = 8, and V = 3.7255 nm3. Both structures were refined by full-matrix least squares using diffractometer data to reliability indices (R) of 0.048 and 0.053, respectively. In each structure one single carbon-carbon bond, C2a-C8b, was significantly elongated (4.5 pm), otherwise the geometry observed was not unusual.
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 10 (1980), S. 123-147 
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    Notes: Abstract The lattice strain and misfit dislocations in a GaAs-GaAlAsP heterojunction were examined. The change in lattice strain with the composition ratio or the position of the crystal was measured, and it was found that some of the misfit dislocations introduced in the heterojunction were edge-type dislocations. The critical thickness of the epitaxial layer for the generation of misfit dislocations was also measured. The critical differential strain between the atomic layers was on the order of several angstroms. The distribution of lattice strain was analyzed by a two-dimensional simple cubic lattice model, and the distribution of differential strain was examined.
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 10 (1980), S. 167-172 
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 10 (1980), S. 173-173 
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 12 (1980), S. 167-192 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Maβstabeffekte bei der Bestimmung mechanischer Eigenschaften von Fels Ein eingehendes Literaturstudium wurde durchgeführt, um den Maßstabeffekt auf die Festigkeits- und Verformbarkeitsmessungen im Fels zu untersuchen. Es werden Resultate von Plattendruckversuchen, Druckversuchen und mehreren Verformungsversuchen aufgeführt. Die in-situ gemessene Festigkeit ist im allgemeinen ein Bruchteil derjenigen, die bei Laborversuchen festgestellt wird. Die Verformbarkeiten in-situ betragen meistens 20 bis 60 Prozent der im Labor erhaltenen Werte. Alle Resultate zeigen, daß mehr In-situ-Versuche notwendig sind. Der Autor macht dazu einige Vorschläge.
    Abstract: Résumé L'effet d'échelle dans les mesures de propriétés mécaniques des massifs rocheux. On a fait une recherche bibliographique détaillée, pour étudier l'effet d'échelle sur les mesures de résistance et de déformabilité des masses rocheuses. On présente des résultats concernant les essais de résistance à la plaque, les essais de compression, et plusieurs types d'essais de déformabilité en place. Les résistances mesurées in-situ sont généralement une fraction de celles mesurées au laboratoire. Les déformabilités mesurées en place sont généralement entre 20 et 60 pour cent des valeurs au laboratoire. Tous les résultats que l'on a examiné indiquent la nécessité d'effectuer plus d'essais en place. L'auteur offre un certain nombre de suggestions.
    Notes: Summary Scale Effects in the Determination of Rock Mass Strength and Deformability An extensive literature search was conducted, to investigate the effect of the scale of testing on the measurement of strength and stiffness of rock masses. The results are presented for bearing capacity tests, compression tests, and several types of deformability tests. Field strength values are generally several times smaller than laboratory values. Field moduli generally appear to be between 20 per cent to 60 per cent of laboratory measured moduli. All strength and deformability results reviewed point to the great need for more field tests. Specific suggestions are given.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 12 (1980), S. 193-219 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Application of Geophysical Methods for an Engineering Geologic Investigation of a Dam Project of the Austrian Part of the Danube River In the neighbourhood of a variscian transform fault — the so called “Diendorfer Störung” — the Danube lowlands near the village of Melk are bordered on both sides by cristalline rocks, but below the gravel cover tertiary sediments with changing thickness have been found. For the geologic investigation different geophysical methods were applied: The total magnetic field intensity showed two local anomalies with amplitudes of 500 nanotesla. These anomalies were caused by serpentine in the cristalline basement. The interpretation of gravity measurements was done by model studies using three dimensional calculations with variable density by Talwani. A good accordance of drilling results and model depth was achieved. The interpretation of refraction seismic profiles was performed by a uniform routine. The first step was a reduction of the near surface layers above the water level, which had been investigated by additional hammer seismic measurements. The basement rocks showed a weathered layer of low velocity. The seismics yield the discontinuity to the not weathered cristalline. The velocity distribution with depth had been measured with a down hole geophone cable and by Sonic Log measurement. Data of Radioactive-Logs, Density-Logs, Electrical-Logs, and Sonic-Logs are interpreted. A comparison of the different geophysical methods and their utility was possible by using the result of exploratory drilling.
    Abstract: Résumé Application des méthodes géophysiques pour un projet de barrage entrepris sur la partie autrichienne du Danube A proximité de la dislocation horizontale variscique — appelée “Diendorfer Störung” — le terrain bas du Danube à proximité de la ville de Melk (Basse Autriche) est délimité au nord et au sud par des roches cristallines. En dessous de la couche de cailloutis on a cependant trouvé des sédiments tertiaires à épaisseur variable. Pour les investigations sur le plan de la géologie appliquée de différentes méthodes géophysiques furent appliquées. L'intensité totale du champ magnétique terrestre a montré deux anomalies locales ayant des amplitudes de 500 nanotesla. Ces anomalies sont causées par des blocs de serpentin au sein du fond rocheux cristallin. L'interprétation de l'intensité gravimétrique fut basée sur des études tridimensionnelles — modèle à densité variable selon Talwani. Un bon accord fut obtenu quant aux profondeurs calculées et aux résultats de forage. L'interprétation des profils sismiques-réfraction fut effectuée sur la base d'un programme uniforme. Dans un premier temps on fit la réduction des couches superposant la surface de la nappe phréatique qui furent examinées par des méthodes sismiques à coup de marteau. Les méthodes sismiques appliquées permettaient de localiser la discontinuité séparant le cristallin décomposé du cristallin intact. La distribution de la vitesse dépendant de la profondeur fut déterminée par des “Sonic-logs”. Les sondages de radioactivité, de densité de même que des sondages électriques et acoustiques furent interprétés. L'efficacité de l'application des différentes méthodes géophysiques fut démontrée par la comparaison avec les résultats des forages investigateurs.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Anwendung geophysikalischer Verfahren bei einem Kraftwerksprojekt an der österreichischen Donau Zur baugeologischen Vorerkundung für das Donaukraftwerk Melk wurden mehrere geophysikalische Meßverfahren in der Donauniederung westlich von Melk eingesetzt. Über die Ergebnisse der magnetischen Messung der Totalintensität, der gravimetrischen Messungen, der refraktionsseismischen sowie der elektrischen und der Bohrloch-Messungen wird berichtet und die Leistungsfähigkeit der verschiedenen Methoden miteinander verglichen.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 12 (1980), S. 258-258 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 12 (1980), S. 221-230 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A Quick and Reliable Method of Forecasting the Performance of Tunnel Cutting Machines The following study shows a method which — besides the procedures already known — permits not only to determine the basic drillability with regard to the nature of the rock itself, but also enables us to ascertain changes in the basic drillability caused by the structure of the rock masses. This is done by means of rebound values of the “Schmidt-hammer” and by way of a rock coefficient. If the rebound values are chosen and evaluated according to certain given rules it is possible, by means of geological and technical knowledge, to ascertain the penetration of any machine equipped with disc chisels. The same applies to the degree of potential scattering, i. e. one becomes aware of the risk.
    Abstract: Résumé Méthode rapide et sûre pour pronostiquer la puissance de forage. L'étude suivante présente une méthode — outre celles déjà connues — qui permet de déterminer non seulement la forabilité de base conditionnée par les caractéristiques de roche mais aussi les changements de cette forabilité dus à la nature des massifs rocheux. Ceci se fait à l'aide de valeurs de rebondissement du Schmidthammer et d'un coefficient de roche. Avec de bonnes connaissances en géologie et de la compréhension technologique la pénétration de toute machine à taillants à disques peut donc être déterminée, si les valeurs de rebondissement sont appliquées et évaluées selon les règles citées, et si le coefficient de roche est correctement établi. Il en est de même pour la mesure de la dispersion possible, c'est à dire, on développe une conscience du risque.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Schnelle und verläßliche Verfahren zur Prognostizierung der Fräsleistung Die nachfolgende Arbeit zeigt einen Weg, neben den schon bekannten Methoden zur Ermittlung der gesteinsbedingten Basis-Bohrbarkeit auch die gebirgsbedingten Änderungen dieser Basis-Bohrbarkeit zu erfassen. Dies erfolgt durch Rückprallwerte des Schmidthammers und einem Gesteinskoeffizienten. Werden Rückprallwerte nach bestimmten angeführten Regeln genommen und ausgewertet, der Gesteinskoeffizient richtig gebildet, kann bei geologischer Sachkenntnis, gepaart mit technischem Verständnis, für jede Maschine bei Diskenmeißeln die Penetration ermittelt werden. Dies gilt auch für das Maß der möglichen Streuung, d. h. das Risiko wird bewußt.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 13 (1980), S. 23-38 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Einfluβ von Scherstrukturen auf die Auswahl von Abbaumethoden Beobachtungen unter Tag und phänomenologische Studien haben gezeigt, daß in söhligen und flach einfallenden Kohleschichten drei Arten von Deformationen angetroffen werden können: Extrusionen einzelner Lagen, Extrusion des gesamten Flözes und ungleichmäßige Extrusion mehrerer Lagen des Flözes. Solche Verformungen kommen vor allem in stark zerklüfteten Kohleschichten mit überwiegend glänzenden, weichen Lagen vor. Extrusionverformungen sind nur für bituminöse, leicht vergasbare Kohlen charakteristisch; andere Kohlearten sind für diese Art der Verformung zu spröd und zu hart. Um das Phänomen der Extrusionsverformung quantitativ erfassen zu können, wurde im Laboratorium die Scherfestigkeit parallel zur Schichtung bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß der Anteil der scheinbaren Kohäsion an der maximalen Festigkeit zwischen den Kohlelagen variiert; die Werte der Restscherfestigkeit sind nahezu gleich.
    Abstract: Résumé L'influence de la structure des déformations du charbon par cisaillement sur la sélection des méthodes de minage Des observations souterraines et des études phénomènologiques ont montré que les structures minières, dans les couches charbonneuses horizontales ou en faible pente, peuvent avoir trois modes principaux de déformation: extrusion d'une couche individuelle de charbon, extrusion intégrale et extrusion différentielle. De telles déformations existent préférentiellement dans les couches charbonneuses très fracturées avec une majorité de bandes de charbon doux et brillant. Ce type de déformation n'est charbons d'autres rangs étant plus cassants et durs. Pour quantifier ce phénomène de déformation par extrusion, des tests en laboratoire ont été menés sur la résistance au cisaillement parallèle aux laminations. Les résultats expérimentaux ont montré que la résistance maximum entre les couches de charbon varie en fonction de la valeur apparente de cohésion, mais les forces résiduelles de resistance au cisaillement sont à peu près les mêmes.
    Notes: Summary Influence of Shear Deformation Structures in Coal on Selecting Methods of Mining Underground observations and phenomenological studies have shown that in flat and gently dipping coal seams, mine structures may have three modes of deformation: individual coal layer extrusion, integral coal layer extrusion, and differential coal layer extrusion. Such deformations occur preferentially in moderately fractured coal seams with a majority of bright soft coal bands. Extrusion deformation is characteristic only of low volatile bituminous coals, as coals of other ranks are more brittle and harder. To quantify the phenomenon of extrusion deformation, shearing resistance parallel to lamination has been tested in the laboratory. The results show that the apparent cohesion between coal layers varies at peak strength, but residual shear strengths are almost the same.
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    Mineralogy and petrology 27 (1980), S. 17-34 
    ISSN: 1438-1168
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    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the western Goldeck mountains (Carinthia, Austria) subvocanic dykes of lower Tertiary age crosscut garnet-mica schists and quartz-phyllites of the eastern alpine crystalline unit. According to their major element chemistry and trace elements patterns they belong to the alkalibasaltic rock-suite. The dykesare unmetamorphosed and show primary mineral assemblage with augite-salite (only as relics), zoned brown amphiboles (kaersutite—Mg-hastingsite-titanian Fe-pargasite with recurrent zones ± green hastingsite-rims) and biotite enriched with Ti. The matrix consists of alkali/feldspar and amphiboles. There are amygdules filled with anorthoclase and anlbite. Quartz, calcite and chlorite are frequent alteration products. The lamprophyre dykes indicate the end of the alpidic crystallisation and deformation of the Goldeck mountains. The dykes are assumed to be of oligocene age. The fast movement of the intraplate basalts from the upper mantle towards the surface without further fractionation can be related to lateral displacement in the area of the periadriatic lineament. We suggest the occurrence of both the alkalibasaltic dykesand calc-alkalic magmatic rocks (e. g. Kreuzeck mountains, Pohorje), which are probably of the same age, in Carinthia and East Tyrol, is due to melting processes at the end of the subducted penninic plate.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In der W Goldeckgruppe durchschlagen paläogene subvulkanische Gänge (bis zu 4 m mächtig) Granatglimmerschiefer und Quarzphyllite des ostalpinen Kristallins. Aufgrund ihrer Haupt- und Spurenelementgeochemie gehören sie der alkalibasaltischen Gesteinsreihe an. Die Ganggesteine sind nichtmetamorph und zeigen den primärmagmatischen Mineralbestand mit der Kristallisationsfolge Augit-Salit (reliktisch vorhanden), zonierte braune Amphibole (Kaersutit-Mg-Hastingsit-Ti-führender Fe-Pagasit mit Rekurrenzzonen ± einem grünen Hastingsitrand) und Ti-führender Biotit, die Grundmasse wird aus Alkalifeldspäten und Amphibolen aufgebaut. Vereinzelt treten Mandeln mit Anorthoklasen und Analbiten auf. Quarz, Kalzit und Chlorit als Umwandlungsprodukte sind häufig. Auf Grund des undeformierten Gefüges und des noch erhaltenen primären Mineralbestandes markieren die Lamprophyre das Ende der alpidischen Kristallisation und Deformation im Goldeckgebiet; oligozänes Alter der Gänge wird vermutet. Das schnelle Aufdringen dieser “intraplate basalts” aus dem oberen Mantel ohne weitere Fraktionierung wird mit Horizontalverschiebungen im Bereich des periadriatischen Lineamentes in Zusammenhang gebracht. Es wird versucht, das gemeinsame Auftreten alkalibasaltischer Gesteine und wahrscheinlich altersgleicher kalkalkalischer Magmatite (z. B. Kreuzeckgruppe, Bachergebirge) in Kärnten und Osttirol mit Schmelzprozessen am Ende der abtauchenden penninischen Platte zu erklären.
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    Mineralogy and petrology 27 (1980), S. 67-78 
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    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Vier Zeolithe mit Stilbitstruktur (ein Stellerit, ein Barrerit und zwei Stilbite) wurden einem Ionenaustausch mit Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Gd und La unterworfen. Mit Ausnahme der K- und Rb-Phasen findet mit steigender Temperatur eine Gitterkontraktion statt, bis schließlich ein Zerfall der Gerüststruktur einsetzt. Sowohl Kontraktion wie auch Zerfall können auf die Anziehungskräfte der großen Kationen zurückgeführt werden. Bei gleicher Ionenladung besteht ferner ein Zusammenhang zwischen der Temperatur des Gerüstzerfalls und dem Ionenradius. Auch die chemische Zusammensetzung des Gerüstes beeinflußt den Gitterzerfall, der mit steigendem Si-Gehalt bei höheren Temperaturen eintritt.
    Notes: Summary Four zeolites with the stilbite framework, namely one stellerite, one barrerite and two stilbites were exchanged with Li, Na, K, Rb, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Gd, La. Except for the K- and Rb-forms, the heat behaviour of the exchanged phases is characterized by a contraction followed by the destruction of the framework at higher temperatures. Both contraction and destruction are due to the attractive force of the extraframework cations and a good correlation between the destruction temperature and ionic radius of equal-charged cations was found. The framework composition also influences the destruction temperature, which increases with increasing Si content.
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    Mineralogy and petrology 27 (1980), S. 41-66 
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    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 35 Mikrobrekzien-Fragmente aus der Bodenprobe von Mar Foecunditatis, die von der unbemannten Sonde Luna 16 aufgesammelt wurde, sind in polierten Dünnschliffen mikroskopisch und mittels Elektronenstrahl-Mikrosonde untersucht worden. Pauschalzusammensetzungen der Mikrobrekzien-Fragmente wurden mittels integrierender Elektronen-Raster-Technik und die zusammensetzungen der Komponenten (Pyroxen, Olivin, Plagioklas, Minerale der Spinell-Gruppe und Gläser) mittels konventioneller Elektronenstrahl-Mikroanalyse bestimmt. Resultate: Die Mikrobrekzien-Fragmente unterscheiden sich in ihrer Pauschalzusammensetzung deutlich von den Aluminiumreichen Basaltfragmenten derselben Bodenprobe: FeO- und Alkaligehalte und das FeO/ MgO-Verhältnis sind niedriger und der Cr2O3-Gehalt ist höher in den Mikrobrekzien-Fragmenten. Weiters sind die Mikrobrekzien-Fragmente meist Olivin-normativ, während die Basaltfragmente meist Quarz-normativ sind. Auch die Pyroxenzusammensetzungen in den Mikrobrekzien-Fragmenten unterscheiden sich deutlich von jenen der Basaltfragmente durch einen hohen Anteil an Mg-reichen und Ca-armen Pyroxenen, die in den Basaltfragmenten nicht vorkommen. Weiters konnten Pyroxferroite, die typisch für die Luna 16 Basaltfragmente sind, in den Mikrobrekzien-Fragmenten nicht gefunden werden. Die Plagioklas-Zusammensetzungen in den Mikrobrekzien-Fragmenten zeigen ein ausgeprägtes Häufigkeitsmaximum bei ⊂) An95, wogegen das Maximum der Plagioklase in den Basaltfragmenten bei ⊂) An90 liegt. Die Zusammensetzung der Gläser in den Mikrobrekzien-Fragmenten und in den Bodenproben außerhalb der Fragmente ist identisch. Schlußfolgerungen: Die analytischen Daten zeigen, daß an der Luna 16 Landestelle zwei Basalttypen weit verbreitet sind. Der eine Typ ist durch die 3.42×109 Jahre alten Aluminium-reichen Basaltfragmente vertreten, der andere durch die Hauptkomponente der Mikrobrekzienfragmente und basaltischen Gläser. Letzterer repräsentiert einen bisher nicht bekannten Basalttyp vom Mond, der Olivin- und Plagioklas-reich ist und einen niedrigen Spurenelementgehalt hat. Die errechnete Häufigkeit der Seltenen Erden ist etwa 10× chondritische Häufigkeit und weitesgehend unfraktioniert. Dieser neue Basalttyp scheint somit einer der primitivsten zu sein, den wir bisher vom Monde kennen. Er repräsentiert wahrscheinlich eine Schmelze, die durch einen hohen Grad von partieller Aufschmelzung eines plagioklasführenden Ausgangsgesteins in einer Tiefe von etwa 60–100 km entstand. Dieser Basalttyp stellt wahrscheinlich ältere Füllungen des Mare Foecunditatis dar, welche später durch jüngere Basaltergüsse größtenteils bedeckt wurden. Diese jüngeren Basalte sind durch die Basaltfragmente repräsentiert und sind durch hohe Spurenelementgehalte charakterisiert. Die Zusammensetzung der jüngeren Basalte kann durch eine relativ geringe und jene der älteren (Brekzien-) Basalte durch einen hohen Grad partieller Aufschmelzung eines ähnlichen Ausgangsgesteines erklärt werden.
    Notes: Summary Thirty five microbreccia fragments from Mare Fecunditatis recovered by the Luna 16 unmanned mission were studied inPTS by optical microscopy. Bulk compositions were determined by scanning electron beam analysis, and microbreccia constituents (pyroxene, olivine, plagioclase, spinel-group minerals, glasses) were analyzed with the electron microprobe. Results: Microbreccia fragments have bulk and mineral compositions distinctly different from those of aluminous basalt fragments from the same site: FeO, alkalis and FeO/MgO are lower and Cr2O3 is higher in the microbreccia fragments. Furthermore, microbreccia fragments are predominantly olivine-normative, whereas the basalt fragments are predominantly quartz-normative. In addition, in the microbreccia fragments, pyroxene compositions cover the range typical of pyroxenes from Luna 16 basalts but extend to more Mg-rich and Ca-poor compositions. Pyroxferroites found in aluminous basalt fragments were not observed in the microbreccia fragments. Plagioclase populations cluster at ⊂) An95 in the microbreccia fragments as compared to ⊂) An90 in the basalt fragments. Compositions of basaltic glasses from within the microbreccia fragments are similar to those from the soil. Conclusions: We found evidence that at the Luna 16 site, two major basalt types are present. One is represented by the 3.42 b.y. old aluminous basalt fragments, the other by the dominant component in the microbreccia fragments and basaltic glasses. The microbreccia fragments and basaltic glasses represent a here tofore unknown lunar basalt type for which we calculate a flatREE pattern with abundances approximately 10× chondritic, thus making it one of the most primitive basalt types known from the Moon. We suggest that this basalt type formed by a relatively high degree of partial melting of a plagioclase bearing source rock at about 60–100 km depth. We further suggest that this basalt type represents older mare fillings now largely covered by younger flows. These younger flows are represented by the aluminous basalt fragments, a rock type that may have formed from a similar source rock by a relatively low degree of partial melting.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurden die Flüssigkeitseinschlüsse von Gesteins- und Kluftquarzen aus den Eklogiten und glaukophanführenden Gesteinen des südlichen Großvenedigergebietes und aus Granatamphiboliten und Kalkglimmerschiefern aus dem Bereich des Großglockners (Österreich) mikrothermometrisch untersucht. Die ältesten Flüssigkeitseinschlüsse der Eklogite bestehen nur aus CO2 mit einer sehr hohen Dichte bis 1.15 g/cm3. Aus dieser Dichte und den Temperaturen der eklogitbildenden Mineralreaktionen kann für diese nur CO2 enthaltenden Einschlüsse ein Einschließungsdruck von etwa 8 kb errechnet werden, der mit den aus den Mineralreaktionen in den Eklogiten abgeleiteten Druckwerten übereinstimmt. Die aus Eklogiten durch Diaphtorese hervorgegangenen Amphibolite aus dem Gebiet des Großglockners enthalten keine CO2-Einschlüsse hoher Dichte mehr. Es treten dort ausschließlich CO2- und H2O-führende Einschlüsse auf. Das CO2 dieser Einschlüsse hat eine deutlich niedrigere Dichte als das CO2 der Einschlüsse in den Eklogiten.
    Notes: Summary Fluid inclusions in rock forming quartz and in quartz from veins and Alpine fissures from eclogites and glaucophane bearing rocks of the southern Grossvenediger area as well as from amphibolitized eclogites and calcareous mica schists from the Grossglockner area (Austria) have been studied by microthermometry. The oldest fluid inclusions in the eclogites contain only CO2 and are characterized by a very high density up to 1.15 g/cm3. From eclogite forming temperatures in the range of 500 to 550°C a trapping pressure of about 8 kb results for these inclusions. This pressure is in good agreement with that derived from the eclogite-forming mineral reactions. The amphibolites formed by retrogressive metamorphism from the eclogites show fluid inclusions containing H2O and CO2, the densities of the CO2 being much lower compared to those of the fluid inclusions from the unaltered eclogites.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Bien que généralement on croie que les amygdales de carbonate dans les volcanites sont d'origine diagénétique, les auteurs croient que la plupart des inclusions de carbonate dans les roches volcaniques amygdalaires examinées en Sicile (Italie), Pindos (Grèce), Bohéme (Tehecoslovaquie), ont une différente origine. D'après une étude minéralogique, pétrologique et géochimique on peut considérer ces amygdales comme des restes d'incorporation magmatique de carbonate. Partant l'identification de globules de carbonate dans les roches volcaniques, d'après les observations conduites en campagne est inadéquat à distinguer les amygdales véritables d'avec les rests d'assimilation de carbonate. On propose une nomenclature de différents types d'inclusions. Les données isotopiques suggèrent que l'incorporation de matérial carbonné par le magma aurait lieu sans aucun rémarquable fractionnement isotopique du carbonate. Cette étude suggère qu'une quantité limitée de carbonate pourrait se dissoudre dans un magma basaltique-alcaline. L'ultérieure adjonction de quantités modérées de carbonate dégage une immiscibilité liquide dans le magma. Nos conclusions, d'accord avec les évidences expérimentelles (Wyllie, 1974), sont contraires à l'hypothèse de la syntexie du calcaire pour la génération de magmas feldspathoidiques par magmas subalcalins. On suggère même un modèle possible d'interaction entre le magma et le carbonate.
    Notes: Summary Even though carbonate amygdules in volcanics are generally assumed to be diagenetic in origin, the authors are of the opinion that almost all carbonate inclusions in the investigated amygdaloidal volcanic rocks from Sicily (Italy), Pindos (Greece) and Bohemia (Czechoslovakia), have a different origin. On the basis of a mineralogical, petrological and geochemical study these “amygdules” are interpreted as being remains ofmagmatic incorporation of carbonate. Therefore, the identification of carbonate globules in volcanics purely on field observations, is inadequate to distinguish true amygdules from carbonate assimilation remnants. A nomenclature of the various types of inclusions is proposed. The isotopic data suggest that the incorporation of carbonatic material by magma could have taken place without any significant modification of the isotopic composition of the carbonate. This study suggests that limited amounts of carbonate could be dissolved in alkali basalt magma; the further addition of moderate amounts of carbonate develops liquid immiscibility. Our inclusions, in agreement with the experimental evidence (Wyllie, 1974), are contrary to the limestone syntexis hypothesis for the generation of feldspathoidal magmas from subalkaline magmas. A possible model of interaction between magma and carbonate is also suggested.
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    Mineralogy and petrology 27 (1980), S. 187-199 
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    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The crystal structure of the new mineral warikahnite, Zn3[(H2O)2|(AsO4)2], was determined from diffractometer data and refined toR=0,038 for 3428 observed independent reflections. Warikahnit is triclinic, $$P\bar 1$$ , witha=6.710(1),b=8.989(2),c=14.533(2) Å, α=105.59(1), β=93.44(1), γ=108.68(1)°,Z=4. The crystal structure of warikahnite contains 6 different coordination polyhedra of zinc with the coordination numbers 6,5 and 4 and with 5 different combinations of ligand. The hydrogen bonds are discussed on the basis of charge balance and IR spectra.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Kristallstruktur des neuen Minerals Warikahnit, Zn3[(H2O)2|(AsO4)2], wurde mit Diffraktometerdaten bestimmt und bis zuR=0,038 für 3428 unabhängige Reflexe verfeinert. Warikahnit ist triklin, $$P\bar 1$$ , mita=6,710(1),b=8,989(2),c=14,533(2) Å, α=105,59(1), β=93,44(1), γ=108,68(1)°,Z=4. Die Kristallstruktur des Warikahnits enthält sechs unterschiedliche Koordinationspolyeder des Zinks mit den Koordinationszahlen 6, 5 und 4 und mit fünf verschiedenen Ligandenkombinationen. Die Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen werden mit Hilfe der Ladungsbilanz und des IR-Spektrums diskutiert.
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    Mineralogy and petrology 27 (1980), S. 201-208 
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    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Hey(1936) hat auf die Widersprüche in der Bestimmung des Metaskolezites (Michel, 1920) aus der Horní Jílové (Ober Eulau) Lokalität in Nordböhmen aufmerksam gemacht. Auf Grund einer Revisionsstudie wurde dieses Mineral als ein aus dieser Lokalität bisher nicht beschriebener Zeolit, nämlich Mesolit, bestimmt. Das Mineral wurde mit optischen, chemischen, thermischen, IR-spektroskopischen und röntgenometrischen Methoden identifiziert. Die radial-strahligen Aggregate des Mesolits kommen in den Phonolitintrusionen vor. In terminalen Teilen gehen sie oft in Skolezit über.
    Notes: Summary Hey(1936) called attention to discrepancies in the identification of the metascolecite (Michel, 1920) from the Horní Jílové (Ober Eulau) locality in Bohemia. In a check study this mineral has been determined as mesolite, a zeolite hitherto not described from this locality. The mineral was identified using optical, chemical, thermal, IR-spectroscopic and X-ray methods. Radial aggregates of mesolite occur in fissures of contact metamorphosed marls in the proximity of a phonolite intrusion. In terminal parts mesolite often changes into scolecite.
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    Mineralogy and petrology 27 (1980), S. 225-230 
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    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Auf orientiert geschliffenen (100) und (001) Kristallplatten von Ilvait wurde das Reflexionsvermögen in Luft und in Öl mit linear polarisiertem Licht bei verschiedenen Wellenlängen gemessen. Aus den Reflexionswerten wurden die Brechungsindices und Absorptionskonstanten berechnet.n α zeigt im Gegensatz zun β undn γ eine auffallend starke Dispersion. Für die Berechnung vonn γ kann die Absorptionskonstante vernachlässigt werden. Nach der Aufstellung der Elementarzelle vonBelov undMokeeva (1954) mit den Gitterkonstantena 0=8,82,b 0=13,07,c 0=5,86 Å schwingtn α parallel [001],n β parallel [100] undn γ parallel [010]. Der Ilvait ist optisch negativ.
    Notes: Summary The reflectance of oriented crystal faces parallel (100) and (001) of ilvaite was measured in air and in oil at different wavelengths with linearly polarized light. Refractive indices and absorption constants were calculated from the reflectance values. In contrast ton β andn γ,n α has a strong dispersion. For the calculation ofn γ the absorption constant can be neglected. According to the unit cell ofBelov andMokeeva (1954) with the lattice constantsa 0=8.82,b 0=13.07,c 0=5.86 Å,n α vibrates parallel to [001]n β parallel to [100] andn γ parallel to [010]. Ilvaite is optically negative.
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    Mineralogy and petrology 27 (1980), S. 261-266 
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    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Brenkite crystallizes in space groupPbcn witha=7.650(2),b=7.550(2),c=6.548(2) Å. The crystal structure has been refined toR=0.023 for 840 unique reflections. Calcium is irregularly coordinated by four flourine and three oxygen atoms with mean distances Ca-F and Ca-O of 2.388 and 2.426 Å respectively. The CO3-group is planar with C-O-distances of 1.279 (2×) and 1.297 Å.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Brenkit, Ca2F2CO3, kristallisiert in der RaumgruppePbcn mita=7,650(2),b=7,550(2) undc=6,548(2) Å. Die Kristallstruktur wurde bis zu einemR-Wert von 0,023 für 840 unabhängige Reflexe verfeinert. Kalzium ist unregelmäßig von vier Fluor-und drei Sauerstoff-Atomen koordiniert mit mittleren Ca-F und Ca-O-Abständen von 2,388 Å bzw. 2,426 Å. Die CO3-Gruppe ist vollständig eben mit C-O-Abständen von 1,279 (2×) und 1,297 Å.
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    Mineralogy and petrology 27 (1980), S. 283-284 
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    Mineralogy and petrology 27 (1980), S. 233-260 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The extensive siderite mineralization of the Hüttenberg deposit is restricted to marble series of the “Saualm Crystalline”. The Ordovician to Devonian age of this metamorphic complex and its Variscan structure is well substantiated. Large-scale tectonic investigations show that the main directions of the B-axes of all types of rocks occurring within the deposit have the same directions. This is also confirmed by investigations of the grain texture: B- as well as S-tectonite orientation can be found. The macroscopically visibles is also attributed to this strong Variscan folding as (h0l)-plane. The axial directions which can be inferred from this orientation coincide exactly with the Variscan large-scale and small-scale folds. Influence of a pre-Variscan or Alpidic phase can also be observed. There is also a distinct orientation of growth fabric. No clear conclusions could be drawn, however, as to their origin. The detection of metasomatic processes neither gives any information as to the process of enrichment nor does it mean that the entire content of the deposit has been added by metasomatic exchange of matter. It is concluded that a mobilization of already existing iron has taken place during the Variscan orogenesis. Such depositional processes could be released to a minor extent only by the fracture tectonics of the Alpidic orogenesis. Thus, quantitative evidence is provided for the first time to show that this “metasomatic” deposit has, in fact, been derived from pre-metamorphic sedimentary iron concentrations.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die mächtigen Sideritvererzungen der Lagerstätte Hüttenberg sind auf Marmorzüge des Saualmkristallins beschränkt, dessen ordovizisch-silurisch-devonisches Alter und dessen durch die variszische, synmetamorphe Orogenese geprägter Bau heute als weitgehend gesichert angesehen wird. Großtektonische Untersuchungen zeigen, daß die B-Achsenhauptrichtungen aller im Bereich der Lagerstätte auftretenden Gesteinstypen, einschließlich derer der vererzten Partien, gleichgerichtet sind. Das wird auch durch die Korngefügeuntersuchungen bestätigt: deutlich tritt sowohl eine B- wie auch S-Tektonitregelung hervor, wobei dieser starken Formung auch das makroskopisch sichtbares als (h0l)-Fläche zuordenbar ist und die aus der Tektonitregelung erschließbaren Achsen in ihrer Richtung mit den variszisch angelegten Groß- und Kleinfalten übereinstimmen. Eine die variszische Orogenese überdauernde Thermometamorphose hat die bestehenden Regelungen nicht verwischt, ein Einfluß einer vorvariszischen oder einer alpidischen Phase ist im Korngefüge nicht nachweisbar. Erhalten sind auch Wachstumsgefügeregelungen, die aber wegen ihrer Mehrdeutigkeit keine klaren Schlußfolgerungen über ihre Entstehung erlauben. Die Korngefügeuntersuchungen bestätigen auch, daß der Metasomatose bei der Ausbildung der Lagerstätte in ihrer heutigen Form eine wesentliche Rolle zukommt. Der Nachweis metasomatischer Prozesse sagt aber nichts über den eigentlichen Eisenanreicherungsvorgang aus und bedeutet keinesfalls, daß der Lagerstätteninhalt durch metasomatischen Stoffaustausch zugeführt wurde. Es wird vielmehr auf eine Mobilisation schon primär vorhandenen Eisens durch Druck- und Temperaturerhöhung während der variszischen Orogenese und der damit verbundenen Thermometamorphose geschlossen; die Bruchtektonik der alpidischen Gebirgsbildungsphase konnte solche lagerstättenbildende Prozesse nur mehr in geringem Maß auslösen.
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    Mineralogy and petrology 27 (1980), S. 153-167 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the low-grade metamorphic pelitic rocks of the Venn-Stavelot Massif, Ardennes, the muscovite-paragonite solid solutions reflect inconsistent temperatures of equilibration. Paragonites display suitably constant chemical compositions while the compositions of muscovites vary considerably. This behavior is attributed to disequilibria between the two phases. The degree of disequilibration depends on the tectonic shearing, which has acted on the rocks, and on the associated mineral assemblages. By a method of extrapolation from high- to low-grade disequilibria chemical compositions can be obtained for both micas, which reflect metamorphic conditions similar to those shown by other petrological indicators. The compositions of paragonite correspond to these “equilibrium” compositions fairly well within the limits of error. The muscovite compositions, however, deviate considerably. This may be explained by variations in the fixation of Na and K in sheet silicates.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Mischkristallbildungen von Muskovit und Paragonit spiegeln in den niedriggradig metamorphen Peliten des Venn-Stavelot Massivs, Ardennen, inkonsistente Äquilibrierungstemperaturen wider. Während Paragonit weitgehend konstante chemische Zusammensetzungen aufweist, variieren die Zusammensetzungen des Muskovits in weiten Grenzen. Diese Divergenz wird auf Ungleichgewichte zwischen den beiden Glimmern zurückgeführt. Der Grad des Ungleichgewichts ist zum einen von der tektonischen Durchbewegung der Gesteine, zum anderen von der Mineralvergesellschaftung in den verschiedenen Gesteinen abhängig. Durch eine Extrapolation über den Grad des Ungleichgewichts lassen sich in grober Näherung jedoch chemische Zusammensetzungen für die Glimmer erschließen, die eine metamorphe Beanspruchung für die Gesteine beschreiben, wie sie auch durch andere petrologische Indikatoren angezeigt wird. Innerhalb der Fehlergrenzen entsprechen die Zusammensetzungen des Paragonits dieser “Gleichgewichtszusammensetzung”, die Muskovitzusammensetzungen weichen jedoch zum Teil stark ab. Eine Erklärung für das unterschiedliche Verhalten der Glimmer bei der Gleichgewichtseinstellung bietet möglicherweise die unterschiedlich starke Fixierung von Na und K in Schichtsilikaten.
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    Keywords: Altersbestimmungen ; Rb−Sr, K−Ar ; 3-T-Hellglimmer ; permischer Granit ; alpidische Metamorphose ; Koralpe ; Wolfsberg ; SE-Österreich ; Ostalpen ; Age determination ; Rb−Sr, K−Ar ; 3-T-white mica ; Permian granite ; Alpidic metamorphism ; Koralpe ; Wolfsberg ; SE-Austria ; Eastern Alps
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The Rb−Sr-whole rock isochron of the granite gneiss of Wolfsberg (Koralpe, Carinthia, Austria) yields an age of 258±11 my, with an initial ratio of 0.7046±0.0028. The mineral cooling ages provide conclusive proof for the Alpidic metamorphism: White micas: Rb−Sr: 80 a. 79±3 my; K−Ar: 78 a. 75±3 my. Biotites: Rb−Sr: 77−73±3 my; K−Ar: 80±3 my (5, resp. 3 samples). The 3-T-modification of a white mica is reported for the first time from Austria. The polyphase history of the granite gneiss and its tectonic position are discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Granitgneis von Wolfsberg, Koralpe, Kärnten, konnte mit einer Rb−Sr-Gesamtgesteins-isochrone als jungpermisch mit 258±11 M.J. bestimmt werden, mit einem initialen 87 Sr/86 Sr-Verhältnis von 0,7046±0,0028. Die alpidische Metamorphose wird durch Mineralabkühlalter an Hellglimmern und Biotiten eindeutig belegt: Hellglimmer: Rb−Sr: 80 und 79±3 M. J.; K−Ar: 78 und 75±3 M.J. Biotite: Rb−Sr: 77−73±3 M.J.; K−Ar: 80±3 M. J. (5, bzw. 3 Proben). Von den Hellglimmern wird zum ersten Mal für Österreich eine reine 3-T-Modifikation beschrieben. Die mehrphasige Geschichte des Granitgneises und seine tektonische Position werden diskutiert.
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    Mineralogy and petrology 27 (1980), S. 209-223 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A statistical study of the variations of (OH+F) content of 392 micas (muscovites, biotites, lithium micas) has been undertaken. In muscovites and lithium-aluminium micas, the fluctuation of (OH+F) content can be explain by analytical errors in determination of H2O+ and F. In ferrous lithium micas the mean content of (OH+F) is 4.62 at. per unit cell. Converted to oxonium H3O+, this excess is equal to the K+ deficiency. Biotites and phlogopites are hydroxyl deficient (x = 3,59). This can be explained if it is assumed that all Fe3+ present is due to auto-oxydation of Fe2+ with loss of H+ to maintain charge neutrality. A discussion of the cationic variations introduced in the calculation of the structural formulae is given.
    Notes: Résumé On a étudié statistiquement les variations de (OH+F) dans 392 micas (muscovites, biotites, micas lithiques). Dans les muscovites et les micas lithiques alumineux l'écart du nombre de (OH+F) à la valeur théorique apparait dû à des erreurs de dosage de H2O+. Dans les micas lithiques ferreux on observe une moyenne de 4,62 (OH+F)/maille. Cet excès en (OH+F), exprimé en oxonium H3O+, correspond au déficit en cations XII. Dans les micas ferromagnésiens (biotites, phlogopites) on observe un déficit en (OH+F) (x = 3,59). On rend compte de ce déficit en supposant que Fe3+ présent dans la structure est dû à une oxydation in situ par déprotonation. Les conséquences quant aux erreurs introduites sur le nombre de cations lors du calcul de la formule structurale sont discutées.
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    Mineralogy and petrology 27 (1980), S. 231-232 
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    Mineralogy and petrology 27 (1980), S. 267-273 
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    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The rare earth elements (REE) contents of some fluorites from the Estern Alps have been determined by neutron activation analysis (La: 1.4–15.2 ppm; Ce: 3.2–28.4 ppm; Tb: 0.28–0.71 ppm). According to a method developed byMöller, Schneider et al. (1976, 1977) the fluorites can be recognized as having formed from hydrothermal systems associated with areas of high heat flow. The latter developed in connection with plate tectonic processes linked to the Alpine orogeny.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Gehalte an Seltenen Erd-Elementen einiger ostalpiner Fluorite wurden mittels Neutronen-Aktivierung bestimmt (La: 1,4–15,2 ppm; Ce: 3,2–28,4 ppm; Tb: 0,28–0,71 ppm). Aufgrund der vonMöller, Schneider et al. (1976, 1977) entwickelten Methodik kann für die untersuchten Fluorite hydrothermale Bildung angenommen werden. Die “Hydrothermen” werden als tiefvadose Wässer gedeutet, die durch einen erhöhten Wärmefluß aus der Tiefe im Gefolge plattentektonischer Vorgänge aufgeheizt wurden.
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    Naturwissenschaften 67 (1980), S. 1-6 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract The first total synthesis of an organic compound, that of the hydrocyanide by C.W. Scheele in 1783 is remembered and it is pointed to its significant effect on further famous syntheses in the first half of the 19th century. A nearly unknown reaction done by J.W. Döbereiner in 1816 is considered as the precursor of today's technical important syntheses of hydrocarbons and other organic products starting from coal and water. Short biographies of Scheele and Döbereiner are included.
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    Naturwissenschaften 67 (1980), S. 7-13 
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    Notes: Abstract Three systems are investigated. (1) A strong corrosion of the polycristalline n-TiO2 semiconductor occurs when it is used as an anode in the Fujishima-Honda cell. A probable reaction mechanism for O2 production is suggested. (2) By illumination of the MB+ −Fe2+ system (λ〈 400 nm; pH 2) H atoms are formed as a consequence of energy transfer from the dye to ferrous ions. H-attack on the dye explains the observed instability of the system. (3) Using tris-(2.2′-bipyridyl)-Ru(II)-complexes containing 2 W/W% Eu or Pr, respectively, as photocatalysts for water photolysis a very low hydrogen yield and a strong decomposition of the complex was established.
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    Notes: Abstract The southern Namib desert has a vegetation cover of mainly succulent plants in which species of the Mesembryanthemaceae are predominant. Climatically this area is characterized by hot and dry days, and cool and humid nights with episodic rainfalls only in winter. In this environment a great number of species perform a crassulaceaen acid metabolism (CAM). The responses of these plants to water stress as well as the regulation of CAM in the natural habitat are described and discussed.
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    Naturwissenschaften 67 (1980), S. 29-34 
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    Notes: Abstract The increasing interest in the parasites of man in the Federal Republic of Germany is connected with the unbounded keenness of German people to travel. They favor southern regions with warm climates which are usually infested with parasites. Thus the general practitioner is nowadays confronted in his daily routine with “imported” pathogenic organisms and diseases as yet unknown to him or with which he need not have reckoned in the past. Furthermore, new information now exists on the development of well-known parasites of our regions, which can be pathogenic to man. Fortunately, new reliable drugs have come on the market, rendering some parasitic diseases harmless.
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    Naturwissenschaften 67 (1980), S. 36-37 
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    Naturwissenschaften 67 (1980), S. 511-512 
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    Naturwissenschaften 67 (1980), S. 515-516 
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    Naturwissenschaften 67 (1980), S. 518-520 
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    Naturwissenschaften 67 (1980), S. 40-41 
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    Naturwissenschaften 67 (1980), S. 43-44 
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    Naturwissenschaften 67 (1980), S. 44-45 
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    Naturwissenschaften 67 (1980), S. 48-49 
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    Naturwissenschaften 67 (1980), S. 47-48 
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    Naturwissenschaften 67 (1980), S. 50-52 
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    Naturwissenschaften 67 (1980), S. 484-487 
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    Notes: Abstract The theory of gravitation and the theory of elementary particles are designed to describe the most fundamental physical events. Both theories are governed by symmetric principles, space-time symmetries and symmetries in an internal space. These symmetries can both be combined to the so-called supersymmetry: Gauging of this symmetry leads to the theory of supergravity, a theory which could be a quantum field theory capable to describe all principle interactions.
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    Naturwissenschaften 67 (1980), S. 477-483 
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    Notes: Abstract Most branches of science pass through a “pioneering period” where different concepts and approaches create, for a while, a turbulent atmosphere until, on the basis of new experimental evidence, clear and durable principles emerge, which lead to a broad and continuous growth of basic understanding and practical application. The author of this article recalls how, temporarily, conflicting ideas created confusion in the chemistry and technology of giant molecules before these disciplines developed into what they are now: indispensable contributors to the comfort, safety and expansion of our society from medicine to astronautics.
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    Naturwissenschaften 67 (1980), S. 508-510 
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    Naturwissenschaften 67 (1980), S. 90-91 
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    Naturwissenschaften 67 (1980), S. 93-94 
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    Naturwissenschaften 67 (1980), S. 516-517 
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    Naturwissenschaften 67 (1980), S. 520-520 
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    Naturwissenschaften 67 (1980), S. 525-533 
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    Notes: Abstract We have suggested that certain plants rich in hydrocarbon-like materials might be cultivated for renewable photosynthetic products. Two species were selected for experimental plantations: Euphorbia lathyris, an annual from seed and Euphorbia tirucalli, a perennial from cuttings. The yield from each species is over 10 barrels of oil/acre/year without genetic or agronomic improvement. In addition to plants, there are trees, such as species of Copaifera in Brazil and other tropical areas, which produce a diesel-like oil upon tapping. Each tree produces approximately 40 liters of hydrocarbon per year, and this material can be used directly by a diesel-powered car. Further efforts to develop plants as alternate energy sources are underway, as well as a continuing search for additional plant species throughout the world which have a similar capability.
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    Naturwissenschaften 67 (1980), S. 560-561 
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    Naturwissenschaften 67 (1980), S. 147-148 
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    Naturwissenschaften 67 (1980), S. 151-153 
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    Naturwissenschaften 67 (1980), S. 256-258 
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    Naturwissenschaften 67 (1980), S. 262-263 
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    Naturwissenschaften 67 (1980), S. 169-173 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract The Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) on board of SEASAT was the first non-military satellite-borne radar producing high-resolution images of the earth. Several examples of European scenes are discussed to demonstrate the properties of presently available optically processed images.
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    Naturwissenschaften 67 (1980), S. 198-198 
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    Naturwissenschaften 67 (1980), S. 201-202 
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    Naturwissenschaften 67 (1980), S. 192-192 
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    Naturwissenschaften 67 (1980), S. 203-204 
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    Naturwissenschaften 67 (1980), S. 216-226 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract Only relatively few laboratories are actively engaged in thermoluminescence-dating of rocks and artifacts. Nearly all these laboratories combine the practical application with methodical developments, because thermoluminescence-dating is too complex in order to become a routine method in the near future. This article reviews the principles and new developments and the archaeological and geological applications of thermoluminescence-dating.
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    Naturwissenschaften 67 (1980), S. 452-452 
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    Naturwissenschaften 67 (1980), S. 318-320 
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    Naturwissenschaften 67 (1980), S. 463-465 
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    Naturwissenschaften 67 (1980), S. 354-356 
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