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  • Chemistry  (5,931)
  • AERODYNAMICS  (381)
  • SOLAR PHYSICS  (256)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (6,568)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1978  (6,568)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (6,568)
  • 1925-1929
Year
  • 1
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    Picosecond chemical and biological events (1978)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978-10-13
    Description: Picosecond spectroscopy is a relatively new field of science that utilizes ultrashort laser pulses to monitor events taking place in the 10(-12) second regime. The continuing development of picosecond spectroscopy has made possible the detection and measurement of the primary events in many physical and tiological processes. This article describes a currently used picosecond spectroscopy system that is capable of reliably recording picosecond events. Two areas of picosecond research are discussed; one concerns the interaction of electrons in fluids, and the second the primary events in vision.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rentzepis, P M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1978 Oct 13;202(4364):174-82.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/694523" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Electrons ; *Kinetics ; Lasers ; Protons ; *Retinal Pigments ; *Rhodopsin ; Spectrum Analysis/*methods ; Temperature ; *Vision, Ocular
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Foreign aid support of science and economic growth (1978)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978-03-17
    Description: The history of U.S. foreign aid support of science and technology in Latin America is examined and an attempt is made to evaluate the scientific and economic growth of that area in relation to the total foreign aid effort.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Szmant, H H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1978 Mar 17;199(4334):1173-82.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/415363" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Education ; History, 20th Century ; International Educational Exchange ; Latin America ; *Research Support as Topic ; *Science/history ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    The glycosylation of hemoglobin: relevance to diabetes mellitus (1978)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978-04-07
    Description: Glucose reacts nonenzymatically with the NH2-terminal amino acid of the beta chain of human hemoglobin by way of a ketoamine linkage, resulting in the formation of hemoglobin AIc. Other minor components appear to be adducts of glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 1,6-diphosphate. These hemoglobins are formed slowly and continuously throughout the 120-day life-span of the red cell. There is a two- to threefold increase in hemoglobin AIc in the red cells of patients with diabetes mellitus. By providing an integrated measurement of blood glucose, hemoglobin AIc is useful in assessing the degree of diabetic control. Furthermore, this hemoglobin is a useful model of nonenzymatic glycosylation of other proteins that may be involved in the long-term complications of the disease.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bunn, H F -- Gabbay, K H -- Gallop, P M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1978 Apr 7;200(4337):21-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/635569" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Blood Glucose/metabolism ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Diabetes Complications ; Diabetes Mellitus/*blood/diagnosis ; Diphosphoglyceric Acids/blood ; Glycosides/blood ; Glycosuria/etiology ; Hemoglobin A/*metabolism ; Hemoglobins/*analysis/*metabolism ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Oxygen/blood ; Structure-Activity Relationship
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    A parametric experimental study of the slotted-wall boundary condition (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-22
    Description: An experimental study of slotted upper and lower walls in a two dimensional transonic wind tunnel with solid sidewalls is reported. Results are presented for several slot spacings and slot openness ratios. The experimental data were pressure measurements which were made on an airfoil model and on a sidewall near one of the slotted walls. The slotted-wall boundary condition coefficient, which related the pressure and streamline curvature near the wall, was determined from the wall pressure measurements. The measured wall-induced interference was correlated with the experimental values for the boundary condition coefficient. This correlation was compared with theory.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Advanced Technol. Airfoil Res., Vol. 1, Pt. 2; p 459-471
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  • 5
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    A procedure for analyzing transonic flow over harmonically oscillating airfoils (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-22
    Description: Finite difference procedures were successfully used to solve the steady transonic flow about airfoils and appear to provide a practical means for calculating the corresponding unsteady flow. The purpose of the paper is to describe a finite difference procedure derived from the equations for the potential flow by assuming small perturbations and harmonic motion. The velocity potential is divided into steady and unsteady parts, and the resulting unsteady equation is linearized on the basis of small amplitudes of oscillation. The steady velocity potential, which must be calculated first, is described by the classical nonlinear transonic differential equation.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Advanced Technol. Airfoil Res., Vol. 1, Pt. 2; p 657-670
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  • 6
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    Section drag coefficients from pressure probe transverses of a wing wake at low speeds (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-22
    Description: An in-flight wing wake section drag investigation was conducted using traversing pitot and static probes. The primary objective was to develop measurement techniques and improve the accuracy of in-flight wing profile drag measurements for low values of dynamic pressure and Reynolds number. Data were obtained on a sailplane for speeds from about 40 knots to 125 knots at chord Reynolds numbers between 1,000,000 and 3,000,000. Tests were conducted with zero flap deflection, deflected flaps, and various degrees of surface roughness, and for smooth and rough atmospheric conditions. Several techniques were used to increase data reliability and to minimize certain bias errors. A discussion of the effects of a total pressure probe in a pressure gradient, and the effects of discrete turbulence levels, on the data presented and other experimental results is also included.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Advanced Technol. Airfoil Res., Vol. 1, Pt. 2; p 601-621
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  • 7
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    Some calculations of transonic potential flow for the NACA 64A006 airfoil with oscillating flap (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-22
    Description: A method for calculating the transonic flow over steady and oscillating airfoils was developed by Isogai. It solves the full potential equation with a semi-implicit, time-marching, finite difference technique. Steady flow solutions are obtained from time asymptotic solutions for a steady airfoil. Corresponding oscillatory solutions are obtained by initiating an oscillation and marching in time for several cycles until a converged periodic solution is achieved. In this paper the method is described in general terms, and results are compared with experimental data for both steady flow and for oscillations at several values of reduced frequency. Good agreement for static pressures is shown for subcritical speeds, with increasing deviation as Mach number is increased into the supercritical speed range. Fair agreement with experiment was obtained at high reduced frequencies with larger deviations at low reduced frequencies.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Advanced Technol. Airfoil Res., Vol. 1, Pt. 2; p 689-700
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  • 8
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    Applications of dynamic measurement techniques to wind-tunnel testing (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-22
    Description: The uses of laser Doppler velocimeter, hot wire, and surface hot film techniques in the study of turbulent flows are described, and data obtained in compressible flows are discussed. Applications are illustrated with measurements of wind tunnel freestream turbulence characteristics and with data obtained in transitional, turbulent, and separated shear flows. A new method which was developed for the study of time dependent and unsteady turbulent flows is also presented.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Advanced Technol. Airfoil Res., Vol. 1, Pt. 2; p 571-588
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  • 9
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    European Space Agency studies of the solar probe (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The feasibility and scientific objectives of a solar probe were studied by a Mission Definition Group in 1975 and 1976. The orbit analysis program was developed and an extended study of the orbit analysis was done in 1977. The results of these studies are in the Report of the Mission Definition Study (1976) and an E.S.O.C. report (1978), and the reader is referred to these sources for greater details. In this report, only brief discussion on mission concept and objectives, satellite design, orbit, orbit analysis, are presented.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 556-564
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  • 10
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    Solar probe study (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Realistic options for a Solar Probe Mission consistent with known technical, fiscal, and programmatic constraints are identified. A program plan for NASA which includes identification of necessary research and development activities is developed. A baseline mission and a strawman spacecraft design were selected and used to determine the feasibility of meeting the mission requirements and the sensitivity to variations in those requirements.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: A Close-up of the Sun; p 521-534
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  • 11
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    Detection of gravitational radiation and oscillations of the sun via Doppler tracking of spacecraft (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The magnitude of Doppler signals produced by gravitational wave burst, continuous gravitational waves, and oscillations of the sun interacting with a spacecraft are considered. Expressions are worked out for the appropriate noise entering each measurement. The noise sources considered are the Doppler extractor, fluctuations in the solar wind and the troposphere, and fluctuations in the reference oscillator.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 498-517
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  • 12
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    Gravitational wave detection with the solar probe. II. The Doppler tracking method (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: How gravitational radiation affects Doppler tracking is briefly described. The status of the analyses of the sensitivities achievable with the NASA-JPL Deep Space Network(DSN) is given.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: A Close-up of the Sun; p 441-449
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  • 13
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    What is the fate of interplanetary dust (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The following general picture of the interplanetary dust is presented: (1) size distribution; (2) spatial distribution; (3) composition; (4) dynamics; and (5) origin. The solar probe mission provides a unique opportunity to study the evolution of the interplanetary dust and its eventual destruction near the sun. Two destructive processes (fragmentation and vaporization) of interplanetary dust are discussed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: A Close-up of the Sun; p 411-419
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  • 14
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    The solar probe and coronal dynamics (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The discovery of coronal holes led to basic changes in ideas about the structure of the low corona and its expansion into the solar wind. The nature of the energy flux is not understood. Current ideas include enhanced thermal conductivities, extended MHD wave heating, and wave momentum transfer, all in rapidly diverging geometries. There is little feel for the relative importance of these processes. The Solar Probe, with its penetration deep into the solar corona, could lead to observational constraints on their relative importance, and thus to an understanding of the origin of the solar wind. Observations from the Solar Probe will also bear on such questions as to whether small scale "intrastream" structure is common close to the Sun in open field-line regions, whether the properties of the wind are pronouncedly different over closed and open field-line regions at five solar radii, and many others. The resolution of these questions requires measurements of the magnetic field and of the proton and electron distribution functions.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 318-333
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  • 15
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    Plasma waves near the sun: Advances possible with a solar probe (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A review is presented of current experimental and theoretical knowledge of plasma waves in the solar wind, with comments on the scientific importance of obtaining plasma wave measurements in the region near the sun with the solar probe. The waves discussed include the acoustic waves and shocks which are thought to be the primary source for heating the solar corona, Alfven waves, ion-cyclotron waves, whistler-mode turbulence, ion-acoustic waves, and electron plasma oscillations associated with solar radio emissions. A discussion is presented of the types of measurements which would be needed to study these waves on the solar probe, the constraints imposed on the spacecraft and the research and development which would be needed to provide the necessary instrumentation.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 281-317
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  • 16
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    Probing the solar corona with energetic particles (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Representative sets of recent experimental results and theoretical studies are summarized to show the current knowledge of energetic particle phenomena based mainly on observations near 1 AU. Measurements close to the sun of quantities such as particle spectra, charge and isotopic composition, and the flow of particles as a function of time, together with measurements of the plasma, magnetic field, X-rays, and gamma rays will not only reveal the properties of the source region and acceleration mechanisms but will also provide a better knowledge of the physics of the corona. These measurements may also reveal the existence of large scale inhomogeneities in the solar corona. The general requirements for making these measurements on the solar probe are listed. An energetic particle detector system which has the capability of resolving the charge and isotopic composition up to 50 MeV/nucleon may successfully measure the above quantities provided that it can perform under both very low and average intensity levels.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 205-218
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  • 17
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    Multicolor imaging and photopolarimetry: Disk features, K and F coronas, zodiacal light (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The unique vantage points and viewing geometries afforded by a close-in solar probe are briefly examined with regard to line and continuum measurements of features on the solar disk, the K and F coronas, and the zodiacal light. Common instrument and observing requirements are identified, suggesting that a single instrument could provide much of the necessary observational data on these phenomena.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Closeup of the Sun; p 143-154
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  • 18
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    Ion drive performance and trajectories (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The use of Solar Electric Propulsion (SEP) for the Solar Probe Mission is addressed. The dependence of the payload mass on the site of the SEP and the flight time are described on the basis of preliminary data. The range of hardware expected to be available in the 1980's is summarized. There are several classes of optimal low-thrust trajectories for the Solar Probe Mission. These are trajectory types A, B, C corresponding to one, two, or three orbital revolutions, respectively. Plots of transfer trajectories corresponding to type-A, type-A with a Venus Swingby, type-B, and type-C with ab Icarus Rendezvous are shown. A summary of the SEP performance is given.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: A Close-up of the Sun; p 544-555
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  • 19
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    Zodiacal light dynamics experiment: A wideband imaging Fabry-Perot interferometer (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The Solar Probe will provide an ideal platform from which to study dynamics of dust particles near the sun by measuring the detailed character of the Fraunhofer structure of the zodiacal light. The suggested instrument is a wideband imaging Fabry-Perot interferometer with state of the art technology in both the optics and the detector. The instrument would function as a high-resolution imaging device providing wavelength resolution of 0.03 A over about a 20 A range. The wideband imaging capability would provide sky maps of the zodiacal light on a despun spacecraft without mechanical scanning. The Solar Probe mission would allow the velocity distribution of the dust to be mapped along most of the trajectory of the spacecraft.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 420-429
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  • 20
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    A solar wind experiment for the solar probe mission (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Electron and ion plasma measurements on Solar Probe are important, especially to elucidate the role of coronal holes as sources of the solar wind and to resolve the long debated question of the importance of wave heating within 20 solar radii to the acceleration of the solar wind. Adaptable instruments are required to cover the large dynamic range of parameters between 1 AU and 4 solar radii. The baseline mission would be improved, in some respects, by the addition of a second spacecraft, following the first by a distance of several solar radii. A spinning spacecraft would be satisfactory, but not essential, for the present objectives. Attention should be paid to having the heat shield electrically conducting. An instrument for ion and electron (but no composition) measurements would have a mass of approximately 10 kg, require 8 w of power, and generate data at a maximum rate of approximately 2 kbits/sec.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 345-353
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  • 21
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    Acceleration and heating of the solar wind (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Some of the competing theories of solar wind acceleration and heating are reviewed, and the observations that are required to distinguish among them are discussed. In most cases what is required is measurement of plasma velocity and temperature and magnetic field, as near the sun as possible and certainly inside 20 solar radii; another critical aspect of this question is determining whether a turbulent envelope exists in this inner region, and if so, defining its properties. Plasma and magnetic observations from the proposed Solar Probe mission would thus yield a quantum jump in our understanding of the dynamics of the solar wind.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 334-344
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  • 22
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    On neutrons from the sun (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A survey of all the experiments carried out over the past decade to verify theoretical predictions for the observation of solar neutrons is presented and discussed. The conclusions drawn from this discussion are: (1) the Solar Probe Mission is important in order to discover the low energy neutrons of solar origin; (2) this discovery is likely to carry very useful information about the nature, the locale, the lifetime and the mode of operation of the acceleration processes in the solar atmosphere; and (3) this information will lead to a rapid development of the science of solar meteorology and the more rapid forecasting of solar activity, on a long-term basis.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 262-270
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  • 23
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    Hard X-ray imaging from the solar probe (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The solar probe offers a platform with particular advantages for studying solar nonthermal plasma processes via the observations of hard X-radiation from energetic electrons in the chromosphere and corona, these include (1) high sensitivity, (2) a second line of sign (in addition to the earth's) that can aid in three dimensional reconstruction of the source distribution, and, (3) the possibility of correlation with direct measurements of the nonthermal particles from the probe itself.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 132-142
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  • 24
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    High resolution stereoscopic X-ray imaging of coronal features during a solar probe flyby (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The possible role of solar probe mission in answering fundamental questions about the structure and heating of coronal loops is examined. The experimental technique consists of imaging 1-10 keV X-rays to give accurate temperature profiles of hot active regions and post-flare loops. A limitation on the interpretation of such pictures is that steroscopic reconstruction of the three dimensional arches requires many lines of sight. This kind of information can be provided only by a rapid solar flyby. In addition, the proximity to the sun will provide useful spatial resolution with compact instrumentation. The pictures thus obtained will provide crucial tests of theoretical models of coronal arches.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 111-117
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  • 25
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    Optical observations of the sun from a solar probe (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The spatial resolution of solar surface structure to ultimate limits with simple instrumentation. The logic is simple: a 10 cm aperture telescope at 4 solar radii resolves the equivalent of a five meter telescope in earth orbit. Given the ease of producing a diffraction limited 10 cm telescope and the difficulty of fabricating a diffraction limited 5 meter telescope, the performance of the small telescope could well be better. The telescope described complements planned solar orbiting telescopes in earth orbit and would need only a few arcs seconds of pointing.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 89-91
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  • 26
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    Possible measurements of J sub 2 and the sun's angular momentum with the solar probe (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The metric tensor is given for describing the dynamical effects of the sun on a solar probe and the gravitational redshift of a probe-based clock in a covariance analysis for the detectability of the solar quadrupole moment and the solar angular momentum. Unknown parameters were determined by least squares fit to the probe tracking data. A polar orbit was assumed with perihelion at 5 solar radii and with an earth-sun-probe angle of 135 deg at perihelion. Tracking was assumed to be Doppler only, with a basic uncertainity of .1 mm/sec in the radial velocity. A drag-free system which could reduce nongravitational forces below the level of 2 times 10 to the minus 12th power was found necessary to preserve this same level of accuracy. Both one way and two way Doppler were supposed in order to determine the gravitational redshift as well as the pure spacecraft dynamics.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: A Close-up of the Sun; p 58-59
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  • 27
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    The analysis of high spatial resolution UV and X-ray images by computational modeling (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Very high resolution stereoscopic images of high temperature loop structures observed at UV and X-ray wavelengths in the solar corona can be used to understand physical processes in the corona. An existing computational model is described and sample results are given to demonstrate that computational modeling of coronal structures can indeed take advantage of very high resolution images. The sample results include the run of temperature and number density along a typical loop and the variation of the differential emission measure with temperature. The integration of the differential emission measure with temperature along a column commensurate with an instrument's spatial resolution is the relevant parameter obtained from UV and X-ray observations. The effects of loop geometry and energy input are examined.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 118-131
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  • 28
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    Determination of the structure and heating mechanisms of coronal loops from soft X-ray observations with the solar probe (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: High resolution soft X-ray imaging from the solar probe is justified in terms of the expected scientific returns which include the determination of the temperature and density structure of a coronal loop. The advantages of the grazing incidence telescope over the multiple pinhole camera are discussed. An instrument package is described which includes a grazing incidence mirror, a thermal prefilter, a three position filter wheel and a focal plane detector baselined as an 800 by 800 back-illuminated charge coupled device. The structural assembly together with the data processing equipment would draw heavily on the designs being developed for the Solar Polar Mission.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 94-110
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  • 29
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    Measurement of solar gravitational oblateness with gravity gradiometers (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A very high sensitivity rotating gravity gradiometer onboard the spacecraft is described for measuring the gravitational oblateness of the Sun during a solar probe mission. The proposed instrument would be a self-contained structure in a thermal-vacuum-magnetic shield in the shape of a cross, with a mass of 20 kg and arm length of 1.0 m and thickness of 0.1 m. The sensor inside would have a resonant frequency of 1/30 Hz, a mechanical Q of one million and would use gravitational radiation antenna technology to achieve a sensitivity of 6 x 10 to the minus 8th power Eotvos, which would provide a measurement of the solar oblateness to an accuracy of 1.5 to 6 x 10 to the minus 8th power. The gravity gradiometer will require a spinning spacecraft, so that it will not sense the spacecraft gravity fields, but the gradiometer does not need to be at the spacecraft center of mass, or even on the spacecraft spin axis. Major problem areas to be addressed are demonstration of the instrument sensitivity prior to flight and the measurement and compensation for any residual spacecraft angular rates.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 69-78
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    Comments on the drag-free control of a solar probe relativity mission (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A spacecraft going within 4 solar radii of the Sun experiences an acceleration up to .00005 g from solar radiation pressure, and significant (though smaller) accelerations from the solar wind. To obtain satisfactory information about relativistic effects and the Sun's quadrupole mass coefficient, these non-gravitational accelerations are either measured or compensated out by making the spacecraft drag free. A proof mass inside the spacecraft structure is shielded from the external forces, so that it follows a nearly ideal gravitational orbit, and a control system activates gas jets (or other translational forcers) to make the vehicle follow the mass. The problems are mechanizing the control laws and minimizing extraneous effects such as the self gravitational pull of the spacecraft. The extraneous forces can be averaged in one plane by having a spinning vehicle.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 60-68
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    Possible measurement of the coefficient of the second zonal harmonic of the sun's gravitational field with a solar probe (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The use of radio tracking of a solar probe to estimate accurately the coefficient of the second zonal harmonic of the sun's gravitational field was examined. Preliminary results indicate that the coefficient can be estimated with a standard error of 10 to the minus 8th power or less, provided that the probe is equipped with a suitable drag-free system to compensate for the effects of non-gravitational accelerations. For signal paths that pass near the sun, dual-band ranging to the probe can provide the tracking accuracy needed to insure that the standard of error is equal to or less than 10 to minus 8th power. The possibility of achieving such accuracy with a single-band radio uplink and a dual-band downlink is discussed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 19-41
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    The importance of determining the solar quadrupole moment (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Current theoretical modelling of the sun is in difficulty. Additional observations must be made to place constraints on the plethora of conjectures that have been advanced to explain the low neutrino flux and to guide solar model builders in their search to understand the deep interior of the sun. A determination of the magnitude of the solar quadrupole moment, is one such constraint; it places limits on the density, angular velocity and magnetic field distributions inside the sun.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 11-18
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  • 33
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    The Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SBUV) and Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) experiment (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The SBUV/TOMS is designed to measure the extraterrestrial ultraviolet solar irradiation and the solar ultraviolet radiation from the earth and its atmosphere. Methods to recover the ozone information from backscattered ultraviolet measurements are described. Mapping of the total ozone and 200 mb height fields is obtained.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: The Nimbus 7 User's Guide; p 175-212
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  • 34
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    Radial and solar cycle variations in the solar wind phase fluctuation spectral index as determined from Voyager 1978 solar conjunction data (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Columnar spectral index information that has been extracted from a sizable volume of Voyager 1978 solar conjunction Doppler phase fluctuation data is presented. The Voyager 1978 results, when compared to similar information derived from the 1976 Helios and Viking Solar Conjunctions, lead to the following inferences: (1) there has been a significant change in the spectral index from 1976 to 1978; (2) there is continuing evidence that favors a slight (positive) correlation between the spectral index and the solar cycle; and (3) there is little or no evidence in support of a radial variation of the spectral index.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 59-65
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  • 35
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    Ballistic trajectories (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The only ballistic trajectory mode feasible for a close solar probe or for an orbit inclined approximately 90 degrees to the ecliptic is the Jupiter gravity assisted mode. A comparison of the trajectories of the Solar Polar and the Solar Probe Mission for 1983 launches is shown. The geometry of the solar encounter phase is practically the same for the 4.3 year orbit achieved by a Jupiter gravity assist and for a one year orbit. Data describing the geometry of an orbit with perihelion at 4 solar radii and aphelion at Jupiter are listed. The range of apparent directions of the solar wind if it is flowing radially outward from the Sun with a speed of either 150 or 300 km/sec is shown. The minimum sun-earth-probe angle during the solar encounter as a function of the earth-node angle and the orbital inclination is also shown. If the inclination is 60 degrees or more, the minimum SEP angle is not greatly different from the 90 degree value.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: A Close-up of the Sun; p 521-534
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  • 36
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    Transmission media effects on precise Doppler tracking (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The effects of the transmission media - the earth's troposphere and ionosphere, and the solar wind - on precise Doppler tracking are discussed. The charged particle effects can be largely removed by dual frequency observations; however there are limitations to these corrections (besides system noise and/or finite integration times) including the effects of magnetic fields, diffraction, and differential refraction, all of which must be carefully evaluated. The earth's troposphere can contribute an error of delta f/f approximately 10 to the minus 14th power.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: A Close-up of the Sun; p 450-456
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  • 37
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    Scintillation observations near the sun (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Results on the electron density spectrum, the random velocity and the mean velocity of the solar wind in the region from 5 to 100 solar radii are presented. Results are based on intensity scintillations of incoherent radio sources at different locations and different radio frequencies. The shape of the electron density irregularity spectrum is shown to be well modeled by a power law in wavenumber with a slope that abruptly steepens at higher wavenumbers. This two slope power law model is shown to have a break (defined as the wavenumber of the change of slope) that increases with decreasing distance from the Sun. The fractional random velocity is shown to be insignificant at distances of greater than 40 solar radii, but shows a steady increase with decreasing solar distance inside of 40 solar radii.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 388-396
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  • 38
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    Plasma density mapping in the solar wind through use of VHF radio to measure electron content (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: How the electron content between the Solar probe and the earth can be observed with a minimum of equipment and give a quantitative rationale for the use of a signal near 400 MHz to supplement the telecommunications signal is described. The emphasis is on the method of making content observations and on their value. While far from the Sun, the electron content is so low that the S-X dual-frequency system is insufficiently sensitive and a UHF system is optimum. As the probe approaches the Sun, the UHF may be disrupted by scintillation and the variations of the telecommunications signal must be used for the content measurement. By operating the suggested system in different modes as the solar distance changes, operation during the entire mission is possible.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 397-407
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  • 39
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    A timed-correlated four-link Doppler Tracking system (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Phase perturbations that occur in the following components of the one and two-way systems are considered: (1) one-way system (signal from A to B): station a oscillator - transmitter A antenna A - signal path - antenna B - receiver B station B oscillator - recording system B; (2) two-way system (signal from A to B back to A): station A oscillator - transmitter A - antenna A - signal path up - antenna B - transponder B - antenna B - signal path down - receiver A - station A oscillator - recording system A. A symmetrical one- and two-way system which can identify the place of origin of the fluctuation and quantify it so as to recover the unperturbed phase at a given moment of time by time-correlating the phase fluctuations obtained in the one- and two-way data taken at both stations is described
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 457-497
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  • 40
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    Gravitational wave detection with the solar probe: I. Motivation (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Questions are posed and answered through discussion of gravitational wave detection with the Solar Probe. Discussed are: (1) what a gravitational wave is; (2) why wave detection is important; (3) what astrophysical information might be learned from these waves; (4) status of attempts to detect these waves; (5) why the Solar Probe is a special mission for detecting these waves; (6) how the Solar Probe's expected sensitivity compares with the strength of predicted gravitational waves; and (7) what gravity wave searchers will do after the Solar Probe.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 433-440
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  • 41
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    Magnetohydrodynamic simulation of coronal mass ejections into the solar wind (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A state of the art fluid continuum technique to describe the MHD transient respose of the corona below 10 solar radii during two well observed events (flares on 21 August 1973 and 5 September 1973) is reviewed. It is concluded that the computer simulation should be subjected to in situ verification of as many of its initial assumptions as possible. Its ability to provide a rational basis for physical understanding of mass ejections suggests its use as one of the tools used in the planning and analysis of such encounter missions.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 367-387
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  • 42
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    Spectroscopic mapping of solar wind velocities (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: During the total solar eclipse of 1970, measurements of resonantly scattered Lyman-alpha radiation from the solar corona revealed a means to determine temperatures and densities in the solar corona beyond 1.5 R solar radii. A natural extension of this work is to use the Solar Probe to measure the spectral line profile of Lyman-alpha radiation backscattered toward the Sun from coronal regions between 4 R solar radii and 10 R solar radii. The backscattered profile would provide unique and quantitative determinations of the outlaw velocities of coronal material into the solar wind. Such information is of critical importance for understanding solar-wind formation and solar-terrestrial effects on the earth's climate. There is no known way to obtain this information without a Solar Probe-type mission.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 354-365
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  • 43
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    Solar wind science for a solar probe mission (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Scientific objectives for solar-wind investigations relevant to a Solar Probe mission are outlined and put in perspective. Information gained from the various possible measurements are also listed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 273-280
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  • 44
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    Solar neutron spectroscopy near the sun (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A brief note is summarized to show the importance of solar neutron observations for the advancement of phenomena crucial for solar physics, and to suggest the constraints which must be placed on the Solar Probe Mission for carrying out studies of this kind.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 243-261
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  • 45
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    Low-energy protons: Gradients in interplanetary space and distribution in the solar corona (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: First and second order anisotropy measurements are proposed as a tool for studying the coronal source function and interplanetary propagation of low energy protons. Optimum orbit and attitude requirements are suggested for a three telescope system. Some limitations with regard to the lower energy limit for a feasible set-up are discussed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 234-239
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  • 46
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    Magnetic field measurements from the solar probe (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: An optical system for the solar probe is described as well as its capability for improvements in spatial resolution. A magnetograph for measuring the elementary flux tube and obtaining vector geometry field geometry offers the possibility of looking for low contrast weak structure. With the probe's orbit passing over the pole, the structure of the polar field can be directly measured. The detector plane of the system receives a telecentric image of the objective. Because there is an aperture in this focal plane that can both move and change size, polarized line profiles can be obtained at arbitrary points with variable spatial resolution. The telescope microprocessor searches for the magnetic elements and then constructs the vector field.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 155-158
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    New perspectives for solar observations (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The merits and demerits of an approach to the Sun (more closely than about one AU) are examined. High resolution imaging (approximately 0.1 arc sec) to be obtained with the shuttle-borne solar optical telescope, will permit conclusive observations relating to the structure of the quiet solar atmosphere, sunspots, spicules, oscillations, and many other problems of solar astrophysics. Beyond this limit important unresolved structure will exist, especially in optically thin regions or in regions with strong magnetic fields. Ambiguity will remain in solar imagery because a single line of sight cannot suffice completely to untangle the vertical dimension from the two horizontal dimensions. A solar probe with a complement of solar telescopes would provide two lines of sight for solar viewing and increase knowledge of the three dimensional structure of the solar atmosphere.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: JPL A Close-up of the Sun; p 81-88
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  • 48
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    Gravitational experiments on solar probe (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A covariance analysis was performed for a solar probe trajectory which encounters the sun at four solar radii. The unknown parameters in the analysis are the six initial cartesian coordinates for the probe, six initial cartesian coordinates for the earth, the astronomical unit, the solar gravitational quadrupole coefficient and two post Newtonian meters (beta, gamma). Errors in the unknown parameters were computed as a function of standard errors on the radio tracking data and on the nongravitational forces which act on the probe. Results were obtained for several tracking geometries and for several orbital inclinations to the ecliptic. The analysis shows that the principal scientific result from the radio tracking of a solar probe would be the determination of the quadrupole moment, which would place a constraint on models of the solar interior.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: A Close-up of the Sun; p 42-57
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  • 49
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    Ground tracking system phase fluctuation spectra (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Spectral analysis of solar wind plasma fluctuation requires knowledge of the average ground tracking system phase fluctuation spectrum. Typical ground tracking system phase fluctuation spectra are presented as deduced from two-way S-band Doppler noise measured at large Sun-Earth-Probe angles.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 125-128
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    A solar wind turbulence event during the Voyager 1978 solar conjunction profiled via new DSN radio science (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A radio science data capability within the DSN Tracking System is described. This capability consists of routine provision of phase fluctuation data concurrently computed over several different time scales. This capability was used to observe phase fluctuation spectral characteristics during a rapid increase in solar wind turbulence that occurred during a July 23, 1978 track of the Voyager 1 spacecraft by Deep Space Station 11. It is suggested that the capability will prove useful in studies of variations of solar wind phase fluctuation spectral characteristics with, for instance, parameters such as the solar cycle and radial distance.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 55-58
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    A hard X-ray and gamma ray observation of the 22 November 1977 solar flare (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Franco-Soviet experiment package Signe 2 MP for solar and cosmic X and gamma ray observations, launched aboard a Soviet Prognoz satellite into a highly eccentric earth orbit is described. An uncollimated NaI detector 37 mm thick by 90 mm diameter, placed on the upper surface of the satellite faced the sun. A collimated lateral NaI detector 14 mm thick by 38 mm diameter also faced the sun, and a similar lateral detector faced the anti-solar direction. Data tapes reveal an intense solar flare up to energies of up to 5 MeV, with evidence for line emission at 2.23 MeV and possibly 4.4 MeV. The event observed was associated with the Mc Math Plage Region 15031, and an H-alpha flare of importance 2B. It is not yet clear what radio emission is associated with the X-ray observation.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 70-75
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    Aerodynamic effects (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The tethered satellite concept provides an ideal platform for the study of the interaction of the atmosphere with satellites of various shapes and surfaces under a wide range of flow conditions. From experiments which would measure the drag, lift, and torque acting on the tethered satellite, important information could be obtained which would have application to satellite lifetime prediction, determination of properties of the upper atmosphere, and scientific information on the interaction of high speed molecules with surfaces (the gas surface interaction). These experiments using the tethered satellite concept are described and would measure the following variables: angle of attack, surface roughness, and flow properties.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: UAH(NASA Workshop on the Use of a Tethered Satellite System; p 151-155
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    Prospects for computational aerodynamics (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The integral representations approach, for the solution of the Navier-Stokes equations is discussed as well as experience in its development and in applying available finite-difference and finite-element techniques to the treatment of three-dimensional problems, and the computation of turbulent flow. The magnitude of efforts required to develop turbulence models and three-dimensional algorithms indicates that the computational fluid dynamics research must have a broad base. Broader access to modern computing facilities that are in existence within NASA should be promoted for active researchers not directly affiliated with that agency.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Future Computer Requirements for Computational Aerodynamics; p 221-227
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    Modeling of the Reynolds stresses (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: In their most general form, the Reynolds averaged conservation equations result from ensemble or time averages of the instantaneous Navier-Stokes equations or their compressible counterparts. For these averaging processes to be consistent, the averaging time period must exceed the periods identified with the largest time scales of the turbulence, and yet be shorter than the characteristic times of the flow field. With these equations long period variations in the flow fields are deterministic, provided initial conditions are known. The average dependent variables are sufficiently smooth to be resolvable by finite difference techniques consistent with the size and speed of modern computers.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Future Computer Requirements for Computational Aerodynamics; p 239-247
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    Computational aerodynamics and the numerical aerodynamic simulation facility (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Technical and economic reasons for accelerating the maturation of the discipline of computational aerodynamics include the cost of conducting the experiments required to provide the empirical data base for new aeronautical vehicles and the limitations in test facilities (Reynolds number, wall and support interferences, aeroelastic distortions, real-gas effects, etc.) for simulating the full-scale vehicle environment. General purpose computers do not have the necessary capability for the next stage of development. Solution of the three dimensional Reynolds averaged Naiver-Stokes equations in a short time to be practical for design purposes will require 40 times the power of current supercomputers. However, it is feasible to construct a special purpose processor that will meet these requirements to enhance the nation's aerodynamic design capability in the 1980's.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Future Computer Requirements for Computational Aerodynamics; p 5-30
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  • 56
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    Carbon vaporization into a nonequilibrium, stagnation-point boundary layer (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The heat transfer to the stagnation point of an ablating carbonaceous heat shield, where both the gas-phase boundary layer and the heterogeneous surface reactions are not in chemical equilibrium, is examined. Specifically, the nonequilibrium changes in the mass fraction profiles of carbon species calculated for frozen flow are studied. A set of equations describing the steady-state, nonequilibrium laminar boundary layer in the axisymmetric stagnation region, over an ablating graphite surface, is solved, with allowance for the effects of finite rate of carbon vaporization.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 16; July 197
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  • 57
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    Perturbations in two- and three-dimensional transonic flows (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The difficulty of treating the perturbation of transonic flow, during which shock waves change position, can be overcome by using a distorted coordinate system in which the locations of all shock waves do not change; the distortion is found as part of the solution. This device leads to a relation that allows a range of flows, with differing shock locations, to be related algebraically to two known 'calibration' flows. Results for flows around finite wings, including those with multiple, intersecting shock waves, are presented. A typical computing time for such examples is 0.3 sec on a CDC 7600 computer.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 16; July 197
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  • 58
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    Numerical solution for supersonic flow near the trailing edge of a flat plate (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: In the present study, problems of laminar and turbulent two-dimensional flow of a viscous compressible fluid near the trailing edge of a thin flat plate are considered. The complete set of Navier-Stokes equations is solved by the finite-difference method of MacCormack (MacCormack and Baldwin, 1975). It is an explicit, predictor-corrector, time-splitting method of second order acuracy. The computational mesh employed has sufficient resolution for all the characteristic lengths suggested by theory. In the laminar case, the present results are compared with the triple deck solution of Daniels (1974). This comparison indicates that the asymptotic triple deck theory for supersonic trailing edge flow is accurate within five percent for Reynolds numbers greater than 1000. In the turbulent case, the Prandtl-Van Driest-Clauser algebraic eddy viscosity model is used. The numerical results show that the region of upstream influence is approximately of the order of the boundary layer thickness. The solutions for skin-friction, pressure and wake center-line velocity are presented.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
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    Unsteady vortical and entropic distortions of potential flows round arbitrary obstacles (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The analysis concerns the alterations produced when small amplitude disturbances, including entropy and vorticity disturbances, are imposed on steady potential flows. For the most general nonacoustic incident distortion field that can be imposed on the uniform upstream flow, it is shown that the perturbation velocity at any point of the resulting unsteady compressible and vortical flow consists of a part that is a known function of the imposed upstream distortion field and the mean flow variables and a potential part that can be found by solving a linear inhomogeneous wave equation with a dipole-type source term whose strength is a known function of the imposed upstream distortion field. The theory is applied to the unsteady flow past a corner, and a closed-form analytical solution is found.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics; 89; Dec. 13
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  • 60
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    Measurements of extreme-ultraviolet emission-line profiles near the solar limb (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Line profiles of optically thin extreme-ultraviolet emission lines observed in a quiet sun region at positions within and above the white-light limb with the NRL slit spectrograph (S082-B) on Skylab are discussed. Absolute line intensities and full widths at half-maximum are presented for lines formed over the temperature range from about 10,000 to 22,000 K. The line intensities are compared with the predictions of simple atmospheric models consisting of a spicule component and a thin spherically symmetric or network models, but can be explained by assuming that the emission arises from spicule-like inhomogeneities. Random mass-motion velocities are calculated. The velocity increases with increasing temperature of line formation. Near the limb and above about 4000 K the calculated velocity is consistent with the predictions of a constant acoustic flux passing through the transition zone. For the ions formed at temperatures not less than about 63,000 K, the velocity is found to increase with increasing height above the white-light limb.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 226
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  • 61
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    Resonant absorption of Alfvenic surface waves and the heating of solar coronal loops (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A first-order mass- and energy-balance model is developed for steady-state EUV 'coronal rain' loops that are not associated with postflare events and are often seen over sunspot umbrae. The model disregards variations in a loop's thermodynamic and magnetic properties along magnetic-field lines and yields average properties of the resonant absorption sheath, the boundary layer, and the loop's interior. Both irreversible heating by Alfvenic surface waves and energy transport via induced boundary-layer convection are taken into account in the analysis. Results that include predictions of the temperatures of the sheath and the boundary-layer plasma, the temperature of the interior plasma, the radiative output of the loop, and the filling factor associated with this radiation are given in terms of the period and velocity amplitude of the relevant surface wave as well as various parameters that characterize a typical 'coronal rain' loop. These results are shown to be consistent with the observed minimum and maximum temperatures as well as the radiative output of typical 'coronal rain' loops.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 226
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  • 62
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    EUV spectra from Skylab /1175-1940 A/ - Mass motions in the transition zone in regions of solar activity (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The profiles of spectral lines in the 1100-2000-A range emitted by transition-zone ions in regions of solar activity are discussed. The data were recorded by the NRL spectrograph on Skylab. At the spatial resolution of the Skylab spectrograph (2 x 60 arcsec), it is shown that the line profiles result from the superposed emission of a number of physically distinct regions at different electron densities and with different mass motions. Although high densities are found for some surgelike phenomena at transition-zone temperatures, the densities can also be comparable to normal active-region densities. Line profiles, as well as spectral line intensities, must be considered if meaningful theoretical models of dynamic activity in the transition zone are to be constructed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 69; 1, Se; Sept
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  • 63
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    The composition of corotating energetic particle streams (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The relative abundances of 1.5-23 MeV per nucleon ions in corotating nucleon streams are compared with ion abundances in particle events associated with solar flares and with solar and solar wind abundances. He/O and C/O ratios are found to be a factor of the order 2-3 greater in corotating streams than in flare-associated events. The distribution of H/He ratios in corotating streams is found to be much narrower and of lower average value than in flare-associated events. H/He in corotating energetic particle streams compares favorably in both lack of variability and numerical value with H/He in high-speed solar wind plasma streams. The lack of variability suggests that the source population for the corotating energetic particles is the solar wind, a suggestion consistent with acceleration of the corotating particles in interplanetary space.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 224
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  • 64
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    Impulsive solar X-ray bursts (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A set of 22 simple impulsive solar flares, identified in the OSO 5 hard X-ray data, has been analyzed together with coincident microwave and meter-wave radio observations. The rise times and fall times of the X-ray bursts are found to be highly correlated and effectively equal, strongly suggesting a flare-energizing mechanism that is reversible. The good time resolution available for these observations reveals that the microwave emission is influenced by an additional process, evident in the tendency of the microwave emission to peak later and decay more slowly than the symmetric X-ray bursts. Meter-wave emission is observed in coincidence with five events which also show strong time correlation between the X-ray and microwave burst structure. This meter-wave emission is characterized by U-burst radiation, indicating confinement of the flare source. The relationship found between the X-ray burst duration and the calculated flare diameter, together with the thermal character of the X-ray spectra, gives additional support to the hypothesis that the impulsive component is driven by adiabatic compression and expansion of a magnetically confined plasma which is the common primary source of both X-ray and microwave emission.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 223
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  • 65
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    Densities in the quiet sun and polar coronal holes from EUV line ratios involving O III /1666.15 A/ (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 226
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  • 66
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    Reynolds number influence on leeside flowfields (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Experimental results on the Reynolds number influence on the leeside flowfield of planar delta wings at supersonic speeds are presented. Wind tunnel experiments on two delta wing models with straight and sharp leading edges at freestream Mach number of 2.5 and 3.5 and angle of attack between 1 deg and 12.5 deg were carried out. The cross-sectional shape was triangular and the relative height was 0.25. The flow types investigated were to the left and right of the Stanbrook-Squire boundary. Under leading-edge separation conditions, the vortex position and intensity, and thus the suction pressure, vary with Re while the flow type remains nearly unchanged. In the region of separation with embedded shock, Re affects not only the shape of the separation bubble and pressure level near the leading edge but also the type of flow. At sufficiently high Re the flow type of separation with shock changes to one with shock-induced separation.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 16; Dec. 197
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  • 67
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    Unsteady flow in a supersonic cascade with subsonic leading-edge locus (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Linearized theory is used to predict the unsteady flow in a supersonic cascade with subsonic axial flow velocity. A closed-form analytical solution is obtained by using a double application of the Wiener-Hopf technique. Although numerical and semianalytical solutions of this problem have already appeared in the literature, this paper contains the first completely analytical solution. It has been stated in the literature that the blade source should vanish at the infinite duct resonance condition. The present analysis shows that this does not occur. This apparent discrepancy is explained in the paper.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 16; Dec. 197
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  • 68
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    Sources of magnetic fields in recurrent interplanetary streams (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper examines sources of magnetic fields in recurrent streams observed by the Imp 8 and Heos spacecraft at 1 AU and by Mariner 10 en route to Mercury between October 31, 1973 and February 9, 1974, during Carrington rotations 1607-1610. Although most fields and plasmas at 1 AU were related to coronal holes and the magnetic field lines were open in those holes, some of the magnetic fields and plasmas at 1 AU were related to open field line regions on the sun which were not associated with known coronal holes, indicating that open field lines may be more basic than coronal holes as sources of the solar wind. Magnetic field intensities in five equatorial coronal holes, certain photospheric magnetic fields, and the coronal footprints of the sector boundaries on the source surface are characterized.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Sept. 1
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  • 69
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    Limb-brightening observations from the OSO-7 satellite. III - Comparison of EUV line intensities of Fe XII, Fe XI, Fe XV, Si X and S XII, Si IX and S XI with predictions (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Continuing a study of heliocentric dependence of EUV emission line intensities observed by the Goddard OSO-7 spectroheliograph in 1972, the variation of lines of the ions Fe XII, Fe XI, Fe XV, Si X and S XII, Si IX and S XI is compared with the results of individual calculations for these ions, including theoretical intensities presented for Fe XII and Fe XI. Agreement is found to be good for Fe XII and reasonable for some of the lines of the other ions which in general are weaker in intensity. Several apparent anomalies are found however which may be due to unknown line components near the wavelengths observed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 67; 1, Ju; June 197
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  • 70
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    An instability of finite amplitude circularly polarized Alfven waves (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A demonstration is presented that a finite-amplitude circularly-polarized Alfven wave is generally unstable in a MHD fluid. The wave decays by a four-wave coupling process in which the daughter waves are forward propagating random density and magnetic fluctuations and a backward-propagating magnetic wave. For parameters typical of the solar corona and the solar wind (thermal to magnetic energy density ratios between 0.1 and 1, and values between 0.1 and 0.9 for the ratio of magnetic energy density of the initial Alfven wave to that of the background magnetic field), large decay rates are found.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 219
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  • 71
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    Electron densities in solar flare and active region plasmas from a density-sensitive line ratio of Fe IX (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 219
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  • 72
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    Inlet boundary-layer shapes on four aircraft forebodies at Mach 6 (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Boundary-layer shape measurements at the engine inlet on four different hypersonic aircraft forebody designs (with no engine on the forebody) are reported. The measurements provide a qualitative assessment of the effectiveness of various forebody geometries as engine inlet precompression surfaces. The designs, tested in a hypersonic tunnel at Mach 6 and a nominal freestream Reynolds number of 30,500,000, included a semiconical forebody, a configuration similar to a slab delta wing, a conical nose blended into a flat surface, and a conical, complex forebody shape. Boundary layer height as a function of forebody compression is shown for each design.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft; 15; Jan. 197
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  • 73
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    Direct observation of the latitudinal extent of a high-speed stream in the solar wind (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The latitudinal boundaries of stationary fast solar wind streams emerging from equatorward extensions of the sun's polar coronal holes are studied. Simultaneous data from the Helios 1 and Imp spacecraft at different heliographic latitudes are compared. The measured latitudinal speed gradient of 30 km/s/deg shows that large angular speed gradients occur at the leading edges of fast streams and also with respect to latitude. The data indicate that longitudinal speed gradients are steeper near 0.3 AU than at 1.0 AU. Generally, regions with large angular speed gradients are observed to separate fast streams from the surrounding slower plasma. This suggests the existence of mechanisms which diminish longitudinal speed gradients as the plasma travels toward 1.0 AU. It also seems that the distribution of solar wind speeds on a near-sun spherical surface has large mesalike high-speed regions. Comparisons of Helios 1 and Imp data with corona observations supports the hypothesis that high-speed solar wind streams emerge from coronal holes.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Mar. 1
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  • 74
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    Notes on the transonic indicial method (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The indicial method for calculating flutter derivatives for two-dimensional airfoils at transonic speeds is discussed, with particular attention given to the effect of a moving shock on the flow variables in the indicial method. An expression for the pressure coefficient is developed on the basis of an explicit treatment of the shock motion; the pressure distribution may then be calculated for general oscillations through use of the indicial method. Explicit inclusion of the shock motion is not necessary if only the lift and pitching moment coefficients are desired.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 16; June 197
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  • 75
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    Solar wind stream interfaces (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Results are presented for a superposed epoch analysis of discontinuous solar wind interfaces. The average time-space profiles of stream interfaces are discussed with reference to fluid properties (flow speed, pressure ridge, density, electron and proton temperatures) and kinetic properties (electron core and halo, flow speed fluctuations, electron heat flux, alpha particles). Other aspects of stream interfaces are described, such as the persistence of individual interfaces, shock associations, the sector boundaries of the interplanetary magnetic field, and sudden impulses in the geomagnetic field. Interface position is considered in terms of the observed temperature jump. A conceptual model of high-speed stream evolution is proposed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Apr. 1
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  • 76
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    The electron density at 10 to the 5th K in different regions of the solar atmosphere derived from an intersystem line of O IV (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 65; 2, Ap; Apr. 197
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  • 77
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    A phenomenological model of solar flares (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The energy of solar flares is derived from the magnetic energy of fields convected to the sun's surface and subsequently converted to heat and energetic particles within the chromosphere. The circumstances of this conversion in most current models is magnetic flux annihilation at a neutral sheet. An analysis is conducted of the constraints of flux annihilation. It is shown that the present evidence of solar cosmic rays, X-rays, gamma-rays, and total energy suggests a choice of annihilation not at a neutral point, but by an enhanced dissipation of a field-aligned current. The field configuration is related both to its origin and to the extensive theory and laboratory experiments concerned with this configuration in magnetic fusion. The magnetic field model is applied to the August 4 flare. It is shown how the plasma heating in the annihilation region balanced by thermal conduction leads to a plasma temperature of about 20 million deg K.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 221
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  • 78
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    Spectrum of mean free paths near earth in the solar cosmic ray event of April 29, 1973 (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; June 1
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  • 79
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    Long-term variations of selected solar wind properties - IMP 6, 7, and 8 results (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Studies of the variability of the solar wind are extended to include the minimum of solar cycle 20; attention is given to the He abundance, the relative He-H velocity difference, the He-H temperature ratio, the solar coronal proton density, speed, rms velocity variation, temperature and number flux, and the kinetic and total energy fluxes. The solar wind data are from observations conducted by the IMP-6, -7 and -8 satellites. A well-developed corotating stream structure appearing in January 1973 and disappearing in mid-1976 receives particular consideration. An increase in proton number and total energy fluxes after September 1972 may be due to areal expansion of both polar coronal holes, and may be associated with compression of the low-speed equatorial disk-shaped region postulated to surround the sun in interplanetary space.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; May 1
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  • 80
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    The importance of spectroscopy in the 80-800 A region for plasma diagnostics in the solar atmosphere (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The importance of the spectral range from about 80 to 800 A for determining physical conditions in different regions of the solar atmosphere is discussed. Examples are given of line ratios that may be used to determine electron densities in quiet-sun regions, active regions, and flares. The possibility of determining electron temperatures from line ratios in the EUV is considered. It is shown that profiles, as well as intensities, of spectral lines must be obtained for a proper interpretation of the spectra. Approximate parameters are provided for a solar grazing-incidence spectrograph suitable for the study of the 80-800-A wavelength region.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
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  • 81
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    Low frequency spectra of type III solar radio bursts (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Flux density spectra have been determined for 91 simple type III solar bursts observed by the Goddard Space Flight Center radio astronomy experiment on the IMP-6 spacecraft during 1971 and 1972. Spectral peaks were found to occur at frequencies ranging from 44 kHz up to 2500 kHz. Half of the bursts peaked between 250 kHz and 900 kHz, corresponding to emission at solar distances of about 0.3 to 0.1 AU. Maximum burst flux density sometimes exceeds 10 to the -14th W/sq m/Hz. The primary factor controlling the spectral peak frequency of these bursts appears to be a variation in intrinsic power radiated by the source as the exciter moves outward from the sun, rather than radio propagation effects between the source and IMP-6. Thus, a burst spectrum strongly reflects the evolution of the properties of the exciting electron beam, and according to current theory, beam deceleration could help account for the observations.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Solar Physics; 59; Oct. 197
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  • 82
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    Measurement of the profile and intensity of the solar He I lambda 584-A resonance line (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The intensity and profile of the helium resonance line at 584 A from the entire disk of the sun was investigated by using a rocket-borne helium-filled spectrometer and a curve-of-growth technique. The line profile was found to be accurately represented by a Gaussian profile with full width at half maximum of 122 + or - 10 mA, while the integrated intensity was measured to be 2.6 + or - 1.3 billion photons/s per sq cm at solar activity levels of F(10.7) = 90.8 x 10 to the -22nd per sq m/Hz and Rz = 27. The measured line width is in good agreement with previous spectrographic measurements, but the integrated intensity is larger than most previous photoelectric measurements. However, the derived line center flux of 20 + or - 10 billion photons/s per sq cm/A is in good agreement with values inferred from airglow measurements.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Dec. 1
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  • 83
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    A three-dimensional model of corotating streams in the solar wind. I - Theoretical foundations (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper is concerned with the development of the theoretical and mathematical background pertinent to the study of steady, corotating solar wind structure in all three spatial dimensions. The dynamical evolution of the plasma in interplanetary space (defined as the region beyond roughly 35 Rs where the flow is supersonic) is approximately described by the nonlinear, single-fluid, polytropic magnetohydrodynamic or hydrodynamic equations. Efficient numerical techniques are outlined for solving this complex system of coupled, hyperbolic partial differential equations. The present formulation is inviscid and nonmagnetic, but the methods used allow for the potential inclusion of both features with only modest modifications. A simple, highly idealized hydrodynamic model stream is examined to illustrate the fundamental processes involved in the three-dimensional dynamics of stream evolution. It is found that spatial variations in the rotational stream interaction mechanism produce small nonradial flows on a global scale that lead to the transport of mass, energy, and momentum away from regions of relative compression and into regions of relative rarefaction. Comparison with simpler models demonstrates the essential nonlinear, multidimensional nature of the interplanetary dynamics.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Dec. 1
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  • 84
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    The radial variation of corotating energetic particle streams in the inner and outer solar system (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Spacecraft observations of 0.9 to 2.2 MeV protons are used to evaluate the radial gradient of long-lived corotating energetic particle streams for several time periods from mid-1973 to mid-1976. New evidence is presented for a positive gradient between 0.3 and some 3-4 AU and a negative one beyond some 3-5 AU. The relation between the corotating events in the inner solar system and the accompanying interplanetary magnetic field and solar wind is examined. It is shown, independently of possible secondary latitudinal effects, that between 0.3 and 1 AU, in a region where gradients up to 300%/AU exist, the particle stream is propagating inside a fast solar wind stream in a region adjacent to low- and high-speed stream interactions.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Oct. 1
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  • 85
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    The radial gradients and collisional properties of solar wind electrons (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The plasma electron detector on Mariner 10 is used to obtain measurements of electron density and temperature in the interplanetary medium between heliocentric distances of 0.85 and 0.45 AU. The observations show quantitatively that the core of the electron distribution function can be described as collisional at least for radial distances within 1 AU, since with a very few well-marked exceptions associated with high-speed streams, the Coulomb collisional momentum relaxation length is less than the density scale height at all times and all radial distances at which data were obtained. It is found that the Coulomb energy exchange collisions between the core and the (test) halo population are negligible. The power law exponent of the core temperature is about -0.3, whereas the halo temperature is almost independent of heliocentric distance.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Aug. 1
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  • 86
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    The spiral field inhibition of thermal conduction in two-fluid solar wind models (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper reports on two-field models which include the inhibition of thermal conduction by the spiraling interplanetary field to determine whether any of the major conclusions obtained by Nerney and Barnes (1977) needs to be modified. Comparisons with straight field line models reveal that for most base conditions, the primary effect of the inhibition of thermal conduction is the bottling-up of heat in the electrons as well as the quite different temperature profiles at a large heliocentric radius. The spiral field solutions show that coronal hole boundary conditions do not correspond to states of high-speed streams as observed at 1 AU. The two-fluid models suggest that the spiral field inhibition of thermal conduction in the equatorial plane will generate higher gas pressures in comparison with flows along the solar rotation axis (between 1 and 10 AU). In particular, massive outflows of stellar winds, such as outflow from T Tauri stars, cannot be driven by thermal conduction. The conclusions of Nerney and Barnes remain essentially unchanged.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Aug. 1
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  • 87
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    Theoretical intensity ratios for the UV lines of Mg VII, Si IX and S XI (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Energy levels, oscillator strengths, and electron collision strengths have been computed for the configurations 2s2 2p2, 2s 2p3, 2p4 of Mg VII, Si IX, and S XI. Level populations for the ground configuration and theoretical intensity ratios for the UV lines are tabulated for electron densities and temperatures appropriate to the solar atmosphere. The identification of the Mg VII, Si IX, and S XI UV lines is discussed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Royal Astronomical Society; vol. 184
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  • 88
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    XUV spectra of the 1973 June 15 solar flare observed from Skylab. III - A list of spectral lines from 1000 to 1940 A (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A wavelength list of spectral lines between 1000 and 1940 A is presented for the solar flare that occurred on June 15, 1973. The spectra were recorded by the NRL spectrograph on Skylab. The spectral resolution is 0.06 A. Intensities, identifications, and estimates of line widths are given. The intensity of the continuum is also given at 50-A intervals between 1400 and 1900 A. The wavelength list includes about 1400 lines; about 30% of these lines are not indentified. Because of the high wavelength resolution, this line list will be useful as a source of identification for some stellar as well as solar spectra. In particular, the list should be a useful aid in the identification of lines in the spectra of stars with classifications close to that of the sun. Spectra of such stars may be obtained from the recently launched IUE spacecraft. It is also interesting to compare the list with some of the spectra of early-type stars recorded by Copernicus.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series; 37; July 197
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  • 89
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    Comparisons of measured and calculated potential magnetic fields (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Photospheric line-of-sight and transverse-magnetic-field data obtained, with a vector magnetograph system for an isolated sunspot are described. A study of the linear polarization patterns and of the calculated transverse field lines indicates that the magnetic field of the region is very nearly potential. The H-alpha fibril structures of this region as seen in high-resolution photographs corroborate this conclusion. Consequently, a potential-field calculation is described using the measured line-of-sight fields together with assumed Neumann boundary conditions; both are necessary and sufficient for a unique solution. The computed transverse fields are then compared with the measured transverse fields to verify the potential-field model and assumed boundary values. The implications of these comparisons for the validity of magnetic-field extrapolations using potential theory are discussed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Solar Physics; 57; Apr. 197
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  • 90
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    Electron densities in the solar corona from density-sensitive line ratios in the N I isoelectronic sequence (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 226
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  • 91
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    Magnetic field in the primitive solar nebula (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Carbonaceous chondrites have apparently been magnetized in their early history in magnetic fields with intensities of 0.1 to 10 G, but the origin of the magnetizing field has remained obscured. It is suggested that the magnetic field recorded in the remanence of carbonaceous chondrites may have been produced by a self-excited hydromagnetic dynamo in the gaseous preplanetary nebula from which the solar system is thought to have formed. Recently computed models for the evolution of the preplanetary nebula, consisting of turbulent and differentially rotating gaseous disks with characteristic radial scales of several AU, are used to demonstrate the feasibility of this hypothesis. The maximum field intensity that might be realized by the dynamo production process is estimated to be as high as 1 to 10 G, taking into account two dynamical mechanisms that limit the strength of the field (the Coriolis force and ambipolar diffusion).
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 276; Nov. 30
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  • 92
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    Electron heating within interaction zones of simple high-speed solar wind streams (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: In the present paper, electron heating within the high-speed portions of three simple stream-stream interaction zones is studied to further our understanding of the physics of heat flux regulation in interplanetary space. To this end, the thermal signals present in the compressions at the leading edges of the simple high-speed streams are analyzed, showing that the data are inconsistent with the Spitzer conductivity. Instead, a polynomial law is found to apply. Its implication concerning the mechanism of interplanetary heat conduction is discussed, and the results of applying this conductivity law to high-speed flows inside of 1 AU are studied. A self-consistent model of the radial evolution of electrons in the high-speed solar wind is proposed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Nov. 1
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  • 93
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    Characteristic electron variations across simple high-speed solar wind streams (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper deals with electron variations across simple high-speed streams. Comprehensive scans of the shapes of electron distributions measured at the highest bulk speeds confirm the results of Rosenbauer et al. (1976, 1977) and show that the electron velocity distributions can be broken down into a low-energy or core component and a high-energy strongly beamed component. The low-energy component displays many characteristics expected from a fluid: the internal particle coupling necessary to maintain this state must result from both binary Coulomb collisions and wave-particle interactions. The high-energy or halo component displays many characteristics expected to develop in the absence of collisions beyond a certain base radius. These electrons appear to evolve under the primary influence of static interplanetary magnetic and electric fields and, therefore, develop very anisotropic velocity distributions.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Nov. 1
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  • 94
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    Magnetic fields and flows between 1 and 0.3 AU during the primary mission of Helios 1 (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Magnetic phenomena and coronal holes observed by Helios 1 during nearly four rotations of the sun are discussed. It is estimated that the magnetic field intensity of open field lines in some of the coronal holes (which changed in shape and latitude from one rotation to the next) was of the order of 10-20 G during the studied period, December 1974 to March 1975. Magnetic field polarity, cold magnetic enhancements, and longitudinal widths of the stream are described. It is concluded that between the sun and 0.3 AU there was a diverging stream surrounded by a thin boundary layer in which there was large velocity shear. There is evidence for compression of the magnetic field in the western boundary layer.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Nov. 1
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  • 95
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    Measurements of solar UV flux in the stratosphere (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Solar UV flux measurements were obtained on STRATCOM-VIII from liftoff to sunset. Spectra cover the wavelength range from 1979A to 2879A and altitudes from about 25-42 km over a wide range of solar zenith angles. Good agreement is obtained between the observed spectra and synthetic spectra calculated using a two stream radiative transfer model.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: STRATCOM 8 Data Workshop and Suppl.; p 64-67
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  • 96
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    Measurements of ultraviolet fluxes (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An UV spectrometer on STRATCOM 8 measured the UV scattered light in the 2000 A to 3000 A range. These data were obtained at a variety of viewing angles. In addition data in 3000 A to 4000 A range were obtained using four photometers with filters approximately 300 A wide. This instrument was downward viewing in order to obtain information on the variability of the albedo in this wavelength range. Another four channel instrument, looking upward, was designed to measure ozone overburden.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center STRATCOM 8 Data Workshop and Suppl.; p 63
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  • 97
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    Measurement of 200-400 nm solar UV fluxes on the STRATCOM 8A balloon flight (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A filter wheel UV Spectroirradiometer was used to measure solar UV fluxes in 10 bandpasses in the 200-400 nm region at altitudes up to 40 km on Stratcom 8A. Ozone layer thicknesses were derived from the balloon ascent measurements and an ozone density profile obtained. Measurements at the 39-40 km float altitude before and after local noon give a solar flux in the (220 + or - 5) nm O2-O3 transmission window of 4.53 x .000001 W/(cm squared-nm) at approximately 1 A U on 29 September 1977, when the sunspot number was about 63.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center STRATCOM 8 Data Workshop and Suppl.; p 56-62
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  • 98
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    Summary of system state-of-health measurements STRATCOM 8: A balloon experiment (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Various measurements were made to determine the temperature and attitude of the gondola and the status of primary power and control equipment. Bead thermistors were used to measure temperatures at selected points throughout the gondola. A two-axis magnetometer and a two-axis pendulum were used to measure gondola attitude. Voltage and current measurements indicated the status of the primary power sources and associated power converters.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center STRATCOM 8 Data Workshop and Suppl.; p 24-31
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  • 99
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    Stratospheric composition balloon, aircraft and rocket-borne experiments, 28-30 September 1977 (systems, instruments, trajectories, supporting measurements) (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The STRATCOM (STRATospheric COMposition) is a long term multipurpose program for integrated, correlated measurements of stratospheric parameters related to composition, thermodynamics, and radiative balance. Balloon 8-b, carrying a solar-pointing grating infrared spectrometer, two CO2 thermal emission radiometers and two in-situ air temperature sensors was launched at 1251 MST on 28 September 1977 to float at an altitude of 39 km from 1521 MST with the instruments making measurements at that altitude through the time of sunset at 1822 MST. Balloon 8-a lifted a payload consisting of four UV filter photometers, two UV spectrometers, two chemiluminescent ozonesondes, dasibi ozone monitor, 14 tube cryogenic sampler, two aluminum oxide H2O sensors, four air temperature sensors, atmospheric pressure sensor, infrared and visible pyranometers, downward-looking camera, blunt-kryton lamp-Gerdien condenser probe, three component anemometer, balloon apex-plate payload and three parachute-borne dropsondes.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center STRATCOM 8 Data Workshop and Suppl.; p 10-23
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  • 100
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    Solar plages and the vorticity of the earth's atmosphere (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Three superimposed epoch analyses of the vorticity area index (VAI) at 500 mbar are described. The analyses used the following definitions of the zero days: (1) the central meridian passage (CMP) of very active solar plages; (2) the occurrence of peak values of the 10.7 cm solar radio flux; and (3) the CMP of active solar plages also accompanied at CMP by sharp rises in 10.7 cm solar radio noise. All three superimposed epoch analyses show a sustained rise in VAI several days before the zero day; the rise continues through the zero day and is followed by a sustained minimum in VAI several days after the zero day. The results suggest that the location of the very active plages play an important role in determining their meteorological influence. It is possible that the initial rise in VAI is caused by enhanced electromagnetic radiation associated with the solar activity, and that the decrease some days later is the result of the geomagnetic storm particle emission that generally follows the zero date.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 274; July 13
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