ALBERT

Beschreibung: El género Plagiochila (hepatica) esta representada en las Islas Galapagos por ocho (8) especies diferentes: P. bursata (Desv.) Lindenbg., P. galapagona Inoue, P gradsteinii Inoue, P. guilleminiana Mont., P. inouei Grolle, P. scabrifolia Inoue, P. spinifera Ångstr. y P. subplana Lindenbg. El endemismo en este género es más alto que en otros géneros de las hepaticas, con cinco (5) especies que comienzan a conocerse solamente de los Galapagos ( P. galapagona, gradsteinii, scabrifolia, inouei, y spinifera). Las otras tres (3) son comunes y ampliamente distribuidas a lo largo de la America tropical. La mayoría de las especies estan restringidas a las zonas altas-húmedas de vegetación de las Islas Galapagos (matorrales de Zanthoxylum, Miconia y pampa) excepto P. guilleminiana muy común, la cual puede presentarse en la zona seca de transición de bosque. La más amplia variación de Plagiochila ha sido vista en Isabela (Cerro Azul), San Cristobal y Santa Cruz.

Beschreibung: Nanocyperion communities (s.l.) are considered here as “warp-and-woof” communities; the Nanocyperion components are described separately as synusiae. On the Netherlands Frisian Islands, four main synusiae have been recognized. Raunkiaer life form spectra show few differences between the communities. Life strategy spectra of the Nanocyperion synusiae, based on systems for phanerogams (modified after Bakker 1966) and bryophytes, yield the clearest patterns. A comparison of the ecology of the communities and an interpretation of the spectra in terms of avoidance of stress or competition suggest that inundations and standing crop of the communities are the main factors determining the distribution of the synusiae. Winter inundations overrule the influence of differences in productivity level, which becomes prominent in drier situations.

Beschreibung: The Colombian representatives of the lichen family Parmeliaceae with linear lobes and marginal cilia have been revised. A key is given and morphology, chemistry and distribution are treated of 12 species in three genera: Cetrariastrum Sipm. gen. nov, with C. andense (Kärnef.) Sipm. comb. nov., C. dubitans Sipm. spec. nov. and C. equadoriense (Sant.) Sipm. comb. nov., Everniastrum with E. catawbiense (Degel.) Hale, E. cirrhatum (Fr.) Hale, E. columbiense (Zahlbr.) Hale, E. fragile Sipm. spec. nov., E. planum Sipm. spec. nov., E. sorocheilum (Vain.) Hale and E. vexans (Zahlbr.) Hale, and Parmelina cleefii Sipm. spec. nov. and P. swinscowii (Hale) Hale.

Beschreibung: FRIM regularly makes botanical expeditions, which other scientists may join. Please contact Dr. E. SOEPADMO, Department of Botany, University of Malaysia, 59100 – Kuala Lumpur. K.M. WONG et al. (1988) have given notes on the early exploration and botanical collecting in the Endau-Rompin area of Peninsular Malaysia. (Gard. Bull., Singapore 41: 83- 91, 1 map).

Beschreibung: Because of their fleshy nature, thin leaves and membranous sepals and petals, Impatiens tend to make particularly poor herbarium specimens. If dried while still attached to the leafy part of the plant the flowers generally become badly crumpled and brittle. In such a state their more important characters become unrecognisable, and it is rarely possible to restore them to any useful degree. The leaves may also become badly crushed especially if they are not pressed absolutely flat. The collectors’ time may thus be completely wasted.

Beschreibung: Dr. M.M.J. van Balgooy and his companions on the Celebes Expedition, Dr. E. Hennipman, Mr. G.J. de Joncheere and Dr. E.F. de Vogel left Leiden on 5 April 1979, visited the SING and BO-Herbaria on the way. In Celebes visit was paid to Hasanudin University at Ujung Pandang (olim Makassar), in Bali to the Botanical Garden at Bedugul. In the course of August they returned to Holland. See also Exploration. The Botanical Survey of India kindly sent the following list of changes: D.K. Banerjee: to the Industrial Section of the Indian Museum at Calcutta; N. Bhargava: to the Northern Circle, Dehra Dun; U.C. Bhattacharyya: Deputy Director, Northern Circle, Dehra Dun; B.N. Chakraborty: Assistant curator, Industrial Section, Indian Museum, Calcutta; U. Chatterjee: Botanist, Eastern Circle, Shillong; Mrs. Dr. S.J. Das: Botanist, Eastern Circle, Shillong; P.K. Hajra: to HQ, Howrah; B. Krishna: to HQ, Howrah; Ram Lall: Botanist, Central Circle, Allahabad; C.L. Malhotra: to Northern Circle, Dehra Dun; P.C. Pant: to Northern Circle, Dehra Dun; B.B. Pramanick: Botanist, CAL-Herbarium, Howrah; M.K.V. Rao: to Andaman Circle, Port Blair; Dr. G.P. Roy: to Central Circle, Allahabad; B.D. Sharma: Deputy Director, Western Circle, Poona; Dr. R.C. Srivastava: Systematic Botanist, Eastern Circle, Shillong; C.R. Tarafder: Botanist, CAL-Herbarium, Howrah. Proficiat to all!

Beschreibung: Loss of species is the key issue of conservation. Contrary to misuse of land which is visible to anybody with eyes to see, the issue of extinction is sly, treacherous, and open to clear perception only for experts. It touches on quality, and reaches far out in time: hard things to grasp for non-biologists. Thus an extra responsibility devolves on those who are in a position to know and to speak. The value of the genetic resource base has been set forth in e.g. the book by O.H. Frankel & E. Bennett, Genetic resources in plants (1970), and in the BIOTROP symposium edited by J.T. Williams e.a., South East Asian plant genetic resources (1975); Myers adds many striking facts: half the prescriptions in the U.S.A. contain a drug of natural origin. The cardiac drug reserpine, from Rauvolfia, costs $ 1.25 per gram to synthesize, $ 0.75 from natural sources. The anti-polio vaccin was developed in experiments in chimpanzees. The Amerindians in Amazonia know 750 medicinal plant species. Now the possibility of massive destruction of tropical forests — where most species are located — casts some frightening shadows on the future. The question how to cope with the threat appears to be connected with human ethics and the international order. Consequently, most publications on the subject suffer from a partial lack of maturity: don’t look to Myers for ethics, nor to the Routleys for biology. It seems therefore advisable that on the part of all disciplines a common fund of knowledge and insight be built up. In my efforts, great stimulation was received from correspondence with Dr. Willem Meijer (Botany, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky. 40506, U.S.A.), who in his disinterested manner never fails to come up with things true and shocking.

Beschreibung: The University of San Carlos, Cebu City, (‘USC’) holds a botanical collection which is the fourth largest in size within the Philippines. The three leading herbaria of the Philippines are situated in or close to Manila. The 36 year old USC Herbarium is the only major collection in the Philippines outside Luzon. A project recently started and financially supported by the University’s Department of Research has provided the opportunity for reinforcement and further research on the collections. The names have been revised, records completed, and the taxa rearranged. The data on the labels have been computerized and stored in dBase III.

Beschreibung: Vegetation descriptions of Mount Kinabalu (4101 m), the highest mountain in tropical Asia between the Himalayas and New Guinea, have resulted in different, conflicting zonations. Some stress more on floristic affinities, others more on physiognomy. A lowland zone reaching to about 1000 m is usually distinguished. The next 2000 m comprising the mountain forests are treated in many different ways. A summit zone (above 3800 m) is recognized rather often (cf. Stapf, 1895; Gibbs, 1914; Meijer, 1963; Van Steenis, 1964; Menzel, 1988). In our opinion the most convincing is the zonation proposed by Van Steenis, who stressed the floristic composition. This comprises three zones: 1. the foothill zone below 1000 m; 2. the montane zone from 1000 to 2500 m; 3. the subalpine zone above 2500 m. Since this zonation was based on phanerogams it was tempting to investigate whether it is reflected in the bryophytes and lichens.

Beschreibung: Mr. A. ISMAIL (UKMB) has made a survey of the phytoplankton and other algae of Port Dickson and Pulau Tinggi, Peninsular Malaysia.

Beschreibung: AKIYAMA, H. 1989. A revaluation of. Hypnodendron opacum (Hypnodendraceae, Musci). Bryologist 92: 198-201, 19 fig. — Distinct from H. auricomum. AKIYAMA, H. 1989. Taxonomic studies of mosses of Seram and Ambon (Moluccas, East Malaysia) collected by Indonesian-Japanese botanical expeditions. I. Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 40: 147-162, 5 map.

Beschreibung: Hundred and twenty-two species, varieties, and new combinations of Penicillium, Eupenicillium, and Talaromyces described since 1977 have been studied taxonomically and screened for mycotoxin production. Only 48 taxa could be accepted: Eupenicillium angustiporcatum, E. cryptum, E. lineolatum, E. limoneum, E. nepalense, E. sinaicum, Penicillium aethiopicum, P. coalescens, P. confertum, P. coprobium, P. coprophilum. P. dendriticum, P. eberhardtii. P. erythromellis, P. flavidostipitatum, P. heteromorphum. P. hispanicum, P. juguslavicum, P. lapatayae, P. loliense, P. maclennaniae, P. macrosporum, P. mariaecrucis, P. mononematosum, P. nodulum, P. oblatum, P. onobense, P. palmae. P. palmense, P. panamense, P. patens, P. pittii, P. primulinum, P. rubefaciens P. sabulosum, P. shennongjianum, P. siamense, P. smithii, P. vasconiae, P. vonarxii, P. vulpinum, Talaromyces assiutensis, T. derxii, T. macrosporus, and T. mimosinus. Eleven varieties are recognized in P. aurantiogriseum, P. chrysogenum, P. glandicola, P. griseofulvum and P. hirsutum. Paecilomyces pascuus Pitt & Hocking and Geosmithia viridis Pitt & Hocking are transferred to Penicillium.

Beschreibung: Several aspects of the sexuality in Mucorales are discussed. It is stated that neither heterothallism nor homothallism are absolute conditions and that a continuum exists between zygospores and azygospores. Mating type switching as known in ascomycetous yeasts would explain several up to now inexplicable phenomena.

Beschreibung: Carissa papuana Markgraf described from New Guinea is placed in the synonymy of C. laxiflora Benth. described from Australia. Carissa laxiflora occurs on Cape York Peninsula, southern New Guinea and adjacent islands.

Beschreibung: The Astronieae (Melastomataceae) occur in Southeast Asia and include Astrocalyx Merr., Astronia Blume, Astronidium A. Gray, and Beccarianthus Cogn. Astrocalyx has 1 species, Astronia has 2 sections (1 new) with 59 species (28 new, 7 new varieties, 5 as new combinations, 1 new name).

Beschreibung: In our paper on seaweeds of the Snellius-II expedition (Coppejans & Prud’homme van Reine, 1989) we suggested that the new species Rhipilia nigrescens had been described in Phycologia. Due to regulations of that journal and corroborated by the short spell between acceptance and publication in Blumea, the Latin description can no longer be expected to be published as suggested. To validate the name of the new species a Latin description and a designation of the holotype is published here.

Beschreibung: After a discussion about Orophea multiflora, / O. chinensis. three new species (O. sarawakensis, O. leuseri, O. malayana) are described. Amended keys to subgenera and species are presented too, including new facts about some species recognized in the recent revision of the genus Orophea.

Beschreibung: In the present work details are given in the first place for the Malesian Olacaceae, representing the basis of my forthcoming treatment of the family in ‘Flora Malesiana’, in which full descriptions of the Malesian genera and species will be given. As the Olacaceae of Malesia are connected with those of South and Southeast Asia on the one, and those of Australia and the Pacific on the other side, it has been necessary to study the respective materials too. A part of the Malesian genera is represented also in Africa inch Madagascar, and even in Central and South America; the appertaining species have been studied but are not mentioned in this paper. A critical elaboration of the family for Africa and America is urgently needed, but will, as far as can be seen, be of no influence of the delimitation and scientific names of the Asiatic-Malesian Olacaceae.

Beschreibung: Astronidium (Melastomataceae – Astronieae) has 67 species (29 new, 4 new combinations, 2 new varieties). Beccarianthus (22+ species) was only partially studied; it includes Bamlera Lauterb. & K. Schum. and Everettia Merr., 1 new species is described and 5 new combinations (1 stat. nov.) are proposed.

Beschreibung: The Australian genus Wilkiea is recorded for Papua New Guinea. One species, W. foremanii, is described from the Wharton Range.

Beschreibung: Hawai’i is the most isolated major island group in the world, built up by and of volcanos and accordingly unstable but with a remarkable diversity of ecological niches. This has led to a flora on the one hand disharmonic (only three native orchids and one native genus of palms; no Gymnosperms nor primitive flowering plant families), on the other hand one of the worlds finest and most interesting ones. Though the island group is nearest to North America, most of the native flora is of Malesian affinity. In a sense, the flora is poor; one or a few colonist(s) often gave rise to a number of more or less closely related endemic species, some of which often relatively young polymorphic ones. The last complete treatment of the Hawaiian flora was Hillebrand’s ‘Flora of the Hawaiian Islands’ (1888). Since then, much work has been done, with different authors often based upon a very different species concept. This led to often strongly varying numbers of endemic species. Whereas Hillebrand accepted 705 native species, recent estimates varied between 1394 and 20,000-30,000 respectively! The authors of the present manual have tried to keep this number as low as possible; with their own words: “The main contribution of the Manual to Hawaiian botany is in providing a species concept that is probably more realistic, more functional, and more relevant to the understanding of this unique flora than anything available since the works of Hillebrand and Rock.” The total number of species here accepted is 1817; 956 of these are considered to be native and of these 89% are endemic. The number of genera accepted is 216, 15% of which are still endemic, but several of these are expected to be merged in the future with extra-Hawaiian genera. A good example of the treatment of endemic variation is to be found under Cyrtandra (Gesneriaceae) with 53 species accepted.

Beschreibung: This publication presents a catalogue of the taxa of the neotropical family Loricariidae, the mailed catfishes, including about 600 described species and 70 genera. An attempt is made to assign each species to its proper genus and to arrange the genera into an approximate phylogenetic order. Numerous new combina tions have become necessary. A new tribe, consisting of two new subtribes, and three new genera are herein established. Notes on type-material, recorded in the literature subsequent to an original description, are added. Literature references aim to include all publications containing original descriptions and proposals of new names.

Beschreibung: This compilation of stratigraphic and structural data accompanying the (re)issue of the 1:50000 sheets completes the project initiated by Prof. L.U. de Sitter in 1950. The total area mapped comprises about 400 km² in a strip more than 150 km from east to west. This part of the Hercynian tectogene is characterized by a very consistent sequence of Palaeozoic shelf sediments only interrupted by syn- to late-orogenetic flysch-molasse development. Neither of these sequences lend themselves to a simple geosynclinal model. Only the suprastructures of the orogene are exposed here; essentially decollement thrusting and folding. Fold and thrust vergences vary through 180° giving the centripetal pattern of the well-known Knee of Asturias. Very minor amounts of igneous rock have been mapped although activity in some form has been registered throughout most of the systems represented. The degree of metamorphism is so slight to have been negligible for the mapping.

Beschreibung: Leporinus nijsseni, an anostomid fish species new to science, is described from Suriname. New diagnoses and descriptions are provided for Leporinus granti Eigenmann, 1912 and Leporinus gomesi Garavello & Santos, 1981 from the Aripuanã river basin, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. The three species are compared and illustrated.

Beschreibung: A new species of the tropical-subtropical genus Monanchora Carter, 1883, is reported from São Tiago (Cape Verde Islands) and Ascension Island. The new species, M. stocki n. sp., is compared with related Atlantic and Indo-Pacific species, viz. Caribbean M. arbuscula (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) (senior synonym of Echinostylinos unguiferus De Laubenfels, 1953, and Monanchora barbadensis Hechtel, 1969), and Indo-Pacific M. unguiculata (Dendy, 1922). The new species stands out among Monanchora species by the longer and more pointed teeth of its spatulate-unguiferate chelae, which in extreme cases almost meet. The structure of the chelae of Monanchora species of various parts of its range are compared with that found in some other (? related) genera, leading to critical remarks on current familial classifications of the Poecilosclerida.

Beschreibung: Les auteurs ont examiné une collection de 38 échantillons d’Ostracodes d’eau douce récoltés par le Prof. J. H. Stock sur les Iles Canaries de 1985 à 1987. Seules quelques espèces ont été trouvées. Cypridopsis lanzarotensis fut décrite par Mallwitz (1984) de l’île de Lanzarote (îles Canaries); c’est la première fois qu’elle est signalée depuis sa découverte. Dans le présent travail, l’espèce est transférée dans le genre Sarscypridopsis McKenzie 1977. Les espèces suivantes sont signalées pour la première fois des Iles Canaries: Plesiocypridopsis newtoni (Brady & Robertson, 1870); Cypretta seurati Gauthier, 1929 ainsi que les deux espèces cosmopolites Cypridopsis vidua (O. F. Müller, 1776) et Heterocypris incongruens (Ramdohr, 1808). La taxonomie, l’écologie et la distribution géographique des trois premières espèces sont brièvement discutées.

Beschreibung: Recent subsurface mapping of parts of Jakobshavn Isbrae region indicates that fjord system was more ice-free at 2700-4700 a BP than it is now, and that front of glacier was at least 15 km behind present position. The 14C datings of subfossils at present ice margin fit with climatic records from ice cores and confirm favourable conditions for Greenland's first settlers.

Beschreibung: Sediments from various subenvironments of alpine valley glaciers can be distinguished by their grain-size distributions. Glacio-aquatic deposits exhibit narrower grain-size spectra and better grain-size sorting than sediments of pure glacial origin. The various types of moraine sediments can be recognized by varying contents of fine-grained matrix (less than 0.063 mm in diameter). Glacially affected quartz grains show conchoidal, step- and block-fracture patterns of varying shapes and sizes, but it is difficult to discern whether these microtextures are of genomorphic or phenomorphic origin. Frequently a single grain exhibits sharply acute as well as notched and rounded edges, reflecting the uneven distribution of forces during subglacial transport. Likewise, feldspar grains show both abraded and rough (shatter-cleaved) surfaces.

Beschreibung: Larvae of the East Atlantic anomuran crab Galathea intermedia Lilljeborg were reared in the laboratory from hatching to the first juvenile stage. The larvae were kept in 31-32 ppt S sea water at 15 degree C. The complete larval development consists of 4 or 5 zoeal stages and 1 megalops stage. The larval stages are described and morphological characters are compared with those of the West Atlantic species Galathea rostrata A. Milne Edwards described by Gore (1979).

Beschreibung: 1. Dry weight (W), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), hydrogen (H), total protein (Lowry), and total lipids were measured in larval decapod crustaceans reared in the laboratory with Artemia sp. nauplii as food.2. During complete larval development from hatching to metamorphosis, accumulation of biomass varied significantly between different species and biomass fractions, with a minimum C gain of 139% observed in lobster (Homarus gammarus) and a maximum of 〉7000% in swimming crab (Liocarcinus holsatus) larvae.3. Within indivdual moult cycles, up to 〉200% can be gained. Developmental changes (related to stages of the moult cycle) are responsible for most of the variability in elemental and biochemical composition of decapod larvae.4. Elemental or biochemical body composition (in % of W) does not change significantly with W in most decapod taxa. Only the Anomura showed a significant decrease in N and an increase in the C/N ratio with increasing W.5. Statistically significant differences were observed in the average (% of W) body composition of larvae belonging to different infraorders of the Decapoda. The most conspicuous differences occurred in the protein fraction, with an average value of 43% in the Caridea and only 30-32% in all other groups.6. There is an increasing tendency in the C/N ratio (indicating an increasing lipid/protein ratio) from primitive to advanced taxa, in the sequence: Caridea, Astacidea, Anomura, Brachyura. It is interpreted as a possible evolutionary trend towards an increasing degree of lecithotrophy in the Decapoda.7. Regression equations are given for conversions of W to CHN, N to protein, and C to lipid (the latter only for Brachyura).

Beschreibung: Larvae of a tropical spider crab, Libinia ferreirae, Brito Capello, 1871, were reared in the laboratory from hatching to metamorphosis. Development consists of a prezoea, 2 zoeal stages, and a megalopa. A detailed description of larval morphology is given and compared with those of four other Libinia species for which descriptions are available. In spite of great morphological similarity among these species, the characters described here are sufficient to allow the identification of their larval stages.

Beschreibung: Larvae of the tropical fiddler crab, Uca thayeri , were reared in the laboratory from hatching to metamorphosis. Development consists of 5 zoeal stages and a megalopa. At a constant temperature (25 degree C), each zoeal stage lasts 4 to 5 days, and ca. 10 to 14 days is required for the megalopa. Somewhat more than one month is needed for the whole process. A detailed description of larval morphology is given and compared with those of eight other Uca species, for which partial or complete descriptions are available.

Beschreibung: Hermit crab (Pagurus bernhardus) larvae were reared under constant conditions in the laboratory, and their growth and respiration were measured in short intervals (every 1 or 2 d) in terms of dry weight, CHN, and oxygen consumption, respectively. These measurements were converted to energy equivalents, in order to construct energy budgets for the successive larval instars. Instantaneous growth rates were constant in the zoea I, but showed a decreasing trend during all following zoeal moult cycles. The megalopa does not eat and consequently loses energy during its development. A decreasing C:N ratio indicates degradation of non-proteinaceous reserves (presumably mainly lipids) as an energy source during this stage. Individual respiration (R) increased in the first two zoeal instars as a linear function of time, then it showed a stepwise increase, with constant values during the zoea III and IV moult cycles. The megalopa showed maximum R during early postmoult, followed by significantly lower values during later stages of the moult cycle. In late premoult, however, a slight increase occurred in R, indicating enhanced metabolic activity with approaching metamorphosis. Moult-related increase in metabolic intensity of tissues was clearly shown also by a cyclic pattern in weight-specific respiration rate (QO2) during larval development. The average QO2 decreased in general in subsequent larval instars with average body weight. Computer simulations of bioenergetic changes suggest a decreasing trend in net growth efficiency (K2) during individual zoeal moult cycles, in particular during the zoea III and IV. When integrated energy budgets are calculated, however, the overall K2 values of the different zoeal instars are quite similar, with a somewhat higher value in the zoea I (0.58) than in the following three stages (0.44-0.47). Thus, energy partitioning does not reveal significant variation during zoeal development, whereas the megalopa deviates in all bioenergetic traits. As a consequence of secondary lecithotrophy, the ultimate larval stage respires ca. one half of total energy accumulated by the four zoeal stages combined. It is suggested that this peculiar energetic pattern in larval development of the hermit crab is an adaptation to its very specific habitat requirement at metamorphosis: the need for a gastropod shell.

Beschreibung: Hatching and larval development of the semiterrestrial tropical brachyuran Sesarma angustipes were studied in relation to salinity in laboratory experiments. Adults were found in southern Brazil living in terrestrial habitats and in freshwater creeks. When a free choice was offered in the laboratory, females liberated their larvae indiscriminately in freshwater or seawater. Rearing experiments were carried out at 0, 3, 10, 20, and 32% S. Unlike in other marine and brackish water species, freshly hatched zoea I larvae remained actively swimming in freshwater, where they survived for almost 2 d. Maximum survival time of zoea I exposed to 3% S was ca 3.5 d. The larvae were able to pass through some or all developmental instars (4 zoeal stages and 1 megalopa) only at higher salinities.

Beschreibung: Larvae of the brackish water crab Metasesarma rubripes (Rathbun) originating from a mangrove area in Parana (southern Brazil) were reared in the laboratory from hatching to metamorphosis. Larval morphology was compared with a previous description of material from Venezuela. Morphological differences were observed and described in all larval instars, suggesting the existence of different geographical races within this widely distributed species. Moreover, M. rubripes from Brazil (unlike that from Venezuela) reveals a variability in its developmental pathways, with 4 or 5 zoeal stages preceding the megalopa. The relative frequency of these pathways within a hatch was found to differ between hatches originating from different females, suggesting that the number of developmental instars may depend on genetic or other maternal factors. Only those larvae that had passed the first three zoeal stages relatively fast (compared to sibling larvae from the same hatch) were able to develop directly from the zoea IV to the megalopa, whereas relatively delayed larvae tended to pass through a zoea V stage. Morphological comparison between zoea IV larvae developing directly to a megalopa with those passing through an additional zoeal instar shows that the former are not only faster in development but also morphologically more advanced than the latter. The zoea V of M. rubripes is described for the first time; it reveals morphological characters that are intermediate between the less advanced form of zoea IV and the megalopa. Variability in developmental pathways is interpreted a possible adaptation to extremely variable environments, where developmental flexibility may increase the chance to encounter a suitable habitat for settlement and metamorphosis.