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  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (1,538)
  • GEOPHYSICS  (925)
  • 1975-1979  (2,463)
  • 1960-1964
  • 1979  (1,309)
  • 1977  (1,154)
Collection
Keywords
Years
  • 1975-1979  (2,463)
  • 1960-1964
Year
  • 1
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    Aeronautics and Space Highlights [1979 Highlights] (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The videotape includes footage of the following: Voyagers to Jupiter, Pioneer to Saturn, High Energy Astronomy Observatory, space telescope, space shuttle, astronauts Young and Crippen, 10th anniversary of Apollo 11, Skylab reentry, Landsat, satellite freeze warning, Fire Fighting Module, SAGE, wind generators, Solar Energy Project, electric car research, XV-15, HiMAT, and crash worthiness tests.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: ASR-178 , NASA-TM-109443 , NONP-NASA-VT-93-190240
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  • 2
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    Overview - Electric fields (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The electric fields session is designed to review progress in observation, theory, and modeling of magnetospheric electric fields, and to expose important new results. The present report comments on the state and prospects of electric field research, with particular emphasis on relevance to quantitative modeling of the magnetospheric processes. Attention is given to underlying theories and models. Modeling philosophy is discussed relative to explanatory models and representative models. Modeling of magnetospheric electric fields, while in its infancy, is developing rapidly on many fronts employing a variety of approaches. The general topic of magnetospheric electric fields is becoming of prime importance in understanding space plasmas.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 3
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    Lightning apparent source of environmentally important gases (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-79-131 , P79-10129
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  • 4
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    MARS: The Viking discoveries (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The Viking spacecraft are described as well as the instruments carried to accomplish the combined goal of studying the atmosphere and geology of the entire planet, and to analyze the Martian soil and search for life in two specific locations. Imagery received from the spacecraft illustrate discussions of the planetary surface, composition, and winds. Suggestions for further reading are included along with a list of available NASA film. Experiments and activities for classroom use are described.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: EP-146
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  • 5
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    Application of space technology to crustal dynamics and earthquake research (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: In cooperation with other Federal government agencies, and the governments of other countries, NASA is undertaking a program of research in geodynamics. The present program activities and plans for extension of these activities in the time period 1979-1985 are described. The program includes operation of observatories for laser ranging to the Moon and to artificial satellites, and radio observatories for very long baseline microwave interferometry (VLBI). These observatories are used to measure polar motion, earth rotation, and tectonic plate movement, and serve as base stations for mobile facilities. The mobile laser ranging and VLBI facilities are used to measure crustal deformation in tectonically active areas.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TP-1464
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  • 6
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    Lightning as an indication of storm severity (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: There is a substantial case for the theory that cloud electrification is related primarily to strong convection and the sizeable relative air motion that it implies; therefore, the electrification and subsequent discharge rates can be related to the air motion environment of thunderstorms. The isoceraunic contour map used by the WMO for observing and measuring thunderstorm occurrence contains no information on flash rates, flash density, flash relationship to storm severity, or flash variation with meteorological environment. A constant-view geosynchronous lightning mapper would permit simultaneous studies of the lightning discharge patterns and the meteorological environment of storms, thus establishing whether or not there is a reliable enough relationship to use the observed flash rates and characteristics as supplemental guidance for storm forecast refinement.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Workshop on the Need for Lightning Observations from Space; p 153-155
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  • 7
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    Mass spectrometry measurements of the lower atmosphere of Venus (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Mass spectrometer experiments installed on the descent vehicles of the Venera-11 and the Venera-12 are described. Data on the chemical composition of the lower atmosphere of Venus is discussed with emphasis on the isotope state of the basic components (carbon, oxygen, nitrogen) and of the inert gases.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75477
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  • 8
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    An Analysis of the Chemical Composition of the Atmosphere of Venus on an AMS of the Venera-12 Using a Gas Chromatograph (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Eight analyses of the atmosphere of Venus were made beginning at an altitude of 42 km right down to the surface of the planet. The following were detected in the atmosphere of Venus: nitrogen in concentrations of 2.5 plus or minus 0.5 volumetric %, argon ir concentrations (4 plus or minus 2) x 10 to the minus 3 power volumetric %, CO--(2.8 plus or minus 1.4) x 10 to the minus 3 power volumetric % and SO2 in concentrations (1.3 plus or minus 0.6) x 10 to the minus 2 power volumetric %. The upper limits were estimated for the content of oxygen and water equal to 2 x 10 to the minus 3 power and 10 to the minus 2 power volumetric %, respectively.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75476
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  • 9
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    The effect of errors in the assignment of the transmission functions on the accuracy of the thermal sounding of the atmosphere (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: In order to test the error of calculation in assumed values of the transmission function for Soviet and American radiometers sounding the atmosphere thermally from orbiting satellites, the assumptions of the transmission calculation is varied with respect to atmospheric CO2 content, transmission frequency, and atmospheric absorption. The error arising from variations of the assumptions from the standard basic model is calculated.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75654 , Conf. of the Soviet-Am. Working Group on Space Meteorol.; Nov 10, 1976 - Nov 22, 1976; Moscow
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  • 10
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    Method for the rapid temperature correction of a transmission in an inhomogeneous atmosphere (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The value of the transmission function in a heterogeneous atmosphere is determined by iterative correction of values in particular layers. The iterative equation and a set of absolute values of errors is presented in two tables.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75649 , Conf. of the Soviet-Am. Working Group on Space Meteorol.; Nov 10, 1976 - Nov 22, 1976; Moscow
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  • 11
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    Voyager 2 Jupiter encounter (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A NASA News Release is presented which contains the following: (1) general release; (2) two views of Voyager 2 flight past Jupiter; (3) Voyager mission summary; (4) Voyager 1 science results; (5) Jupiter science objectives; (6) Jupiter the planet and its satellites; (7) Voyager experiments; (8) planet comparison; (9) a list of Voyager science investigators and (10) the Voyager team.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-79-86 , P79-10088
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  • 12
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    Altitude-age relationships of the lunar maria (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Altitudes and relative ages of mare surface units were compared to test if a systematic correlation in height of lava eruption surfaces and age might reflect a corresponding increase in depth of the magma chamber with time; in addition the altitudes were studied to shed light on the time and place of warping of mare surfaces. The laser altimeter data from the Apollo missions and relative age data based on crater erosion models and crater counts were used for the study. The data were correlated by using the image data bank of the Lunar Geoscience Consortium. Results of the first part of the study are inconclusive as no systematic increase in height of lavas with time could be shown. The data of the second part of the study support the conclusion that mare surfaces may have warped throughout most of the time represented by sample ages from the Apollo missions, and that the lithosphere may have become strong enough to remain stable after the time of Apollo 12 samples around 3 b.y. ago.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 19, 1979 - Mar 23, 1979; Houston, TX
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  • 13
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    Mars: The Viking discoveries (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: An overview of the Viking Mars probe is presented. The Viking spacecraft is described and a brief history of the earlier observations and exploration of Mars is provided. A number of the Viking photographs of the Martian surface are presented and a discussion of the experiments Viking performed including a confirmation of the general theory of relativity are reported. Martian surface chemistry is discussed and experiments to study the weather on Mars are reported.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-EP-146
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  • 14
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    On the structure of the upper atmosphere of Mars according to data from experiments on the Viking space vehicles (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Altitude profiles of the concentrations of the atmospheric components measured by the on board mass spectrometers during the descent of Viking lander are discussed by assuming that temperature has a smoother profile, and the eddy mixing coefficients are smaller at altitudes of 120 to 170 km than those formally determined. The influence of acoustic gravitational waves and errors in measurements and calculations are discussed in relation to the convolutions in the altitude profiles of the concentrations of the atmospheric components and the temperature of the atmosphere.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75717 , PR-343
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  • 15
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    Dynamics of the accumulation process of the Earth group of planets: Formation of the reverse rotation of Venus (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A numerical simulation of the process of formation of the terrestrial planets is carried within the framework of a new theory for the accumulation of planetary and satellite systems. The numerical simulation permitted determining the parameters of the protoplanetary disk from which Mercury, Venus and the Earth were formed as result of the evolution. The acquisition of a slow retrograde rotation for Venus was discovered during the course of the investigation, whereas Mercury and the Earth acquired direct rotation about their axes. Deviations of the semimajor axes of these three planets as well as the masses of the Earth and Venus from the true values are small as a rule (l 10%). It is shown that during the accumulation of the terrestrial planets, there existed a profound relationship between the process of formation of the orbits and masses of the planet and the process of formation of their rotation about their axes. Estimates are presented for the radii of the initial effective bodies and the time of evolution for the terrestrial accumulation zone.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75641 , PREPRINT-135
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  • 16
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    Report of the Comet Science Working Group (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Scientific objectives and mission strategies for a flyby of Halley's comet and rendezvous with Tempel-2 are discussed. Instrumentation to be carried by both the rendezvous spacecraft and the coma probe payload are listed. Known characteristics of both comets are summarized.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-80542
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  • 17
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    On the acceleration of the auroral plasma of the Earth due to conic instability (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The role of electrostatic conic instability in the diffusion of spilled particles and the acceleration of the auroral plasma of the Earth are numerically investigated by means of quasi-linear equations. Linear increments to the conic instability under magnetospheric conditions are introduced. The quasi-linear equation is averaged along tubes of force taking into account the drift across the magnetic field lines. It is shown that the existence of a conic instability leads to small spills and isotropic distribution of particles, but is also accompanied by significant acceleration of electrons.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75638 , PR-430
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  • 18
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    The Planet Venus (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Physical features of the planet Venus, including its rotational characteristics and the surface properties observed by NASA's Deep Space Network radar scanner and Soviet spacecraft are examined. Atmospheric composition and circulation and the nature of the Venus clouds are also discussed in this instructional pamphlet. A reading list and student projects are included.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-79954 , NF-86/12-77
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  • 19
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    Multicomponent diffusion and energy characteristics of partially ionized plasma in the ionosphere of a planet (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The problem of energy and multicomponent ambipolar diffusion of plasma in the lower ionosphere of a planet with a weak magnetic field is considered.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75409 , PREPRINT-123
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  • 20
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    Report of the Comet Science Working Group (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: General scientific questions and measurement objectives that can be addressed on a first comet mission relate to: (1) the chemical nature and the physical structure of comet nuclei as well as the changes that occur as functions of time and orbital position; (2) the chemical and physical nature of the atmospheres and ionospheres of comets, the processes which occur in them, and the development of these atmospheres and ionospheres as functions of time and orbital position; and (3) the nature of comet tails, the processes by which they are formed, and the interaction of comets with the solar wind. Capabilities of the various instruments required are discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-80543
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  • 21
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    The magnetic anomaly of the Ivreazone (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A magnetic field survey was made in the Ivreazone in 1969/70. The results were: significant anomaly of the vertical intensity is found. It follows the basic main part of the Ivrea-Verbano zone and continues to the south. The width of the anomaly is about 10 km, the maximum measures about +800 gamma. The model interpretation shows that possibly the anomaly belongs to an amphibolitic body, which in connection with the Ivrea-body was found by deep seismic sounding. Therefore, the magnetic anomaly provides further evidence for the conception that the Ivrea-body has to be regarded as a chip of earthmantle material pushed upward by tectonic processes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75425
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  • 22
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    Voyager 1 examines Jupiter (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: An overview of the Voyager mission to Jupiter, Saturn, and possibly Uranus is presented. Scientific instruments onboard the spacecraft are described as well as methods used for their calibration and evaluation during the cruise phase of the mission. Experiments to be performed cover the following areas: imaging science, radio science, cosmic rays, ultraviolet spectroscopy, photopolarimetry, planetary radio astronomy, magnetic fields, low-energy charged particles, plasma science, and infrared radiometry and spectroscopy. A list of the satellites of Jupiter and their diameters, distances, and periods is included.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-79-23 , P79-10024
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  • 23
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    The model of the composition of the Martian atmosphere (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Global mean distributions of Martian atmospheric components concentrations from the planet's surface up to an altitude of 250 km are calculated. Improved data on the turbulent mixing coefficient, as a function of altitude, on temperature distribution and on chemical and photochemical reaction rates are used. The model data agree well with available measurements of some components concentrations. Variations of composition due to long-period variations of temperature, moisture and turbulent mixing are investigated. The relative significance of different catalytic cycles and the important role of excited atoms 0 (d-1) are revealed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75048
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  • 24
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    A possible explanation of the mechanism of formation of the equatorial jet on the surface of Jupiter (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Formation of the equatorial jet of the Jovian surface was explained as a consequence of the Taylor-Proudman theorem. The asymptotic theory of motion of low viscosity fluids in a rotating spherical shear layer was included. The model shows the straited structure of the Jovian surface as the outflow of convective cells having the shape of axisymmetric rolls extended along the axis of rotation in the meridional direction. Depth of the layer was found to be of the order of 1000 kilometers.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75247
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  • 25
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    Joint document concerning geological studies from 1971 - 1975 (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: In 1971, a joint Soviet-Americam Working Group on Remote Sensing of the Natural Environment was established. It was organized into a number of discipline panels, one of which was on geology. Membership on this panel came from the Geological Survey of the United States and from the Institute of Geology of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences and Ministry Geology of the U.S.S.R.. During the period 1971-1975, this panel conducted coordinated research in the use of space remote sensing data in the field of geology. A summary of that coordinated research effort is presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-78318
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  • 26
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    Scientific rationale and strategies for a first comet mission: Report of the Comet Halley science working group (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The science objectives of a first comet mission are reviewed and related to what is known or can be expected to be learned in the near future from ground-based and near earth observations. A set of instruments and their science objectives are defined for a mission to Comet Halley during its 1985/86 apparition. The benefits from a fast flyby, a slow flyby, or a rendezvous mission and the relative impact of each on the instrument payload were assessed. The relative scientific value of encounters with the comet at distances from the sun ranging from 1 AU to 2.5 AU, including possible tradeoffs between flyby velocity and distance was considered. Pre- and post-perihelion encounters were likewise evaluated.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-78420
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  • 27
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    Voyager to Jupiter and Saturn (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The NASA Voyager mission to explore planets of the outer solar system is summarized. The mission schedule and profiles for encounters with Jupiter and Saturn, and possibly with Uranus and Pluto are included along with a description of the spacecraft and its trajectories. Scientific investigations to be made and the instruments carried are also discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-SP-420
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  • 28
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    The lunar nomenclature: The reverse side of the moon (1961-1973) (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The history of naming the details of the relief on the near and reverse sides of the moon is examined. The book contains lists of the names of craters of the reverse side of the moon in Russian and the Latin spellings.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75035
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  • 29
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    The reaction of the atmosphere to solar disturbances (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The effect of solar flares on the thermosphere and the troposphere is investigated. It is found that during periods of geoeffect solar disturbances, there is a connection between phenomena in the upper and lower atmospheres and that variations in atmospheric parameters correlate with changes in the geomagnetic index.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75500 , All-Union Conf. on Sun Atmosphere Relations in Climate Theory and Weather Forecasts; Oct 30, 1972 - Nov 01, 1972; Moscow
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  • 30
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    Recent results of radio interferometric determinations of a transcontinental baseline, polar motion, and earth rotation (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Results are discussed for radio interferometric observations of extragalactic radio sources with antennas at Haystack Observatory in Massachusetts and the Owens Valley Radio Observatory in California (3900-km baseline) during 14 separate experiments distributed between September 1976 and May 1978. Simultaneous analysis of the data from several experiments yields estimates of changes in the x component of pole position and in earth's rotation (UT1). Comparison with the corresponding results obtained by the Bureau International de l'Heure (BIH) reveals systematic differences. In particular, the trends in the radio interferometric determinations of the changes in pole position are found to agree more closely with those from the International Polar Motion Service and from Doppler observations of satellites than with those from the BIH.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Time and the earth''s rotation; Eighty-second Symposium; May 08, 1978 - May 12, 1978; San Fernando; Spain
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  • 31
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    Viking Orbiter imaging observations of dust in the Martian atmosphere (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: More than 20 local Martian dust clouds and two global dust storms were observed with the Viking Orbiter camera. Sixteen of the local clouds were imaged in two colors or were observed with other instruments confirming their identification as dust clouds. These Viking results are compared with earth-based observations of Martian dust storms and with Mariner 9 data. Most of the dust activity seen by Viking occurred during southern hemisphere spring and early summer, when Mars was near perihelion and insolation was near maximum. About half the local clouds occurred near the edge of the southern polar cap, where winds are presumably enhanced by a strong regional temperature gradient. The other half occurred mainly in the southern hemisphere near regions where circulation models incorporating topography predict positive vertical velocities. Although dust clouds observed from earth show a similar partial correlation with models, some ambiguity exists concerning interpretation of regions near Hellespontus that have spawned the most spectacular Martian dust storms on record.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; June 10
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  • 32
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    Seasonal recession of Mars' south polar cap as seen by Viking (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The spring-summer retreat of the south polar cap of Mars is portrayed in photomosaics obtained by Viking Orbiter 2 during 1977. Comparisons of these data to Mariner 9 photos and to the record of telescopic observations attest that the polar retreat viewed by Viking was significantly slower than those previously reported. A global dust storm which occurred at an unusually early season may have effected this retarded recession by introducing dust into the atmosphere of Mars which modified the polar energy balance through scattering of incident radiation. The composition of the south residual cap cannot be unambiguously determined at this time; however, some data suggest that CO2 or clathrate survived the entire summer viewed by Viking.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; June 10
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  • 33
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    Viking observations of a Martian climate fluctuation (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The retreat of Mars' south polar cap during spring and summer was observed in detail by Viking orbiters. This regression was significantly slower than those observed previously by telescope and by Mariner 9. The retardation may have been caused by a reduction in surface insolation brought about by aerosols produced in an unusually early global dust storm.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: In: Evolution of planetary atmospheres and climatology of the earth; International Conference; Oct 16, 1978 - Oct 20, 1978; Nice; France
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  • 34
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    Electrical discharges in the atmosphere of Venus (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Data received from Venera 11 and 12 experiments involving the electrical activity of the atmosphere of Venus show that the electrical discharges occur in the cloud layer. Their energy is roughly the same as in terrestrial lightning, but with a pulse repetition frequency of the discharges which is much greater.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75639
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    Global distribution of ozone for various seasons (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A technique which was used to obtain a catalog of the seasonal global distribution of ozone is presented. The technique is based on the simultaneous use of 1964-1975 data on the total ozone content from a worldwide network of ozonometric stations and on the vertical ozone profile from ozone sounding stations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75435
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  • 36
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    NASA Facts: an Educational Publication of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. the Voyager Mission (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The evolution of Jupiter, as well as its rotation, atmosphere and magnetosphere are described in this third in a series of publications on the exploration of the outer planets by the Voyager spacecraft. Activities for student participation are included with a selected reading list.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-79953 , NF-89
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  • 37
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    Altitudes of the lower edge of the artificial auroral rays on the basis of the observations in the Zarnitsa-2 experiments (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Some results of optical television measurements in the Zarnitsa-2 experiment are presented. The altitudes of the lower edge of artificial auroral rays were determined by the triangulation method and are compared with theoretical calculations of these altitudes based on the Jacchia and CIRA models of the atmosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75631
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  • 38
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    Anomaly of the composition of the F-2 equatorial region of the ionosphere during the hours after sunset according to data from the mass-spectrometer experiment on the Cosmos-274 (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A mass spectrometer on board Cosmos-274 measured concentrations of light atoms and ions. While traversing the geomagnetic equator during the evening hours it recorded on anomalous drop in ionized molecular oxygen and ionized atomic oxygen and nitrogen. A similar, less dramatic, decline was observed in the concentration of neutral atomic oxygen. A possible explanation for this and previously observed behavior is an ascent in altitude of the F layer in the hours after sunset, a possibility which is supported by calculations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75615 , PR-331
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  • 39
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    Internal gravity waves in the upper atmosphere, generated by tropospheric jet streams (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A mechanism of internal gravity wave generation by jet streams in the troposphere is considered. Evaluations of the energy and pulse of internal gravity waves emitted into the upper atmosphere are given. The obtained values of flows can influence the thermal and dynamic regime of these layers.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75407
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  • 40
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    Identification of a new class of satellites in the outer solar system (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: From near-infrared photometry (JHKL) of small bodies in the outer solar system a previously unrecognized class of planetary satellites is identified which may have surfaces mostly free of frosts of water, methane, or ammonia. These bodies - including two satellites of Uranus (Titania and Oberon), and one each of Saturn (Hyperion) and Neptune (Triton) - have surfaces characterized by neutral reflectance between J and H (1.25 and 1.60 microns) and rapidly decreasing reflectance at K (2.2 microns) and L (3.5 microns). It is pointed out that the 15 solid bodies in the outer solar system that have been satisfactorily observed (excluding the asteroids) fall into six classes according to spectral reflectance. The presence of water frost or ice on the surface of Enceladus is established.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 217
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  • 41
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    Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The mathematical theory of inversion methods is applied to the remote sounding of atmospheric temperature, humidity, and aerosol constituents.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CP-004 , Dec 15, 1976 - Dec 17, 1976; Hampton, VA; United States
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  • 42
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    What's new on the moon. I (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The article gives a general discussion of the state of knowledge concerning the composition, structure, and history of the moon, with attention focused on the new data obtained from the study of the results of Apollo and Luna experiments. The general characteristics of the lunar rocks are mentioned and compared with those of the earth. A possible structure for the lunar interior, as revealed by data on moonquakes, heat flow measurements, and meteorite impacts is sketched. A scenario for the history of the moon is outlined.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Sky and Telescope; 53; Mar. 197
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  • 43
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    Explorer 45 wave observations during the large magnetic storm of August 4-5, 1972 (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The magnetospheric compression associated with the very large magnetic storm of August 4-5, 1972, provided an opportunity for Explorer 45 to observe plasma waves in the magnetosphere and the magnetosheath during extremely disturbed conditions. Electrostatic noise bursts were observed near the plasmapause in electric-field channels from 35 Hz to 5.62 kHz. In the outer magnetosphere, electric-field noise bands apparently harmonically related to the electron gyrofrequency with components as low as 3 kHz and as high as 50 kHz were observed. The electric field of the fundamental was perpendicular to the magnetic-field vector. A mechanism including the electron cyclotron instability may generate the noise band. Hiss of 100-1000 Hz was observed in the outer magnetosphere. The electromagnetic hiss was generally weak and was observed in the magnetic wide-band data only when it was strong. In the magnetosheath broad band, incoherent noise (hiss) was observed from 1 Hz to 100 kHz. This magnetosheath hiss was the strongest phenomenon observed by the plasma-wave detectors during the lifetime of Explorer 45. The highest intensities of magnetosheath hiss occurred at the magnetopause. Its broad-band nature suggests that magnetosheath hiss was generated locally. Broad-band noise bursts and short bursts of chorus were also observed in the magnetosheath.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Jan. 1
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  • 44
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    Sizes and albedos of the larger asteroids (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The purpose of the present paper is to review all asteroid diameter measurements, current through mid-1976, and to combine them in a consistent way to give the best available estimates for a sample totalling 187 objects. From these diameters it is possible to determine the size-distributions of minor planets down to diameters of 50 km in the inner belt and 100 km in the outer belt. The associated albedos further indicate the distribution of objects of the C, S, and M classes throughout the belt.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: International Colloquium; Aug 17, 1976 - Aug 20, 1976; Lyons; France
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  • 45
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    National Geodetic Satellite Program, Part 1 (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The work performed by individual contributors to the National Geodetic Satellite Program is presented. The purpose of the organization, the instruments used in obtaining the data, a description of the data itself, the theory used in processing the data, and evaluation of the results are detailed for the participating organizations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-SP-365-PT-1
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  • 46
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    Lunar science stations cease functioning October 1 (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-77-203 , P77-10201
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  • 47
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    NASA, Soviet joint sounding rocket tests (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-77-151 , P77-10150
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  • 48
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    What the exploration of Mars tells us about earth (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Data obtained from the Viking missions to Mars have lead to comparisons between characteristics of that planet and certain aspects of earth. Topics discussed include: thermal and compositional evolution of the planets' interiors, the origin of their atmospheres, the history of their fluid environments, the evolution of organic material, and climatic changes. Examples of convective and magmatic activity on the crusts of the two planets are contrasted; outgassing evidenced in the crustal zones is related to the evolution of atmosphere. Analysis of experimental degassing of meteorites provides further insight into the origin and composition of planetary atmospheres. Attributes of the Martian surface, which is apparently an oxidizing rather than reducing medium, are reviewed, and explanations proposed to account for its lack of an organic richness comparable to that found on earth. Data on long-range climatic changes on earth, related to precession, obliquity, and eccentricity of the planet, may contribute to understanding of the Martian polar caps, and vice versa.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Physics Today; 30; July 197
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  • 49
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    Diameters of minor planets (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The paper discusses the tremendous improvements in measurements of the asteroids since 1970, when polarimetric and radiometric methods began to replace the visual methods. A table is given which gives the sizes and albedos of 187 of the larger asteroids. When the asteroids are sorted according to albedo, they are seen to fall into two distinct groups: C-type, or carbonaceous, asteroids, with albedos of 2-5%, and a group of primarily stony or silicate bodies, the S asteroids, clustered around an albedo of 15%. The majority of the asteroids are seen to be very dark, and the maximum density in the asteroid belt must lie somewhere beyond 3.0 astronomical units.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Sky and Telescope; 53; Mar. 197
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  • 50
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    Estimation of the density of Martian soil from radiophysical measurements in the 3-centimeter range (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The density of the Martian soil is evaluated at a depth up to one meter using the results of radar measurement at lambda sub 0 = 3.8 cm and polarized radio astronomical measurement at lambda sub 0 = 3.4 cm conducted onboard the automatic interplanetary stations Mars 3 and Mars 5. The average value of the soil density according to all measurements is rho bar = 1.37 plus or minus 0.33 g/ cu cm. A map of the distribution of the permittivity and soil density is derived, which was drawn up according to radiophysical data in the 3 centimeter range.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75047
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    Standard techniques for presentation and analysis of crater size-frequency data (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: In September 1977 a crater studies workshop was held for the purpose of developing standardized data analysis and presentation techniques. The present report contains the unanimous recommendations of the participants. Recommendations are devoted primarily to crater size-frequency data and refer to cumulative and relative size-frequency distribution plots and to morphological analysis.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 37; Feb. 197
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  • 52
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    On the possibility of analytical approximation of line forms during random disorders of the resonance frequencies in molecular vibration-rotation spectra for satellite sounding (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The generalization spectral line contour concept and formulas for a two component mixture, as well as consequences of the general formula are discussed. The calculation procedure, initial information, calculation results and comparison of calculations with available experimental data, for radiation absorption in three CO2 bands are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75655
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  • 53
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    Study of the 10 micron continuum of water vapor (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Radiation attenuation by atmospheric water vapor is considered. A formula based on laboratory data is recommended for approximating continuous absorption in the spectra region in question. Data of full scale measurements and laboratory experiments are compared. It was concluded that only molecular absorption need be taken into account under clear atmospheric conditions during the warm part of the year, while in winter or in cloudy conditions, the effect of aerosol can be significant.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75650
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  • 54
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    Results of the measurement of the vertical profile of ozone up to a height of 70 km by means of the MR-12 and M-100 sounding rockets (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The photometers used and methods of calculation of the vertical ozone concentration profile are described. The results obtained in several series of MR-12 and M-100 sounding rocket launchings are presented and discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75380
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  • 55
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    SAGE to examine Earth's stratosphere (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The SAGE mission is discussed along with the role of the Nimbus 7 experiment. Other topics discussed include: ground truth measurements, data collection and processing, SAGE instrumentation, and launch sequence.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-79-6 , P79-10006
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  • 56
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    Voyager program. Voyager 1 encounter at Jupiter, 5 March 1979 (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Highlights of Voyager 1 activity during the observatory and far-encounter phases are summarized. Daily sequence of events for the spacecraft during the period of greatest encounter activity (Feb. 26 through Mar. 7) the near-encounter phase is given. Times shown designate the time of signal reception at Deep Space Network stations. Events listed emphasize activities pertaining to the four remote sensing instruments on the scan platforms. However, the other 7 experiments will continuously collect data throughout the encounter period.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-79993 , S-802-77-01/02
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  • 57
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    Early stages in the evolution of the atmosphere and climate on the Earth-group planets (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The early evolution of the atmospheres and climate of the Earth, Mars and Venus is discussed, based on a concept of common initial conditions and main processes (besides known differences in chemical composition and outgassing rate). It is concluded that: (1) liquid water appeared on the surface of the earth in the first few hundred million years; the average surface temperature was near the melting point for about the first two eons; CO2 was the main component of the atmosphere in the first 100-500 million years; (2) much more temperate outgassing and low solar heating led to the much later appearance of liquid water on the Martian surface, only one to two billion years ago; the Martian era of rivers, relatively dense atmosphere and warm climate ended as a result of irreversible chemical bonding of CO2 by Urey equilibrium processes; (3) a great lack of water in the primordial material of Venus is proposed; liquid water never was present on the surface of the planet, and there was practically no chemical bonding of CO2; the surface temperature was over 600 K four billion years ago.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75054 , PR-337
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  • 58
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    Scientific rationale and strategies for a first comet mission. Report of the Comet Halley science working group. An executive summary (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The justification, scientific objectives, instrumentation, and strategy for a first comet mission are discussed. Topics include: mission target; rendezous, propulsion system requirements, measurement objectives, instrument capabilities for rendezvous and the tail probe payload, and backup missions if rendezvous with Halley's comet is not possible to achieve. Support research to be done by NASA is recommended.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-78420-PT-2
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  • 59
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    Implications of the Viking results for volatile outgassing from earth and Mars (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Recent measurements of rare gas abundances on Mars by Viking are used in testing an inhomogeneous accretion model for Mars. It is found that not only the relative abundance of H, C, N, Ne-20, A-36, Kr, and Xe, but their total amounts can be best explained if the outer layers of earth and Mars were made of a material similar to ordinary chondrites.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 266; Apr. 28
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  • 60
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    The Galilean satellites and Jupiter - Voyager 2 imaging science results (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Continuous global observations of Jupiter were made by Voyager 2 for a period of 63 days. Voyager 2 provided images that both complement and supplement the Voyager 1 images. The combined Voyager 1 and 2 observations of Jupiter provide an almost continuous record, over a 6-month period, of the behavior of the Jovian atmosphere at a resolution far better than can be obtained from earth-based studies. The present report briefly describes the changes in the cloud morphologies and local atmospheric motions. On Io, changes are observed in eruptive activity, plume structure, and surface albedo patterns. Europa's surface retains little or no record of intense meteorite bombardment, but reveals a system of overlapping bright and dark linear features. Ganymede exhibits at least one unit of heavily cratered terrain on a surface that otherwise suggests widespread tectonism. Except for two large ringed basins, Callisto's entire surface is heavily cratered.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 206; Nov. 23
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  • 61
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    Venera-11 and Venera 12: Preliminary estimates for the wind speed and turbulence in the atmosphere of Venus (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The methods and results of measurements for wind speed and atmospheric turbulence in the clouds of Venus are described, and compared with earlier results. The distribution of wind speed obtained from the data of Venera 12 is in good conformity with the data of the preceding Venera and Pioneer probes, indicating the existence of a constant and powerful zonal movement of the troposphere.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75726
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    Voyager pictures reveal new moon of jupiter (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-79-132 , P-79-10130
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  • 63
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    Results of measurement of the night corpuscular flux on the MR-12 rockets in the JASPIC project (Soviet part of the program) (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: In June 1978, a joint Soviet-American project (JASPIC) was conducted, the goals of which were: (1) the study of the flows of spilling electrons which act upon the middle-latitude ionosphere under nocturnal conditions (nocturnal corpuscular source of ionization); and (2) the mutual comparison of procedures for recording corpuscular radiations in the upper atmosphere, using meteorological and geophysical rockets.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75691
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  • 64
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    Numerical modelling of the formation process of planets from protoplanetary cloud (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Evolution of the plane protoplanetary cloud, consisting of a great number of gravitationally interacting and uniting under collision bodies (protoplanets) moving in the central field of a large mass (the Sun or a planet), is considered. It is shown that in the course of protoplanetary cloud evolution the ring zones of matter expansion and compression occur with the subsequent development leading to formation of planets, rotating about their axes mainly directly. The principal numerical results were obtained through digital simulation of planetary accumulation.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75642 , PREPRINT-134
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  • 65
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    Problems with the interpretation of paleomagnetic measurements due to studies of basalts from the Paleovolcano Vogelsberg in Hessen (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The palaeomagnetic parameters of more than 5,000 samples of cores taken from 33 drilling holes through innumerable basalt units of the Vogelsberg Paleovolcano in Hessen were measured. Measurements of specimens of thin and thick layers without any gap proved that inclination, natural remanence, susceptibility and Konigsberger factor were dependent on their distance from the surface of units, layers, lamelles, etc. Therefore, representative data for the evaluation of palaeomagnetic measurements can be expected only in the interior part of lava flows and intrusions. The statistic method which enclosed all values of measurements gave significant data which was not appropriate for the interpretation of palaeomagnetic and geological events.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75355
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  • 66
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    International rocket project to compare ozone sensors (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-79-130 , P79-10128
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  • 67
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    Results and interpretation of measurements of the light flux in the near-surface layer of the Venusian atmosphere (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The characteristics of the field of radiation in the near surface layer of the atmosphere and on the surface of Venus are reported. Optical measurements made during the landing of the descent vehicles are described. The relief of the surface and the amount of dust on it are examined. The spectral relationship of the albedo of the soil and the light flux incident on the surface is discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75716 , PR-338
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    Tectonics and volcanisms of Mars (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Televised images of Mars transmitted from interplanetary stations are used to develop a theory of the structure and development of the planet. Crater chronology, the structure of planetary bodies in the Earth group, and a comparison of the Earth planetary bodies are among the factors included.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75604
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  • 69
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    Second International Colloquium on Mars: Abstracts for a colloquium (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: Abstracts of 110 papers relating to investigations of the planet Mars and intended for consideration at the colloquium are presented. Entries are arranged alphabetically according to the author's name.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-CP-2072 , Jan 15, 1979 - Jan 18, 1979; Pasadena, CA; United States
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    Comparative studies of Lunar, Martian, and Mercurian craters and plains (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Lunar features provide a valuable interpretation data base for comparison with features on other planets which are believed to have been formed by the cratering process. The paper adopts the comparative approach by examining the smooth plains of the moon and Mercury, with special emphasis on crater degradation on the moon, Mercury, and Mars. A possible cause for the observed deficiency of craters with diameters no more than 50 km on certain areas of lunar uplands and on the entire uplands of Mercury and Mars is discussed. It is suggested that pertinent differences can be predicted on the basis of new concepts for production population and of effects of changes in planetary conditions on the secondary cratering process. It is concluded that the deficiency of craters with diameters no more than 50 km on parts of the lunar uplands and on the Mercurian and Martian uplands may be evidence for a deficiency in production of primary craters in this size range. Origin of the late heavy bombardment in the inner solar system is examined.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Apr. 10
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    Asteroid sizes and albedos (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The radiometric method of determining asteroid diameters is described, and a synthesis of radiometric and polarimetric measurements of the diameters and geometric albedos of a total of 187 asteroids is presented. An analysis is offered of the size distributions of different albedo classes down to 80-km diameter for the entire main asteroid belt (2.0-3.5 AU). The distribution of albedos is found to be strongly bimodal, with mean albedos for the C and S group of 0.035 and 0.15, respectively. The C asteroids outnumber the S asteroids at all sizes and all values of semimajor axis, with the proportion of C asteroids increasing from a little over half inside 2.5 AU to more than 95% beyond 3.0 AU. Other aspects of the distribution of C, S, and M asteroids are discussed, and the total mass of main-belt asteroids larger than 70 km is estimated.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 31; June 197
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    Global Aspects of the Earth's Magnetopause (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: Measurable characteristics of the magnetopause are discussed. The Earth's magnetopause is a thin magnetic discontinuity separating the shocked, magnetized plasma of the solar wind from a more tenuous plasma contained by the geomagnetic field. This external magnetosheath plasma flows around the magnetosphere with characteristics that are in approximate agreement with gas dynamic theory. The interplanetary magnetic field carried by this plasma becomes draped over the magnetosphere and its orientation relative to the local geomagnetic field determines the local magnetopause current. Solar wind pressure and interplanetary field direction control the geocentric distance to the magnetopause with high pressures and southware fields moving the equatorial magnetopause to a more earthward location. Evidence suggests that the magnetopause is Kelvin-Helmholtz unstable and surface waves are propagating toward the magnetotail.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: ESA Magnetospheric Boundary Layers; p 5-13
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    Galileo to Jupiter: Probing the Planet and Mapping Its Moons (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: The first project to use the space shuttle as an interplanetary launch vehicle, the Galileo mission is designed to obtain information about the origin and evolution of the solar system by studying large-scale phenomena on Jupiter and its satellites. Aimed towards Mars to obtain gravity assist, the orbiting spacecraft will deploy a probe, which penetrating the Jovian atmosphere, will transmit data for approximately an hour. The spacecraft itself will inspect the atmospheres, ionospheres, and surfaces of Ganymede, Io, Europa, and Callisto, as well as determine their magnetic and gravitational properties. The experiments to be conducted and their scientific objectives are described. Known facts about the Jovian system are reviewed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-CR-162142 , JPL-400-15-7/79
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  • 74
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    The coordinated federal program for the application of space technology to crustal dynamics and earthquake research (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: The application of space technology to important problems relating to crustal dynamics and earthquake research is described. Federal plans for such applications are summarized.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-82215
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    The structure and microphysical properties of the clouds of Venus (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Results are presented from the processing and interpretation of measurement data in the descent capsules of the automatic stations Venera-9 and Venera-10 for the characteristics of light scattering in the atmosphere of Venus by means of onboard nephelometers. A model for the aerosol component in the planet's atmosphere in the altitude range 62-14 km is proposed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75725 , PREPRINT-144
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  • 76
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    Early findings from Pioneer Venus (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-79-13 , P79-10013
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  • 77
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    Magsat: A satellite for measuring near earth magnetic fields (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Magsat, designed for making measurements of the geomagnetic vector field, is evaluated. For accurate vector measurements the attitude of the fluxgate magnetometer will be determined to about 15 arc-seconds. Expected measurement accuracy will be 6 (gamma) in each component and 3 in magnitude. The Magsat data will be applied to solid earth studies including modeling of the Earth's main magnetic field, delineation of regional magnetic anomalies of crustal origin, and interpretation of those anomalies in terms of geologic and geophysical models. An opportunity will be presented to the scientific community to participate in data use investigations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71370 , X-922-97-199 , Gen. Sci. Assembly of the Intern. Assoc. of Geomag. and Aeronomy; Aug 22, 1977 - Sep 03, 1977; Seattle
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  • 78
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    What's new on the moon. II (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Apollo missions and returned lunar samples have provided new information about the moon, the earth, the sun, and the universe. Analyses show that all the planets were formed by the rapid accumulation of small bodies into larger ones about 4.6 billion years ago. The existence of simple molecules formed by reactions between the soil particles and atoms of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen that have come from the sun, suggests that the basic ingredients for life are common in the universe. The ratio of hydrogen to helium in the solar wind reaching the moon is found to be 20 to 1, whereas the earth-based measurements show this ratio to be 10 to 1. Although the moon does not have any magnetic field at the present, the analyses revealed the existence of such a field three billion years ago. The understanding of the reasons for the disappearance of this field is vital for understanding planetary magnetic fields. The determination of the chemical composition of the whole moon, the explanation of the moon's observed asymmetry, and the understanding of the nature of moon's interior will have to be achieved by future, possibly unmanned, missions.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Sky and Telescope; 53; Apr. 197
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  • 79
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    NASA laser systems to study earth's crustal movements (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-79-117 , P79-10116
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  • 80
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    Investigation of the phenomenon of the big comet of 1858 (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Various aspects of the large comet of 1858 including the luminosity of the core and the shape, intensity and position of the tail with respect to the sun and stars are described and then compared with the large comet of 1744 described by Heinsius and Halley's comet of 1835. The purpose of these observations is to try to gain a clearer understanding of the nature of the polar force from the sun acting on the comet. This force is said to differ from the usual force of gravity.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75193
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    Viking cameras reveal new Martian frost layer (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-79-107 , P79-10107
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  • 82
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    Spectrophotometric experiment on the Verera-11 and Venera-12 descent vehicles: Some results of the analysis of the spectrum of the daytime sky of Venus (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: The spectra of the daytime sky of Venus were recorded on the Venera-11 and Venera-12 descent vehicles at various altitudes above the planet's surface, within the interval of 4500 to 12,000 Angstroms. The angular distribution of the brightness of the scattered radiation was recorded and the ratio of water and carbon dioxide were studied, with respect to the cloud cover boundaries.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75640
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  • 83
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    Reports of planetary geology program, 1976 - 1977 (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: One hundred seventeen investigations undertaken in the NASA Planetary Geology Program in 1976-1977 are reported in abstract form. Topics discussed include solar system formation; planetary interiors; planetary evolution; asteroids, comets and moons; cratering; volcanic, eolian, fluvial and mass wasting processes; volatiles and the Martian regolith; mapping; and instrument development and techniques. An author index is provided.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-3511
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  • 84
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    Balloon-borne atmospheric spectral measurements (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Infrared solar spectra, with .02 per cm resolution, were collected during sunset from a balloon at 40 km on October 27, 1978. Portions of the data obtained during the flight have been compared with theoretical calculations made using the data on the AFGL tape. The results of these comparisons reveal a number of areas of disagreement between theory and experimental results. The areas of disagreement are discussed in detail.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric effects on radiative transfer; August 29, 30, 1979; San Diego, CA
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  • 85
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    The Pioneer Venus Missions (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Two spacecraft with scientific instruments, a Multiprobe and an Orbiter, were sent to Venus by the USA in 1978 and successfully performed a series of measurements of the Venusian environment, in situ from the probes and remotely from the Orbiter. The paper discusses the scientific objectives of the missions, describes the spacecraft and trajectories, presents the performance of the spacecraft and instruments, and summarizes the scientific findings. The results indicate an excess of primordial argon at Venus; four distinct cloud layers were observed; four widely separated sites in both daylight and night time show almost no differences in atmospheric temperature and pressure below about 50 km altitude; winds up to 200 m/sec were observed at high altitudes; large plateaus were identified on the surface.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: IAF PAPER 79-147 , International Astronautical Federation, International Astronautical Congress; Sept. 17-22, 1979; Munich
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  • 86
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    The effects of ultraviolet light on the degradation of organic compounds - A possible explanation for the absence of organic matter on Mars (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The analysis of the top layer of the Martian regolith at the two Viking landing sites did not reveal any indigenous organic compounds. However, the existence of such compounds at deeper layers cannot be ruled out. Cosmochemical considerations indicate various potential sources for organic matter on Mars, such as comets and meteorites. The study tested the stability of a sample of the Murchison meteorite and various organic substances which have been detected in carbonaceous chondrites, such as glycine, adenine and naphthalene, to the action of ultraviolet light. The compounds were adsorbed on powdered quartz and on California desert soil and were irradiated in the presence or absence of oxygen. The organic content, before and after irradiation, was measured by carbon elementary analysis, UV-absorption, amino acid analysis or pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In the absence of oxygen, adenine and glycine appear to be stable over the given part of irradiation. A definite degradation was noticed in the case of naphtalene and the Murchison meteorite. In the presence of oxygen in amounts comparable to those on Mars all compounds were degraded. The degree of degradation was influenced by the irradiation time, temperature and oxygen content.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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    The Viking results - The case for man on Mars (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The Viking landers have provided a number of insights into the composition of the Martian atmosphere and soils (e.g. the high Ar-40/Ar-36 ratio in the atmosphere, and the very low level of organic molecules in the Martian soil). However, a manned mission to Mars could yield much needed additional information on the planet. Seismic and electromagnetic sounding surveys, cloud tracking, drilling for permafrost, and the deduction of geologic field relationships are among the tasks for which a manned research endeavor is particularly suited. Rocket propellant synthesis and the production of food on Mars may be necessary to support such a manned mission.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: AAS 78-156
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  • 88
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    Gravity research at Cottrell observatory (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The Cottrell gravity research observatory and work in progress are described. Equipment in place and equipment to be installed, the cryogenic gravity meter (CGM), concrete pads to support the vertical seismometer, CGM, and guest experiments, techniques of data analysis, and improvements needed in the CGM are discussed. Harmonic earth eigenvibrations with multipole moments are examined and their compatibility with a fictitious black hole binary system (of which the primary central mass is assigned a value one million solar masses) located 400 light-years away is shown by calculations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: IAF PAPER A-77-22
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  • 89
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    Evaluation of atmospheric trace constituent sensors operating from remote space and airborne platforms (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: A laboratory gas analysis system was developed specifically to make trace level measurements of carbon monoxide. To assure that the data collected with this system are correctly aligned with other established methods for making these measurements, an intercalibration study was conducted. The calibration gas was analyzed by the various participating laboratories and found to contain 1.28 ppm CO. Samples were collected at 25 deg, 35 deg, and 45 deg N for profile data to study the variation in concentrations of CO and CH4 as a function of altitude and latitude in continental air over the eastern seaboard of the United States. The experiment was repeated several months later to determine if there were seasonally dependent variations in the CO and CH4 concentrations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-162365 , GSTR-79-8
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  • 90
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    Photogeological constraints on lunar and planetary vulcanism, part 1 (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Central volcanic constructs were studied as constraints on the thermal evolution and regional tectonics of the Moon and terrestrial planets. The origins of sub-kilometer lunar craters were examined with regards to implications for mare basalt petrogenesis. The morphology, distribution, age, and tectonic setting of the volcanic constructs were studied using Viking Orbiter data.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-CR-163901
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  • 91
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    Gravity anomaly and geoid undulation results in local areas from GEOS-3 altimeter data (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The adjusted GEOS-3 altimeter data, taken as averages within a data frame, have been used to construct free air anomaly and geoid undulation profiles and maps in areas of geophysical interest. Profiles were constructed across the Philippine Trench (at a latitude of 6 deg) and across the Bonin Trench (at a latitude of 28 deg). In the latter case an anomaly variation of 443 mgals in 143 km was derived from the altimeter data. These variations agreed reasonably with terrestrial estimates, considering the predicted point accuracy was about + or - 27 mgals. An area over the Patton Sea mounts was also investigated with the altimeter anomaly field agreeing well with the terrestrial data except for the point directly over the top of the sea mount. It is concluded that the GEOS-3 altimeter data is valuable not only for determining 5 deg and 1 deg x 1 deg mean anomalies, but also can be used to describe more local anomaly variations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: The use of artificial satellites for geodesy and geodynamics. Volume 2; May 29, 1978 - Jun 02, 1978; Athens; Greece
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  • 92
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    Geologic problems in the northern plains of Mars (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Viking pictures have made it possible to subdivide the few broad plains categories recognized on Mariner-9 pictures into smaller more definitive geologic units. Mapping problems arise in places where image resolution is sufficient to reveal the texture characteristics of individual units, but does not disclose the nature of their boundaries nor their stratigraphic relations. The mottled plains remain the most extensive undivided geologic unit in the northern Martian hemisphere; they may represent the northern remnant of the highlands, separated by crustal extension. Further resolution of the mottled plains unit may depend largely on digital enhancement of pictures in selected areas.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 19, 1979 - Mar 23, 1979; Houston, TX
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  • 93
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    Origin of Valles Marineris (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The purpose of the paper is to propose an origin of Valles Marineris and contiguous features such as Noctis Labyrinthus, chaotic terrain, and the large channels of Mars. These are found to: (1) be continuous to each other, (2) have gradual transition between the morphologies, (3) be related by tectonic fracturing, and associated with features of possible magmatic origin. A model is presented in which the geological process is a magmatic process, and after initial uplift and fracturing, Valles Marineris, Noctis Labyrinthus and some chaotic terrain were produced by subsidence caused by lava withdrawal.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 19, 1979 - Mar 23, 1979; Houston, TX
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  • 94
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    Martian soil stratigraphy and rock coatings observed in color-enhanced Viking Lander images (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Subtle color variations of martian surface materials were enhanced in eight Viking Lander (VL) color images. Well-defined soil units recognized at each site (six at VL-1 and four at VL-2), are identified on the basis of color, texture, morphology, and contact relations. The soil units at the Viking 2 site form a well-defined stratigraphic sequence, whereas the sequence at the Viking 1 site is only partially defined. The same relative soil colors occur at the two sites, suggesting that similar soil units are widespread on Mars. Several types of rock surface materials can be recognized at the two sites; dark, relatively 'blue' rock surfaces are probably minimally weathered igneous rock, whereas bright rock surfaces, with a green/(blue + red) ratio higher than that of any other surface material, are interpreted as a weathering product formed in situ on the rock. These rock surface types are common at both sites. Soil adhering to rocks is common at VL-2, but rare at VL-1. The mechanism that produces the weathering coating on rocks probably operates planet-wide.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 19, 1979 - Mar 23, 1979; Houston, TX
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  • 95
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    Eolian streaks in southwestern Egypt and similar features in the Cerberus region of Mars (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 19, 1979 - Mar 23, 1979; Houston, TX
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  • 96
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    Charting the southern seas - The evolution of the lunar Mare Australe (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Mare Australe has been subjected to at least four major episodes of basalt eruption ranging in age from early Imbrian to Eratosthenian. The basalts were emplaced largely in flood eruptions from at least 197 vents located on post-basin impact crater floors. The youngest basalts occur in an annulus near the outer edge of the basin. The fill thickness apparently reflects a multiring structure for the post-impact morphology of the Australe basin; the thin basaltic fill was not sufficient a load to produce tectonic rilles, but mare ridges are present and exhibit a prominent north-south alignment.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 19, 1979 - Mar 23, 1979; Houston, TX
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  • 97
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    Multispectral mapping of the Apollo 15-Apennine region - The identification and distribution of regional pyroclastic deposits (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Multispectral mapping of the Apollo 15-Apennine region has allowed the identification of numerous dark mantle deposits of probable pyroclastic origin. The deposits display a low albedo, appear to mantle and slightly subdue subjacent terrain, are spectrally distinct on the multispectral maps (high in the infrared but low in the ultraviolet) and generally exhibit a weak depolarized 3.8 cm radar echo. These characteristics are consistent with an origin by pyroclastic eruption. The regional dark mantle deposits are commonly associated with vents along marginal fractures and faults near the base of the Apennines, thereby emphasizing the role of basin-controlled weaknesses in providing channels for the upward migration of magma generated at depth. The spectral properties of the pyroclastic deposits are incompatible with those of Apollo 15 green glass but the deposits may be composed of material similar to the Apollo 15 brown or yellow glass. If so, the widespread distribution of the deposits suggest that mare basalts genetically related to the brown or yellow glass may occur in the Apollo 15 region. Moreover, pyroclastic volcanic activity has apparently been a more important and widespread process in the Apollo 15-Apennine region than has previously been thought.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 19, 1979 - Mar 23, 1979; Houston, TX
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  • 98
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    Mare Crisium geologic units - Implications of additional remote sensing data (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Additional spectral reflectance data are presented for the Mare Crisium region. This new remote sensing information supports and supplements the subdivision of Mare Crisium into three major basalt units and shows further that: (1) the Luna 24 landing site is on a small region apparently surrounded by distinctly different units, but is clearly correlated with basalt Group IIA of Head et al. (1978); (2) exposures of Group IIB basalt in the northern and southern parts of the basin are spectrally similar; and (3) Group I basalts along the eastern part of the basin, which have been proposed to be relatively young (Boyce and Johnson, 1977), are spectrally similar to older Group I basalts.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 19, 1979 - Mar 23, 1979; Houston, TX
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  • 99
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    Thickness of the western mare basalts (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The basalts of the western maria occupy large circular basins and surrounding lowlands associated with the basins. Mare Imbrium and Mare Humorum are the only well-preserved circular basins. Isopach mapping suggests that the vast expanse of basalt plains of Oceanus Procellarum mantles a composite structure of several coalescing basins. The thickest basalts are found in Mare Imbrium, Mare Humorum, and in the western part of the Oceanus Procellarum. Relatively thin basalts are found south and southwest of Mare Imbrium, in the Central Lowland region, and in northern Procellarium. For the most part, the general conclusions of earilier studies of the eastern maria are confirmed in the western maria.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 19, 1979 - Mar 23, 1979; Houston, TX
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  • 100
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    Endogenic craters on basaltic lava flows - Size frequency distributions (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Circular crater forms, termed collapse depressions, which occur on many basalt flows on the earth have also been detected on the moon and Mars and possibly on Mercury and Io. The admixture of collapse craters with impact craters would affect age determinations of planetary surface units based on impact crater statistics by making them appear anomalously old. In the work described in the present paper, the techniques conventionally used in planetary crater counting were applied to the determination of the size range and size frequency distribution of collapse craters on lava flows in Idaho, California, and New Mexico. Collapse depressions range in size from 3 to 80 m in diameter; their cumulative size distributions are similar to those of small impact craters on the moon.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 19, 1979 - Mar 23, 1979; Houston, TX
    Format: text
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