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  • Pisum  (22)
  • DNA  (19)
  • Chromatographie, Gas  (17)
  • Springer  (57)
  • American Institute of Physics
  • 2005-2009
  • 1980-1984  (57)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1980  (57)
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Keywords
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  • Springer  (57)
  • American Institute of Physics
Years
  • 2005-2009
  • 1980-1984  (57)
  • 1925-1929
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Current genetics 2 (1980), S. 79-85 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Meiosis ; Recombination ; DNA ; Saccharomyces
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In meiotic cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, reduction in molecular weights of DNA in alkaline sucrose gradients is observed concomittantly with premeiotic DNA replication and with commitment to recombination. Following the completion of the latter processes, higher molecular weights are obtained. These single-stranded breaks are found in both old and newly synthesised strands. Similar scissions in DNA are also found in a temperature-sensitive mutant (cdc40/cdc40), which does not undergo commitment to recombination at the restrictive temperature, and in vegetative wild type cells that were previously exposed to sporulation medium. The suggestion that these scissions are the physical manifestation of commitment to recombination is therefore rejected.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Chlamydomonas ; Chloroplast ; DNA ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The density, molecular weight, and cellular repetition of DNA molecules associated with the β-DNA satellite of the interfertile algae Chlamydomonas eugametos and C. moewusii are reported. The similarities between these values and those for the chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) in the related alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii indicate that these satellites represent cpDNA. The buoyant densities of C. eugametos and C. moewusii cpDNAs are indistinguishable from one another, as are those of their respective nuclear DNAs. These densities differ slightly from the densities of the homologous components of C. reinhardtii whole cell DNA. All three species differ with respect to additional minor satellite DNAs and low molecular weight DNAs of unknown cellular location. Differences in the Aval and Smal restriction endonuclease fragmentation patterns of C. eugametos and C. moewusii cpDNAs were employed to study the inheritance of cpDNA in an F1 hybrid which had inherited a non-Mendelian streptomycin resistance marker (sr-2) from the C. eugametos mating-type plus (mt +) parent and in two homoplasmic mitotic segregants from a B 1 hybrid (F1 × C. moewusii) which had been initially heteroplasmic for the resistance marker. Although the cpDNA patterns in the F1 hybrid were similar to those of the C. eugametos ml 1 parent, important differences were noted which suggest that recombination between C. eugametos and C. moewusii cpDNA had occurred. Homoplasmic streptomycin resistant and sensitive mitotic segregants recovered from the B1 hybrid product reveal Aval restriction patterns similar to those of the respective resistant and sensitive parents. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the sr-2 marker is located in cpDNA and that C. eugametos and C. moewusii cpDNA sequences can coexist in the same chloroplast and, at least sometimes, segregate without extensive recombination. The transmission of low molecular weight DNAs characteristic of C. moewusii but of unknown cellular origin shows no direct correlation with the transmission of the sr-2 marker.
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  • 3
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    Journal of molecular evolution 16 (1980), S. 95-110 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Evolutionary Divergence ; DNA ; Single copy ; Thermal Stability ; S1 Nuclease ; Hydroxyapatite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary New methods have been applied to the determination of single copy DNA sequence differences between the sea urchin speciesStrongylocentrotus purpuratus, S. franciscanus, S. drobachiensis, andLytechinus pictus. The thermal stability of interspecies DNA duplexes was measured in a solvent (2.4 M tetraethylammonium chloride) that suppresses the effect of base composition on melting temperature. The lengths of duplexes were measured after digestion with S1 nuclease and correction made for the effect of length on thermal stability. The degree of base substitution that has occurred in the single copy DNA during sea urchin evolution is significantly larger than indicated by earlier measurements. We estimate that 19% of the nucleotides of the single copy DNA are different in the genomes of the two sea urchin congeners,S. purpuratus, andS. franciscanus, which apparently diverged only 15 to 20 million years ago.
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  • 4
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    Journal of molecular evolution 16 (1980), S. 211-267 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Nucleic acids ; Proteins ; Natural selection ; Genetics ; Nonrandom molecular divergence ; Nonrandom REH theory ; Evolution ; mRNA ; DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary REH theory is extended by deriving the theoretical equations that permit one to analyze the nonrandom molecular divergence of homologous genes and proteins. The nonrandomicities considered are amino acid and base composition, the frequencies with which each of the four nucleotides is replaced by one of the other three, unequal usage of degenerate codons, distribution of fixed base replacements at the three nucleotide positions within codons, and distributions of fixed base replacements among codons. The latter two distributions turn out to dominate the accuracy of genetic distance estimates. The negative binomial density is used to allow for the unequal mutability of different codon sites, and the implications of its two limiting forms, the Poisson and geometric distributions, are considered. It is shown that the fixation intensity — the average number of base replacements per variable codon - is expressible as the simple product of two factors, the first describing the asymmetry of the distribution of base replacements over the gene and the second defining the ratio of the average probability that a codon will fix a mutation to the probability that it will not. Tables are given relating these features to experimentally observable quantities inα hemoglobin,β hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromec, and the parvalbumin group of proteins and to the structure of their corre-sponding genes or mRNAs. The principal results are (1) more accurate methods of estimating parameters of evolutionary interest from experimental gene and protein sequence data, and (2) the fact that change in gene and protein structure has been a much less efficient process than previously believed in the sense of requiring many more base replacements to effect a given structural change than earlier estimation procedures had indicated. This inefficiency is directly traceable to Darwinian selection for the nonrandom gene or protein structures necessary for biological function. The application of these methods is illustrated by detailed consideration of the rabbitα -andβ hemoglobin mRNAs and the proteins for which they code. It is found that these two genes are separated by about 425 fixed base replacements, which is a factor of two greater than earlier estimates. The replacements are distributed over approximately 114 codon sites that were free to accept base mutations during the divergence of these two genes.
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  • 5
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    Planta 148 (1980), S. 437-443 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Chloroplasts (number, DNA) ; DNA (chloroplast) ; Pisum ; Protoplasts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Protoplasts were prepared from pea (Pisum sativum L.) leaves throughout development and their contents spread in a monolayer to determine the number of chloroplasts per cell. This approach permitted the rapid analysis of more than 100 cells at each stage of development. The average number of chloroplasts per cell increased from 24±10 to 64±20 during greening and expansion of the first true foliage leaves; all cells containing chloroplasts apparently increase their chloroplast number. A parallel increase in the amount of DNA per nucleus was not observed. As the leaves senesced the chloroplast number gradually decreased to 44±12. We have correlated these changes with our previous results on the percentage of chloroplast DNA per cell. Chloroplast multiplication resulted in a 2.7-fold dilution (from 272 to 102) of the number of copies of the chloroplast DNA molecule per plastid.
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  • 6
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    Planta 149 (1980), S. 69-77 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Chromatin ; DNA ; Hordeum Nucleus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A method for isolation and purification of intact nuclei from barley leaves was developed and several properties of the chromatin were studied. The dense structure of the main part of the chromatin does not alter the accessibility of the DNA to nucleases. 60% of the nuclear DNA can be degraded by micrococcal endonuclease. Nevertheless the solubility of the chromatin fragments depends on the extent of nuclease digestion; solubilisation occurring only when the major part of the internucleosomal DNA was degraded (≃30% of digestion). Electron microscopic observations suggest that this was due to particularly dense organization of the chromatin “in situ”. The possible physiological meaning of some of these properties are discussed.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Ammonia assimilation ; Glutamate dehydrogenase ; Mitochondria ; Photorespiratory ammonia production ; Pisum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ability of isolated pea-shoot mitochondria conditioned to incorporate ammonia into glutamate to reassimilate endogenously produced ammonia from glycine transformation was investigated. In the presence of 1 mM to 20 mM glycine less than 15% of the ammonia liberated was found to be incorporated into glutamate. Thus, a prominent role of mitochondrial glutamate dehydrogenase in the reassimilation of intramitochondrially produced ammonia can be excluded.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Phytochrome ; Pisum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The red-light(R)-absorbing form of phytochrome (Pr) was detected spectrophotometrically in a 20,000 g particulate fraction prepared from a 1,000 g supernatant fraction from epicotyl tissue of pea (Pisum sativum L.) seedlings grown in the dark and only briefly exposed to dim green light. The difference spectrum of phytochrome in this fraction was essentially the same as that of soluble phytochrome from the same tissue. When the non-irradiated 20,000 g particulate fraction was incubated in the dark at 25° C, an absorbance change (decrease) of Pr after actinic red irradiation was found only in the far-red (FR) region. When the 20,000 g particulate fraction was irradiated with R and then incubated in the dark, the FR-absorbing form of phytochrome (Pfr) disappeared spectrally at a rate about half that in the soluble fraction, and the difference spectrum of the Pr which became detectable after dark incubation of the 20,000 g particulate fraction was markedly distorted. In contrast, Pfr in a 20,000 g particulate fraction prepared from tissues irradiated with R did not change optically during dark incubation at 25° C for 60 min, while Pfr in the soluble fraction from the same tissue disappeared in the dark. No dissociation of either Pr or Pfr from the 20,000 g particulate fraction was indicated during a 60-min dark incubation at 25° C, but Pfr in a 20,000 g particulate fraction prepared in vitro from R-irradiated 1,000 g supernatant fraction in the presence of CaCl2 disappeared spectrally and the difference spectrum of Pr in the 20,000 g particulate fraction became quite distorted during the dark incubation.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Auxin transport ; Cell length ; Light and auxin transport ; Phaseolus ; Pisum ; Transport (auxin)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The putative auxin-transporting cells of the intact herbaceous dicotyledon are the young, differentiating vascular elements. The length of these cells was found to be considerably greater in dwarf (Meteor) than in tall (Alderman) varieties ofPisum sativum L., and to be greater in etiolated than in light-grown plants ofP. sativum cv Meteor andPhaseolus vulgaris L. cv Mexican Black. Under given light conditions during transport these large differences in cell length did not influence the shapes of the transport profiles or the velocity of transport of14C-labelled indol-3yl-acetic acid (IAA) applied to the apical bud. However, in both etiolated and light-grown bean and dwarf pea plants the velocity of transport in darkness was ca. 25% lower than that in light. Under the same conditions of transport velocities in bean were about twice those observed in the dwarf pea. Exposure to light during transport increased the rate of export of14C from the labelled shoot apex in green dwarf pea plants but not in etiolated plants. The light conditions to which the plants were exposed during growth and transport had little effect on the rates of uptake of IAA from the applied solutions. The results indicate that the velocity of auxin transport is independent of the frequency of cell-to-cell interfaces along the transport pathway and it is suggested that in intact plants auxin transport is entirely symplastic.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Cell-free translation ; Lectin ; Long-lived mRNA ; Pisum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Extracts prepared from dry pea (Pisum sativum, L; cv oberon) primary axes translate efficiently their endogenous messengers in an in vitro protein synthesizing system. The native long-lived messengers are biologically fully active and direct the synthesis of a whole range of polypeptides with MW ranging up to 130,000. About 0.5% of the total in vitro synthesized polypeptides are recovered in the immunoprecipitate obtained with pea lectin antiserum. Since about one-fourth of the radioactivity in the immunoprecipitate comigrates with authentic pea lectin it is concluded that about 0.1% of the long-lived messengers code for the lectin.
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  • 11
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    Planta 149 (1980), S. 427-432 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Chloroplast envelope ; Light and chloroplast envelope ; Pisum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Glutaraldehyde fixation in 0.33 M sorbitol without any buffer reveals changes in the staining properties of the envelopes of chloroplasts of pea plants kept in the light or in the dark prior to fixation. After dark pretreatment the outer double membrane of the chloroplast does not adsorb heavy metals, resulting in a “white” unstained rim instead of the usual membrane. All other membranes of the cell, including chloroplast grana, are not affected and stain normally. Light pretreatment of the plants allows the usual staining of the outer membrane of the chloroplats. Fixation carried out in the medium usually used to isolate intact CO2 fixing chloroplasts (sorbitol+buffer+ions) reverses the above process and results in unstained envelopes of chloroplasts from preilluminated leaves, while the envelopes of chloroplasts from leaves kept in the dark stain normally. Glutaraldehyde-fixed chloroplats isolated from preilluminated leaves show a very basic isoelectric point during electrofocusing, while fixed chloroplasts from predarkened tissue exhibit an isoelectric point at about pH 7.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Embryo culture ; Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) ; Legumin ; Pisum ; Protein (storage) ; Storage protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A highly sensitive immunoassay has been used for the detection of a major storage protein, legumin, in embryos of Pisum sativum L.; with this technique nanogram quantities could be measured. In the two varieties tested, legumin could be detected in embryos in vivo, when they had attained a fresh weight of 2·10-3 g and 3·10-3 g, respectively. Contrary to earlier claims, embryos cultured in vitro were shown to be capable of initiating legumin synthesis. This capacity to initiate legumin synthesis was confirmed by two-dimensional isoelectric focusing-electrophoresis and fluorography; embryos harvested before initiation of legumin synthesis and cultured in radioactive medium were shown to have synthesized legumin subunits. The amounts of legumin and total protein synthesized per unit fresh weight were consistently greater in vitro than in equivalent embryos grown in vivo.
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  • 13
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    Planta 150 (1980), S. 431-434 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Auxin transport ; Electric current ; Pisum ; Potential gradients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract When a d.c. potential of 9.0 V was applied to the stem of intact pea seedlings (Pisum sativum L. cv. Meteor and cv. Alderman) via 10 mM KCl-soaked filter paper electrodes placed ca. 50 mm apart the stem passed a steady current of 15–20 μA (resistance ca. 100 kΩ cm-1). The basipetal transport of [1-14C]IAA applied to the apical bud was completely inhibited over the portion of the stem through which current flowed and 14C-labelled compounds accumulated in the vicinity of the upper electrode. The inhibition of transport was independent of the polarity of the applied potential. The basipetal transport of IAA in the stem above the electrode was not affected. Labelled auxin accumulated at the upper electrode both as unchanged IAA and as a compound tentatively identified as indol-3yl-acetyl aspartic acid (IAAsp). These compounds were only slowly remobilised when the current was interrupted. However, the ability of the transport system to move freshly-applied IAA was rapidly and fully restored when the potential was removed. No injury to the plant was detected after maintaining a current flow for up to 72 h. No leakage of 14C-labelled compounds into the KCl solution bathing the electrodes was detected.
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  • 14
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    Planta 147 (1980), S. 444-450 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Abscisic acid ; Auxin ; Cytokinin ; Decapitation ; Fruit-set ; Gibberellin ; Parthenocarpy ; Pisum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of removing the apical shoot and different leaves above and below the flower on the fruit-set of unpollinated pea ovaries (Pisum sativum L. cv. Alaska) has been studied. Unpollinated ovaries were induced to set and develop either by topping or by removing certain developing leaves of the shoot. Topping had a maximum effect when carried out before or on the day of anthesis, and up to four consecutive ovaries were induced to set in the same plant. The inhibition of fruit-set was due to the developing leaves and not to the apex. The third leaf above the first flower, which had a simultaneous development to the ovary, had the stronger inhibitory effect on parthenocarpic fruit-set. The application of different plant-growth regulators (indoleacetic acid, naphthylacetic acid, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, gibberellic acid, benzyladenine and abscisic acid) did not mimic the negative effect of the shoot.
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  • 15
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    Planta 147 (1980), S. 451-456 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Abscisic acid ; Auxin ; Fruit-set ; Gibberellin ; Parthenocarpy ; Pisum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The development of parthenocarpic fruits of Pisum sativum L. cv. Alaska was induced by the application of different plant-growth regulators in aqueous solution to the emasculated ovaries in untopped plants. At least one compound in each of the groups of auxins (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), cytokinins (benzyladenine), and gibberellins (gibberellic acid) was found active. Gibberellic acid (GA3), however, was the only substance which produced pods similar to those of fruits with seeds. The length of the pods obtained by GA3 was a linear function of the logarithm of the concentration of GA3 in the solution. The effect of GA3 (at a concentration which produced 50% of the maximum pod length) was enhanced by a simultaneous application of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Abscisic acid (ABA) counteracted the effect of GA3 and of topping. The results suggest that gibberellins and ABA may exert a major regulatory control in natural fruit-set. Peas can be used for the assay of fructigenic activity and is an advantageous material for the study of the mode of action of gibberellins on fruit-set.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Legumin ; Pisum ; Protien synthesis ; RNA ; Storage protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Evidence is presented to show that legumin, the major storage protein in Pisum, is synthesised in vitro by the wheat germ and reticulocyte lysate systems, from polyribosomes and mRNA isolated from developing pea seeds. While legumin isolated from mature pea seeds consists of 40,000 and 20,000 MW subunits, the in vitro legumin is synthesised as a 60,000 MW precursor consisting of covalently linked 40,000 and 20,000 MW subunits. The implications of these findings are discussed in relationship to studies with other systems.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Pisum ; Polyribosomes ; Post translational modifications ; Protein synthesis ; Storage proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Polypeptide material has been immunoprecipitated by antivicilin antibodies from translation products of polyribosomes and poly(A)-rich RNA isolated from developing seeds of Pisum sativum in the wheat germ and reticulocyte lysate cell-free synthesis systems. Analysis of this material by SDS-PAGE shows it to consist of three bands, of molecular weights 70,000, 50,000 and 47,000. The in vitro vicilin polypeptides of 70,000 and 50,000 mol. wt. have been shown to be very similar to the 70,000 and 50,000 mol. wt. subunits of vicilin by specific immunoprecipitation, and behaviour on treatment with cyanogen bromide and trypsin. The 50,000 mol. wt. in vitro vicilin polypeptide contains no significant extra sequence compared to the 50,000 mol. wt. vicilin subunit. The 47,000 mol. wt. in vitro vicilin polypeptide has no corresponding subunit in vicilin from mature seeds, but a 47,000 mol. wt. subunit is present in vicilin isolated from developing seeds. Comparison of translation products from polysomes isolated from seeds at middle and late stages of development shows that synthesis of the 50,000 and 47,000 mol. wt., but not 70,000 mol. wt. polypeptides is very much reduced at late stages of development. These results are discussed with reference to the nature of the vicilin fraction.
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  • 18
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    Planta 148 (1980), S. 346-353 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Chromatin ; DNA ; Germination (embryos) ; Nucleosomes ; Pisum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Micrococcal nuclease digestion of chromatin from ungerminated and 48 h-germinated pea embryos yields DNA fragments which are multiples of basic units of 194–195 base pairs. Extensive digestion produces a core particle of 145 base pairs. Deoxyribonuclease I gives rise to fragments which are multiples of 10 bases upon analysis on denaturing gels. These values are comparable with those found for other plant materials. These results indicate that gross changes in nucleosomal organization do not accompany the onset of germination.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Gibberellin metabolism ; Pisum ; Seeds (gibberellin metabolism)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The metabolism of GA29 during seed maturation in Pisum sativum cv. Progress No. 9 was further investigated. [17-13C1]GA29 was metabolised to a GA-catabolite (structure 3), with incorporation of the [13C] label from the GA29 substrate into the GA-catabolite being demonstrated by GC-MS. Quantitation of the GA-catabolite using GC-MS was achieved by adding GA-catabolite, labelled with [18O], to seed extracts as an internal standard. At least 50% conversion of [13C1]GA29 to [13C1]GA-catabolite was demonstrated with the build up of exogenous [13C1]GA-catabolite strictly paralleling the accumulation of native GA-catabolite. These results strongly suggest that conversion of GA29 to the GA-catabolite is a natural metabolic step occurring during the final stages of seed maturation. 25 μg per seed of native GA-catabolite was recorded in 37 day old seeds. Some problems encountered in the analysis of extracts containing the GA-catabolite are discussed briefly.
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  • 20
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    Planta 148 (1980), S. 7-16 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Glutamate dehydrogenase ; Glutamate formation ; Mitochondria ; Isoenzyme patterns ; Pisum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A 2–8-fold increase in the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), accompanied by an alteration of the GDH isoenzyme pattern, was observed in detached pea shoots floated on tap water (preincubated shoots). Sugars supressed the process, whereas NH + 4 and various metabolites as well as inhibitors of energy metabolism and protein synthesis were ineffective. The subcellular distribution pattern revealed evidence that the GDH isoenzymes are exclusively located in the mitochondrial matrix. The alterations in GDH activity occurring in preincubated shoots are restricted to the mitochondria. An experimental device suitable for studying the GDH function in isolated intact mitochondria has been established. Using [14C] citrate as the carbon source and hydrogen donor, the mitochondria synthesized considerable amounts of glutamate upon addition of NH + 4 . The rates of glutamate formation in dependency of increasing NH + 4 levels follow simple Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Half-saturation concentrations of NH + 4 of 3.6±1.2 mM; 1.9±0.06 mM and 1.6±0.1 mM were calculated for the mitochondria isolated from pea shoots, roots, and preincubated shoots, respectively. The results are discussed in relation to the possible role of GDH in NH+/4 assimilation at elevated intracellular NH+/4 levels.
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  • 21
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    Planta 150 (1980), S. 153-157 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Manganese ; Pisum ; Superoxide dismutase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A manganese-containing superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) was purified to homogeneity from a higher plant for the first time. The enzyme was isolated fromPisum sativum leaf extracts by thermal fractionation, ammonium sulfate salting out, ion-exchange and gel-filtration column chromatography, and preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Pure manganese superoxide dismutase had a specific activity of about 3,000 U mg-1 and was purified 215-fold, with a yield of 1.2 mg enzyme per kg whole leaf. The manganese superoxide dismutase had a molecular weight of 94,000 and contained one g-atom of Mn per mol of enzyme. No iron and copper were detected. Activity reconstitution experiments with the pure enzyme ruled out the possibility of a manganese loss during the purification procedure. The stability of manganese superoxide dismutase at-20°C, 4°C, 25°C, 50°C, and 60°C was studied, and the enzyme was found more labile at high temperatures than bacterial manganese superoxide dismutases and iron superoxide dismutases from an algal and bacterial origin.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: mRNA ; Protein synthesis ; Pisum ; Seeds (translation) ; Translation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Extracts from the primary axes of dry pea (Pisum sativum L.) seeds are able to perform an initiation-dependent translation of exogenous mRNA. SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the products synthesized under direction of alfalfa mosaic virus RNA (AMV-RNA) and tobacco mosaic virus RNA (TMV-RNA) shows that the fidelity of translation in this pea system is at least as high as in a wheat embryo cell-free protein synthesizing system. The endogenous messengers are also efficiently translated in extracts from the primary axes of pea seeds. The direct translation of these messengers in a homologous cell-free system may be of interest for a study of the products coded for by the long-lived messengers present in this plant.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Amino acids (in chloroplasts) ; Chlorplast preparation ; Pisum ; Protoplasts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A procedure is described for the rapid (〈5 min) isolation of purified, physiologically active chloroplasts from Pisum sativum L. Mitochondrial and microbody contamination is substantially reduced and broken chloroplasts are excluded by washing through a layer containing a treated silica sol. On average the preparations contain 93% intact chloroplasts and show high rates of 14CO2 fixation and CO2-dependent O2 evolution (over 100 μmol/mg chlorophyll(chl)/h); they are also able to carry out light-driven incorporation of leucine into protein (4 nmol/mg chl/h). The amino-acid contents of chloroplasts prepared from leaves and from leaf protoplasts have been determined. Asparagine is the most abundant amino acid in the pea chloroplast (〉240 nmol/mg chl), even thought it is proportionately lower in the chloroplast relative to the rest of the cell. The chloroplasts contain about 20% of many of the amino acids of the cell, but for individual amino acids the percentage in the chloroplast ranges from 8 to 40% of the cell total. Glutamic acid, glutamine and aspartic acid are enriched in the chloroplasts, while asparagine, homoserine and β-(isoxazolin-5-one-2-yl)-alanine are relatively lower. Leakage of amino acids from the chloroplast during preparation or repeated washing was ca. 20%. Some differences exist between the amino-acid composition of chloroplasts isolated from intact leaves and from protoplasts. In particular, γ-aminobutyric acid accumulates to high levels, while homoserine and glutamic acid decrease, during protoplast formation and breakage.
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  • 24
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    Planta 148 (1980), S. 437-443 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Chloroplasts (number, DNA) ; DNA (chloroplast) ; Pisum ; Protoplasts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Protoplasts were prepared from pea (Pisum sativum L.) leaves throughout development and their contents spread in a monolayer to determine the number of chloroplasts per cell. This approach permitted the rapid analysis of more than 100 cells at each stage of development. The average number of chloroplasts per cell increased from 24±10 to 64±20 during greening and expansion of the first true foliage leaves; all cells containing chloroplasts apparently increase their chloroplast number. A parallel increase in the amount of DNA per nucleus was not observed. As the leaves senesced the chloroplast number gradually decreased to 44±12. We have correlated these changes with our previous results on the percentage of chloroplast DNA per cell. Chloroplast multiplication resulted in a 2.7-fold dilution (from 272 to 102) of the number of copies of the chloroplast DNA molecule per plastid.
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    Archives of microbiology 128 (1980), S. 113-119 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Neurospora crassa ; DNA ; Synchrony ; 2′-Deoxyadenosine ; S period ; Duplication cycle ; Cell cycle ; Conidia ; Urografin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 2′-Deoxyadenosine (2 mM), a DNA inhibitor, was used to synchronize DNA synthesis in cultures of Neurospora crassa lys 3. The cultures recovered spontaneously from the inhibitor which had little or no effect on the synthesis of RNA, protein or carbohydrate or on the specific growth rate of the mould. The degree of ‘synchrony’ of DNA synthesis obtained with 2′-deoxyadenosine varied directly with the organism's specific growth rate when the latter was altered by temperature changes. A direct relationship was observed between the rate of synthesis of DNA during the S period and the organism's specific growth rate. Conidia of Neurospora crassa lys 3 were separated into different density classes using urografin gradients; the separation treatment did not have an appreciable effect on the subsequent germination or growth of conidia. Populations of large, less dense conidia produced germ tubes more rapidly and more synchronously than populations of small, dense conidia. Cultures inoculated with the large conidia displayed continuous synthesis of RNA and protein but discontinuous synthesis of DNA.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Anacystis nidulans ; Cyanobacterium ; Chemostat culture ; RNA ; DNA ; Protein
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The DNA, RNA and protein content of the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans was determined in light-limited and carbon dioxide-limited chemostat cultures over the dilution rate range, D=0.02 h-1 to 0.19 h-1. The macromolecular contents as a percentage of the dry weight and on a per cell basis varied significantly as a function of organism growth rate and the nature of the growth conditions. For both limitations the RNA content per cell increased [20–55 fg RNA (cell)-1] with increasing dilution rate and also showed an increase as a percentage of the dry weight. The DNA content as a percentage of the dry weight showed a 2-fold decrease with increasing dilution rate over the range examined. On a per cell basis DNA reached a peak at D=0.1 h-1 [4.5 fg DNA (cell)-1] for light-limited organisms and at D=0.08 h-1 [8.0 fg DNA (cell)-1] for carbon dioxide-limited organisms. The q RNA increased with increasing dilution rates over the complete growth rate range examined whilst q DNA reached a maximum at D=0.09 to 0.10 h-1. The protein content as a percentage of the dry weight was greater in CO2-limited organisms than light-limited organisms but in both cultures declined as the dilution rate was increased above D=0.10 h-1.
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    Biochemical genetics 18 (1980), S. 743-753 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: RNase-senitive DNA polymerase activity ; RNA ; DNA ; Neurospora crassa ; differential DNA polymerase activity ; cell fractions and mutants of N. crassa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract RNase-sensitive DNA polymerase activity (RSDP) was tested in different cell fractions of Neurospora crassa cell types and its morphological mutants. This RSDP was found localized in the microsomal pellet fraction and absent in the purified nuclear pellets isolated from different N. crassa cell types: conidia, germinated conidia, and mycelia. This enzyme is capable of synthesizing a DNA product only in the presence of all four deoxyribonucleoside-5′-triphosphates and Mg2+. Removal of RNA from the pellet fraction by RNase strongly inhibited the DNA synthesis. The endogenous synthesis of DNA in the microsomal pellet fraction was associated with the formation of an RNA:DNA hybrid as analyzed by Cs2SO4 equilibrium density gradient centrifugation. The DNA product after alkali hydrolysis hybridizes with the RNA isolated from the same pellet fraction, as analyzed by elution from hydroxylapatite column at 60 C. This DNA product did not hybridize with poly(A). A few mutants tested showed this RNase-sensitive DNA polymerase activity.
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    Planta 150 (1980), S. 82-88 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Legumin ; Pisum ; Protein (storage) ; Storage protein
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Since there is some question as to whether or not legumin is glycosylated, this storage protein was isolated by various procedures from developing cotyledons of Pisum sativum L. supplied with [14C]-labeled glucosamine and analyzed by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Legumin isolated by the classical method of Danielsson [(1949) Biochem. J. 44, 387–400] a procedure in which globulins extracted with a buffered salt solution are precipitated with ammonium sulfate (70% saturation) and legumin separated from vicilin by isoelectric precipitation, was labeled. The glucosamine incorporated into legumin was associated with low-molecular-weight polypeptides. In contrast, legumin isolated by the method of Casey [(1979) Biochem. J. 177, 509–520], a procedure where legumin is prepared by zonal isoelectric precipitation from globulins precipitated with 40–70% ammonium sulfate, was not labeled. However, the globulin fraction precipitated with 40% ammonium sulfate was labeled and the radioactive glucosamine was associated with low-molecular-weight polypeptides. Legumin isolated from protein bodies [Thomson et al. (1978) Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 5, 263–279] was not extensively labeled. However, the saltinsoluble fraction of protein body extracts was labeled and the radioactivity was associated with low-molecular-weight polypeptides. These results indicate that protein bodies contain a glycoprotein of low-molecular-weight that co-purifies with legumin isolated by the method of Danielsson but that is discarded when isolation methods developed more recently are used.
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    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Auxin ; Cell elongation ; Epidermis peeling ; Fusicoccin ; Pisum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of peeling and wounding on the indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and fusicoccin (FC) growth response of etiolated Pisum sativum L. cv. Alaska stem tissue were examined. Over a 5 h growth period, peeling was found to virtually eliminate the IAA response, but about 30% of the FC response remained. In contrast, unpeeled segments wounded with six vertical slits exhibited significant responses to both IAA and FC, indicating that peeling does not act by damaging the tissue. Microscopy showed that the epidermis was removed intact and that the underlying tissue was essentially undamaged. Neither the addition of 2% sucrose to the incubation medium nor the use of a range of IAA concentrations down to 10-8 M restored IAA-induced growth in peeled segments, suggesting that lack of osmotic solutes and supra-optimal uptake of IAA were not important factors over this time period. It is concluded that, although the possibility remains that peeling merely allows leakage of hydrogen ions into the medium, it seems more likely that peeling off the epidermis removes the auxin responsive tissue.
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 57 (1980), S. 97-100 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Zea mays ; Male-sterility ; ‘S’-Cytoplasm ; Mitochondria ; DNA
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A simple, rapid, and reproducible assay is described for determining unambiguously the presence of S-type cytoplasm in male-sterile and male-fertile (restored) maize lines. Because the assay requires only 0.5 g leaf segment per sample, it is a single plant assay and the plant is not destroyed. Plants at any developmental stage can be used. The assay involves a 30 sec homogenization, 20 min centrifugation, one hour lysis, overnight agarose electrophoresis, 30 min gel staining, and photography of the gel to produce a result in much less than 24 hr. Many samples can be assayed simultaneously. The various assay methods available for classifying maize cytoplasms are compared and discussed.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 301 (1980), S. 108-109 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Ethosuximid, Valproat in Blutserum ; Chromatographie, Gas
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Conclusion The proposed simultaneous determination of ethosuximide and valproate takes advantage of the similar properties of these substances that differ markedly from the other mainly used antiepileptic drugs. The volatility as well as the high blood concentration that are usual in therapeutics allow the measurement of ethosuximide and valproate directly in the extract without further concentration, e.g. by evaporation. On the other hand, one can optimise the methods for the determination of the other anticonvulsant drugs that are poorly volatile putting ethosuximide and valproate aside [1] and give up procedures using temperature programs with temperature differences of more than 100 ° C between the starting and the endpoint.
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 90 (1980), S. 1245-1247 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: host specificity system ; restriction ; modification ; DNA ; cross titration
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 90 (1980), S. 1424-1426 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: 5-Fluorouracil ; cyclophosphamide ; combined therapy ; DNA ; RNA
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 90 (1980), S. 1058-1060 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: histones ; DNA ; histone-DNA interaction
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 90 (1980), S. 1239-1242 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: cyclic AMP ; biosynthesis ; RNA ; DNA ; collagen
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 89 (1980), S. 774-776 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: DNA ; systemic lupus erythematosus ; pronase ; hydroxyapatite ; cryoprecipitins
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    Plant systematics and evolution 136 (1980), S. 267-273 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Daucus andPetroselinum (Apiaceae) ; Datura (Solanaceae) ; DNA ; reassociation kinetics ; DNA hybridization between varieties of the same species ; and genera of the same and of different families
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Reassociation kinetics ofDaucus carota andPetroselinum crispum (Apiaceae), andDatura innoxia (Solanaceae) are presented. Hybridization of3H-labelled DNA of two carrot cultivars indicate strong qualitative homologies of DNA sequences; nevertheless, certain quantitative differences in some Cotregions seem to exist. However, homologous sequences ofDaucus DNA with DNA ofDatura, and, suprisingly, even with DNA ofPetroselinum are very restricted: between 8% in the repeated regions and ca. 7–9% in the unique regions.
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticale ; Staining ; Banding ; Chromosome ; DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Fifteen lines of triticale were studied using the C-banding staining method. A typical, complete chromosomal complement was found in 11 lines, while the remaining lines demonstrated some variations. A slight modification in the technique is discussed.
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    Plant and soil 56 (1980), S. 335-340 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylene reduction ; Field method ; Nitrogen fixation ; Non-destructive ; Pisum
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Direct injection of acetylene into soil around plant roots, followed by determination of ethylene/acetylene ratios in the soil atmosphere has been tested as a rapid, non-destructive method of estimating acetylene reducing activity. In pots of artificial media as well as in field soil, the ratios determined within 10 min. after injection were significantly correlated with the rates of acetylenedependent ethylene production in detached roots. The method may be useful in preliminary screening of large numbers of plant-bacteria combinations.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 302 (1980), S. 264-268 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Wasser in Organ. Lösungsmitteln ; Chromatographie, Gas ; ECD, 8–170 ppm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wasser ist in organischen Lösungsmitteln im ng-Bereich gas-chromatographisch ohne Derivatisierung mittels eines linearisierten Elektroneneinfangdetektors (ECD) nach Abtrennung auf einer Porapak QS-Säule bestimmbar. Ausreichend wasserfreie Lösungsmittel ließen sich durch Trocknen mit aktivierten 4 Å-Molekularsieben oder superaktiven Aluminiumoxiden W 200, Woelm Pharma, Eschwege, herstellen. Um Wasserblindwerte aus der Raumluft auszuschließen, ist es notwendig, sämtliche Operationen in einer Box mit Umlauftrocknung durchzuführen. Wassermengen bis zu 15 ng absolut sind bestimmbar. Im Konzentrationsbereich 7–150 μg/ml ist die Detektoranzeige für Wasser linear.
    Notes: Summary Water can be determined directly in organic solvents in the ng range after separation on a porapak-QS column using a linear electron-capture detector (ECD). Organic solvents can be dried by activated 4 Å molecular sieves to a water content of 5 μg/ml, about 0.3×10−3 molar. To exclude water contamination all operations, storage of solvents and standards included, were made in a glove box with permanent drying of the inside atmosphere. The EC-detector allows to determine 15 ng of water absolute. In the range of 7–150 μg/ml a linear response for water by the ECD has been found.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 303 (1980), S. 20-22 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Biolog. Substanzen, Steroidhormonen ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Anreicherungsverfahren
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A new technique for the quantitation of very low concentrations of biological substances by gas-liquid chromatography is described. It is based on the direct concentration of the substances to be measured at the inlet of the chromatographic column. This is accomplished by injection of the substance into the chromatographic apparatus, whose column is kept at the condensation temperature of the sample. Repeated injection in separate portions results in accumulation of the substance. Chromatography is readily achieved by heating to the optimal temperature. This technique yielded promising results in the quantitation of several steroid hormones.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Verfahren beruht auf der direkten Konzentrierung der zu bestimmenden Substanzen am Eingang der chromatographischen Säule. Sie erfolgt durch Injektion der Substanzlösung in die Säule bei einer Temperatur niedriger als der Schmelzpunkt, so daß die Substanz nicht eluiert werden kann. Eine wiederholte Injektion einzelner Portionen führt zur Anreicherung der Substanz, die dann nach Erhöhung der Säulentemperatur chromatographiert werden kann. Das Verfahren wurde mit guten Ergebnissen zur Bestimmung einiger Steroidhormone angewendet.
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 89 (1980), S. 327-329 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: phage ; adsorption ; DNA ; Escherichia coli
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Investigation of adsorption of biologically active tritiated phage λ DNA onEscherichia coli cells treated with Ca++ ions in the cold and on frozenthawed bacteria revealed no correlation between the increase in adsorption and the efficiency of transfection. The level of adsorption of infectious DNA, for instance, was unchanged by freezing and thawing theE. coli cells, whereas after treatment with Ca++ ions in the cold it was increased tenfold; the level of transfection of phage λ DNA on both types of recipients was the same.
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 89 (1980), S. 849-850 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: DNA ; anionic groups ; ultrathin sections
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 300 (1980), S. 387-402 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Hexachlorbenzol, Polychlorcamphenen, Toxaphen, Kohlenwasserstoffen, chlorierte in Biolog. Material ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Umweltbelastung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Fishes have been used to characterize pristine aquatic environments. In samples from a lake in the Tyrolian Alps (arctic char) and Northwest Ireland (pike), the Caspian Sea (sturgeon/Sevruga), the North Atlantic (salmon), the North Pacific (salmon) and the Antarctic Ocean at South Georgia (antarctic cod) hexachlorobenzene and polychlorinated camphene (PCC, Toxaphene) have been found. Samples are extracted by n-hexane/acetone (2+1), following a dimethylformamide/hexane clean-up of the lipid matrix. Adsorption chromatography on Florisil (1.25% water content) allows the elution of hexachlorobenzene, 4,4′-DDE and the polychlorobiphenyls (PCB) with n-hexane, while the mixture nhexane/diethyl ether (90+10) will elute the polychlorocamphenes (PCC) together with the hexachlorocyclohexane isomers and the DDT group. Identification of the PCC has been done by matching their retention indices measured by high resolution ECD glass capillary gas chromatography using the nalkyl-trichloroacetates as references and technical Toxaphene together with a slightly dehydrochlorinated product as authentic samples. The PCC content of the samples from the lakes in the European Alps and Northwest-Ireland, the North Pacific and the Antarctic Ocean was 125, 240, 285 and 68 ng of PCC per g of extractable lipids, respectively. The samples from the Caspian Sea and the North Atlantic had 1,625 and 3,500 ng of PCC per g of extractable lipids, respectively. All samples but the one from the Antarctic Ocean (liver) were spawn. Besides hexachlorobenzene and the PCC all samples contained polychlorobiphenyls (PCB), theα, β andγ-isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane, the compounds of the DDT-group and many other ECD-dectable not yet identified compounds.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In Fischproben aus in erster Näherung unbelasteten Gebieten, dem Nordatlantik (Lachs), einem See in Nordwest-Irland (Hecht), einem Hochalpensee (Bergsaibling), dem Kaspischen Meer (Sternhausen), dem Nordpazifik (Lachs) und dem Antarktischen Ozean bei Südgeorgien (Antarktischer Dorsch) lassen sich Hexachlorbenzol und polychlorierte Camphene (PCC, Toxaphen®) nachweisen. Die Probe wird mit n-Hexan/Aceton (2+1) extrahiert. Die Lipide werden über eine Dimethylformamid/Hexan-Verteilung weitgehend abgetrennt. Adsorptions-Chromatographie an Florisil mit 1,25% Wassergehalt erlaubt die Elution von Hexachlorbenzol, 4,4′-DDE und der polychlorierten Biphenyle (PCB) mit n-Hexan; n-Hexan/Diethylether (90+10) eluiert die polychlorierten Camphene zusammen mit den Hexacyclohexan-Isomeren und der DDT-Gruppe. Die Identifizierung der PCC gelang über Vergleich der mit ECD-Capillar-Gas-Chromatographie unter Bezug auf die n-Alkyltrichloracetate gemessenen Retentionsindices. Als Standardsubstanz diente technisches Toxaphen, sowie ein durch methanolische KOH leicht dehydrochloriertes Produkt. Der PCC Gehalt lag bei den Proben aus dem Hochalpensee, einem See in Nordwest-Irland, dem Nordpazifik und dem Antarktischen Ozean bei 125, 240 bzw. 285 und 68 ng PCC/g extrahierbare Lipide. Die Proben aus dem Kaspischen Meer und dem Nordatlantik enthielten 1 625 bzw. 3 500 ng PCC/g extrahierbare Lipide. Bis auf die Probe aus der Antarktis (Leber) handelte es sich jeweils um Rogen. Neben dem Hexachlorbenzol und den Polychlorcamphenen wurden in allen Proben polychlorierte Biphenyle, dieα, β undγ-Isomeren des Hexachlorcyclohexans, die DDT-Gruppe und zahlreiche weitere bisher nicht identifizierte, mit dem ECD nachzuweisende Verbindungen gefunden.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 302 (1980), S. 20-31 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Polychlorbiphenylen, Aroclor, Clophen ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Glascapillaren, Electron capture
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The composition of seven technical PCB-mixtures (Aroclor [Monsanto, USA] und Clophen A [Bayer, FRG]) has been investigated by high-resolution thin-film glass capillary gas chromatography with electron-capture detector. Methylpolysiloxane (SE 30) and purified Apiezon L have been used as liquid phases. Identification of the single PCB components has been performed by comparison of their retention indices with those of polychlorinated biphenyls defined by synthesis or with values calculated from retention index increments. For marking the individual PCB compounds a systematic numbering has been used.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Zusammensetzung sieben technischer Gemische polychlorierter Biphenyle (PCB) mit unterschiedlichem Chlorierungsgrad (Aroclor- [Monsanto, USA] und Clophen A- [Bayer, Bundesrepublik Deutschland]-Typen) wurde mit hochauflösender Gas-Chromatographie mit Elektroneneinfang-Detektion in Dünnfilm-Glascapillaren mit Methylpolysiloxan (SE 30) und gereinigtem Apiezon L als flüssiger Phase untersucht. Die Identifizierung der Einzelkomponenten erfolgte durch chromatographischen Vergleich mit definierten Referenzsubstanzen oder Vergleich der aus Inkrementen berechneten Retentionsindices. Für die Kennzeichnung der Einzelkomponenten wird eine systematische Numerierung entsprechend der Substituentenbezifferung verwendet.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 304 (1980), S. 23-27 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von n-Butylzinnverbindungen in Luft ; Chromatographie, Gas
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung n-Butylzinnverbindungen (Tetra-, Tri-, Di-) wurden aus der angesaugten Luft an Chromosorb 102 adsorbiert, mit HCl-haltigem Diethylether desorbiert, falls nötig mit Methylmagnesiumchlorid umgesetzt und die methylierten Verbindungen gas-chromatographisch mit einem zinnspezifischen flammenphotometrischen Detektor bestimmt. Die mittlere Wiederfindungsrate (0,09–40 μg) von Bis(tri-n-butylzinn)oxid (TBTO) betrug: 93,3%; Streubereich der Einzelwerte ± 9,3% (P=95%, N=11). Wird 1 m3 Luft angesaugt, lassen sich noch Konzentrationen an n-Butylzinnverbindungen (Tetra-, Tri-, Di-) von 0,05 μg/m3 bestimmen. In einem mit einer TBTO-haltigen Dispersionsfarbe gestrichenen Raum wurde die Temperaturabhängigkeit der Tri-n-butylzinn-Konzentration in der Luft untersucht. Der Vergleich mit den Resultaten von Bestimmungen des Totalzinngehaltes läßt den Schluß zu, daß in der Luft nur Tri-n-butylzinnverbindungen vorlagen.
    Notes: Summary n-Butyltin compounds (tetra-, tri-, di-) have been adsorbed on Chromosorb 102 from the aspired air, desorbed with HCl-containing diethylether and, if necessary, converted to the corresponding methyl derivatives by reaction with methylmagnesium chloride. The derivatives were determined by GLC with a tin-specific flame photometric detector. The mean recovery (0.09–40 μg) of bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide (TBTO) was 93.3%; tolerance limit ±9.3% (P=95%, N=11). With an air sample of 1 m3 it is possible to measure n-butyltin compounds (tetra-, tri-, di-) in concentrations down to 0.05 μg/m3. In a room coated with a TBTO-containing latex-based paint, the temperature dependence of the tri-n-butyltin concentration in the air has been studied. Comparison with results of total tin determinations allows the conclusion that the air contained only tri-n-butyltin compounds.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 301 (1980), S. 143-143 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Phenolen ; Chromatographie, Gas ; neue Methylierungsreagentien
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 301 (1980), S. 432-433 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Abwasser der Dimethylterephthalat-Produktion ; Chromatographie, Gas
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 303 (1980), S. 126-127 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Hydroxyfettsäuren ; Chromatographie, Gas ; ECD
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 303 (1980), S. 279-288 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Polysacchariden, Verdikkungsmitteln, Celluloseethern ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Zeisel-Spaltung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im vorliegenden zweiten Teil der dreiteiligen Übersicht zur Analytik der Polysaccharide wird am Beispiel einer Methylhydroxyethylcellulose (MHEC) die Erfassung der Celluloseether und -mischether mittels der Gas-Chromatographie vorgestellt. Dabei handelt es sich um die Beschreibung einer quantitativen Methode hoher Empfindlichkeit, die erforderlich ist, um Cellulosederivate mit geringer Mischsubstitution zu identifizieren und zu unterscheiden. Dazu werden die Celluloseether in einer speziell entwickelten Apparatur mit Iodwasserstoffsäure bei 140°C erhitzt. Von den sich bildenden Spaltprodukten werden die abdestillierten Alkyliodide in gekühltem Hexylbromid aufgefangen, gas-chromatographisch getrennt und identifiziert; gebildete Olefine werden durch Bromaddition erfaßt. Reproduzierbarkeit: ≤3% rel. Erfassungsgrenze: = 0,01% Hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC). Die Methode eignet sich auch zur Erfassung von Estern, S-Alkylgruppen, Methylimidverbindungen, Glykolanteilen oder bestimmten Tensiden.
    Notes: Summary In this second part of the three-part review on analysis of polysaccharides the characterization of cellulose ethers and cellulose mixed ethers by means of gaschromatography is described. The identification of the wide varying field of this cellulose ethers is presented using methylhydroxyethylcellulose (MHEC) as an example. To differentiate all cellulose mixed ethers, even those with little substitution of one of the two ether components, the method has to work qualitatively and quantitativly with a high sensitivity. The cellulose ethers are treated with hydriodic acid at 140°C in a special apparatus. The alkyliodides formed are distilled into cooled hexyl bromide. They are separated and identified by gaschromatography. Olefins also formed are determined by addition of bromine. Reproducibility: ≤ 3% rel. Limit of detection: = 0.01 % Hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC). This method can also be used for the determination of esters, S-alkyl groups, methylimides, glycols and some detergents.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 303 (1980), S. 397-400 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Benzo(a)-pyren in Erdölprodukten ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A gas-liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the quantitive determination of benzo(a)-pyrene in petroleum products. At the 2 ppb benzo(a)pyrene level in a sample, the recovery is 87–90%. The detection limit is 50 ng. A column was employed with a liquid-crystal phase of bis(p-phenylbenzylidene)-bi-p-toluidine on Chromosorb.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das entwickelte gas-chromatographische Verfahren benutzt eine SÄule mit der Flüssig-Kristallphase von Bis(p-phenylbenzyliden)-bi-ptoluidin auf Chromosorb und gestattet im Bereich von 2 ppb Benzo(a)-pyren eine Wiederfindung von 87–90%. Die Nachweisgrenze liegt bei 50 ng.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 301 (1980), S. 32-32 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Hexachlorcyclohexan, Hexachlorbenzol in Boden ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Extraktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 304 (1980), S. 143-143 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Hexachlorcyclohexan, Hexachlorbenzol im Wasser ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Extraktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 54
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 302 (1980), S. 375-381 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von n-Alkanen, Pristan in Luft ; Chromatographie, Gas ; reine Luft
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary An analytical method was developed for measuring n-alkanes (C9 to C17) and other hydrocarbons in tropospheric air with mixing ratios of a few ppt (10−12) and higher. The hydrocarbons are collected in situ in absorption tubes, carefully protected against contamination and analysed later in the laboratory by gas chromatography. First data are reported for Atlantic air masses at the west coast of Ireland.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wurde eine analytische Methode entwickelt zur Messung der n-Alkane (C9 bis C17) und anderer Kohlenwasserstoffe in reiner troposphärischer Luft mit Mischungsverhältnissen von einigen ppt (10−12) und aufwärts. Die Kohlenwasserstoffe wurden am Beobachtungsort angereichert, sorgfältig gegen Verunreinigung geschützt und später im Laboratorium gas-chromatographisch analysiert. Erste Daten für atlantische Luftmassen an der Westküste Irlands werden mitgeteilt.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 302 (1980), S. 398-401 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Wasserstoff in Magnesium ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Kapselmethode
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A new method, the capsule method, has been developed for analyzing hydrogen in magnesium with a standard deviation of about 4%. 1–2 g samples are made with a smooth surface and enclosed in a degassed iron capsule. The surface humidity is removed by a short annealing at 400°C, and the sample is subsequently degassed at 500–620°C in vacuum. The extracted hydrogen is measured by gas chromatography. The commercial magnesium analyzed contained from 0.2 to 8 ppm of hydrogen. The diffusion coefficient of hydrogen was measured to be: D=D 0e−Q/RT; where D 0=9.5 · 10−6 m2/s and Q=46,400 Joule/mole. The results obtained were interpreted as interstitial diffusion of hydrogen in magnesium.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zur Analyse von Wasserstoff in Magnesium wurde eine neue Methode, die Kapselmethode, entwickelt, 1–2 g schwere Proben werden mit einer glatten Oberfläche hergestellt und in eine gasfreie Kapsel eingeschlossen. Die Oberflächenfeuchtigkeit wird durch kurzes Anlassen bei 400°C entfernt und die Probe wird danach bei 500–620°C im Vakuum entgast. Der entfernte Wasserstoff wird mit einem Gas-Chromatographen gemessen. Die Standardabweichung beträgt etwa 4%. Das untersuchte technische Magnesium enthält zwischen 0,2 und 8 ppm Wasserstoff. Der gemessene Diffusionskoeffizient für Wasserstoff ist: D=D 0e−Q/RT; D 0=9.5 · 10−6 m2/s und Q= 46400 Joule/Mol. Die erhaltenen Resultate wurden als interstitielle Wasserstoffdiffusion im Magnesium interpretiert.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 303 (1980), S. 389-393 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Chrom(III), Chrom(VI) in Wasser ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Extraktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The gas-chromatographic determination of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in aqueous solution using di(trifluoroethyl)dithiocarbamate as an extracting agent (pH 3) is described. Best results were obtained with a column of OV-25 (3% on Chromosorb HPW, 100–120 mesh, 160–210
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Extraktion mit dem Reagens wird bei pH 3 durchgeführt. Als SÄulenmaterial hat sich am besten OV-25 (3% auf Chromosorb HPW, 100–120 mesh, 160–210
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 304 (1980), S. 337-349 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Biphenylen, polychlorierten in Umweltmaterial ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Glascapillar
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The PCB-pattern of biological environmental samples of different trophic levels (fish, bird, man) and geographic areas (Alps, North Sea, North Atlantic) as seen by high-resolution glass capillary gas chromatography with electron capture detection is presented. The most evident variation of the pattern compared to a best fit simulation by technical mixtures is found for warm blooded species (eggs of birds and human milk). Only one trichloro-, but nine tetrachloro-biphenyls and 55 penta-to octachloro-biphenyls have been identified as PCB-components in biological samples. Compounds with 4,4′-disubstitution degrade very slowly, if at all (1,4-recalcitrance principle). Single component analysis of PCB in marine samples using glass capillary gas chromatography needs the preseparation from the ubiquitous polychloroterpenes (toxaphene, polychlorocamphene) and the DDT-group. Both complex mixtures can be separated successfully by adsorption chromatography on Florisil. Quantitation of PCB as a sum has been done by using recalcitrant diagnostic components and PCB-Clophen A 60 as the reference standard.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Bestimmung der Einzelkomponenten der polychlorierten Biphenyle (PCB) in Umweltproben durch Glascapillar-Gas-Chromatographie auf Methylsilicon- oder Apiezon L-Phasen erfordert eine Vortrennung von den Polychlorterpenen (Toxaphen, Polychlorcamphen) und der DDT-Gruppe. Diese Trennung gelingt durch Adsorptions-Chromatographie auf Florisil. Die PCB-Muster im Fett des phytoplanktonfressenden Seefisches Menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) aus dem Nordatlantik, im Rogen der zooplanktonfressenden Salmoniden Seesaibling (Salvelinus alpinus) und Bachforelle (Salmo trutta m. fario) aus Bergseen in Tirol, und in der Leber der Süßwasserdorschart Quappe (Lota lota) aus dem Bodensee werden gezeigt. Die stärksten Veränderungen gegenüber einer aus technischen Gemischen hergestellten Simulationsmischung werden für Warmblütlerproben — Eier von Brandgans (Tadorna tadorna) und Küsten-Seeschwalbe (Sterna paradisea); Humanmilch — gefunden. Neben einem Trichlor- und neun Tetrachlorbiphenylen wurden 55 Pentabis Octachlorbiphenyle nachgewiesen. Komponenten mit einer 4 und/oder 3,5-Substitution in beiden Ringen werden beträchtlich langsamer abgebaut als anders strukturierte Komponenten (1,4-Rekalzitranz-Prinzip). Die Quantifizierung der PCB als Summe erfolgte über schwer abbaubare, signifikante Hauptkomponenten unter Verwendung eines Clophen A 60 PCB-Gemisches als Eichstandard.
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