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  • 1
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-04
    Beschreibung: The active cavity radiometer (ACR) experiment on the Spacelab 1 mission to measure the total solar irradiance is discussed. Short and long term variations in the total solar output of optical energy are studied. Solar total irradiance observation provides information on the solar cycle and other long term trends in solar output that are of climatological significance as well as short term solar physics phenomena. The interaction of solar radiation with the Earth's atmosphere, oceans, and land masses provides the primary driving forces for the formation of weather systems and the determination of climate. Astrophysical measurements determine the total energy flux. The principal role of the ACR observations support extended solar irradiance experiments on free flying satellites. Solar irradiance measurements are important in the establishment of the radiation scale at the solar total flux level in the international system of units (SI).
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 4 p
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  • 2
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-04
    Beschreibung: The study of galactic and faint extragalactic extended sources and peculiar ultraviolet objects by a very wide field of view camera, operated in the ultraviolet photometric and spectrometric modes is discussed. The photometric mode is direct photography through filters for observation of the following sources: (1) large scale distribution of ultraviolet radiation in the Milky Way; (2) diffusion of the galactic light above the galactic plane and in front of the large absorbing clouds; (3) the optical emission of the interstellar matter; (4) stars, and starlike objects with diameters less than 3 arc minutes. In the spectrometric mode (nebular spectrograph) the light from the center of the photometric field is concentrated on a slit covering 10 degrees by 10 arc minutes on the sky.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 3 p
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  • 3
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-05
    Beschreibung: The use of a personal miniature electrophysiological tape recorder to measure the physiological reactions of space flight personnel to space flight stress and weightlessness is described. The Oxford Instruments Medilog recorder, a battery-powered, four-channel cassette tape recorder with 24 hour endurance is carried on the person and will record EKG, EOG, EEG, and timing and event markers. The data will give information about heart rate and morphology changes, and document adaptation to zero gravity on the part of subjects who, unlike highly trained astronauts, are more representative of the normal population than were the subjects of previous space flight studies.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 2 p
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  • 4
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-04
    Beschreibung: A test of the mapping capabilities of high resolution space photography taken at the resolution limit of image motion on large film format is planned. The metric camera system and its planned operation are described.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 4 p
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  • 5
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-04
    Beschreibung: Photography and measurement of cloud-like structures of bright parallel bands observed in near infrared photography of the night sky is planned. The instrument is described and the purpose of the experiment summarized.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 2 p
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  • 6
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-04
    Beschreibung: High resolution infrared spectroscopic observations of the Earth's limb in the wavelength range characteristic of the vibrational-rotational lines of trace atmospheric constituents is planned. The instrument and its operation and the purpose of the experiments are summarized.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 3 p
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  • 7
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The counter is a static thermal diffusion chamber which has been modified to include an optical system for the determination of droplet concentration by the measurement of scattered light. The determination of concentration is made by measurement of the peak scattered light signal from the cloud of growing droplets which is a function of both the droplet concentration and chamber supersaturation. Because the formation of the peak is related to the rate of growth of the droplets and sedimentation, both of which are determined by supersaturation, the system calibration can be uniquely determined by comparison with an absolute counter such as a static diffusion chamber with a photographic recording system.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 40-41
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  • 8
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Unlike typical CCN counters, this device counts the numbers of water droplets condensed on aerosol particles sampled on a microcover glass at various different relative humidities. The relative humidities ranged from 75 percent to a calculated value of 110 percent. A schematic of the apparatus is shown. The individual CCN can be identified in an optical micrograph and scanning electron micrograph and may be inspected for their chemical composition later.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 35-36
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  • 9
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: In performing the data analysis of the measurements achieved during the Workshop with the device, a global approach was preferred rather than an individual analysis, in order to illustrate some main characteristics in the behavior of the device with respect to a mean behavior resulting from a general survey of all the equipments involved in each experiment. The device tends generally to overestimate the CCN concentrations measured near the high supersaturations and sometimes underestimates the concentrations close to 0.1% or 0.2% of supersaturation. Despite the fact that it belongs to a type of static diffusion chamber, it shows, however, similar spectra to those obtained with other types of chambers (continuous flow diffusion chamber and haze chamber).
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 17-19
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  • 10
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The group's CCN counter is described. It is a static, horizontal, parallel plate thermal gradient diffusion chamber. Examples of the application of the CCN are presented and include the CCN spectra measured during the winter of 1978-79 near Elk Mountain, Wyoming. Comparisons of droplet concentrations derived from upwind CCN spectra are covered.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 11-13
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  • 11
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The size distribution was measured in the size range between 0.0057 and 0.57 micrometer radius. A description of the instrumentation and data analysis is given, together with the measured size distributions calculated for 23 experiments.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 69-78
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  • 12
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The experiments performed at the Workshop were undertaken to confirm the calculated sample volume, determine the usable range of supersaturation, and minimum detectable size. Comparison of absolute CCN concentrations with other state-of-the-art continuous flow diffusion chambers at supersaturations near 1 percent indicated that the volume used produced CCN concentrations well within the range of CCN concentrations determined at the workshop. This agreement is interpreted to mean the sample volume was correct. Direct measurements of the beam geometry done in the laboratory indicated a factor of 4-5 error. This error is apparently due to the larger apparent visible beam diameter versus the actual usable beam diameter given the droplet illumination, chamber optical geometry, microscope optics and film characteristics.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 44-45
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  • 13
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: A multi-channel chopper system designed and built to stringent specifications is providing an excellent performance for a total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS). State of the art machining technology, suitable material selection, and a way to hold and position the slit plate resulted in the instrument's better than expected performance. A shutter method used for internal calibration allows compensation for the occurrence of an unlikely wavelength shift during testing, launch, or during the orbiting life of the instrument. The TOMS is part of a payload on Nimbus 7 launched on October 24, 1978.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center The 15th aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 63-75
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  • 14
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: In the IHC the critical supersaturation is inferred from the measurement of the size of particles which have grown to their equilibrium size at exactly 100 percent RH. The largest size channel corresponds to a critical supersaturation of 0.014 percent. The growth time required for particles of this size to reach their equilibrium size exceeds the 110 second residence time in the IHC. Since the supersaturation spectrum is always very steep in this region, the contribution of these larger particles which have not yet attained their equilibrium size to smaller size channels is negligible. However, failure of these particles to reach their equilibrium size could result in a significant lowering of the count in the size channel corresponding to the smaller critical supersaturation.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 42-43
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  • 15
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The chamber geometry and optical arrangement are described. The supersaturation range is given and consists of readings taken at five fixed points: 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1.0%, and 1.25%. The detection system is described including light source, cameras, and photocell detectors. The temperature control and the calibration of the chamber are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 26-27
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  • 16
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The NRL thermal gradient diffusion cloud chamber (TGDCC) consists of two plates 7.5 cm in diameter separated by 1.25 cm and covered with saturated filter paper. The cylindrical wall separating the plates is glass. The top plate is at room temperature and the bottom plate is cooled with a thermoelectric cooler. The temperature difference is measured with several sets of thermocouples. The CCN concentration was determined from the video recording. This procedure of averaging the maximum count obtained on several successive recordings at the same supersaturation results in concentrations which are somewhat higher than concentrations calculated from an average across the plateau.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 14-16
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  • 17
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Two instruments were used to size dry aerosols for the CCN experiments: the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) instrument which uses an electrical mobility analyzer to separate the aerosol size fractions and a diffusion chamber to grow and count the particles and the University of Wyoming (WYO) aerosol monitoring system. Measurements from these two systems were usually found to be in agreement during the CCN Workshop. Two examples are presented to compare aerosol size distribution measurements of the two instruments: experiment 8 (monodisperse NaCl) and experiment 27 (polydisperse AgI). Differential (dN/dR) and cumulative plots are shown for both instruments for experiment 8 and experiment 27; also shown are Aitken particle measurements for comparison.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 106-107
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  • 18
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Nine CCN counters of the static diffusion (SDC) type were compared with one another and with continuous flow diffusion (CFD) chambers. The nine SDCs showed a considerable amount of variation, largely attributable to newness and/or lack of prior calibration of some units. The five more consistent instruments agreed quite well, to within at least 20 percent of the NRL mobility analyzer and to within 10 percent at 1 percent supersaturation. There was satisfactory agreement between the more reliable SDC and CFD chambers.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 57-63
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  • 19
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The diffusion tube was designed to operate below about 0.25 percent of water supersaturation. It is simply a long tube lined on the inside with a damp chamois cloth, and heated isothermally to a few degrees centigrade above the incoming air. The diffusion coefficient for water vapor is slightly larger than that for heat, making it possible to supersaturate the airflow. This is the same principle by which transient supersaturations may occur in parallel plate cloud chambers. Only the diffusion of vapor and heat from the walls into the moving air are considered.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 37-39
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  • 20
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The chamber is a thermal gradient diffusion type with the upper plate at room temperature and the lower plate thermoelectrically cooled. The light from a 25W projector bulb is focused in a beam of approximations 1x3 mm in the central part of the chamber. The light scattered by drops is viewed in the forward direction (40 deg) by a microscope and a sensitive photodetector. Experiments were performed to relate the peak output from the photocell with the maximum number of drops in the beam recorded photographically. The microscope is used to check the calibration at low concentrations of CCN. The results of the experiments and the performance of the counter are reported.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 33-34
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  • 21
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 240-241
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  • 22
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 236-237
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  • 23
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 238-239
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  • 24
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 234-235
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  • 25
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 231
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  • 26
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 229-230
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  • 27
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 232-233
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  • 28
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 227-228
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  • 29
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 221-223
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  • 30
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 148
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  • 31
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 130-131
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  • 32
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 16
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  • 33
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A low-power portable data acquisition system presently in use for geomagnetic measurements is described. The system is composed of a data-processing system containing a low-power microprocessor, a 9-track digital tape recorder, and a rechargeable battery pack. The magnetometer is a low-power three axis fluxgate design. Under program control the data processing system keeps track of time of day and date, samples three analog magnetometer outputs at intervals of either 0.4 or 2 s, digitizes the data to 15-bit resolution, and, depending upon relative magnetic activity, decides upon data compression to increase the tape storage capacity. It also monitors and records internal voltages and provides self-checking functions which may be monitored through a visual readout on the control panel. The system is mounted in a rugged, weather-tight carrying case suitable for use outdoors with minimal protection. The system, including magnetometer, uses 1.6-W power and can store 5.7 Mbytes of data.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing; GE-19; July 198
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  • 34
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: It is noted that in the case of low-level injection, space-charge quasi-neutrality, and spatially constant material parameters (including an electrostatic field), the individual layer can be treated analytically and the basic solar cell performance parameters can be evaluated from three equations. The first equation represents the transformation of the transport velocity across the layer from the other layer boundary. The second establishes the light-generated current output from the layer interface, under the influence of the transport velocities and minority-carrier density at both layer boundaries and of bulk recombination. The third equation describes the flow of these carriers across other layers. The power of the approach is considered to lie in its facility for analysis of the solar cell's performance layer by layer, giving a clear picture of the individual layer's influence on cell efficiency.
    Schlagwort(e): ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Materialart: IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices; ED-28; May 1981
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  • 35
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Advances in instrumentation for use in nuclear-science studies are described. Consideration is given to medical instrumentation, computerized fluoroscopy, environmental instrumentation, data acquisition techniques, semiconductor detectors, microchannel plates and photomultiplier tubes, reactor instrumentation, neutron detectors and proportional counters, and space instrumentation.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 36
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Experiments have been done to study the performance of mercuric iodide (HgI2) detectors in the ultralow-energy X-ray region. Energy resolution values of 245 eV (FWHM) for the Mg K-alpha X-ray line at 1.25 keV and 225 eV (FWHM) for the electronic noise linewidth have been obtained for an HgI2 detector with painted carbon contacts using a pulsed-light feedback preamplifier; the whole system was operated at room temperature. The resolution values in the ultralow-energy region are still limited by electronic noise of the system. In an attempt to minimize X-ray attenuation in the front contact, detectors were prepared with thin evaporated Pd contacts. These detectors show a pronounced low-energy tailing of the photopeak below a few keV, in contrast to the spectra obtained by detectors with carbon contact. An attempt has been made to explain the tailing effect starting with models wich have been proposed to describe similar effects in Ge detectors.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 37
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The assumption that spherical-shell ion chamber rssponse is equal to the dose in the center of the cavity is found to be a poor approximation for ion chambers used for area monitoring in the space program. The dose response is calculated using the appropriate areal density distribution function. Effects of nuclear reaction are evaluated using proton buildup factors. Errors of up to 100% are found for some components of the space radiation environments.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Nuclear Technology; 52; 1, Ja; Jan. 198
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  • 38
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The chemiluminescent rocket ozonesonde utilizing rhodamine-B as a detector and self-pumping for air sampling has been improved. The instrument employs standard meteorological sounding systems and is the only technique available for routine nighttime ozone measurements above balloon altitudes. The chemiluminescent detector, when properly calibrated, is shown to be specific to ozone, stable, and of sufficient sensitivity for accurate measurements of ozone from about 65-20 km. An error analysis indicates that the measured ozone profiles have an absolute accuracy of about + or - 12% and a precision of about + or - 6%. Approximately 20 flights have been conducted for geophysical investigations, while additional flights were conducted with other rocket and satellite ozone soundings for comparisons. In general, these comparisons showed good agreement.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Review of Scientific Instruments; 51; Oct. 198
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  • 39
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: A circular-scan streak tube designed for use in a laser ranging system is described. Electrostatic focusing is used between the photocathode and a microchannel plate, and electrons from the microchannel plate are proximity focused onto an output phosphor screen. Electron beam deflection is achieved by driving two orthogonal sets of deflection plate assemblies in phase quadrature at a frequency of 200 MHz. The light intensity in the output beam trace is measured by using a circular Reticon array of 720 photodiodes, which is fiber-optically coupled to the output phosphor screen of the tube. Sample measurements of frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser-pulse waveforms are given. Also the output beamwidth has been measured at the 200-MHz deflection frequency. The results suggest a limiting resolution of 33 psec for the circular-scan streak tube used for these tests.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Applied Optics; 19; Oct. 15
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  • 40
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The use of laser-induced water Raman backscatter for remote thin oil film detection and thickness measurement is reported here for the first time. A 337.1-nm nitrogen laser was used to excite the 3400-cm-1 OH stretch band of natural ocean water beneath the oil slick from an altitude of 150 m. The signal strength of the 381-nm water Raman backscatter was always observed to depress when the oil was encountered and then return to its original undepressed value after complete aircraft traversal of the floating slick. After removal of background and oil fluorescence contributions, the ratio of the depressed-to-undepressed airborne water Raman signal intensities, together with laboratory measured oil extinction coefficients, is used to calculate the oil film thickness.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Applied Optics; 19; Oct. 1
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  • 41
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Research, development, and application of atmospheric laser Doppler velocimetry are overviewed. Consideration is given to operation principles of CO2 heterodyne systems. Global wind, pollution, V/STOL flow, and true airspeed measurements are outlined. Wind energy, dust devils, water spouts, tornadoes, and aircraft wake vortices are covered.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Optical Engineering; 19; July-Aug
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  • 42
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: A pulsed infrared lidar system designed for application to the remote sensing of atmospheric trace gases from an airborne platform is described. The system is also capable of measuring the infrared backscatter characteristics of the ocean surface, terrain, cloud, and aerosol targets. The lidar employed is based on dual wavelength pulse energy measurements in the 9-11 micrometer wavelength region.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Optical Engineering; 19; July-Aug
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  • 43
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: A simple device is described that is capable of providing real-time 3-D viewing of extended X-ray and gamma-ray objects. The visible-light images produced by the device are not merely stereoscopic, i.e., one perspective, but possess both horizontal and vertical parallax with a reasonably large field of view.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Applied Optics; 19; Sept. 1
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  • 44
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Infrared grid polarizers consisting of copper lines with a 3.6-micron grid constant on a 4-micron-thick Mylar polyester substrate have been prepared by the techniques of photolithography and sputter-etching. Their polarization properties have been measured and found to be suitable for use at infrared frequencies below 700/cm. The polarizers have been used to extend the useful frequency range of a Martin-Puplett polarizing interferometer designed for Fourier transform spectroscopy. The efficiency of the interferometer has been measured over a frequency range from 50 to 700/cm and compared to that of a conventional Michelson interferometer. The results are shown to be consistent with the measured properties of the polarizers. Methods are suggested for improving the efficiency of a Martin-Puplett interferometer which employs these polarizers.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Infrared Physics; 20; July 198
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  • 45
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: A tunable diode laser spectrometer with several unique features has been developed for use in the middle IR. The all-reflective optical system has a dual-beam configuration before the dispersive mode selector to eliminate transit-angle errors at the calibration etalon. By maintaining separated beams through the mode selector, beam combiner losses are avoided. Averaging successive sweeps of the current-modulated laser permits stable reproducible spectral integrations, eliminating etalon thermal errors and producing high photometric sensitivity. Line strengths have been measured using this instrument for eleven transitions in nu4 of (C-12)H4. These include R0 and R1 and nine P-branch transitions in the 1202-1263-per cm range. Techniques for measuring strengths with a diode laser are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Applied Optics; 19; Aug. 15
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  • 46
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Aerosols containing solid, spherical stearic acid particles with a mean diameter of 0.8 micron and a geometric standard deviation of 1.28 were sampled with small bore front-facing aspirating probes in near-sonic and supersonic unheated free jets. The results are compared to compute the sampling error associated with a high-speed jet sample.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Air Pollution Control Association; vol. 30
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  • 47
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: In order to relate the measured fringe shift of an interferometer to the density of a medium, the relation between density and refractive index, which is expressed by the specific refractivity, must be known. In the present paper, the specific refractivities of the wind tunnel test gases CF4 and C2F6 are determined in order to verify estimations based on the atomic refractivities of carbon and fluorine. A Twyman-Green two-beam interferometer with a 633-nm He-Ne laser light source was used to measure the specific refractivity as a function of fringe shift as the density of the gas was changed. Values of 0.122 and 0.131 cu cm/g were obtained for CF4 and C2F6 respectively at a temperature of 300 K, which are within 1% of the values computed from the atomic refractivities.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Journal of Chemical Physics; 73; July 15
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  • 48
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The solar power satellite concept which would make the sun's radiation available on earth as a source of energy, is discussed. Attention is given to the concept currently under evaluation in the USA, and also in Europe, though to a lesser extent. The advantages and problems associated with its adoption by the UK as a major source of electrical energy are discussed. The discussion covers topics such as sizing, reference system, and construction, costs, and problem areas.
    Schlagwort(e): ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 49
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The paper presents an instrument that directly measures multispectral absorption coefficient of turbid natural water. Attention is given to the design, which is shown to incorporate methods for the compensation of variation in the internal light source intensity, correction of the spectrally dependent nature of the optical elements, and correction for variation in the background light level. In addition, when used in conjunction with a spectrally matched total attenuation instrument, the spectrally dependent scattering coefficient can also be derived. Finally, it is reported that systematic errors associated with multiple scattering have been estimated using Monte Carlo techniques.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Applied Optics; 19; May 15
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  • 50
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The measurement of the electrical performance characteristics of individual solar cells is discussed. One of the reasons is determination of the output power, measurement of the effect of various degradation mechanisms, and separation of cells by current and voltage for eventual use in series and parallel combinations. Major problem areas in making accurate performance measurements are the determination of the irradiance level during measurement, the measurement and control of cell junction temperature, and the contacting of the separate current and potential leads to the cell under test. Solar cells respond to only part of the solar spectrum, irradiance measurement made with blackbody detectors lead to spectral mismatch errors. The use of reference cells with a spectral response similar to that of the test cell reduces this error. Reference cells are calibrated at standard atmospheric conditions with all cells calibrated at the same conditions.
    Schlagwort(e): ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Materialart: Midwest Research Inst. Com. Photovoltaics Meas. Workshop Proc.; p 227-233
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  • 51
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A technique has been developed for coating low-cost mullite-based refractory substrates with thin layers of solar cell quality silicon. The technique involves first carbonizing one surface of the ceramic and then contacting it with molten silicon. The silicon wets the carbonized surface and, under the proper thermal conditions, solidifies as a large-grained sheet. Solar cells produced from this composite silicon-on-ceramic material have exhibited total area conversion efficiencies of ten percent.
    Schlagwort(e): ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 52
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A method is described of applying a variable frequency-shift to a laser beam, by means of Bragg cells, in which the direction of the output diffracted beam is unaffected by the magnitude of the applied shift. Applications of the technique to reference-beam and Doppler-difference forms of laser anemometry are discussed together with methods of obtaining increased dynamic range.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Applied Optics; 20; Feb. 15
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  • 53
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Fluorescence lidar when applicable offers one of the most sensitive methods for measuring the concentration of trace constituents of the atmosphere. In the conduct of a fluorescence lidar experiment, a number of parameters which can be used to optimize the SNR can be controlled. In this paper the optimum division of laser pulses centered on and off the fluorescence excitation wavelength is calculated as a function of the ratio of the fluorescence signal strength to the strength of fluorescence from interfering species. For strong interference signals the time should be divided equally on and off the line. For strong fluorescence signals the time on line is proportional to the square root of the on-line off-line signal ratio. The optimization of the integration time for varying values of signal-to-background and signal-to-interference ratios, atmospheric attenuation, laser energy variations, background measurement time, and on-line off-line time division is also considered.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Applied Optics; 20; Feb. 15
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  • 54
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The use of laser Raman measurement techniques in remote sensing applications is surveyed. A feasibility index is defined as a means to characterize the practicality of a given remote Raman measurement application. Specific applications of Raman scattering to the measurement of atmospheric water vapor profiles, methane plumes from liquid natural gas spills, and subsurface ocean temperature profiles are described. This paper will survey the use of laser Raman measurement techniques in remote sensing applications using as examples specific systems that the Computer Genetics Corporation (CGC) group has developed and engineered.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Optical Engineering; 20; Jan
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  • 55
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The technological development of large, horizontal-axis wind turbines (100 kW-2500 kW) is surveyed with attention to prototype projects managed by NASA. Technical feasibility has been demonstrated in utility service for systems with a rated power of up to 200 kW and a rotor diameter of 125 ft (Mod-OA). Current designs of large wind turbines such as the 2500 kW Mod-2 are projected to be cost competitive for utility applications when produced in quantity, with capital costs of 600 to 700 dollars per kW (in 1977 dollars).
    Schlagwort(e): ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Materialart: Journal of Industrial Aerodynamics; 5; May 1980
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  • 56
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: It is proposed to use high-resolution stimulated Raman spectroscopy to directly measure high-speed molecular flow velocities in wind tunnels and in combustive chambers. A feasibility study indicates that flow speeds from Mach 0.04 up may be measured with the proposed method using available laser systems. It is pointed out that the success of the proposed technique will make it possible to measure all interesting flow parameters, i.e., species concentration, temperature, and velocity, in a time of less than 1 microsecond at a repetition rate of 10,000/s using a single experimental arrangement.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics; QE-17; Jan. 198
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  • 57
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The distribution of image energy by the central obstruction of annular apertures is discussed with special emphasis on the effect of an aperture shape parameter which can be interpreted optically as the inverse obstruction ratio. This parameter generates group arrangements with the number of rings given by N2 = 1/a, where a is the central obstruction ratio.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Applied Optics; 20; Jan. 15
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  • 58
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A scaling correlator optical pattern recognition system is described in which a lensless matched spatial filter (with the second Fourier transform lens and the matched spatial filter recorded on the same plate) is used with a first Fourier transform lens that is also an holographic optical element. The matched spatial filter is recorded at one wavelength and correlation is obtained at a second wavelength. Experimental demonstration and output correlation SNR data are reported, together with a comparison of the system's noise level using conventional optics and holographic elements.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Optics Communications; 34; Sept
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  • 59
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The construction, tests, and performance of a temperature stabilized phase detector are discussed. It has a frequency stability of 5 parts in 10 to the 16th power at 100 MHz, with a temperature step of 20 C (15 to 35 C).
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Progr. Rept. 42-64; p 90-95
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  • 60
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Electrical path delay caused by atmospheric water vapor may be a limiting error source for geodetic measurements made with VLBI. Direct measurement of atmospheric water vapor is necessary to obtain path delay correction required by the ORION project. A dual channel water vapor radiometer is described which operates at frequencies near the 22 GHz water vapor line and is capable of collecting data that permits calculation of path delay within 2 cm accuracy.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Telecommun. and Data Acquisition; p 10-14
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  • 61
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Photographic images enhanced by the method of Thiourea-S35 autoradiography are evaluated in terms of signal-to-noise ratio, detective quantum efficiency (DQE), and Wiener spectrum analysis using digitized images. It is determined that the original signal-to-noise ratio is not degraded by the intensification process which allows an increase in the practical working DQE as a function of density. These results apply at all spatial frequencies that were tested. The advantage given by autoradiography is the ability to produce usable images from emulsions originally exposed to the low densities corresponding to maximum DQE and movement of faint image densities above the level of the threshold for detection.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Astronomical Society of the Pacific; vol. 92
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  • 62
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The quality of image reconstructions from discrete data suffers not only from the blurring of spatial detail caused by limitations in the spatial frequency response of electrooptical systems, but also from the aliasing generated if spatial detail has been undersampled. Previous studies have observed that reasonable spot intensity profiles and photosensor aperture shapes of equivalent size result in about equal blurring but that some profiles and shapes suppress aliasing better than others. This paper presents quantitative results of the magnitude of aliasing and blurring as a function of random radiance fields typical for natural scenes and of spatial responses and sampling intervals typical for TV cameras and optical-mechanical scanners. These results indicate that aliasing may often be a larger source of degradation than either blurring or electronic noise.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Applied Optics; 19; July 1
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  • 63
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Microscopic and electrical measurements were performed to explain the degradation mechanisms associated with the presence of titanium impurities in silicon. The measurements included X-ray topography, transmission electron microscopy, and deep level transient spectroscopy, before and after processing. The results indicated the presence of TiO2 precipitates, the density of which increased after phosphorus diffusion. A majority carrier trapping level was observed in the wafers before processing. It was concluded that 10% of the Ti in the N(+)/P silicon solar cells formed electrically active centers which caused degradation of the cell junction. 14% of the remaining Ti precipitated out as TiO2, forming electrically active defects, which also caused junction degradation.
    Schlagwort(e): ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Materialart: Electrochemical Society; vol. 127
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  • 64
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: An apparatus is described in which hydrogen atoms were trapped at temperatures down to 1.1 K in the 11 T field of a large volume superconducting magnet. A high sensitivity thermal detector was used to study trapping and recombination of atoms on the detector surface. The apparatus permits the application of extremely high steady state magnetic fields to study the potential effects of electron spin polarization on the stabilization of hydrogen atoms.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Review of Scientific Instruments; 51; May 1980
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  • 65
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: A coaxial dual-channel laser system has been developed for the measurement of extinction coefficients of highly absorbing liquids. An empty wedge-shaped sample cell is first translated laterally through a He-Ne laser beam to measure the differential thickness using interference fringes in reflection. The wedge cell is carefully filled with the oil sample and translated through the coaxially positioned dye laser beam for the differential attenuation or extinction measurement. Optional use of the instrumentation as a single-channel extinction measurement system and also as a refractometer is detailed. The system and calibration techniques were applied to the measurement of two crude oils whose extinction values were required to complete the analysis of airborne laser data gathered over four controlled spills.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Applied Optics; 19; Apr. 1
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  • 66
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: For efficiency and convenience the voltage applied to a Si solar cell is often fairly rapidly driven from zero to the open circuit value typically at a common rate of 1 V per millisecond. During this time the values of current are determined as a function of the instantaneous voltage thus producing an I-V characteristic. The present paper shows that the customary expressions for the current as a function of cell parameters still remain valid provided that the diffusion length in the expression for the dark current is changed from its steady state value L to the effective diffusion length L1 given by L1 = L(1 + qV/kT.tau) to the -1/2, where V is the ramp rate considered constant and tau is the lifetime of minority carriers. This result is true to a very good approximation provided that low level injection prevails.
    Schlagwort(e): ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Materialart: Solid-State Electronics; 23; Mar. 198
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  • 67
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The paper covers the studies presented on nuclear science and nuclear power systems symposiums. The studies deal with nuclear radiation detectors, nuclear circuits and systems, space and medical instrumentation, as well as with environmental and reactor instrumentation. Data preprocessing and acquisition are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the engineered safety features of nuclear systems.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 68
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: This note describes some details of recent (successful) attempts of wall proximity corrections for hot-wire measurements performed in a three-dimensional incompressible turbulent boundary layer. A simple and quite satisfactory method of estimating wall proximity effects on hot-wire readings is suggested.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: DISA Information; Feb. 198
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  • 69
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The federal government has sponsored a program of research and development on terrestrial photovoltaic systems that is designed to reduce the costs of such systems through technological advances. There are many potential paths to lower system costs, and successful developments have led to increased private investment in photovoltaics. The prices for photovoltaic collectors and systems that appear to be achievable within this decade offer hope that the systems will soon be attractive in utility applications within the United States. Most of the advances achieved will also be directly applicable to the remote markets in which photovoltaic systems are now commercially successful
    Schlagwort(e): ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Materialart: Science; 212; June 26
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  • 70
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A new type of apparatus for high-pressure experiments at low temperature (1.5 K) is presented. It uses a flat diamond anvil with a spherical indentor. It utilizes a load ring placed under the sample, so that the load (and hence pressure) can be measured in situ at low temperature. The apparatus was successfully used to investigate the high-conductivity state of sulphur. It can be used to investigate other thin film samples.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Review of Scientific Instruments; 52; Feb. 198
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  • 71
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A system to be used for the tracking of high altitude chemical releases in the presence of a bright daytime sky is described. The system uses telecentric optics, a tilting filter, a solid state image sensor, and a real time digital processor to produce the release image. Field test data are presented.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Applied Optics; 20; Mar. 15
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  • 72
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The dielectric properties of polluted waters are measured with a reflection-type resonant cavity at 1.43 GHz. Very small water samples in quartz tubes of known volume are placed in the center of the maximum electric field. Measurement of the resonance-frequency variation and a change of the cavity's quality factor are used to determine the dielectric properties. The microwave emissivity of the polluted water is then calculated via the Fresnel equation and applied to data reductions of microwave radiometer measurements.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 73
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The transport velocity transformation method was used to analyze solar cell designs to determine optimum cell structures. It was found that low resistivity materials should be used up to the onset of Auger recombination; a properly designed three-layer structure permits base region approaching an ideal device in performance; and that higher resistivity front regions will need more sophisticated grid metallization structures than those used now. It was concluded that new features will provide idealized silicon cell structures yielding airmass 1 efficiencies in the 24-26.5% range, with real efficiencies near 22%.
    Schlagwort(e): ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 74
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Schlagwort(e): ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Materialart: Solid-State Electronics; 23; Nov. 198
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  • 75
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Control of resistivity in NASA inorganic-organic separators is achieved by incorporating small percentages of high surface area, fine-particle silica with other ingredients in the separator coating. The volume resistivity appears to be predictable from coating composition, that is, from the surface area of filler particles in the coating. The approach has been applied to two polymer-'plasticizer'-filler coating systems, where the filler content of each is below the generally acknowledged critical pigment volume concentration of the coating. Application of these coating systems to 0.0254 cm thick (10 mil) fuel-cell grade asbestos sheet produces inexpensive, flexible, microporous separators that perform at least as well as the original inorganic-organic concept, the Astropower separator.
    Schlagwort(e): ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Materialart: Electrochemical Society; vol. 127
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  • 76
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Limits to low noise equivalent power (NEP) operation of a lithium niobate upconverter are investigated. Upconversion is achieved inside the optical cavity of an Ar-ion laser. Limits to NEP are imposed by limits to conversion efficiency and by noise present in the upconversion process. Conversion efficiency is limited by thermal effects in the lithium niobate. Thermally induced wedging, focusing, and aberrations are caused by the lithium niobate absorption at the 514.5-nm argon pump wavelength. The primary component of noise in the upconverter is due to upconversion of thermal radiation from the lithium niobate crystal. The lowest NEP, at a wavelength of 3.4 microns, achieved in this study was 8.9 x 10 to the -14th W/(Hz to the 1/2 power).
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 77
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Alternate methods of generating hydrogen from the sulfuric acid thermal or electrochemical cycles are presented. A number of processes requiring chemical, electrochemical or photochemical methods are also presented. These include the design of potential photoelectrodes and photocatalytic membranes using Ru impregnated nafion tubing, and the design of experiments to study the catalyzed electrolytic formation of hydrogen and sulfuric acid from sulfur dioxide and water using quinones as catalysts. Experiments are carried out to determine the value of these approaches to energy conversion.
    Schlagwort(e): ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Materialart: Courtesy Associates, Inc. Proc. of the DOE Thermal and Chem. Storage Ann. Contractor's Rev. Meeting; p 233-236
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  • 78
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The production, storage and transmission, and utilization of hydrogen are included. Management structure and the programmatic emphasis are summarized.
    Schlagwort(e): ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Materialart: Courtesy Associates, Inc. Proc. of the DOE Thermal and Chem. Storage Ann. Contractor's Rev. Meeting; p 141-144
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  • 79
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Electrochemical and thermochemical systems are reviewed. Chemical heat pumps, end-use applications and systems studies, and storage systems and materials are also discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Materialart: Courtesy Associates, Inc. Proc. of the DOE Thermal and Chem. Storage Ann. Contractor's Rev. Meeting; p 145-149
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  • 80
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: An automated methane/total hydrocarbon analyzer is presented, which can produce alternate methane/total hydrocarbon measurements every 7 seconds to provide the spatial resolution required for regional hydrocarbon measurements at aircraft speeds. The construction and sampling techniques developed for the aircraft mounted system are discussed. A technique to periodically measure atmosphere oxygen is incorporated into the analyzer to ensure accurate hydrocarbon measurements, and a data collection methodology is developed to minimize errors resulting from changes in flame ionization detector sensitivity at different altitudes. Aircraft data acquired at the 1979 Southeastern Virginia Urban Plume Study are also presented, which illustrate the application of the instrument to a troposphere pollution plume.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Review of Scientific Instruments; 52; Oct. 198
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  • 81
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A multichannel scanning radiometer developed for remote observation of cloud physical properties is described. Consisting of six channels in the near infrared and one channel in the thermal infrared, the instrument can observe cloud physical parameters such as optical thickness, thermodynamic phase, cloud top altitude, and cloud top temperature. Measurement accuracy is quantified through flight tests on the NASA CV-990 and the NASA WB-57F, and is found to be limited by the harsh environment of the aircraft at flight altitude. The electronics, data system, and calibration of the instrument are also discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Review of Scientific Instruments; 52; Oct. 198
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  • 82
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A comparison of measured and predicted signal-to-noise ratio is made in an optical heterodyne spectrometer utilizing a tunable diode laser which exhibited excess noise. It is shown that good agreement between predicted and measured signal-to-noise ratios results if excess noise effects due to tunable diode lasers are included in the predictions. The methods used to quantify excess noise and to incorporate their effects into predictions of signal-to-noise ratio are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Applied Physics Letters; 39; Nov. 1
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  • 83
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The high temperature catalytic dissocation of SO3 is an important chemical process being considered in the development and application of solar-thermal energy conversion, transport, and storage systems. A facility for evaluating chemical converter-heat exchangers at temperatures to 1000 C with high flow rates of gaseous SO3 feedstock has been assembled and operated on the NMSU campus. Several quartz and metal reactors containing different catalyst configurations have been tested. Descriptions of the test facility and of the reactors are given along with a presentation and discussion of experimental results.
    Schlagwort(e): ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Materialart: Solar Energy; 27; 5, 19; 1981
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  • 84
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Two prototype solid-state phased array systems concepts for potential use in the Solar Power Satellite are described. In both concepts, the beam is centered on the rectenna by means of phase conjugation of a pilot signal emanating from the ground. Also discussed is on-going solid-state amplifier development.
    Schlagwort(e): ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center Workshop on Microwave Power Transmission and Reception; p 279-298
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  • 85
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Solid state dc-rf converters offer potential improvements in reliability, mass and low voltage operation, provided that anticipated efficiencies in excess of 80 percent can be realized. Field effect transistors offer the greatest potential in the SPS frequency band at 2.45 GHz. To implement this approach it is essential that means be found to sum the power of many relatively low power solid state sources in a low-loss manner, and that means be provided to properly control the phase of the outputs of the large number of solid state sources required. To avoid the power combining losses associated with circuit hybrids it was proposed that the power from multiple solid state amplifiers be combined by direct coupling of each amplifier's output to the radiating antenna structure. The selected power-combining antenna consists of a unique printed (metalized) microstrip circuit on a ceramic type dielectric substrate which is backed by a shallow lightweight aluminum cavity which sums the power of four microwave sources. The antenna behaves like two one-half wavelength slot-line antennas coupled together via their common cavity structure.
    Schlagwort(e): ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center Workshop on Microwave Power Transmission and Reception; p 268-277
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  • 86
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The possibilities of using solid state devices as part of the Satellite Solar Power System are discussed. Solid state advantages and disadvantages are presented along with two potential concepts for use of solid state in the system design.
    Schlagwort(e): ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Materialart: Workshop on Microwave Power Transmission and Reception; p 253-257
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  • 87
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A method for the precision-forming of thin-walled, slotted-waveguide arrays was devised. Models were constructed with temporary tools and evaluated. The application of the method to the SPS requirements is discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center Workshop on Microwave Power Transmission and Reception; p 188-190
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  • 88
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The SPS transmitting array requires an architecture which will provide a low weight, high efficiency and high structural rigidity. As noted above, waveguide slot arrays constitute the most desirable option. Consequently, such an array has been chosen for the SPS. Waveguide slot arrays offer high efficiency, uniform illumination, are are fairly lighweight. Bandwidths of such arrays are narrow, typically 1/2-2%. Although this does not directly impact the SPS, which transmits power at a single frequency of 2.45 GHz, the narrow bandwidth does constrain the thermal and mechanical tolerances of the antenna. The purpose of this program is to better define the electronic aspects of an SPS specific waveguide slot array. The specific aims of the program are as follows: (1) To build a full-scale half-module, 10 stick, array, the design parameters for which are to be determined by analytical considerations tempered by experimental data on a single slotted radiating stick, (2) To experimentally evaluate the completed array with respect to antenna pattern, impedance and return loss, and (3) To measure swept transmission amplitude and phase to provide a data base for design of a receiving antenna.
    Schlagwort(e): ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center Workshop on Microwave Power Transmission and Reception; p 180-187
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  • 89
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The SPS transmitting array requires an architecture which will provide a low weight, high efficiency and high structural rigidity. Waveguide slot arrays constitute the most desirable option. Consequently, such an array was chosen for the SPS. Waveguide slot arrays offer high efficiency, uniform illumination, and are fairly lightweight. Bandwidths of such arrays are narrow, typically 1/2-2%. Although this does not directly impact the SPS, which transmits power at a single frequency of 2.45 GHz, the narrow bandwidth does constrain the thermal and mechanical tolerances of the antenna. The purpose of this program is to better define the electronic aspects of an SPS specific waveguide slot array. The specific aims of the program are as follows: (1) To build a full-scale half-module, 10 stick, array, the design parameters for which are to be determined analytical considerations tempered by experimental data on a single slotted radiating stick, (2) To experimentally evaluate the completed array with respect to antenna pattern, impedance and return loss; and (3) To measure swept transmission amplitude and phase to provide a data base for design of a receiving antenna.
    Schlagwort(e): ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center Workshop on Microwave Power Transmission and Reception 158-165 (SEE N82-12538 03-44)
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  • 90
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The fundamental theory of MW antenna operation and basic array technology development status was used in the design of the 1-km diameter 5-Gw SPS microwave antenna. However, the aperture size and the high efficiency requirements make the MW antenna extremely complex. Studies show that the slotted waveguide array is one of the most efficient radiators for the antenna. Subsequent analyses show that the temperature interface between waveguides and dc-RF conversion tubes can cause severe thermal design problems on the array. An alternate design, the Resonant Cavity Radiator, is described here.
    Schlagwort(e): ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center Workshop on Microwave Power Transmission and Reception; p 167-177
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  • 91
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The comparative costs entailed in producing hydrogen by major technologies that rely on petroleum, natural gas, coal, thermochemical cycles, and electrolysis are examined. Techniques were developed for comparing these processes by formulating the process data and economic assessments on a uniform and consistent basis. These data were normalized to permit a meaningful comparative analysis of product costs of these processes.
    Schlagwort(e): ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Materialart: Courtesy Associates, Inc. Proc. of the DOE Thermal and Chem. Storage Ann. Contractor's Rev. Meeting; p 227-231
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  • 92
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The history of fuel cells and the theory of fuel cells is given. Expressions for thermodynamic and electrical efficiencies are developed. The voltage losses due to electrode activation, ohmic resistance and ionic diffusion are discussed. Present limitations of the Orbiter Fuel Cell, as well as proposed enhancements, are given. These enhancements are then evaluated and recommendations are given for fuel cell enhancement both for short-range as well as long-range performance improvement. Estimates of reliability and cost savings are given for enhancements where possible.
    Schlagwort(e): ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Materialart: Houston Univ. The 1981 NASA ASEE Summer Fac. fellowship Program, Vol. 1; 27 p
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  • 93
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The resistivities of TiN and Ti-TiN contacts on a shallow junction solar-cell-type silicon substrate have been determined by the method of the transmission line model. The contacts investigated are shown to be suitable for standard solar cells from an electrical point of view. Contact resistivity values of the order of 0.0001 ohm/sq cm as obtained for the n(+)Si-TiSi2-TiN contact system may be acceptable for concentrations up to 100 times, but lower values are necessary beyond this point.
    Schlagwort(e): ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Materialart: Solar Energy; 27; 4, 19; 1981
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  • 94
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: It is pointed out that no instrument is sensitive to only one oceanographic variable; rather, each responds to a combination of atmospheric and oceanic phenomena. This complicates data interpretation and usually requires that a number of observations, each sensitive to somewhat different phenomena, be combined to provide unambiguous information. The distinction between active and passive instruments is described. A block diagram illustrating the steps necessary to convert data from satellite instruments into oceanographic information is included, as is a diagram illustrating the operation of a radio-frequency radiometer. Attention is also given to the satellites that carry the various oceanographic instruments.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Oceanus; 24; Fall 198
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  • 95
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The use of a laser diode as a light source for a schlieren system designed to study phase objects such as a wind-tunnel flow is explored. A laser diode schlieren photograph and a white light schlieren photograph (zirconium arc source) are presented for comparison. The laser diode has increased sensitivity, compared with light schlieren, without appreciable image degradiation, and is an acceptable source for schlieren flow visualization.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Optical Engineering; 20; Sept
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  • 96
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: During the 1970-1980 time period a substantial advance has been made in developing all portions of a microwave power transmission system for the solar power satellite (SPS). The most recent advances pertain to the transmitting portion of the system in the satellite and are based upon experimental observations of the use of the magnetron combined with a passive directional device to convert it into a highly efficient directional amplifier with excellent low-noise properties and potentially very long life. The ability of its microwave output to track a phase reference makes it possible to combine it with many other radiating units to provide a highly coherent microwave beam. The ability of its output to track an amplitude reference while operating from a dc power source with varying voltage makes it possible to eliminate most of the power conditioning equipment that would otherwise be necessary.
    Schlagwort(e): ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 97
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Attention is given to a microplasma discharge to initiate a hollow cathode discharge for such applications as plasma flow experiments, the electric propulsion of space vehicles, and as a replacement for filament cathodes in neutral beam injector ion sources. The technique results in a cathode that is easy to start, simple in design, and which does not require external RF exciters, inserts or heating elements. Future applications may include ion beam milling and ion implantation.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Review of Scientific Instruments; 52; Aug. 198
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  • 98
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: An improved formula for continuous-wave ultrasonic phase velocity measurements using contact transducers is derived from the transmission line theory. The effect of transducer-sample coupling bonds is considered for measurements of solid samples even though it is often neglected because of the difficulty of accurately determining the bond thickness. Computer models show that the present formula is more accurate than previous expressions. Laboratory measurements using contacting transducers with the present formula are compared to measurements using noncontacting (hence effectively correction-free) capacitive transducers. The results of the experiments verify the validity and accuracy of the new formula.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Journal of Applied Physics; 52; May 1981
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  • 99
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The feasibility of the Lixiscope (Low Intensity X-ray Imaging Scope) is demonstrated for real-time observation of transmission Laue patterns. Making use of the high-gain capability of microchannel plate (MCP) visible-light image intensifier tubes, X-ray images are converted to visible-light images by a scintillator. Pb discs are taped to the center of the Lixiscope input face, and crystal samples are held on a goniometer stage with modeling clay. With a compact size to facilitate off axis viewing, and real-time viewing to allow instantaneous response, the Lixiscope may prove useful in dynamic studies of the effects of plastic flows, stresses, high pressures, and low temperatures.
    Schlagwort(e): INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Materialart: Review of Scientific Instruments; 52; July 198
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  • 100
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: This paper discusses the application of field modulated generator systems (FMGS) to dispersed solar-thermal-electric generation from a parabolic dish field with electric transport. Each solar generation unit is rated at 15 kWe and the power generated by an array of such units is electrically collected for insertion into an existing utility grid. Such an approach appears to be most suitable when the heat engine rotational speeds are high (greater than 6000 r/min) and, in particular, if they are operated in the variable speed mode and if utility-grade a.c. is required for direct insertion into the grid without an intermediate electric energy storage and reconversion system. Predictions of overall efficiencies based on conservative efficiency figures for the FMGS are in the range of 25 per cent and should be encouraging to those involved in the development of cost-effective dispersed solar thermal power systems.
    Schlagwort(e): ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Materialart: Solar Energy; 27; 1, 19; 1981
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