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  • Articles  (5,579)
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  • 2010-2014  (3,204)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of the conditions of trypsin immobilization onto Spherosil on coupling efficiency (1978)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. 1-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The effect of several parameters (pH, time of reaction, temperature, enzyme concentration) on trypsin immobilization onto glutaraldehyde-activated amine-Spherosil was investigated. This activated support could be stored over long periods of time without any important loss of capacity for trypsin coupling. When increasing the amount of trypsin bound to the carrier, enzymatic activity shows an optimal value, beyond which an augmentation of Spherosil enzyme content results in a lowered activity. The influence of the number of available reactive aldehyde groups on silica was investigated by coupling L-lysine to activated support either prior to or simulataneously with trypsin immobilization. In both cases, the activity of trypsin derivatives is decreased when L-lysine concentration is increased, yet the activity of trypsin derivatives is never equal to zero, even in presence of a large excess of L-lysine. This suggests the presence of two types of reactive groups on the activated support.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00515681
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characteristics of a moderately thermophilic and acidophilic iron-oxidizing Thiobacillus (1978)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. 291-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Thiobacillus TH1 is an acidophilic chemolithotrophic heterotroph growing at temperatures up to about 50°C on media containing ferrous iron or pyrite when supplemented with yeast extract or glutathione. Virtually no carbon dioxide fixation occurred during growth on iron with yeast extract. Its DNA contains 48 mol % guanine + cytosine. The organism effects the thermophilic leaching of metals from pyrite, chalcopyrite, CuS, and copper concentrates. Oxidation of soluble ferrous iron at pH 1.6 was competitively inhibited by ferric iron and had a Km of 7.3 mM FeSO4.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00504717
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Population changes in microorganisms during composting of spruce-bark (1978)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. 315-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Population changes in the levels of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes during composting of spruce-bark were studied. The composting rate was determined as a function of the amount of CO2 produced per unit of time. Composting was performed under controlled conditions of the various environmental parameters in a bench-scale composter. Temperature influence on composting was studied with a view to accelerating the process. The most favourable influence was found at a controlled temperature of 45°C. Inoculation with raw bark compost had a positive effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00504720
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immobilization of yeast microbodies and the properties of immobilized microbody enzymes (1978)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. 17-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Yeast microbodies isolated from methanol-grown cells of Kloeckera sp. No. 2201 were immobilized by two types of entrapping techniques: photocrosslinking of liquid oligomers of suitable photosensitive resins and crosslinking of albumin molecules with glutaraldehyde. The apparent activities of catalase, alcohol oxidase, and D-amino acid oxidase in the gel-entrapped microbodies were 40–50, 70–80, and ca. 50% respectively as compared with those in the free microbodies. Alcohol oxidase in the immobilized microbodies, similarly to that in free ones, oxidized methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, n-butanol, n-amyl alcohol, and benzyl alcohol. Some properties of catalase and alcohol oxidase in the microbodies immobilized by the above-mentioned techniques were studied in comparison with those of the enzymes in the free microbodies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00515683
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Purification and properties of an extracellular β-glucosidase from Lenzites trabea (1978)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. 29-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary When culturing the cellulolytic-active Basidiomycete and brown-rot fungus Lenzites trabea A-419 in submerged culture with glucose and cellulose as a carbon source, the fungus only excreted β-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) and an endo-1,4-β-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.4). No evidence for C1 activity (EC 3.2.1.91) was found in the culture filtrate or in the ultra concentrate. β-Glucosidase could be separated from endoglucanase by chromatography on Sepharose 6-B. Further fractionation of the β-glucosidase on DEAE-Sephadex A-25 resulted in a 525-fold purification. The molecular weight of the isolated β-glucosidase was determined by co-chromatography on Sephadex G-200 to be 320,000 daltons. The enzyme developed maximum activities at pH 4.5 and 75°C. The enzyme does not act on crystalline cellulose or CMC, but it hydrolyzes cellotriose,-tetraose, and-pentaose to cellobiose and glucose. β-glucosidase activity was strongly inhibited by the reaction product, glucose. A Ki value of 2.7×10−3 (M) for noncompetitive inhibition was found.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00515684
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metabolic products of microorganisms, 165th communication (1978)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. 51-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Isolation of siderochromes from culture filtrates by extraction with a mixture of chloroform and phenol was replaced by adsorption chromatography with Amberlite XAD-2. For the antibiotic albomycin, the purification was possible by ion-exchange chromatography with SP-Sephadex, and for the sideramine ferricrocin by exclusion chromatography with Bio-Gel P-2. Quantitation of albomycin was done by an agar plate diffusion test, and of ferricrocin by high-pressure liquid chromatography and photometric determination. Thinlayer and high-pressure liquid chromatographic systems were developed for checking homogeneity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00515686
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Editorial (1978)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. i 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00498799
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sulphate-reducing bacteria in paper machine waters and in suction roll perforations (1978)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. 87-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary To define some aspects of the biological corrosion sulphate-reducing bacteria were studied in paper machine waters and in plugged perforations of a suction roll. The desulphuricants were most active on passive fiber recipients. Most bacteria found in fiber plugs taken from the perforations of suction rolls belonged to the genus Desulfovibrio. Desulphuricants were found mainly at the outer ends of plugged perforations, where corrosion of the roll metal is most evident.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00498801
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Succession and activity of microorganisms in stored bagasse (1978)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. 69-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Fresh sugarcane bagasse was fermented under defined conditions and investigated regarding a microbial succession during fermentation, in view of the enzyme activities of microorganisms against the main bagasse components: sucrose, pectin, hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin. Altogether, 400 pure cultures of microorganisms were obtained from 8 g bagasse during 6.5 days of storage. This flora consists of bacteria (74%), actinomycetes (6%), yeasts (13%), and fungi (7%). The yeasts dominate in early fermentation, followed by bacteria, and then by actinomycetes and fungi. This succession coincides with the enzymic activities of the isolated organisms during fermentation. At first, residual sugar is consumed predominantly by the yeasts. Then the bacteria degrade the pectin, the hemicellulose, and in parts, the cellulose. Later, the actinomycetes and the fungi imperfecti attack the hemicellulose, the cellulose, and, partly, the lignin within the bagasse fiber. These results are corroborated by investigations using bagasse from bulk storage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00515688
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid determination of the purity of yeast cultures by flow cytometry (1978)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. 109-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Flow cytometry is a new method to measure fluorescing cells in liquid media in a few minutes. This rapid technique in combination with immunofluorescence can be employed to determine the purity of yeast cultures. The immunofluorescence technique is based on fluorescent labelling of cells using an antiserum raised in rabbits. Non-fluorescent cells and immunological stained cells are counted separately.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00498804
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence of an endogenous germinant in spores of a strain of Dictyostelium purpureum (1978)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. 129-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary In non-nutrient media and in the absence of bacteria, unwashed spores of Dictyostelium purpureum WS-321 germinated to a greater extent than did washed spores. The unidentified component(s) removed by washing stimulated germination in other populations of spores.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00498807
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid method for distinction of gram-negative from gram-positive bacteria (1978)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. 123-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A rapid method for distinction between gram-negative and grampositive bacteria by means of a 3% solution of potassium hydroxide is tested on 71 gram-positive and 55 gram-negative bacterial strains. The method proved reliable with one exception only, a Bacillus macerans strain. That strain was definately gram-negative on staining. Other Bacillus strains were proved gram-positive by the test, even those being gram-negative on staining.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00498806
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Continuous single cell protein production fromCellulomonas sp. andCandida utilis grown in mixture on barley straw (1978)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. 155-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Continuous fermentations with mixed cultures of the cellulolytic bacteriaCellulomonas sp. and the yeastCandida utilis were examined. Fermentations were carried out in an aerated 5-l fermenter with different preparations of wet disintegrated barley straw as the cellulose source (3.6–4.2%). The straw was pretreated with NaOH (3.2–8.5 kg NaOH/100 kg dry straw) under high pressure and temperature in a feedstuff pellet press. The quantity of dry cell mass produced and the breakdown of the straw were measured. Crude protein and ash content in cell dry matter and residual fiber were determined. The experiments showed thatCellulomonas sp. andCandida utilis may be grown together in a continuous culture (dilution rate D=0.12–0.14 h−1) for at least 3 days without washing out one of the organisms. Highest productivity was 1.39 g cell dry matter/l/h when using straw pretreated with 5.7% NaOH. The dry cell product contained 58–66% crude protein and up to 51% of the organic fiber dry matter was solubilized. The yield constants were 0.32–0.61 g cell dry matter per g solubilized organic fibers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00579334
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Degradation of β-lactam antibiotics by polyacrylamide-entrapped β-lactamase-producingE. coli cells (1978)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. 171-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Cells of a β-lactamase producingE. coli strain were immobilized with acrylamide and lyophilized. The gel particles containing the entrapped cells were used like an immobilized enzyme to study the inactivation of β-lactam antibiotics. The substrate profile of the β-lactamase was determined and the action of β-lactamase inhibitors studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00579336
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Continuous production of glutathione by immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells (1978)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 6 (1978), S. 23-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Glutathione was continuously produced by an immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae IFO 2044 cell column. The production of glutathione was strongly influenced by the level of activity of the glycolytic pathway. This activity was maintained constant by the addition of NAD.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00500853
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Excretion of citric and isocitric acids by the yeast Saccharomycopsis lipolytica (1978)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 6 (1978), S. 67-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary We investigated the excretion of citric and isocitric acids in a strain of Saccharomycopsis lipolytica grown on either n-paraffins, glucose, or glycerol. These acids were excreted in the ratio of 67:33 on n-paraffins and roughly 92:8 on either glucose or glycerol. However, with all the carbon sources used, the relative amount of isocitric acid in the intracellular pool remained below 10%. The assimilation of citric and isocitric acids was prevented when glucose or glycerol were the carbon sources, but not when n-paraffins were used. Citric acid stopped isocitric acid assimilation. These phenomena of selective assimilation and/or uptake might explain the variations observed in the ratio of citric to isocitric acids excreted on different carbon sources.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00500857
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of solid particles on the growth and endurance to heat stress of garbage compost microorganisms (1978)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 6 (1978), S. 87-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A mixed population of microorganisms isolated from the municipal garbage compost was cultivated in a full nutrient liquid medium under aerobic conditions. In order to simulate the presence in compost of both noncolloidal and colloidal solid particles, glass beads, bentonite, or humic acid were added to the cultures. The growth of microorganisms and the CO2 evolution rose with bentonite and humic acid, but the humic acid did not enhance the growth of the potential pathogenic bacteria. Solid particles appreciably influenced the endurance to heat stress of microorganisms supporting their adaptation to the changed temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00500859
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Excretion of metabolites by hydrogen bacteria II. Influences of aeration, pH, temperature, and age of cells (1978)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 6 (1978), S. 157-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The effects of the aeration rate, the pH value, the temperature of the culture medium and of the age of cells on the excretion of metabolites by mutant strains of Alcaligenes eutrophus were studied. With lactate or gluconate as substrates, ethanol, 3-hydroxybutanoate, succinate, cis-aconitate, 2-oxo-3-methylbutanoate and 2-oxoglutarate were excreted, each at a distinct low aeration rate. Maximum concentrations of metabolites were found at pH 7.0 at 30°C when ammonia was growth limiting and the carbon substrate was present in excess. Excretion occurred only by viable intact cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00504427
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mutants of Cellulomonas which produce increased levels of β-glucosidase (1978)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 6 (1978), S. 189-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Mutants have been isolated from a strain of Cellulomonas which are capable of producing up to 26-fold higher levels of β-glucosidase than the parent under certain growth conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00504430
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Total organic carbon-calibrated mathematical model for a completely mixed activated sludge waste-water treatment process (1978)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 6 (1978), S. 1-12 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A mathematical model for a total organic carbon-monitored, completely mixed activated sludge process for the treatment of a mixed domestic and laboratory waste water is discussed and experimentally calibrated. The first-order kinetic model was better suited to fit the experimental data than the Monod model. Values obtained for the sludge yield, Y, and the first-order kinetic constant, kL, agree with analogous data calculated from the literature. Hence, total organic carbon can be used, exclusively, to measure both organic waste load and biological solids, as an advantageous alternative to either biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, or volatile suspended solids, in monitoring, in deriving operational conditions, and/or in quantifying a mathematical description of a waste-water treatment process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00500851
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A rapid gas chromatographic method for the determination of poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid in microbial biomass (1978)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 6 (1978), S. 29-37 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The gas chromatographic method for the determination of poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB) consists of a mild acid or alkaline methanolysis of poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid directly without previous extraction of PHB from the cells; this is followed by gas chromatography of the 3-hydroxybutyric acid methylester. The method is characterized by high accuracy and excellent reproducibility, permitting determinations as low as 10−5 g/l. Only 4 h is required from sampling from the fermenter till completion of the PHB determination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00500854
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on the variables and kinetics of SCP production from nopal fruit juice (1978)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 6 (1978), S. 55-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Submerged batch cultivation under controlled environmental conditions of pH 3.8, temperature 30°C, and KLa≥200 h−1 (above 180 mMO2 l −1 h−1 oxygen supply rate) produced a maximum (12.0 g·l −1) SCP (Candida utilis) yield on the deseeded nopal fruit juice medium containing C/N ratio of 7.0 (initial sugar concentration 25 g·l −1) with a yield coefficient of 0.52 g cells/g sugar. In continuous cultivation, 19.9 g·l −1 cell mass could be obtained at a dilution rate (D) of 0.36 h−1 under identical environmental conditions, showing a productivity of 7.2 g·l −1·h−1. This corresponded to a gain of 9.0 in productivity in continuous culture over batch culture. Starting with steady state values of state variables, cell mass (CX−19.9 g·l −1), limiting nutrient concentration (Cln−2.5 g·l −1) and sugar concentration (CS−1.5 g·l −1) at control variable conditions of pH 3.8, 30°C, and KLa 200 h−1 keeping D=0.36 h−1 as reference, transient response studies by step changes of these control variables also showed that this pH, temperature and KLa conditions are most suitable for SCP cultivation on nopal fruit juice. Kinetic equations obtained from experimental data were analysed and kinetic parameters determined graphically. Results of SCP production from nopal fruit juice are described.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00500856
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  • 23
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    Electronic Resource
    The role of adsorption in the elimination of aflatoxin B1 from contaminated media (1978)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 6 (1978), S. 101-105 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The mechanism involved in the disappearance of aflatoxin B1 from liquid medium by fungus mycelium has been investigated. It is shown that mycelium and clay can adsorb aflatoxin dissolved in liquid media; in this way it is possible to detoxify contaminated solutions. From this observation, it is suggested that adsorption should be adopted as a new technique in the removal of aflatoxin from contaminated liquid foodstuffs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00500861
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  • 24
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    Electronic Resource
    Aflatoxin is degraded at different temperatures and pH values by mycella of Aspergillus parasiticus (1978)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 6 (1978), S. 95-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Blended 9-day-old mycelia of Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 were tested for their ability to degrade aflatoxins B1 and G1 at 7,19,28,36, and 45°C. Rates for degradation of aflatoxin B1 and G1 were maximum at 28°C. Intermediate rates of aflatoxin degradation were observed at 19 and 36°C while little aflatoxin was degraded at 7 and 45°C. Five different pH values (2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, and 6.5) were also tested to determine the effect of pH on ability of blended 9-day-old mycelia of A. parasiticus NRRL 2999 to degrade aflatoxins. The ability of mycelia to degrade aflatoxin was pH-dependent. Of the pH values tested, greatest rates of aflatoxin B1 and G1 degradation occurred when pH was in the range of 5 to 6.5. Little aflatoxin was degraded at pH 4.0 and essentially no aflatoxin was degraded by mycelia at pH 2.0 or 3.0 although some aflatoxin was degraded by acid conditions only at pH values of 4 or less.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00500860
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Absorption of oxygen in highly viscous newtonian and non-Newtonian fermentation model media in bubble column bioreactors (1978)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 6 (1978), S. 115-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Mean relative gas holdup, slip velocity, bubble size distribution, mean specific interfacial area, and volumetric mass transfer coefficient of oxygen were estimated in sparged columns 14 cm in diameter and 380 and/or 390 cm high with two different aerator types (porous plate and injector nozzle) in highly viscous Newtonian (glycerol solutions) and non-Newtonian (CMC solutions) fluids. For the Newtonian liquids the above properties were estimated as function of the viscosity of the liquid. For the non-Newtonian liquids they were determined as function of the fluid consistency index and flow behavior index. Significant differences between Newtonian and non-Newtonian systems appear. In Newtonian medium kL a drops with increasing viscosity and already approaches a constant value at η=40 cP. In pseudoplastic medium kL a varies with the fluid consistency and flow behavior indexes in the entire investigated range. In both of these systems the primary bubble population changes into two or three populations along the reactor: the medium bubbles gradually disappear and small and large bubbles are formed.
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    Metabolic changes during substrate shifts in continuous cultures of the yeast Candida boidinii variant 60 (1978)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 6 (1978), S. 133-144 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Substrate shift experiments in chemostat cultures with either methanol or glucose as carbon source were performed with the yeast Candida boidinii variant 60. At low dilution rates of 0.064 h−1 the culture may be easily shifted from methanol to glucose medium and back again to methanol. From these experiments it can be seen that glucose does not give rise to any catabolite inhibition of alcohol oxidase. Alcohol oxidase and formaldehyde dehydrogenase seem to be regulated by a repression-derepression mechanism, as small basal activities of both these enzymes can still be measured during growth on glucose. On the other hand, formate dehydrogenase activity is completely absent in the presence of glucose. This kind of regulation seems to favor the smooth switch from growth on glucose to methanol metabolism. With methanol or glucose, growth yields (YS) of 0.3 and 0.35, respectively may be obtained, and oxygen consumption (QO 2) is much higher in methanol cultures than in glucose-grown cells. Accordingly, the RQ values during growth on methanol decrease to about 0.5. Based on the yield coefficient of 0.3, it is possible to calculate that 38% of the methanol consumed must be incorporated into biomass, whereas 62% of the methanol is oxidized to CO2. The corresponding RQ of 0.56 could not be experimentally ascertained. The activities of three mitochondrial enzymes were found to be higher in methanol-grown cells than in cells from glucose cultures. The low activites of enzymes for the phosphogluconate route in methanol-grown cells indicates that a cyclic oxidation of formaldehyde via hexose phosphate to CO2 cannot be of great importance for methanol metabolism.
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    Characterization of a new methylotrophic strain, Methylomonas clara (1978)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 6 (1978), S. 167-179 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The organism examined was identified as an obligate methylotroph and as an organism of type I, because it has some characteristics of this group: methanol is utilized via the hexulose phosphate pathway, the enzymes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, and isocitrate dehydrogenase (both NAD- and NADP-specific) could be detected, whereas the citric acid cycle is incomplete (in particular α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase could not be found). Furthermore, the organism is able to fix nitrogen. In contrast, there are some different characteristics: carbon dioxide can be fixed in connection with methanol. There is no formate dehydrogenase, and formaldehyde dehydrogenase can be induced by different culture conditions. Moreover, the GC content (49.2%) is distinctly lower than normal, and the hexulose phosphate synthase shows a higher activity with NAD as cosubstrate than with NADP. Carbon is not metabolized via the Embden-Meyerhoff-Parnaß pathway, but via the Entner-Doudoroff pathway. In the disk test, the organism is resistant to some antibiotics: chloramphenicol, fusidic acid, methicillin and lincomycin. A partial resistance can be observed with penicillin, neomycin, novobiocin, and cloxacillin.
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    Erratum (1978)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 6 (1978), S. 193-193 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00504431
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  • 29
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    Immobilization of glycolysis system of yeasts and production of cytidine diphosphate choline (1978)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. 13-16 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Glycolysis system of yeast was successfully immobilized into a derivative of polyethylene glycol hydroxyethylacrylate. The immobilized system could produce ATP and then phosphorylate nucleotides (CMP). The CTP thus formed was effectively converted to CDP-choline in the same system (Fig.2). This system is a kind of bioreactor, consisting of energy (ATP) generating and transformation systems of various substances.
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    Microbial transformation of cannabinoids (1978)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. 37-50 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary We tested 163 strains of fungi and bacteria for their ability to (−)-Δ1-(3R, 4R)-tetrahydrocannabinol (= Δ1-THC) in vivo. In the experiments 51 strains were found to be active and were further tested under varying conditions. The screening is described and the metabolites of Δ1-THC obtained from the incubations are characterized by their two-dimensional thin-layer Rf values and the color of the azo dyes formed by reacting the cannabinoids with Fast Blue B Salt reagent on the thin-layer plates. Cell-free systems were prepared from four strains of fungi and tested for in vitro conversion of Δ1-THC. In two of these systems conversion of Δ1-THC to metabolites could be demonstrated.
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    Catabolite repression of hydrolases in Aspergillus niger (1978)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. 59-68 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A comparative study was made on catabolite repression of acid protease and polygalacturonase in an adenine-requiring mutant of Aspergillus niger. Both enzymes are inducible and accumulated extracellularly after cessation of growth caused by adenine starvation. Addition of glucose, fructose, or intermediates of glycolysis, but not tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, depressed the formation of both enzymes. Catabolite repression of polygalacturonase by glucose occurred quickly and was almost complete. However, acid protease was only partly repressed even after several hours. Formation of polygalacturonase in the presence of actinomycin S3 or during deinduction was repressed by glucose, whereas that of acid protease was not. In the course of induction of acid protease by peptone, glucose did not affect the length of the induction lag period and the rate of acid protease formation decreased by glucose was not restored by the addition of large amounts of inducer. From these results, we suggest that catabolite repression of polygalacturonase occurs at the level of translation and that of acid protease at transcription.
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    Improvement in amyloglucosidase production following genetic recombination of Aspergillus niger strains (1978)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. 95-102 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Recombination has been demonstrated in amyloglucosidase-producing strains of Aspergillus niger. A high-yielding strain has been crossed, parasexually, with a low-yielding strain from the same genealogy. Recombinants have been produced, having the efficient broth filtration characteristics of the low-yielding strain. One such segregant was superior, for the industrial production of amyloglucosidase, to the best parent strain previously used for that purpose.
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    Candida lipolytica mutants defective in an acyl-CoA synthetase (1978)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. 79-86 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Mutant strains of Candida lipolytica NRRL Y-6795, which are defective in ‘fatty acyl-CoA synthetase I’ linking to the system incorporating the fatty acyl moiety into cellular lipids (Kamiryo, et al., 1977), were cultivated on various carbon sources including odd-chain n-alkanes (C11 to C17) and their fatty acid compositions were examined. In the case of the wild-type strain grown on odd-chain n-alkanes (from C13 to C17), the proportions of odd-chain cellular fatty acids to total cellular fatty acids were markedly high, reaching 98–99% in the n-pentadecane- and n-heptadecane-grown cells. Those of the mutant strains, however, were drastically low, being at most 12–13% even in the n-heptadecane-grown cells. The total fatty acid contents in the mutant cells were 4–5% in dry weight, being slightly lower than those of the wild strain (4–7% in dry weight). The growth rates of the mutants on glucose, n-undecane and n-tridecane were comparable to those of the wild strain. When n-pentadecane, n-heptadecane, or oleic acid was used as carbon source, the mutants had lower, but still practicable, growth rates. The results obtained indicate that these mutant strains of Candida lipolytica will be useful as sources of biomass with low content of nonnatural odd-chain fatty acids.
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    Investigations on the genetics of foaming in wine yeasts (1978)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. 103-107 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The phenomenon of foaming is an undesirable characteristic of some wine yeasts. Investigation of this phenotype indicated that it is under the control of at least two dominant genes 21 centimorgans apart on the same chromosome. Elimination of the foaming character by hybridisation demonstrates that pure-culture wine yeast material can be improved by this technique.
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    Studies on the aminopeptidase test for the distinction of gram-negative from gram-positive bacteria (1978)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. 113-122 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The aminopeptidase test was performed with representatives of gram-negative, gram-positive, and gram-variable bacteria. All gram-negative bacteria tested gave a positive test reaction with L-alanine-4-nitroanilide as test substrate. Representatives of the coryneform bacteria and some streptococci showed aminopeptidase activity after prolonged reaction times. A correlation between aminopeptidase activity and distinct interpeptide bridge composition in the peptidoglycan of many strains was demonstrated. The influence of growth conditions on aminopeptidase activity of intact bacterial cells is shown.
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    Experimental study on the growth of Salmonella and coli-aerogenes bacteria in pure and mixed cultures, in a fermentor, in two different enrichment media: Sodium selenite and tetrathionate broth (1978)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. 133-141 
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    Notes: Summary Different serotypes of Salmonella and coli-aerogenes bacteria were grown in a fermentor at +43°C. The Culture media used were composed of two different nutrient broths, one supplemented with sodium selenite, the other with potassium tetrathionate. The growth of both bacteria and the following types of mixed bacteria was studied: Escherichia coli-Salmonella brancaster and Klebsiella pneumoniae-Salmonella brancaster. During the first 10 h of incubation, sodium tetrathionate broth inhibited the multiplication of coli-aerogenes bacteria. Similar results were obtained when these bacteria were grown with S. brancaster and incubated for 18 h, regardless of the original concentration of each of the bacteria. In the presence of sodium selenite, after 18 h of incubation growth was inhibited in E. coli, but not in the other coli-aerogenes bacteria.
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    Behaviour of proteolytic Clostridium botulinum types A and B near the lower temperature limits of growth (1978)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. 143-154 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary The behaviour of spores of Clostridium botulinum type A and proteolytic C. botulinum type B has been studied in cooked meat medium at 10°C, 12°C, 15°C, and 20°C, using mixed cultures (9 groups of in total 41 strains) and pure cultures (41 strains). At 10°C a decrease of 1–1.5 log cycles for type B and of 2–4 log cycles for type A Clostridia was observed. Neither growth nor toxin formation could be demonstrated. At 12°C spores of some strains developed and formed toxin with 3–4 weeks, whereas other strains did not develop within 7 weeks. At 15°C growth and toxin formation could be observed within 1 week, whereas at 20°C toxin was formed mostly within 2 or 3 days. Incubation at 10°C prior to incubation at 20°C seemed to have some effect on the lag time.
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    Actinomycin D inactivating enzymes fromActinoplanes missouriensis and several other members of theActinoplanaceae family (1978)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. 165-170 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The enzymes for inactivating actinomycin D appear to be widely distributed amongst species belonging to the familyActinoplanaceae. Actinomycin D was completely or partially inactivated by cell-free extracts fromActinoplanes missouriensis, Streptosporangium viridogriseum, S. violaceocbromogenes, S. roseum, S. brasiliense, S. albidum, Spirillospora sp.,Sp. albida, Kitasatoa kauaiensis, Planobispora longispora, P. rosea, Dactylosporangium aurantiacum, andD. thailandense. No inactivation was obtained with extracts fromAmorphosphorangium auranticolor, Ampullariella lobata, Planomonospora parontospora, andP. venezuelensis. Actinomycin lactonase was partially purified by ultracentrifugation, ultrafiltration, and isoelectric focusing from noninduced cells ofActinoplanes missouriensis. The enzyme has a molecular weight of greater than 200,000 daltons and an isoelectric point of 4.3 to 4.4.
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    Degradation of long-chain n-alkanes by mucorales (1978)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. 189-195 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The composition of fatty acids in the lipids ofAbsidia spinosa, Cunninghamella echinulata, andMortierella isabellina was determined after growth on glucose and some n-alkanes. Mycelia metabolizing odd-carbon n-alkanes contained, among others, mono- and polyenoic heptadecanoic acids, that is, C17:1(9)-, C17:2(9, 12)-, and C17:3(6, 9, 12)-acids. From the amounts of the isolated lipids it can be deduced thatAbsidia andCunninghamella may mainly degrade the alkanes in a terminal oxidation pathway whileMortierella prefers a subterminal way.
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    Derepression and partial insensitivity to carbon catabolite repression of the methanol dissimilating enzymes inHansenula polymorpha (1978)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. 197-202 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The regulation of the synthesis of alcohol oxidase, catalase, formaldehyde dehydrogenase, and formate dehydrogenase was investigated in the methanol-utilizing yeastHansenula polymorpha during growth on different carbon and energy sources. When cells were grown on glucose, the enzymes of the dissimilatory methanol metabolism were not detected during the exponential phase of growth, but were formed in the late stationary phase without addition of methanol. Moreover, the enzymes were synthesized during growth on sorbitol, glycerol, ribose, and xylose. It was shown that the carbon catabolite insensitivity of the synthesis of methanol-specific enzymes is not limited to substrates that are slowly metabolized.
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    Microbiologic problems associated with closed process water systems in the paper industry (1978)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. 215-224 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Process water from the entirely closed water system of a wastepaper reprocessing mill was examined for its content of different groups of microorganisms. Comparison with waste-paper reprocessing mills with nonclosed systems and concomitant higher specific water consumption showed that system closing is associated with a marked increase in the number of anaerobic microorganisms; Bifidobacteria were found to be the most frequently represented bacteria. The development of the microflora in the entirely closed water system was studied after total replacement of the process water with fresh water. Constant levels of anaerobic microorganisms were recorded after a lag period of 15 days. Gas chromatographic analyses showed that the process water from the entirely closed system contains significant amounts of metabolic products of anaerobic microorganisms.
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    Decomposition of polyurethane in a garbage landfill leakage water and by soil microorganisms (1978)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. 225-231 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The decomposition of polyurethane, measured gravimetrially or using infrared spectrophotometry, was found to be more complete in polyurethane based on polyester and only very small in polyurethane based on polyether. In the presence of clay minerals the decomposition was inhibited. If positive, the decomposition of polyurethane followed the sequence: remaining free isocyanates→urea and amide groups→urethane groups→isocyanuric acid rings.
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    Hydrolysis of glycocholic acid by fungi (1978)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. 241-245 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A range of fungi have been investigated for their ability to hydrolyse glycocholic acid to yield cholic acid. Using thin-layer chromatography the majority of fungi tested have been shown to possess this ability. In the case of Cochliobolus intermedius IMI 52980 the product of hydrolysis has been isolated and characterised as cholic acid. The same organism has been demonstrated to grow using glycocholic acid as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen.
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    The role of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in citric acid accumulation by Aspergillus niger (1978)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. 263-271 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Determinations of the momentary levels of various intermediates related to the activity of the tricarboxylic acid cycle have been made during citric acid production in high-accumulating (manganese deficient) and lowaccumulating (manganese supplemented) mycelia of Aspergillus niger. During the growth period the levels of almost all TCA cycle acids, with the exception of 2-oxo-acids, were unusually high; during the induction phase of citrate accumulation malate, fumarate, and isocitrate decreased, whereas pyruvate, oxalacetate, and citrate increased. The presence of succinate could not be demonstrated. The interrelations of the momentary concentrations of the intermediates mainly demonstrate a lack in activity of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, representing a block in the TCA cycle concomitant with a strongly operating glycolysis as a prerequisite for citrate accumulation. Inhibition studies with crude enzyme preparations suggest that an inhibition of malate dehydrogenase by citrate and also inhibition of isocitrate dehydrogenase by citrate and 2-oxoglutarate occur during the production phase as additional factors.
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    Isolation of a mercuric chloride-tolerant bacterium and uptake of mercury by the bacterium (1978)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. 279-290 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A mercuric chloride-tolerant bacterium was isolated from activated sludge and the bacterium was identified as Pseudomonas oleovorans. The bacterium is tolerant up to 350 ppm Hg2+, 100 ppm Cd2+, 40 ppm cr6+, and 1000 ppm Cu2+. Observation by scanning electron microscope of cells growing with mercury shows a less rigid structure of the cell surface than in the case of controls, while observation by transmission electron microscope shows many electron-dense granules in the cytoplasm of cells growing with mercury. By chemical analysis, about 80% of mercury taken up by the cells was found in the cytoplasm, and about 20% in the cell envelope fraction, of the resting cells used. Mercury was found in the supernatant fluid, but not in the microsomal fraction. Further detailed experiments for mercury distribution in the cells show that it is concentrated in the nucleic acid fraction of the supernatant fluid. In the insoluble fraction, mercury was found mainly in the polyphosphate-polysaccharide, mucopeptide, and lipopolysaccharide-polysaccharide fractions. In the case of the growing cells used, about 20% of the mercury was found in the cytoplasm and 80% in the insoluble fraction.
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    Editorial (1978)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. i 
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00515680
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    A structured model for microbial growth and product formation (1978)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. 177-188 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A structured model is proposed for the mathematical description of batch culture kinetic data. The model takes into account the substrate consumption, the product formation during growth phase, and the microbial growth. The model considers the growth kinetics and product formation in relation to an intracellular reactant. The model is fitted to batch culture data forBacillus licheniformis grown on glucose or maltose as carbon source, producing acetic acid in the growth phase. Simulation results are obtained using the IBM S/360 Continuous System Modeling Program.
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    Protein content distributions in populations of Baker's yeast (1978)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. 203-206 
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Changes in protein content during the cell cyle of microorganisms can be monitored rapidly by flow cytometry.
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    The application of dynamic calorimetry for monitoring growth ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae (1978)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. 207-214 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary A dynamic calorimetric technique was investigated to determine the feasibility of monitoring cell growth by thermal measurements. Theoretical analysis of growth ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae on glucose showed that the correlation depends on cellular yield values but not on ethanol formation. Experiments withS. cerevisiae on a molasses-mineral salts medium resulted in a thermal yield of 4.4 kcal/g cells, consistent with our theoretical expectations.
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    α-Amylase production by immobilized whole cells of Bacillus subtilis (1978)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. 233-240 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Whole cells of Bacillus subtilis were immobilized in polyacrylamide gel prepared from 5% total acrylamide (85% acrylamide and 15% N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide). Production of α-amylase by the immobilized whole cells was attempted in a batch system. α-Amylase produced by the immobilized whole cells was about three times larger than that produced by washed cells at optimum conditions. The reusability of the immobilized whole cells and washed cells was examined. The activity of α-amylase production by washed cells decreased with increasing use cycles. On the other hand, the activity of the immobilized cells increased gradually, and it reched a steady state after seven cycles. α-Amylase was produced from a simple reaction medium containing 1% meat extract and 0.05% yeast extract by the immobilized whole cells. The rate of α-amylase production by the immobilized whole cells was the same as in submerged cultivation using starch bouillon medium. Growth of B. subtilis in polyacrylamide gel was observed by electron microscopy.
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    Citrate production from n-alkane by Candida lipolytica in reference to carbon fluxes in vivo (1978)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. 247-261 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Citrate production by Candida lipolytica from n-alkane as sole carbon source was studied with a NH 4 + -limited chemostat culture. This organism produced citrate and isocitrate simultaneously, the ratio of these acids remaining nearly unchanged within the range of dilution rates used. However, the specific production rates of these acids were maximal around a particular dilution rate. For each steady-state culture, specific activities of some key enzymes in tricarboxylate and glyoxylate cycles were measured in vitro. In order to correlate the enzyme activites with the change in specific production rate of each acid, the intracellular carbon fluxes were assessed by solving algebraic equations derived from carbon balance with respect to a simplified metabolic map of n-alkane metabolism. By comparing the fluxes assessed in vivo with the enzyme activities measured in vitro, the metabolic pathway(s) most likely to control the production of acids and cell material were investigated.
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    Lipid composition of the yeast (1978)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. 273-278 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The lipids of two strains of Lipomyces kononenkoae, grown in batch culture, were extracted and analysed. The major lipids present were phospholipids, free sterols, esterified sterols, and triacylglycerols. Phospholipid analysis indicated that phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol were the major ones. The fatty-acyl residues were C12-C18 and contained 67–74% unsaturated residues. Polyunsaturated residues accounted for 15% and 30% in L. kononenkoae CBS 2514 and L. kononenkoae CBS 5608, respectively. Analysis of the fatty-acyl residues of a low-density vesicle fraction obtained from sphaeroplasts of L. kononenkoae CBS 2514 was carried out and the results are discussed in relation to plasma membrane synthesis. The suitability of L. kononenkoae for production of single-cell protein is also discussed.
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    Inhibition of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans by mineral flotation reagents (1978)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. 301-304 
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Ferrous-iron oxidation by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans was inhibited by a number of mineral flotation reagents. Dowfroth 250 and sodium butylxanthate were the least toxic reagents studied.
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    Bacterial leaching of metals from sewage sludge (1978)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. 305-313 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Thiobacillus thiooxidans is capable of oxidizing sulfur in digested sludge, while decreasing the pH value from about 5.5 to, say, 1.0 to 1.5. Insoluble metal sulfides can be solubilized through this acidification. Thiobacillus ferrooxidans oxidises pyritic ore in the presence of 6% centrifuged sludge if the pH value is adjusted to about 2.5. When mixing T. thiooxidans and T. ferrooxidans with sludge and 1% sulfur, the former acidifies the sludge and the latter oxidizes metal sulfides; together they solubilize more metal than T. thiooxidans alone. The following metals solubilized from their sulfides have been investigated so far: iron, copper, zinc, nickel, and cadmium. The possibility of recycling metals from sewage sludge with this method is discussed.
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  • 55
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    Persistence of poliovirus 1 during the freezing-thawing of hydroxide sludges from a water treatment plant under laboratory conditions (1978)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. 331-340 
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    Notes: Summary Freezing and thawing of ferric hydroxide sludges from a water treatment plant may be a solution to the problem of disposing of such sludges. It is an excellent method of dewatering. With the loss of hydrated water and extensive modification of the flocs, the risk of desorption of viral particles decreases. Moreover, when sludges are thickened (solids concentration up to 20 g/l), the number of cycles necessary for viral inactivation is reduced from five to three. However, the residues obtained from sludges treated by lagooning or industrial freezing with only one cycle always carry a risk of virologic pollution.
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    Immobilization of glycolysis system of yeasts and production of cytidine diphosphate choline (1978)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 6 (1978), S. 113-113 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00500863
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    Continuous culture of Candida boidinii variant 60 growing on methanol (1978)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 6 (1978), S. 127-132 
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    Notes: Summary A new variant, Candida boidinii variant 60, which is less sensitive to methanol and formaldehyde shocks was grown in continuous cultures with methanol as sole carbon source. The substrate concentration in the feeding medium was either 1% methanol or 3% methanol. Biomass production, methanol consumption, the formation of formaldehyde and gas exchange were measured at different dilution rates. With low methanol feeding (10 g/l) maximal productivity of 0.44 g biomass/l·h is obtained at a dilution rate of 0.14 h−1. Maximal specific growth rate is 0.18 h−1. A yield of 0.32 g biomass/g methanol was obtained and the respiration quotient was determined as 0.55. Independently of initial substrate concentration, biomass decreases if methanol and formaldehyde are accumulating in the culture broth. In the culture with high methanol feeding (30 g/l) cell concentratioon increases up to 9 g/l at D=0.04 h−1. At higher dilution rates methanol and form-aldehyde appear in the medium. Formaldehyde is then preferably oxidized without energy advantages for the cells. It seems that this enables the cells to overcome toxic effects caused by methanol and formaldehyde.
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    Immobilization of Streptomyces phaeochromogenes cells at a high concentration by radiation-induced polymerization of glass-forming monomers (1978)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 6 (1978), S. 13-22 
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    Notes: Summary Characteristics of Streptomyces phaeochromogenes cells immobilized by radiation-induced polymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate at low temperatures were studied. It was found that very high concentrations of cells could be trapped effectively on the surface of the polymer matrix. Glucose isomerase activity of immobilized cells increased with increasing cell concentration. No cell leakage from the matrix was observed with repeated use, even at very high cell concentration and low monomer concentrations. The Km value of immobilized cells decreased with increasing cell concentration and with decreasing monomer concentration; it was close to that of intact cells.
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    Degradation of long chain alkanes by bacilli (1978)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 6 (1978), S. 39-54 
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    Notes: Summary Five different species of bacilli tested at 30°C degrade hydrocarbons by cooxidation. Subterminal degradation pathway of these bacilli was proved by estimating isomeric esters, developed from Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of ketones, and also by finding diols, ketols, and diketones. Comparing the composition of fatty acids in lipids of bacilli grown with and without alkane as well as growing them on labeled n-tridecane suggested a subterminal, partly a di-subterminal pathway. It was also shown that Bacillus stearothermophilus cannot grow on alkane as sole carbon source even in a thermophilic temperature range and that oxidation products are formed in amounts twenty times less when grown on cooxidation medium at 50°C, compared to product formation on the same medium at 30°C.
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    Stimulation of lactobacilli by an aqueous extract of the green alga Scenedesmus acutus 276-3a (1978)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 6 (1978), S. 79-86 
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    Notes: Summary The hot-water extract of Scenedesmus acutus 276-3a enhances acid formation by Lactobacillus casei var. sbirota, Streptococcus lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus appreciably. At least in S. lactis the stimulation is not caused by mineral constituents such as Mn2+. In order to facilitate screening, a quick test in tubes was used. Stimulation of lactobacilli by algal extract is also demonstrated in tests on agar plates containing TTC. Bioautography of algal extract fractions on TTC plates enabled adenine and hypoxanthine to be identified as growth factors in algal extract which contributed towards the stimulation of S. lactis.
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    Simple aid for the identification of Penicillium roqueforti Thom (1978)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 6 (1978), S. 107-111 
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    Notes: Summary 53 strains of Penicillium roqueforti Thom obtained from culture collections, blue cheeses, sausages, and other sources are shown to grow abundantly on a Czapek Dox liquid medium supplemented with 0.5% acetic acid. None of 30 other strains (including P. charlesii, P. waksmani, P. rugulosum, P. brevi-compactum, P. herquei, P. viridicatum, P. cyclopium, P. velutinum, P. oxalicum, P. toxicarium, P. notatum, P. stoloniferum, P. chrysogenum, P. japonicum, P. casei, P. citreo-viride) exhibited this property. It is suggested that growth on acetic acid provides a simple tool for a rapid and preliminary identification of P. roqueforti Thom since growth can be observed as early as 3 days after inoculation.
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    Excretion of metabolites by hydrogen bacteria I. Autotrophic and heterotrophic fermentations (1978)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 6 (1978), S. 145-155 
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    Notes: Summary The excretion of metabolites by 48 wild-type and mutant strains belonging to various species and genera of aerobic hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria was studied. The cells were grown autotrophically and heterotrophically, and samples were analyzed by gas chromatrographic techniques. The following metabolites were identified and quantitatively determined: acetate, ethanol, malate, citrate, lactate, succinate, 2-propanol, 2-methylpropanoate, 3-methylbutanoate, cis-aconitate, acetone, 2-oxoglutarate, isocitrate, butanoate, and methanol. The excretion of the metabolites started when ammonia and oxygen became limiting. The concentrations reached a maximum, whereupon the excreted products were reconsumed. The total concentration of the metabolites identified reached 5 g/l. Maximum concentrations were measured when mutants of Alcaligenes eutrophus lacking the ability to accumulate poly-3-hydroxybutanoate were grown on fructose, gluconate, or lactate in the fermenter under conditions of ammonia limitation and when the carbon source was present in excess.
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    Anaerobic formation of volatile acids in a chemostat (1978)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 6 (1978), S. 181-187 
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary If anaerobic digestion of waste can be performed as a two-step fermentation it becomes possible to optimize the separate steps. As the CH4 formation is assumed to be the slower step and the step more sensitive to substrate composition, an improvement of the overall process could be achieved by control of the effluent from the preceding step, in which volatile acids are formed. In this paper it is demonstrated that the composition of volatile acids from a chemostat varies to a great extent with dilution rate, so that, if an optimal composition of volatile acids exists for the CH4-forming step, it might be obtained by proper choice of dilution rate. The best substrate for CH4-formations is discussed.
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    Using a polymer coating as a valve seal (1978)
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    Chemical and petroleum engineering 14 (1978), S. 470-470 
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    A device for assembling and tack welding the disks of the wedge of gate valves (1978)
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    Chemical and petroleum engineering 14 (1978), S. 471-471 
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    Investigation of the efficiency of a control unit for pipe equipment (1978)
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    Chemical and petroleum engineering 14 (1978), S. 468-469 
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    Thermal treatment of forgings made of 34KhN1M steel (1978)
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    Chemical and petroleum engineering 14 (1978), S. 475-475 
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    Appliance for assembling high-pressure hoses (1978)
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    Chemical and petroleum engineering 14 (1978), S. 474-474 
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    Book review (1978)
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    Chemical and petroleum engineering 14 (1978), S. 489-493 
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    Improving the design of conical stopcocks (1978)
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    Chemical and petroleum engineering 14 (1978), S. 478-479 
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    Effect of constructional factors on stress-deformation state of the polymer material of valve-shutoff packings (1978)
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    Chemical and petroleum engineering 14 (1978), S. 512-515 
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    Prospects for developing scientific-research and construction work in the field of compressor construction (1978)
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    Chemical and petroleum engineering 14 (1978), S. 502-504 
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    AGP2s11 ruling-cutting machine (1978)
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    Chemical and petroleum engineering 14 (1978), S. 507-508 
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    Combination drills for forming openings of sieves and drilling conditions (1978)
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    Chemical and petroleum engineering 14 (1978), S. 557-559 
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    Selection of rational accuracy norms in designing petroleum-industry equipment (1978)
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    Chemical and petroleum engineering 14 (1978), S. 568-571 
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    Introduction of composite system of production quality control at progress plant (1978)
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    Chemical and petroleum engineering 14 (1978), S. 563-565 
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    Bellows-operated control valve (1978)
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    Chemical and petroleum engineering 14 (1978), S. 295-297 
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    Special machine for lapping the sealing surfaces of gate-valve casings with outer diameter of 150–800 mm (1978)
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    Chemical and petroleum engineering 14 (1978), S. 577-577 
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    Device for connecting flexible metal hoses with vessels for cryogenic liquids (1978)
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    Chemical and petroleum engineering 14 (1978), S. 582-583 
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    Deposition of a compressible filter cake on a plate filter (1978)
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    Chemical and petroleum engineering 14 (1978), S. 611-616 
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    External strapping rings as technological equipment in the manufacture of off-size apparatus (1978)
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    Chemical and petroleum engineering 14 (1978), S. 605-608 
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    Apparatus for obtaining multicomponent gas mixtures (1978)
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    Chemical and petroleum engineering 14 (1978), S. 397-399 
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    Plant-scale testing of ÉTA80-73/114 hoists (1978)
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    Chemical and petroleum engineering 14 (1978), S. 400-400 
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    Effect of the rigidity of the cake-cutting mechanism of an automatic centrifuge on the stability of its work (1978)
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    Chemical and petroleum engineering 14 (1978), S. 401-404 
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    Effect of leakiness in self-acting valves on the output of a piston compressor (1978)
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    Chemical and petroleum engineering 14 (1978), S. 404-407 
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    Rationalizing the budget of specialists' working time (1978)
    Springer
    Chemical and petroleum engineering 14 (1978), S. 647-651 
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    ISSN: 1573-8329
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01137094
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    Complex creative brigades at the “Progress” plant (1978)
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    Chemical and petroleum engineering 14 (1978), S. 660-661 
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    ISSN: 1573-8329
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01137098
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    Dense aluminum castings with thermal nodes obtained in permanent molds with cooling copper inserts (1978)
    Springer
    Chemical and petroleum engineering 14 (1978), S. 663-664 
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    ISSN: 1573-8329
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01137101
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    Operating efficiency of mechanical foam separators of the rotor type (1978)
    Springer
    Chemical and petroleum engineering 14 (1978), S. 416-419 
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    ISSN: 1573-8329
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01156322
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    Testing ferritic steels for the tendency toward intergranular corrosion (1978)
    Springer
    Chemical and petroleum engineering 14 (1978), S. 723-724 
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    ISSN: 1573-8329
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01155983
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    Tool for cutting microgrooves with sealing bands in the holes of tube sheets (1978)
    Springer
    Chemical and petroleum engineering 14 (1978), S. 732-737 
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    ISSN: 1573-8329
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01155986
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    Effect of microstructure on the mechanical properties of cast silver solders (1978)
    Springer
    Chemical and petroleum engineering 14 (1978), S. 738-740 
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    ISSN: 1573-8329
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01155987
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    Increasing the effectiveness of foundry production in chemical and petroleum equipment plants (1978)
    Springer
    Chemical and petroleum engineering 14 (1978), S. 745-750 
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    ISSN: 1573-8329
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01155991
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    Algorithm for calculation of the parameters of the junction points of the cycles of absorption-type water-ammonia refrigeration machines in a digital computer (1978)
    Springer
    Chemical and petroleum engineering 14 (1978), S. 716-719 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8329
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01155981
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  • 95
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    Increasing the resistance of titanium alloy sheet VT14 to cyclic impact loads (1978)
    Springer
    Chemical and petroleum engineering 14 (1978), S. 656-659 
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    ISSN: 1573-8329
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01137097
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  • 96
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    New method of milling the teeth of drilling bits (1978)
    Springer
    Chemical and petroleum engineering 14 (1978), S. 664-665 
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    ISSN: 1573-8329
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01137102
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    Vibrogranulators of disperse media (1978)
    Springer
    Chemical and petroleum engineering 14 (1978), S. 669-671 
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    ISSN: 1573-8329
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01137104
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    Rotary forming granulator (1978)
    Springer
    Chemical and petroleum engineering 14 (1978), S. 681-682 
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    ISSN: 1573-8329
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01155970
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    Optimization of heat exchangers for throttled microcryogenic systems (1978)
    Springer
    Chemical and petroleum engineering 14 (1978), S. 783-786 
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    ISSN: 1573-8329
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01144865
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    Experimental investigation of a honeycomb seal (1978)
    Springer
    Chemical and petroleum engineering 14 (1978), S. 793-795 
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    ISSN: 1573-8329
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01144868
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