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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (544)
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  • 101
    Publication Date: 2006-04-15
    Description: Nee et al. (Reports, 19 August 2005, p. 1236) used a null model to argue that life history invariants are illusions. We show that their results are largely inconsequential for life history theory because the authors confound two definitions of invariance, and rigorous analysis of their null model demonstrates that it does not match observed data.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Savage, Van M -- White, Ethan P -- Moses, Melanie E -- Ernest, S K Morgan -- Enquist, Brian J -- Charnov, Eric L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 14;312(5771):198; author reply 198.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Bauer Center for Genomics Research, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. vsavage@cgr.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16614200" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Body Size ; *Body Weight ; Clutch Size ; *Growth ; Longevity ; Mathematics ; *Models, Biological ; Regression Analysis ; *Reproduction ; Sexual Maturation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 102
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-07-01
    Description: This paper summarizes evidence on the effects of early environments on child, adolescent, and adult achievement. Life cycle skill formation is a dynamic process in which early inputs strongly affect the productivity of later inputs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Heckman, James J -- R01HD043411/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 30;312(5782):1900-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Economics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. jjh@uchicago.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16809525" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Achievement ; Adolescent ; Child ; *Child Development ; Child, Preschool ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; *Early Intervention (Education)/economics ; *Education/economics ; Family ; Humans ; Income ; Infant ; Intelligence ; Public Policy ; United States ; *Vulnerable Populations
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 103
    Publication Date: 2006-07-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, Constance -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 7;313(5783):26-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16825539" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomedical Research/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Cell Line ; Cloning, Organism/legislation & jurisprudence ; Embryo Research/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Embryo, Mammalian/cytology ; Financing, Government/legislation & jurisprudence ; Humans ; Research Support as Topic/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Stem Cells ; United States
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  • 104
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-06-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Palmer, Michael W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 23;312(5781):1745-6; author reply 1745-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16794061" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; *Energy-Generating Resources ; Ethanol ; *Poaceae/growth & development/metabolism ; United States
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  • 105
    Publication Date: 2006-09-09
    Description: We describe reproductive isolation caused by a gene transposition. In certain Drosophila melanogaster-D. simulans hybrids, hybrid male sterility is caused by the lack of a single-copy gene essential for male fertility, JYAlpha. This gene is located on the fourth chromosome of D. melanogaster but on the third chromosome of D. simulans. Genomic and molecular analyses show that JYAlpha transposed to the third chromosome during the evolutionary history of the D. simulans lineage. Because of this transposition, a fraction of hybrids completely lack JYAlpha and are sterile, representing reproductive isolation without sequence evolution.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Masly, John P -- Jones, Corbin D -- Noor, Mohamed A F -- Locke, John -- Orr, H Allen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 8;313(5792):1448-50.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA. msly@mail.rochester.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16960009" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes/*genetics ; Drosophila/enzymology/*genetics/physiology ; Drosophila melanogaster/enzymology/*genetics/physiology ; Evolution, Molecular ; Female ; Fertility/genetics ; Gene Dosage ; *Genes, Insect ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Male ; Mutation ; *Recombination, Genetic ; Reproduction/genetics ; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase/*genetics ; Sperm Motility
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 106
    Publication Date: 2006-07-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, Constance -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 30;312(5782):1867.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16809505" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Evolution ; Brain/*anatomy & histology ; Genetic Variation ; Humans ; Intelligence ; Organ Size ; Selection, Genetic
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 107
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-07-01
    Description: The study of politics and the life cycle began with a rather single-minded focus on childhood and the family-on the idea, as Tocqueville famously put it, that the entire person could be "seen in the cradle of the child." Politics does begin in childhood, and parents do influence their offspring, but change takes place over the entire span of life. I take up the early emergence of partisanship and essentialism, the formation of generations, politically consequential transitions in adulthood, and the rising of politics and its final decline.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kinder, Donald R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 30;312(5782):1905-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Political Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA. drkinder@umich.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16809527" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; *Aging ; Child ; *Culture ; Family ; Humans ; Life Change Events ; Middle Aged ; Parents ; *Politics ; United States
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  • 108
    Publication Date: 2006-08-12
    Description: In the mouse trigeminal pathway, sensory inputs from distinct facial structures, such as whiskers or lower jaw and lip, are topographically mapped onto the somatosensory cortex through relay stations in the thalamus and hindbrain. In the developing hindbrain, the mechanisms generating such maps remain elusive. We found that in the principal sensory nucleus, the whisker-related map is contributed by rhombomere 3-derived neurons, whereas the rhombomere 2-derived progeny supply the lower jaw and lip representation. Moreover, early Hoxa2 expression in neuroepithelium prevents the trigeminal nerve from ectopically projecting to the cerebellum, whereas late expression in the principal sensory nucleus promotes selective arborization of whisker-related afferents and topographic connectivity to the thalamus. Hoxa2 inactivation further results in the absence of whisker-related maps in the postnatal brain. Thus, Hoxa2- and rhombomere 3-dependent cues determine the whisker area map and are required for the assembly of the whisker-to-barrel somatosensory circuit.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Oury, Franck -- Murakami, Yasunori -- Renaud, Jean-Sebastien -- Pasqualetti, Massimo -- Charnay, Patrick -- Ren, Shu-Yue -- Rijli, Filippo M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 8;313(5792):1408-13. Epub 2006 Aug 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut de Genetique et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/Universite Louis Pasteur, UMR 7104, BP 10142, Communaute Urbaine de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16902088" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Afferent Pathways ; Animals ; Axons/ultrastructure ; Face/innervation ; Homeodomain Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Lip/innervation ; Mandible/embryology/innervation ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Mutation ; Neurons, Afferent/cytology ; Receptor, EphA4/metabolism ; Receptor, EphA7/metabolism ; Rhombencephalon/cytology/*embryology/metabolism ; Somatosensory Cortex/*anatomy & histology/embryology ; Thalamus/embryology/metabolism ; Trigeminal Ganglion/embryology/metabolism ; Trigeminal Nerve/*embryology/physiology ; Ventral Thalamic Nuclei/embryology ; Vibrissae/*innervation
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  • 109
    Publication Date: 2006-04-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉King, Anthony W -- Gunderson, Carla A -- Post, Wilfred M -- Weston, David J -- Wullschleger, Stan D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 28;312(5773):536-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA. kingaw@ornl.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16645083" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Acclimatization ; Atmosphere ; Carbon/*metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; *Climate ; Computer Simulation ; Ecosystem ; Mathematics ; Models, Biological ; *Oxygen Consumption ; Plant Leaves/*metabolism ; Soil/analysis ; *Temperature
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  • 110
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-07-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kintisch, Eli -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 21;313(5785):281.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16857907" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Cell Line ; Embryo Research/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Embryo, Mammalian/cytology ; Embryo, Nonmammalian ; Foundations/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Patents as Topic/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Stem Cells ; United States
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  • 111
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-06-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, Constance -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 2;312(5778):1292.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16741084" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Evolution ; Biology/*education/legislation & jurisprudence ; Georgia ; Religion and Science ; Teaching/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Textbooks as Topic
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  • 112
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-05-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Parashar, Umesh D -- Glass, Roger I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 May 12;312(5775):851-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Viral Gastroenteritis Section, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. uap2@cdc.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16690845" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Administration, Oral ; Child ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Developed Countries ; Developing Countries ; Diarrhea/prevention & control/virology ; Drug Approval ; Drug Costs ; Humans ; Immunization Programs ; Infant ; Rotavirus Infections/epidemiology/mortality/*prevention & control ; *Rotavirus Vaccines/administration & dosage/adverse effects/economics ; United States ; *Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage/adverse effects/economics
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  • 113
    Publication Date: 2006-09-02
    Description: Draft genome sequences have been determined for the soybean pathogen Phytophthora sojae and the sudden oak death pathogen Phytophthora ramorum. Oomycetes such as these Phytophthora species share the kingdom Stramenopila with photosynthetic algae such as diatoms, and the presence of many Phytophthora genes of probable phototroph origin supports a photosynthetic ancestry for the stramenopiles. Comparison of the two species' genomes reveals a rapid expansion and diversification of many protein families associated with plant infection such as hydrolases, ABC transporters, protein toxins, proteinase inhibitors, and, in particular, a superfamily of 700 proteins with similarity to known oomycete avirulence genes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tyler, Brett M -- Tripathy, Sucheta -- Zhang, Xuemin -- Dehal, Paramvir -- Jiang, Rays H Y -- Aerts, Andrea -- Arredondo, Felipe D -- Baxter, Laura -- Bensasson, Douda -- Beynon, Jim L -- Chapman, Jarrod -- Damasceno, Cynthia M B -- Dorrance, Anne E -- Dou, Daolong -- Dickerman, Allan W -- Dubchak, Inna L -- Garbelotto, Matteo -- Gijzen, Mark -- Gordon, Stuart G -- Govers, Francine -- Grunwald, Niklaus J -- Huang, Wayne -- Ivors, Kelly L -- Jones, Richard W -- Kamoun, Sophien -- Krampis, Konstantinos -- Lamour, Kurt H -- Lee, Mi-Kyung -- McDonald, W Hayes -- Medina, Monica -- Meijer, Harold J G -- Nordberg, Eric K -- Maclean, Donald J -- Ospina-Giraldo, Manuel D -- Morris, Paul F -- Phuntumart, Vipaporn -- Putnam, Nicholas H -- Rash, Sam -- Rose, Jocelyn K C -- Sakihama, Yasuko -- Salamov, Asaf A -- Savidor, Alon -- Scheuring, Chantel F -- Smith, Brian M -- Sobral, Bruno W S -- Terry, Astrid -- Torto-Alalibo, Trudy A -- Win, Joe -- Xu, Zhanyou -- Zhang, Hongbin -- Grigoriev, Igor V -- Rokhsar, Daniel S -- Boore, Jeffrey L -- BB/C509123/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 1;313(5791):1261-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA. bmtyler@vt.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16946064" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algal Proteins/genetics/physiology ; *Biological Evolution ; DNA, Algal/*genetics ; Genes ; *Genome ; Hydrolases/genetics/metabolism ; Photosynthesis/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Physical Chromosome Mapping ; Phytophthora/classification/*genetics/*pathogenicity/physiology ; Plant Diseases/microbiology ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Symbiosis ; Toxins, Biological/genetics
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  • 114
    Publication Date: 2006-05-27
    Description: The energy that sustains cancer cells is derived preferentially from glycolysis. This metabolic change, the Warburg effect, was one of the first alterations in cancer cells recognized as conferring a survival advantage. Here, we show that p53, one of the most frequently mutated genes in cancers, modulates the balance between the utilization of respiratory and glycolytic pathways. We identify Synthesis of Cytochrome c Oxidase 2 (SCO2) as the downstream mediator of this effect in mice and human cancer cell lines. SCO2 is critical for regulating the cytochrome c oxidase (COX) complex, the major site of oxygen utilization in the eukaryotic cell. Disruption of the SCO2 gene in human cancer cells with wild-type p53 recapitulated the metabolic switch toward glycolysis that is exhibited by p53-deficient cells. That SCO2 couples p53 to mitochondrial respiration provides a possible explanation for the Warburg effect and offers new clues as to how p53 might affect aging and metabolism.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Matoba, Satoaki -- Kang, Ju-Gyeong -- Patino, Willmar D -- Wragg, Andrew -- Boehm, Manfred -- Gavrilova, Oksana -- Hurley, Paula J -- Bunz, Fred -- Hwang, Paul M -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 16;312(5780):1650-3. Epub 2006 May 25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cardiology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16728594" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Animals ; Carrier Proteins ; Cell Line, Tumor ; *Cell Respiration ; Cell Survival ; Electron Transport Complex IV/*genetics/metabolism/physiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; *Genes, p53 ; Glycolysis ; Humans ; Membrane Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mitochondria/*metabolism ; Mitochondria, Liver/*metabolism ; Mitochondrial Proteins ; Mutation ; Oxygen Consumption ; Proteins/*genetics/physiology ; RNA, Small Interfering ; Recombination, Genetic ; Transcription, Genetic ; Transcriptional Activation ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/*physiology
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  • 115
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) mediates viral genome attachment to mitotic chromosomes. We find that N-terminal LANA docks onto chromosomes by binding nucleosomes through the folded region of histones H2A-H2B. The same LANA residues were required for both H2A-H2B binding and chromosome association. Further, LANA did not bind Xenopus sperm chromatin, which is deficient in H2A-H2B; chromatin binding was rescued after assembly of nucleosomes containing H2A-H2B. We also describe the 2.9-angstrom crystal structure of a nucleosome complexed with the first 23 LANA amino acids. The LANA peptide forms a hairpin that interacts exclusively with an acidic H2A-H2B region that is implicated in the formation of higher order chromatin structure. Our findings present a paradigm for how nucleosomes may serve as binding platforms for viral and cellular proteins and reveal a previously unknown mechanism for KSHV latency.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barbera, Andrew J -- Chodaparambil, Jayanth V -- Kelley-Clarke, Brenna -- Joukov, Vladimir -- Walter, Johannes C -- Luger, Karolin -- Kaye, Kenneth M -- CA82036/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM067777/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM62267/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM067777/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 10;311(5762):856-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16469929" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Antigens, Viral/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Chromatin/metabolism ; Chromosomes/metabolism ; Chromosomes, Human/metabolism ; Chromosomes, Mammalian/metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Dimerization ; Herpesvirus 8, Human/chemistry/*metabolism ; Histones/chemistry/*metabolism ; Humans ; Models, Molecular ; Mutation ; Nuclear Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Nucleosomes/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Xenopus laevis
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  • 116
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-02-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, Constance -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 24;311(5764):1083.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16497892" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Evolution ; Biological Science Disciplines/*education ; *Curriculum ; Ohio ; Religion and Science
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  • 117
    Publication Date: 2006-02-04
    Description: Latimer et al. (Reports, 9 September 2005, p. 1722) used an approximate likelihood function to estimate parameters of Hubbell's neutral model of biodiversity. Reanalysis with the exact likelihood not only yields different estimates but also shows that two similar likelihood maxima for very different parameter combinations can occur. This reveals a limitation of using species abundance data to gain insight into speciation and dispersal.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Etienne, Rampal S -- Latimer, Andrew M -- Silander, John A Jr -- Cowling, Richard M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 3;311(5761):610.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Community and Conservation Ecology Group, University of Groningen, Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands. r.s.etienne@rug.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16456064" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; *Biodiversity ; *Ecology ; Ecosystem ; *Genetic Speciation ; Likelihood Functions ; Models, Biological ; *Plants/classification/genetics ; South Africa
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  • 118
    Publication Date: 2006-10-07
    Description: A long-standing debate in evolutionary biology concerns whether species diverge gradually through time or by punctuational episodes at the time of speciation. We found that approximately 22% of substitutional changes at the DNA level can be attributed to punctuational evolution, and the remainder accumulates from background gradual divergence. Punctuational effects occur at more than twice the rate in plants and fungi than in animals, but the proportion of total divergence attributable to punctuational change does not vary among these groups. Punctuational changes cause departures from a clock-like tempo of evolution, suggesting that they should be accounted for in deriving dates from phylogenies. Punctuational episodes of evolution may play a larger role in promoting evolutionary divergence than has previously been appreciated.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pagel, Mark -- Venditti, Chris -- Meade, Andrew -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Oct 6;314(5796):119-21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AJ, UK. m.pagel@rdg.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17023657" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Bayes Theorem ; DNA/*genetics ; DNA, Fungal/genetics ; DNA, Plant/genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Founder Effect ; Fungi/classification/genetics ; *Genetic Speciation ; Genetic Variation ; Likelihood Functions ; Mathematics ; Models, Statistical ; Mutation ; Phylogeny ; Plants/classification/genetics ; Sequence Alignment
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  • 119
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, Constance -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 10;311(5762):769-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16469893" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Culture ; Curriculum ; Earth (Planet) ; Geological Phenomena ; Geology ; Humans ; *Religion and Science ; *Students ; Teaching ; United States ; *Universities
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  • 120
    Publication Date: 2006-01-28
    Description: The postsynaptic density (PSD) is a complex assembly of proteins associated with the postsynaptic membrane that organizes neurotransmitter receptors, signaling pathways, and regulatory elements within a cytoskeletal matrix. Here we show that the sterile alpha motif domain of rat Shank3/ProSAP2, a master scaffolding protein located deep within the PSD, can form large sheets composed of helical fibers stacked side by side. Zn2+, which is found in high concentrations in the PSD, binds tightly to Shank3 and may regulate assembly. Sheets of the Shank protein could form a platform for the construction of the PSD complex.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Baron, Marisa K -- Boeckers, Tobias M -- Vaida, Bianca -- Faham, Salem -- Gingery, Mari -- Sawaya, Michael R -- Salyer, Danielle -- Gundelfinger, Eckart D -- Bowie, James U -- R01 CA081000/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM063919/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM063919-07/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM063919-08/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM075922/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM075922-04/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jan 27;311(5760):531-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1570, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16439662" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/analysis/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Hippocampus/chemistry ; Microscopy, Electron ; Models, Molecular ; Mutation ; Nerve Tissue Proteins ; Neurons/chemistry ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein Subunits/chemistry ; Rats ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/analysis ; Solubility ; Synapses/*chemistry ; Zinc/metabolism
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  • 121
    Publication Date: 2006-12-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Balter, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 22;314(5807):1871-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17185582" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Evolution ; *Brain/anatomy & histology/physiology ; China ; Chromosomes, Human, Y/genetics ; *Cognition ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Intelligence/genetics ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics ; Selection, Genetic ; United States
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  • 122
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-08-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barrera, Cecilio R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Aug 4;313(5787):614.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16888120" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Cultural Diversity ; *Education, Graduate ; *Faculty ; Humans ; *Minority Groups ; Science/*education ; United States ; United States Government Agencies
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  • 123
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Plants may "eavesdrop" on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by herbivore-attacked neighbors to activate defenses before being attacked themselves. Transcriptome and signal cascade analyses of VOC-exposed plants suggest that plants eavesdrop to prime direct and indirect defenses and to hone competitive abilities. Advances in research on VOC biosynthesis and perception have facilitated the production of plants that are genetically "deaf" to particular VOCs or "mute" in elements of their volatile vocabulary. Such plants, together with advances in VOC analytical instrumentation, will allow researchers to determine whether fluency enhances the fitness of plants in natural communities.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Baldwin, Ian T -- Halitschke, Rayko -- Paschold, Anja -- von Dahl, Caroline C -- Preston, Catherine A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 10;311(5762):812-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knoll Strasse 8, Jena 07745, Germany. baldwin@ice.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16469918" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptation, Physiological ; Diffusion ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Genomics ; Mutation ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Organic Chemicals/*metabolism ; Plant Leaves/metabolism ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plants/*genetics/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Volatilization
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  • 124
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-11-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Balter, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 17;314(5802):1071.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17110550" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genome, Human ; History, Ancient ; Hominidae/*genetics ; Humans ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics ; Paleontology ; Selection, Genetic ; Sexual Behavior ; tau Proteins/genetics
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  • 125
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-02-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cho, Mildred K -- McGee, Glenn -- Magnus, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 3;311(5761):614-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Stanford Center for Biomedical Ethics, Department of Pediatrics; Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. micho@stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16456065" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Academies and Institutes/ethics/*standards ; Authorship ; Biomedical Research/*ethics/*standards ; Cell Line ; *Ethics, Research ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Oocyte Donation/adverse effects ; Research Personnel/*ethics/standards ; Research Support as Topic ; Scientific Misconduct ; Stem Cells ; United States
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  • 126
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-08-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, Constance -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Aug 11;313(5788):779-82.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16902122" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Animal Migration ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Computer Simulation ; *Ecology ; Flight, Animal ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; *Movement ; Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Population Dynamics ; Wind
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  • 127
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-02-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marx, Jean -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 24;311(5764):1086.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16497897" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Apoptosis ; Autoimmune Diseases/immunology ; *Autoimmunity ; Caspase 10 ; Caspase Inhibitors ; Caspases/genetics/metabolism ; Dendritic Cells/*immunology/*physiology ; Humans ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Mice ; Mutation ; Viral Proteins/genetics/metabolism
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  • 128
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-03-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Falkowski, Paul G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 24;311(5768):1724-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Environmental Biophysics and Molecular Ecology Program, Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences and Department of Geological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA. falko@imcs.rutgers.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16556831" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Computational Biology ; Electron Transport ; Electrons ; Energy Metabolism ; Eukaryotic Cells/metabolism ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Duplication ; Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; *Metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxygen/*metabolism ; Photosynthesis ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Selection, Genetic ; Water/metabolism
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  • 129
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-10-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bartek, Jiri -- Lukas, Jiri -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Oct 13;314(5797):261-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Cancer Biology and Centre for Genotoxic Stress Research, Danish Cancer Society, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. jb@cancer.dk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17038611" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Apoptosis ; BRCA2 Protein/metabolism ; Cell Cycle ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cell Survival ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; *DNA Damage ; DNA Repair ; DNA Replication ; Forkhead Transcription Factors/*metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Humans ; Mice ; Models, Biological ; Phosphorylation ; RNA, Small Interfering ; Transcription, Genetic ; cdc25 Phosphatases/metabolism
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  • 130
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-05-27
    Description: One of the most exciting developments in cancer research in recent years has been the clinical validation of molecularly targeted drugs that inhibit the action of pathogenic tyrosine kinases. Treatment of appropriately selected patients with these drugs can alter the natural history of their disease and improve survival. The clinical validation of these "first-generation" tyrosine kinase inhibitors has been the prelude to a second wave of advances in molecular targeting that is expected to further change the way we classify and treat cancer. Efforts are now being directed at identifying the tumor subtypes and patients who will benefit the most from these drugs. In addition, new compounds that circumvent acquired resistance to the first-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors are being tested in patients with refractory disease. Agents directed against new molecular targets are also being explored.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Baselga, Jose -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 May 26;312(5777):1175-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Oncology Program, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain. jbaselga@vhebron.net〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16728632" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized ; Antineoplastic Agents/*therapeutic use ; Benzamides ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm ; Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Humans ; Imatinib Mesylate ; Mutation ; Neoplasms/*drug therapy/enzymology/genetics ; Piperazines/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors/*therapeutic use ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/*antagonists & inhibitors/genetics ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit/metabolism ; Pyrimidines/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Receptor, ErbB-2/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Receptors, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Trastuzumab
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  • 131
    Publication Date: 2006-01-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enserink, Martin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jan 20;311(5759):314-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16424301" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; *Disease Outbreaks/veterinary ; Humans ; *Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics/immunology/pathogenicity ; Influenza in Birds/*epidemiology/virology ; Influenza, Human/*epidemiology/transmission/*virology ; International Cooperation ; Mutation ; Poultry ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Turkey/epidemiology
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  • 132
    Publication Date: 2006-09-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kintisch, Eli -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 8;313(5792):1375.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16959983" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Air Pollution/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Carbon Dioxide ; Climate ; *Greenhouse Effect ; Massachusetts ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency/*legislation & jurisprudence
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  • 133
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-01-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enserink, Martin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jan 13;311(5758):161.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16410495" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/*genetics ; Influenza in Birds/transmission/virology ; Influenza, Human/transmission/*virology ; Mutation ; Poultry ; Poultry Diseases/transmission/virology ; Turkey
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  • 134
    Publication Date: 2006-04-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Begg, Colin B -- Brawley, Otis -- Califf, Robert M -- Demets, David L -- Ellenberg, Susan S -- Kaplan, Richard S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 14;312(5771):195.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16614197" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic ; Drug Approval/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Humans ; *Legislation, Drug ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration/*legislation & jurisprudence
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-11-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 17;314(5802):1068-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17110549" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Bone and Bones ; Cell Nucleus ; DNA/genetics/history/*isolation & purification ; DNA, Mitochondrial ; Equipment Contamination ; *Fossils ; Genome, Human ; Genomics/methods ; History, Ancient ; Hominidae/*genetics ; Humans ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Analysis, DNA
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-01-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fisher, Celia B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jan 13;311(5758):180-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Ethics Education, Fordham University, Bronx, NY 10458, USA. fisher@fordham.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16410509" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomedical Research ; *Clinical Trials as Topic/ethics/legislation & jurisprudence ; *Databases, Factual/legislation & jurisprudence ; Drug Industry ; Humans ; Outcome and Process Assessment (Health Care) ; Peer Review, Research ; Public Policy ; Registries ; Treatment Outcome ; United States
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-10-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Oct 13;314(5797):244-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17038601" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Brain/physiology ; Brain Chemistry ; Cognition ; Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Humans ; Invertebrates/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Membrane Proteins/*analysis/genetics/metabolism ; Multiprotein Complexes/*analysis/genetics/metabolism ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*analysis/genetics/metabolism ; Organ Size ; Receptors, Neurotransmitter/analysis/genetics/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Synaptic Membranes/*chemistry/physiology ; Synaptic Transmission ; Vertebrates/anatomy & histology/physiology
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-09-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 29;313(5795):1908-11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17008520" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Brain/anatomy & histology/embryology/physiology ; Cerebral Cortex/embryology/metabolism ; Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Dosage ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Genome ; *Genome, Human ; Genomics ; Humans ; Microcephaly/genetics ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Pan troglodytes/genetics ; Primates/*genetics ; Proteins/genetics/physiology ; RNA/genetics/physiology ; Selection, Genetic
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  • 139
    Publication Date: 2006-02-18
    Description: In the mammalian nervous system, neuronal activity regulates the strength and number of synapses formed. The genetic program that coordinates this process is poorly understood. We show that myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) transcription factors suppressed excitatory synapse number in a neuronal activity- and calcineurin-dependent manner as hippocampal neurons formed synapses. In response to increased neuronal activity, calcium influx into neurons induced the activation of the calcium/calmodulin-regulated phosphatase calcineurin, which dephosphorylated and activated MEF2. When activated, MEF2 promoted the transcription of a set of genes, including arc and synGAP, that restrict synapse number. These findings define an activity-dependent transcriptional program that may control synapse number during development.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Flavell, Steven W -- Cowan, Christopher W -- Kim, Tae-Kyung -- Greer, Paul L -- Lin, Yingxi -- Paradis, Suzanne -- Griffith, Eric C -- Hu, Linda S -- Chen, Chinfei -- Greenberg, Michael E -- AG05870/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- HD18655/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- NS28829/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY013613/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 17;311(5763):1008-12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Neurobiology Program, Children's Hospital, and Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16484497" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Calcineurin/metabolism ; Calcium/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/genetics ; Dendrites/physiology/ultrastructure ; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials ; GTPase-Activating Proteins/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Glutamic Acid/metabolism ; Hippocampus/cytology/*physiology ; MEF2 Transcription Factors ; Mutation ; Myogenic Regulatory Factors/genetics/*physiology ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics ; Neurons/*physiology ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Phosphorylation ; RNA Interference ; Rats ; Rats, Long-Evans ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Synapses/*physiology ; Synaptic Transmission ; Transcription, Genetic ; Transfection
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  • 140
    Publication Date: 2006-04-08
    Description: Biological responses to histone methylation critically depend on the faithful readout and transduction of the methyl-lysine signal by "effector" proteins, yet our understanding of methyl-lysine recognition has so far been limited to the study of histone binding by chromodomain and WD40-repeat proteins. The double tudor domain of JMJD2A, a Jmjc domain-containing histone demethylase, binds methylated histone H3-K4 and H4-K20. We found that the double tudor domain has an interdigitated structure, and the unusual fold is required for its ability to bind methylated histone tails. The cocrystal structure of the JMJD2A double tudor domain with a trimethylated H3-K4 peptide reveals that the trimethyl-K4 is bound in a cage of three aromatic residues, two of which are from the tudor-2 motif, whereas the binding specificity is determined by side-chain interactions involving amino acids from the tudor-1 motif. Our study provides mechanistic insights into recognition of methylated histone tails by tudor domains and reveals the structural intricacy of methyl-lysine recognition by two closely spaced effector domains.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huang, Ying -- Fang, Jia -- Bedford, Mark T -- Zhang, Yi -- Xu, Rui-Ming -- DK62248/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- GM 63718/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM68804/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 May 5;312(5774):748-51. Epub 2006 Apr 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉W. M. Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16601153" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Histones/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Humans ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Jumonji Domain-Containing Histone Demethylases ; Lysine/metabolism ; Methylation ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Static Electricity ; Transcription Factors/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism
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  • 141
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-12-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mervis, Jeffrey -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 22;314(5807):1862.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17185576" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Budgets ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/*economics ; Research Support as Topic/*economics ; United States ; United States Government Agencies
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  • 142
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-09-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 8;313(5792):1381.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16959986" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Crustacea/physiology ; Female ; Fundulidae/*genetics/*physiology ; *Genetic Variation ; Hermaphroditic Organisms ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; *Reproduction ; Sex Determination Processes ; Sexual Behavior, Animal
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  • 143
    Publication Date: 2006-12-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mervis, Jeffrey -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 15;314(5806):1667.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17170260" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Budgets/legislation & jurisprudence ; Federal Government ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/*economics/legislation & ; jurisprudence/organization & administration ; United States
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  • 144
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-12-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Flint, R Warren -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 22;314(5807):1875-6; author reply 1875-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17190011" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Aquaculture/legislation & jurisprudence ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Fisheries/legislation & jurisprudence ; Oceans and Seas ; United States
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  • 145
    Publication Date: 2006-12-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mervis, Jeffrey -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 15;314(5806):1666-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17170258" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomedical Research/economics ; *Budgets/legislation & jurisprudence ; Financing, Government ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/*economics ; Research/*economics ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States ; *United States Government Agencies
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  • 146
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-08-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Aug 11;313(5788):755.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16902107" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Developmental Biology/history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Museums ; United States ; Universities ; Zoology/history
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  • 147
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-09-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hudson, Kathy L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 29;313(5795):1853.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17008491" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (U.S.) ; Genetic Testing/*standards ; *Government Regulation ; Humans ; Laboratories/*standards ; United States
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  • 148
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-07-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 14;313(5784):156.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16840668" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Beak/*anatomy & histology ; *Biological Evolution ; Competitive Behavior ; Diet ; Disasters ; Ecosystem ; Ecuador ; Feeding Behavior ; *Finches/anatomy & histology/physiology ; *Food ; Population Dynamics ; *Seeds ; *Selection, Genetic
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  • 149
    Publication Date: 2006-06-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 23;312(5781):1737.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16794056" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Cognition ; Comprehension ; Cooperative Behavior ; Cues ; Dogs/*psychology ; *Intelligence ; *Social Behavior
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  • 150
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-11-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mervis, Jeffrey -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 17;314(5802):1060.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17110539" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomedical Research/economics ; Federal Government ; *Financing, Government ; Politics ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States
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  • 151
    Publication Date: 2006-04-29
    Description: Rice blast is caused by the fungus Magnaporthe grisea, which elaborates specialized infection cells called appressoria to penetrate the tough outer cuticle of the rice plant Oryza sativa. We found that the formation of an appressorium required, sequentially, the completion of mitosis, nuclear migration, and death of the conidium (fungal spore) from which the infection originated. Genetic intervention during mitosis prevented both appressorium development and conidium death. Impairment of autophagy, by the targeted mutation of the MgATG8 gene, arrested conidial cell death but rendered the fungus nonpathogenic. Thus, the initiation of rice blast requires autophagic cell death of the conidium.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Veneault-Fourrey, Claire -- Barooah, Madhumita -- Egan, Martin -- Wakley, Gavin -- Talbot, Nicholas J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 28;312(5773):580-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Washington Singer Laboratories, Perry Road, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16645096" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; *Autophagy ; Benomyl/pharmacology ; Cell Nucleus/physiology ; Cell Nucleus Division ; Genes, Fungal ; Hydroxyurea/pharmacology ; Magnaporthe/*cytology/genetics/pathogenicity/*physiology ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Mitosis/drug effects ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Morphogenesis ; Mutation ; Oryza/*microbiology ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology ; Spores, Fungal/cytology/*physiology
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  • 152
    Publication Date: 2006-05-06
    Description: Ediacaran assemblages immediately predate the Cambrian explosion of metazoans and should have played a crucial role in this radiation. Their wider relationships, however, have remained refractory and difficult to integrate with early metazoan phylogeny. Here, we describe a frondlike fossil, Stromatoveris (S. psygmoglena sp. nov.), from the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstatte (Yunnan, China) that is strikingly similar to Ediacaran vendobionts. The exquisite preservation reveals closely spaced branches, probably ciliated, that appear to represent precursors of the diagnostic comb rows of ctenophores. Therefore, this finding has important implications for the early evolution of this phylum and related diploblasts, some of which independently evolved a frondose habit.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shu, D-G -- Morris, S Conway -- Han, J -- Li, Y -- Zhang, X-L -- Hua, H -- Zhang, Z-F -- Liu, J-N -- Guo, J-F -- Yao, Y -- Yasui, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 May 5;312(5774):731-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Early Life Institute and Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China. elidgshu@nwu.edu.cn〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16675697" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; China ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments ; Invertebrates/*anatomy & histology/*classification ; Phylogeny
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  • 153
    Publication Date: 2006-06-24
    Description: Organisms ranging from bacteria to humans synchronize their internal clocks to daily cycles of light and dark. Photic entrainment of the Drosophila clock is mediated by proteasomal degradation of the clock protein TIMELESS (TIM). We have identified mutations in jetlag-a gene coding for an F-box protein with leucine-rich repeats-that result in reduced light sensitivity of the circadian clock. Mutant flies show rhythmic behavior in constant light, reduced phase shifts in response to light pulses, and reduced light-dependent degradation of TIM. Expression of JET along with the circadian photoreceptor cryptochrome (CRY) in cultured S2R cells confers light-dependent degradation onto TIM, thereby reconstituting the acute response + of the circadian clock to light in a cell culture system. Our results suggest that JET is essential for resetting the clock by transmitting light signals from CRY to TIM.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2767177/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2767177/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koh, Kyunghee -- Zheng, Xiangzhong -- Sehgal, Amita -- NS048471/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS048471/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS048471-02/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 23;312(5781):1809-12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16794082" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; *Circadian Rhythm ; Cryptochromes ; Drosophila/chemistry/genetics/physiology ; Drosophila Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism/*physiology ; Drosophila melanogaster/chemistry/*genetics/*physiology ; Eye Proteins/metabolism ; F-Box Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/*physiology ; Female ; *Light ; Male ; Models, Biological ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism ; Transgenes ; Ubiquitin/metabolism
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  • 154
    Publication Date: 2006-12-16
    Description: Antibody class switching in activated B cells uses class switch recombination (CSR), which joins activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)-dependent double-strand breaks (DSBs) within two large immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) locus switch (S) regions that lie up to 200 kilobases apart. To test postulated roles of S regions and AID in CSR, we generated mutant B cells in which donor Smu and accepter Sgamma1 regions were replaced with yeast I-SceI endonuclease sites. We found that site-specific I-SceI DSBs mediate recombinational IgH locus class switching from IgM to IgG1 without S regions or AID. We propose that CSR evolved to exploit a general DNA repair process that promotes joining of widely separated DSBs within a chromosome.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zarrin, Ali A -- Del Vecchio, Catherine -- Tseng, Eva -- Gleason, Megan -- Zarin, Payam -- Tian, Ming -- Alt, Frederick W -- 2P01AI031541-15/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P01CA092625-05/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jan 19;315(5810):377-81. Epub 2006 Dec 14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children's Hospital, CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, and Department of Genetics, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17170253" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; B-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Base Sequence ; Cell Line ; Cytidine Deaminase/*metabolism ; *DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded ; DNA Repair ; Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific/genetics/*metabolism ; Embryonic Stem Cells ; Gene Targeting ; Genes, Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain ; Hybridomas ; *Immunoglobulin Class Switching ; Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis/genetics ; Immunoglobulin M/biosynthesis/genetics ; *Immunoglobulin Switch Region ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Recombination, Genetic ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/enzymology ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
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  • 155
    Publication Date: 2006-12-23
    Description: The germinal center (GC) is an important site for the generation and selection of B cells bearing high-affinity antibodies, yet GC cell migration and interaction dynamics have not been directly observed. Using two-photon microscopy of mouse lymph nodes, we revealed that GC B cells are highly motile and extend long cell processes. They transited between GC dark and light zones and divided in both regions, although these B cells resided for only several hours in the light zone where antigen is displayed. GC B cells formed few stable contacts with GC T cells despite frequent encounters, and T cells were seen to carry dead B cell blebs. On the basis of these observations, we propose a model in which competition for T cell help plays a more dominant role in the selection of GC B cells than previously appreciated.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Allen, Christopher D C -- Okada, Takaharu -- Tang, H Lucy -- Cyster, Jason G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jan 26;315(5811):528-31. Epub 2006 Dec 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17185562" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Antibody Affinity ; B-Lymphocytes/*cytology/*immunology/physiology ; Cell Cycle ; Cell Death ; Cell Movement ; Dendritic Cells, Follicular/cytology/physiology ; Germinal Center/cytology/*immunology ; Macrophages/physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Microscopy/methods ; Models, Immunological ; Mutation ; T-Lymphocytes/cytology/immunology/physiology
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  • 156
    Publication Date: 2006-12-13
    Description: Because animals require oxygen, an increase in late-Neoproterozoic oxygen concentrations has been suggested as a stimulus for their evolution. The iron content of deep-sea sediments shows that the deep ocean was anoxic and ferruginous before and during the Gaskiers glaciation 580 million years ago and that it became oxic afterward. The first known members of the Ediacara biota arose shortly after the Gaskiers glaciation, suggesting a causal link between their evolution and this oxygenation event. A prolonged stable oxic environment may have permitted the emergence of bilateral motile animals some 25 million years later.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Canfield, Don E -- Poulton, Simon W -- Narbonne, Guy M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jan 5;315(5808):92-5. Epub 2006 Dec 7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Nordic Center for Earth Evolution (NordCEE) and Institute of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark. dec@biology.sdu.dk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17158290" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atmosphere ; *Biological Evolution ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Ice Cover ; Iron/analysis ; Newfoundland and Labrador ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxygen/*analysis ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Sulfates/analysis ; Time
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  • 157
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-12-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chaudhuri, Jayanta -- Jasin, Maria -- R01 GM054668/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jan 19;315(5810):335-6. Epub 2006 Dec 14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA. chaudhuj@mskcc.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17170256" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibody Formation ; B-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Cytidine Deaminase/genetics/*metabolism ; DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded ; DNA Repair ; Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific/*metabolism ; Genes, Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain ; *Immunoglobulin Class Switching ; *Immunoglobulin Switch Region ; Mice ; Mutation ; Recombination, Genetic ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/enzymology ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ; Transcription, Genetic
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  • 158
    Publication Date: 2006-04-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 28;312(5773):515.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16645062" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blastomyces/cytology/enzymology/*genetics/*pathogenicity ; Blastomycosis/microbiology ; Fungal Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Genes, Fungal ; Lung Diseases, Fungal/microbiology ; Mice ; Mutation ; Protein Kinases/*genetics/*physiology ; RNA Interference ; Soil Microbiology ; Spores, Fungal/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 159
    Publication Date: 2006-11-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Folkman, Susan -- Berman, Brian -- Bondurant, Stuart -- Eisenberg, David -- Haramati, Aviad -- Kreitzer, Mary Jo -- Kronenberg, Fredi -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 17;314(5802):1083-4; author reply 1083-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17110556" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomedical Research/standards ; *Complementary Therapies/organization & administration/standards ; Humans ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/organization & administration ; Politics ; United States
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  • 160
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-05-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 May 19;312(5776):985-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16709756" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Dna ; Evolution, Molecular ; Fossils ; Genome ; *Genome, Human ; Humans ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Pan troglodytes/*genetics ; Time
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 161
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-07-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, Jon -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 21;313(5785):283.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16857908" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *AIDS Vaccines ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology/prevention & control ; Animals ; *Foundations ; Humans ; International Cooperation ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States
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  • 162
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-03-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 10;311(5766):1372-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16527944" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Birds ; Cichlids ; Ecology ; Female ; Finches ; Geography ; Insects ; Lizards ; Male ; Sexual Behavior, Animal
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 163
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-03-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 3;311(5765):1226.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16513950" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Academies and Institutes ; Biotechnology ; Budgets ; *Genomics/economics/organization & administration ; National Academy of Sciences (U.S.) ; Proteomics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; *Systems Biology ; United States ; *United States Government Agencies
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  • 164
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-11-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bhattacharjee, Yudhijit -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 17;314(5802):1063.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17110543" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Evolution ; *Embryo Research ; *Embryonic Stem Cells ; Federal Government ; *Politics ; United States
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  • 165
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-05-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sieberer, Tobias -- Leyser, Ottoline -- BBS/B/09392/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 May 12;312(5775):858-60.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 4YW, UK. ts20@york.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16690849" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/metabolism ; Arabidopsis/cytology/growth & development/*metabolism ; Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Biological Transport ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Indoleacetic Acids/*metabolism ; Membrane Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Phthalimides/metabolism ; Plant Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Plant Roots/metabolism ; Tobacco/cytology/growth & development/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 166
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 10;311(5762):766-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16469892" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Cypriniformes/anatomy & histology/genetics ; Databases, Factual ; *Fishes/anatomy & histology/embryology/growth & development ; Gastrula ; Interdisciplinary Communication ; *Research ; Terminology as Topic ; *Zebrafish/embryology/genetics/growth & development
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 167
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-06-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mervis, Jeffrey -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 9;312(5779):1454.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16763118" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Cultural Diversity ; *Education, Graduate ; *Government Agencies ; Minority Groups ; Research/*education ; Science/*education ; United States
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  • 168
    Publication Date: 2006-05-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mervis, Jeffrey -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 May 26;312(5777):1119.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16728602" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomedical Research/*education ; *Education, Graduate ; Humans ; Minority Groups/*education ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/economics/organization & administration ; Research Personnel/*education ; *Training Support ; United States ; Universities/economics
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  • 169
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-09-23
    Description: In mammals, odorant receptors (ORs) direct the axons of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) toward targets in the olfactory bulb. We show that cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signals that regulate the expression of axon guidance molecules are essential for the OR-instructed axonal projection. Genetic manipulations of ORs, stimulatory G protein, cAMP-dependent protein kinase, and cAMP response element-binding protein shifted the axonal projection sites along the anteriorposterior axis in the olfactory bulb. Thus, it is the OR-derived cAMP signals, rather than direct action of OR molecules, that determine the target destinations of OSNs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Imai, Takeshi -- Suzuki, Misao -- Sakano, Hitoshi -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Oct 27;314(5799):657-61. Epub 2006 Sep 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16990513" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Axons/*physiology ; Cyclic AMP/*metabolism ; Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/metabolism ; Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism ; GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; Mutation ; Neuropilin-1/genetics/metabolism ; Olfactory Bulb/cytology/*physiology ; Olfactory Receptor Neurons/*physiology ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Receptors, Odorant/*metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; Transcription, Genetic
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  • 170
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-02-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 3;311(5761):591.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16456043" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological/*genetics ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Genes, Insect ; *Genetic Variation ; Juvenile Hormones/physiology ; Larva/genetics/physiology ; Manduca/*genetics/physiology ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Pigmentation/*genetics ; Temperature
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  • 171
    Publication Date: 2006-11-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bhattacharjee, Yudhijit -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 3;314(5800):743.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17082430" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Advisory Committees ; Bioterrorism/*prevention & control ; *Genome ; *Security Measures ; United States ; Variola virus/genetics
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  • 172
    Publication Date: 2006-01-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Couzin, Jennifer -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jan 13;311(5758):168-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16410498" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomedical Research/economics/legislation & jurisprudence/*organization & ; administration ; Financial Audit ; Financial Management ; *Financing, Government/legislation & jurisprudence/organization & ; administration/standards ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Personnel Management ; *Research Support as Topic/legislation & jurisprudence/organization & ; administration/standards ; United States ; Universities ; Workload
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  • 173
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-09-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kozikowski, Alan P -- Roth, Bryan -- Tropsha, Alexander -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 1;313(5791):1235-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16946051" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biotechnology ; *Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; *Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; Drug Industry ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; United States ; *Universities
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  • 174
    Publication Date: 2006-02-25
    Description: Sibly et al. (Reports, 22 July 2005, p. 607) concluded that density dependence acts far below the carrying capacity in most animal populations. We argue that the authors confused discrete and continuous models, that their best-fit models cannot explain observed oscillations, and that their estimation procedures appear biased. They also neglected trophic and migratory processes, which we demonstrate could underlie their empirical findings.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Getz, Wayne M -- Lloyd-Smith, James O -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 24;311(5764):1100; author reply 1100.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Environmental Sciences, Policy, and Management, University of California at Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, USA. getz@nature.berkeley.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16497915" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Birds ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Databases, Factual ; Ecosystem ; *Fishes ; *Insects ; Logistic Models ; *Mammals ; Mathematics ; Models, Biological ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Population Growth ; Regression Analysis
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-07-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Couzin, Jennifer -- Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 28;313(5786):424.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16873618" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Budgets ; Child ; Child Welfare ; Humans ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/*economics ; Research Support as Topic ; United States
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  • 176
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-09-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vogel, Gretchen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 22;313(5794):1714.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16990520" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Crops, Agricultural/*genetics ; Europe ; Oryza/*genetics ; *Plants, Genetically Modified ; United States
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  • 177
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-05-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mervis, Jeffrey -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 May 12;312(5775):829.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16690827" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Budgets ; Financing, Government/legislation & jurisprudence ; Politics ; *Research Support as Topic/legislation & jurisprudence ; *Social Sciences ; United States ; *United States Government Agencies
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-08-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miller, Jon D -- Scott, Eugenie C -- Okamoto, Shinji -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Aug 11;313(5788):765-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1115, USA. jdmiller@msu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16902112" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Age Factors ; *Attitude ; *Biological Evolution ; Educational Status ; Europe ; Female ; Genetics ; Humans ; Japan ; Male ; Politics ; *Public Opinion ; Public Policy ; Religion ; Religion and Science ; Sex Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; United States
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-11-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stark, Dennis M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 10;314(5801):923-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17106948" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Academies and Institutes ; *Animal Experimentation ; *Animal Rights ; Animal Welfare ; Animals ; *Research Personnel ; *Social Behavior ; Terrorism/legislation & jurisprudence ; United States
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  • 180
    Publication Date: 2006-04-08
    Description: Intercellular flow of the phytohormone auxin underpins multiple developmental processes in plants. Plant-specific pin-formed (PIN) proteins and several phosphoglycoprotein (PGP) transporters are crucial factors in auxin transport-related development, yet the molecular function of PINs remains unknown. Here, we show that PINs mediate auxin efflux from mammalian and yeast cells without needing additional plant-specific factors. Conditional gain-of-function alleles and quantitative measurements of auxin accumulation in Arabidopsis and tobacco cultured cells revealed that the action of PINs in auxin efflux is distinct from PGP, rate-limiting, specific to auxins, and sensitive to auxin transport inhibitors. This suggests a direct involvement of PINs in catalyzing cellular auxin efflux.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Petrasek, Jan -- Mravec, Jozef -- Bouchard, Rodolphe -- Blakeslee, Joshua J -- Abas, Melinda -- Seifertova, Daniela -- Wisniewska, Justyna -- Tadele, Zerihun -- Kubes, Martin -- Covanova, Milada -- Dhonukshe, Pankaj -- Skupa, Petr -- Benkova, Eva -- Perry, Lucie -- Krecek, Pavel -- Lee, Ok Ran -- Fink, Gerald R -- Geisler, Markus -- Murphy, Angus S -- Luschnig, Christian -- Zazimalova, Eva -- Friml, Jiri -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 May 12;312(5775):914-8. Epub 2006 Apr 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Experimental Botany, the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16601150" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics/metabolism ; Arabidopsis/cytology/growth & development/*metabolism/physiology ; Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Biological Transport ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Gravitropism ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Indoleacetic Acids/*metabolism ; Kinetics ; Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Mutation ; Naphthaleneacetic Acids/metabolism ; Phthalimides/pharmacology ; Plant Roots/physiology ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics ; Tobacco ; Transfection ; Transformation, Genetic
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  • 181
    Publication Date: 2006-06-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bhattacharjee, Yudhijit -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 23;312(5781):1727.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16794045" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Altruism ; *Biological Evolution ; Cross-Cultural Comparison ; *Cultural Evolution ; Games, Experimental ; Humans ; *Punishment ; Social Behavior
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 182
    Publication Date: 2006-05-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bhattacharjee, Yudhijit -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 May 19;312(5776):993-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16709763" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Access to Information ; Guidelines as Topic ; *Information Dissemination/legislation & jurisprudence ; *Publishing/legislation & jurisprudence ; *Research/legislation & jurisprudence ; *Terrorism/legislation & jurisprudence ; United States
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  • 183
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-07-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pettigrew, Roderic I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 30;312(5782):1873.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16809509" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biomedical Engineering ; Budgets ; *Diagnostic Imaging ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/*economics/organization & administration ; Research Support as Topic ; United States
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  • 184
    Publication Date: 2006-01-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mervis, Jeffrey -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jan 6;311(5757):28-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16400120" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Budgets ; Fellowships and Scholarships ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/*economics ; Research Support as Topic ; United States ; *United States Government Agencies ; United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration/economics
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  • 185
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-05-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bhattacharjee, Yudhijit -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 May 5;312(5774):671.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16675669" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Industry/*economics ; Intellectual Property ; Private Sector ; Public Sector ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States ; Universities/economics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 186
    Publication Date: 2006-02-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bhattacharjee, Yudhijit -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 3;311(5761):588-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16456041" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Evolution ; Kansas ; *Politics ; *Religion and Science ; Science/*education
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  • 187
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-01-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lenard, John -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jan 6;311(5757):36.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16400131" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Peer Review, Research/standards ; *Research Personnel ; Research Support as Topic ; United States
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  • 188
    Publication Date: 2006-08-05
    Description: Almost every vertebrate cell has a specialized cell surface projection called a primary cilium. Although these structures were first described more than a century ago, the full scope of their functions remains poorly understood. Here, we review emerging evidence that in addition to their well-established roles in sight, smell, and mechanosensation, primary cilia are key participants in intercellular signaling. This new appreciation of primary cilia as cellular antennae that sense a wide variety of signals could help explain why ciliary defects underlie such a wide range of human disorders, including retinal degeneration, polycystic kidney disease, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, and neural tube defects.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Singla, Veena -- Reiter, Jeremy F -- R21 DK069423/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R21DK69423/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Aug 4;313(5787):629-33.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, and Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0525, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16888132" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bardet-Biedl Syndrome/pathology/physiopathology ; Biological Evolution ; Cell Polarity ; Cilia/*physiology ; Hedgehog Proteins ; Humans ; Mechanoreceptors/physiology ; Models, Biological ; Neural Tube Defects/pathology/physiopathology ; Polycystic Kidney Diseases/pathology/physiopathology ; Retinal Degeneration/pathology/physiopathology ; *Signal Transduction ; Smell/physiology ; Trans-Activators/metabolism ; Vision, Ocular/physiology ; Wnt Proteins/metabolism
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  • 189
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-09-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Couzin, Jennifer -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 8;313(5792):1372-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16959979" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Clinical Trials as Topic/ethics ; *Emergency Medicine/ethics ; Government Regulation ; *Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; Informed Consent ; *Therapeutic Human Experimentation/ethics ; United States ; *United States Food and Drug Administration
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  • 190
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-03-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Johns, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 10;311(5766):1376.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16527949" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Evolution ; Confidentiality ; Korea ; *Religion and Science ; Science/education/standards ; *Scientific Misconduct ; United States
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  • 191
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-06-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Somerville, Chris -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 2;312(5778):1277.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16741078" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; *Bioelectric Energy Sources ; Biomass ; Brazil ; Ethanol ; Industry ; Petroleum ; Research ; United States
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  • 192
    Publication Date: 2006-03-25
    Description: Innate immunity against bacterial and fungal pathogens is mediated by Toll and immune deficiency (Imd) pathways, but little is known about the antiviral response in Drosophila. Here, we demonstrate that an RNA interference pathway protects adult flies from infection by two evolutionarily diverse viruses. Our work also describes a molecular framework for the viral immunity, in which viral double-stranded RNA produced during infection acts as the pathogen trigger whereas Drosophila Dicer-2 and Argonaute-2 act as host sensor and effector, respectively. These findings establish a Drosophila model for studying the innate immunity against viruses in animals.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1509097/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1509097/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wang, Xiao-Hong -- Aliyari, Roghiyh -- Li, Wan-Xiang -- Li, Hong-Wei -- Kim, Kevin -- Carthew, Richard -- Atkinson, Peter -- Ding, Shou-Wei -- AI052447/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI052447/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM068743/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 21;312(5772):452-4. Epub 2006 Mar 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Graduate Program for Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16556799" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Argonaute Proteins ; Cell Line ; Drosophila Proteins/genetics/metabolism/physiology ; Drosophila melanogaster/embryology/genetics/*immunology/*virology ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/immunology/virology ; Escherichia coli/physiology ; *Immunity, Innate ; Insect Viruses/genetics/*physiology ; Micrococcus luteus/physiology ; Mutation ; Nodaviridae/*physiology ; RNA Helicases/genetics/metabolism ; *RNA Interference ; RNA Viruses/genetics/physiology ; RNA, Double-Stranded/metabolism ; RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism ; RNA, Viral/genetics/metabolism ; RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/physiology ; RNA-Induced Silencing Complex/genetics/physiology ; Ribonuclease III ; Signal Transduction ; Toll-Like Receptors/physiology ; Transfection ; Virus Replication
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  • 193
    Publication Date: 2006-07-01
    Description: The clock gene period-4 (prd-4) in Neurospora was identified by a single allele displaying shortened circadian period and altered temperature compensation. Positional cloning followed by functional tests show that PRD-4 is an ortholog of mammalian checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2). Expression of prd-4 is regulated by the circadian clock and, reciprocally, PRD-4 physically interacts with the clock component FRQ, promoting its phosphorylation. DNA-damaging agents can reset the clock in a manner that depends on time of day, and this resetting is dependent on PRD-4. Thus, prd-4, the Neurospora Chk2, identifies a molecular link that feeds back conditionally from circadian output to input and the cell cycle.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pregueiro, Antonio M -- Liu, Qiuyun -- Baker, Christopher L -- Dunlap, Jay C -- Loros, Jennifer J -- MH44651/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P01 GM068087/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM034985/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R37GM34985/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Aug 4;313(5787):644-9. Epub 2006 Jun 29.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genetics, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16809488" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; *Cell Cycle ; Checkpoint Kinase 2 ; *Circadian Rhythm ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA Damage ; Feedback, Physiological ; Fungal Proteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal ; Genes, Fungal ; Methyl Methanesulfonate/pharmacology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Neurospora/*enzymology/genetics ; Neurospora crassa/cytology/*enzymology/*physiology ; Phosphorylation ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism
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  • 194
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-08-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kramer, Elena M -- Donohue, Kathleen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Aug 18;313(5789):924-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. ekramer@oeb.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16917048" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptation, Biological ; Alleles ; Antirrhinum/*genetics ; *Biological Evolution ; Flowers/*genetics ; Genes, Plant ; *Genetic Speciation ; Genotype ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Models, Genetic ; Phenotype ; Pigmentation/*genetics ; Selection, Genetic
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  • 195
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-08-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bhattacharjee, Yudhijit -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Aug 11;313(5788):748.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16902102" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Education, Graduate ; *Mentors ; *Research Personnel ; Research Support as Topic ; United States ; *United States Government Agencies
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  • 196
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-09-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vogel, Gretchen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 1;313(5791):1230-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16946049" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/genetics/*growth & development/metabolism ; Arabidopsis Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Bacteria/metabolism ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Computer Simulation ; F-Box Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Indoleacetic Acids/*metabolism ; MicroRNAs/metabolism ; Models, Biological ; *Plant Development ; Plant Growth Regulators/*metabolism ; Plant Proteins/*metabolism ; Plants/genetics/metabolism/microbiology ; RNA Interference ; RNA, Plant/metabolism ; Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction
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  • 197
    Publication Date: 2006-11-04
    Description: Nuclear pore complexes permit rapid passage of cargoes bound to nuclear transport receptors, but otherwise suppress nucleocytoplasmic fluxes of inert macromolecules 〉/=30 kilodaltons. To explain this selectivity, a sieve structure of the permeability barrier has been proposed that is created through reversible cross-linking between Phe and Gly (FG)-rich nucleoporin repeats. According to this model, nuclear transport receptors overcome the size limit of the sieve and catalyze their own nuclear pore-passage by a competitive disruption of adjacent inter-repeat contacts, which transiently opens adjoining meshes. Here, we found that phenylalanine-mediated inter-repeat interactions indeed cross-link FG-repeat domains into elastic and reversible hydrogels. Furthermore, we obtained evidence that such hydrogel formation is required for viability in yeast.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Frey, Steffen -- Richter, Ralf P -- Gorlich, Dirk -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 3;314(5800):815-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Zentrum fur Molekulare Biologie der Universitat Heidelberg (ZMBH), INF 282, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17082456" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Active Transport, Cell Nucleus ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Biopolymers ; Calcium-Binding Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Hydrogels ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Models, Biological ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Nuclear Pore/chemistry/*metabolism ; Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Nuclear Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Nucleocytoplasmic Transport Proteins/*metabolism ; Permeability ; Phenylalanine/chemistry ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Repetitive Sequences, Amino Acid ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/chemistry/physiology ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism
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  • 198
    Publication Date: 2006-08-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bhattacharjee, Yudhijit -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Aug 4;313(5787):610.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16888117" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Budgets ; Fellowships and Scholarships ; Financial Management ; Financing, Government ; Humans ; *Research Support as Topic ; *Terrorism ; United States ; *United States Government Agencies ; Universities
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  • 199
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-10-21
    Description: The role of constraint in adaptive evolution is an open question. Directed evolution of an engineered beta-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase (IMDH), with coenzyme specificity switched from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), always produces mutants with lower affinities for NADP. This result is the correlated response to selection for relief from inhibition by NADPH (the reduced form of NADP) expected of an adaptive landscape subject to three enzymatic constraints: an upper limit to the rate of maximum turnover (kcat), a correlation in NADP and NADPH affinities, and a trade-off between NAD and NADP usage. Two additional constraints, high intracellular NADPH abundance and the cost of compensatory protein synthesis, have ensured the conserved use of NAD by IMDH throughout evolution. Our results show that selective mechanisms and evolutionary constraints are to be understood in terms of underlying adaptive landscapes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miller, Stephen P -- Lunzer, Mark -- Dean, Antony M -- GM060611/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Oct 20;314(5798):458-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17053145" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3-Isopropylmalate Dehydrogenase/antagonists & ; inhibitors/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; *Adaptation, Physiological ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Binding Sites ; Codon ; *Directed Molecular Evolution ; Escherichia coli/*enzymology/growth & development/physiology ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Kinetics ; Mutation ; NAD/metabolism ; NADP/metabolism ; Phenotype ; Selection, Genetic
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-04-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 14;312(5771):178.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16614183" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology ; Ethiopia ; Female ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments ; *Hominidae/anatomy & histology/classification ; Paleodontology ; Paleontology ; Posture
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