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  • Articles  (2,721)
  • Wiley  (1,737)
  • Springer  (810)
  • Sage Publications  (174)
  • American Chemical Society
  • 1975-1979  (2,721)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1978  (1,394)
  • 1977  (1,327)
  • Geography  (2,721)
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  • Articles  (2,721)
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  • 1975-1979  (2,721)
  • 1950-1954
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of regional production structures (1977)
    Springer
    Papers in regional science 39 (1977), S. 85-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5957
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01936208
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A spatial model for the location construct of Teitz (1977)
    Springer
    Papers in regional science 39 (1977), S. 128-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5957
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01936210
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optimal size and spacing of public facilities in metropolitan areas: The maximum covering location problem revisited (1977)
    Springer
    Papers in regional science 39 (1977), S. 137-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5957
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01936211
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An empirical analysis of the spatial elasticity of labor supply (1977)
    Springer
    Papers in regional science 39 (1977), S. 157-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5957
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01936212
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Construction of Texas coastal foredunes with sea oats (Uniola paniculata) and bitter panicum (Panicum amarum) (1977)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 21 (1977), S. 267-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Studies were conducted on Padre Island, Texas since 1968 to provide specifications for how to use vegetation to reconstruct destroyed portions of foredunes of Gulf Coast barrier islands. The area has a subtropical, semi-arid climate, moderated by maritime tropical air from the Gulf of Mexico. Annual precipitation averages 670 mm for the island. We established experimental foredunes in broad overwash areas, 1.5 m M.S.L. where foredunes were eroded by hurricanes or destroyed by blowouts and across hurricane overwash channels of lower elevation behind the berm and more susceptible to surges. Most successful establishment of a vegetated dune was by transplanting directly onto the level backbeach to reestablish the original duneline about 125 meters inland. Sea oats and bitter panicum proved best of all species tested. Bitter panicum was the more desirable because of higher transplant survival, a longer planting season, and ease of harvest. Transplant survival was influenced more by soil salinity, soil moisture, and plant vigor, than by planting season as successful plantings occurred during all seasons. December through February plantings were best for sea oats, but survival of bitter panicum transplants different little from November through May. Both species are capable of growth year round during periods of favorable climatic conditions, although little growth occurs from mid-December to mid-February. Transplants placed 0.6 m apart with total planting width of 15 m produced foredunes nearly 6 m high in 6 years. Such plantings trapped sand at the rate of 12.5 m3/m of beach. In hurricane overwash channels, we used 0.6 m high sand fence placed 3 m apart to produce a flat topped dune free of salt for a planting surface. Without this site preparation, no transplants survived due to high soil salinity. Dune width was effectively widened by planting a strip 15 m wide immediately beachward of a previously established 4-year old dune.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01552880
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cape, an improved strain of American beachgrass (1977)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 21 (1977), S. 307-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01552885
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High surface temperatures of trees and pine litter in the winter and their biological importance (1977)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 21 (1977), S. 325-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Measurements in The Netherlands show that in the winter (Dec.–March) solar radiation measured perpendicular to the solar beam can be quite strong. Consequently, high surface temperatures can occur on suitably exposed, dark surfaces of low thermal conductivity. In December, the surface temperature on the bark of old pine trees was found to be up to 28°C above the ambient air temperature. In February, the excess temperatures of pine bark reached as high as 37°C. The temperatures of steeply south-exposed pine litter were even somewhat higher. South-exposed edges of pinewoods and similar situations are especially favourable due to the wind shelter and extra radiation gain they provide. In February, ants were found to bask in clusters attaining temperatures of as much as 20°C above that of ambient air. Basking vipers attained excess temperatures of 25°C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01555192
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mood dependency on low intensity atmospheric variability (1978)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 22 (1978), S. 20-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Mood and sensory perception questionnaires were applied to high school, university and teachers' college students in Brisbane during winter. Responses were related by multiple regression procedures to outdoor and indoor atmospheric parameters. Various complex associations emerged between the moods and warmth, humidity, cloudiness, intensity of sunlight and windiness. There is evidence for the practical need to reduce thermal stress indoors since this appears to be associated with increased aggression and decreased endurance, play and liking of school. Overall, there are indications that more energetic mood states are related to increased intensities in weather elements, while thermal neutrality outdoors seems to be most conducive to the learning situation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01553137
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biological effects of low-level, very low-frequency (VLF) electric fields on the blood sedimentation rate (1978)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 22 (1978), S. 59-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstracts Experiments were performed to detect a possible effect on in vitro irradiated human blood samples. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and the bioimpedence of both treated with a low-level 1.59 kHz electrical field and untreated blood samples were measured. A statistically significant difference (P 〈 0.001) was found in the blood sedimentation rates between “Controls” and those exposed to VLF-field condition. The most striking result was that for a 20% of the blood samples analyzed under the influence of the VLF-field, the ESR tests were almost stopped by the latter, i.e. the blood sedimentation did not occur. Bioimpedance value of “stopped” blood samples were one order of magnitude lower than those of unirradiated samples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01553141
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on heat tolerance of subtropical natives after migration to a temperate zone (1978)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 22 (1978), S. 82-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Anthropometric measurements and observations of physiological responses to heat were made in the autumn on 20 young male Japanese who were born and reared in the main islands of Japan (group M), 20 young male Japanese who were born and reared in Okinawa, subtropical zone, and who have lived in the main islands of Japan, temperate zone, for less than three years (group O). In winter the same tests were made on 25 subjects in group M and 17 subjects in group O. Group O showed lower skinfold thickness and less body fat content than group M. Both groups showed lower skinfold thickness and less body fat content in autumn than in winter. Group O was characterized by lower sweat rate and lower Na concentration in sweat for a given rise in body temperature. In both groups, greater sweat loss, lower Na concentration in sweat and smaller rise in body temperature were observed in autumn than in winter. Group O showed higher heat tolerance than group M when assessed by our numerical index for the assessment of heat tolerance. It was assumed that capacity of non-evaporative heat dissipatïon for group O was superior to that for group M, and the efficiency of sweat for cooling body in group O was better than that in group M. Differences in anthropometrical characteristics and physiological responses to heat between the two groups might reflect more advanced heat acclimatization of subjects in group O when compared with those in group M.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01552887
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Testicular metamorphosis rates in European Starlings maintained under short daily photophases (1978)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 22 (1978), S. 116-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Juvenile male European Starlings(Sturnus vulgaris) were maintained under discrete fixed daily photophases ranging from 1 to 11 h in duration. Treatment began on 20 December when all birds were reproductively quiescent, and continued until 14 June of the following year.In situ measurements of left testis widths at monthly intervals documented testicular width increases to levels associated with complete spermatogenesis in birds under all photoperiod regimens. Starlings maintained under the shortest and longest photoperiods required fewer days of treatment to achieve spermatogenic testes than did those under intermediate-length photoperiods. Data are consistent with the hypothesis that prolonged daily periods of darkness result in oscillations of a circadian timing system stimulating increased gonadotropin secretion and consequent testicular metamorphosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01552891
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    Effects of chronic and intermittent cold exposure on metabolic capacity ofPeromyscus andMicrotus (1978)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 22 (1978), S. 129-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of 30 days of acclimation at 5°C and of a semiweekly series of short severe cold exposures (Tb → 20–30°C) on metabolic capacity (Mmax) was measured in Alaskan meadow voles(Microtus pennsylvanicus tananaensis) and Wisconsin deer mice(Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii). Meadow voles, with an Mmax of 12–14 ml/(g.h) or 8–9 met (Mmax/Mst), showed little response to either treatment. In deer mice, however, acclimation at 5°C increased Mmax by about half (from 11.0 to 15.4 ml/(g.h) or from 6.0 to 9.1 met). In 25°C-acclimated deer mice 7 severe cold exposures produced a similar increase of which about half was seen with the first 2 exposures. In 5°C-acclimated deer mice, Mmax averaged a 0.3 ml/(g.h) increase for each cold exposure to reach a level of 19 ml/(g.h) or 11 met after 6 weeks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01552893
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of exposure to a simulated altitude of 3,500 m on calves and oxen (1978)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 22 (1978), S. 135-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Nine calves and nine oxen were divided into 6 groups and exposed in a climatised low pressure chamber to the following conditions: 2 weeks at 400 m and 4 weeks at 3,500 m. High altitude produced the following changes: increases in heart rate and pulmonary artery pressure, both these changes being larger in the calves than in the oxen. During 4 weeks continuous exposure to 3,500 m, heart rate declined, whereas pulmonary arterial pressure rose. There were increments in respiratory rate, blood-pH, leucocyte number, rectal temperature, blood lactate and blood pyruvate, but no changes in the lactate/pyruvate ratio. Increases in erythrocyte number, haemoglobin, haematocrit, blood specific gravity and blood viscosity were more pronounced in the oxen than in the calves. Feed intake in all animals tended to be depressed in the first half of the high altitude periode. Water intake showed a fall during the first day at 3,500 m, but recovered thereafter. It is concluded that in response to high altitude the calves activated preferentially the circulatory, the oxen the erythropoetic system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01552894
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monthly variations in drug-induced gastric ulcers in rats (1978)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 22 (1978), S. 190-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Clinical evidence suggests that there may be some relationship between the occurrence of peptic ulcers and the season of the year. As little experimental work has been carried out on this subject, three drugs commonly used to induce experimental ulcers in rats (acetylsalicylic acid, 300 mg/kg; phenylbutazone, 200 mg/kg; reserpine, 10 mg/kg) were tested every month for one year under standardised experimental conditions (Ta, RH, LD 12:12). In rats given phenylbutazone the maximum area of ulceration was found in October and December, and in rats given acetylsalicylic acid in February and March. In rats given reserpine, there were no significant monthly variations. An influence of climatic factors on ulcer induction cannot be completely excluded. Endogenous conditions might also account for the monthly differences in ulceration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01555397
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Announcement (1978)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 22 (1978), S. i 
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    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01555402
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    Thirty-eight blood, tissue and consumptive measures from rats exposed perinatally and as adults to 0.5 Hz magnetic fields (1978)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 22 (1978), S. 213-226 
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    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In a factorial design, 40 male rats 195 ± 15 days of age that had been exposed: (1) perinatally for 5 days to either 10−6T to 10−3T variation, 0.5 Hz rotating magnetic fields (RMFs) or to sham field conditions, and (2) to one of two typical postweaning caging conditions were exposed for 5 days to either 10−6T, 10−7T, 10−8T, 0.5 Hz RMFs or sham fields (〈10−9T variation in an experimental room) or to colony room control conditions. Consumptive behaviors, selected tissue weights, differential white blood cell counts and 20 constituents from blood sera (analyzed by sequential multiple analyses computer) were measured. Except for marginally significant differences in Na, Cl, and Ca, there were no significant differences between adult RMF intensities for any of the measures; a significant caging by adult intensity interaction was noted for GOT. Rats that had been exposed to the experimental room (continuous noise and light) displayed significant decreases in serum albumin, globulin, glucose and phosphorus levels as well as food and water consumption. Rats that had been exposed perinatally to the RMFs displayed significant 20% reductions in UREA, GOT, and LDH activity, 4% increases in testicle weights and 17% decreases in thymus weights relative to perinatal sham field controls. The absence of significant perinatal condition by adult condition interactions did not support the hypothesis that perinatal RMF exposure might enhance responsiveness to more natural, less intense field variations. Caging differences were associated with highly significant alterations in body weight, several tissue weights, Na, Ca, protein, cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, CO2 and LDH.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01555400
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    The influence of weather on asthma in Nairobi (1978)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 22 (1978), S. 263-270 
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    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The frequency of bronchial asthma in Nairobi is related to meteorological parameters such as relative humidity, rainfall, dew point temperature, hours of sunshine and dry bulb temperature. Two seasons were taken for study: one cold season (May–August 1975) and one relatively warm season (December 1975–March 1976). It was found that significant correlations occurred at a lag of 2 or 3 days, but not at a lag of 4 or 5 days. Cold and wet weather during the cold season and heat of the day and dryness of the atmosphere during the warm season aggravate asthma in Nairobi.. The frequency of asthmatic attacks is about the same during the two seasons, but the intensity of suffering of a greater majority of patients is more in cold and wet weather than in warm and dry weather. 20–25% of the patients do not feel any relationship between weather and their asthmatic troubles. Nearly twice as many patients suffer from cough with the production of sputum in the cold season than in the warm season. About three times as many patients suffer from bronchospasm in the cold season than in the warm season. Severe asthmatic attacks occur almost equally in both the seasons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01552807
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    The influence of exposure to cold on the incidence of gastric ulcers after reserpine in rats (1978)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 22 (1978), S. 295-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Groups of female rats (n=20) exposed from 0 to 13 days to Ta's from 8.0° to 29.0°C were given 2.5 mg/kg reserpine i.p.; Tre and gastric ulcers (GU) were recorded 24 h afterwards. At exposure temperatures below 21.0°C there was a highly significant positive correlation between Ta and Tre (r=0.85) and a negative correlation between Ta and GU (r=−0.92). The GU rate after reserpine was not affected by temperatures above 21°C up to 29°C. Below 16.5°C a difference of the reserpine response was found between rats with less and more than 3 days acclimation to a given Ta. In rats with less than 3 days acclimation the mean Tre after reserpine was 1.0°C lower and the mean GU rate was 1.7 ulcers/rat higher than in rats with more than 3 days acclimation. The correlation of Tre with GU rate revealed that the mean number of GU increased with decreasing Tre · Tre and GU were negatively correlated in both series of experiments: r= −0.92 for non-acclimated rats and r= −0.95 for 〉3d acclimated rats. Cold acclimation of rats for 8 days at 13.0 °C or 13 days at 10.0 °C did not significantly affect Tre and the GU rate if the rats were taken to 21.0°C after reserpine administration. The results show that with and without cold-acclimation the extent of hypothermia in rats after a standard reserpine dose depends on the prevailing ambient temperature below the comfort range and the GU rate depends on the extent of the hypothermia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01552811
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  • 19
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    Influence of altitude (3,515 m) birth on the reproductive organs of male rats (1978)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 22 (1978), S. 316-322 
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    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Adult male rats were exposed to a simulated altitude of 3,515 m continuously for a period of 7, 14 and 21 days. There were atrophic changes in testis, epididymis and vas deferens, fall in levels of GPC and sialic acid and increase in alkaline and acid phosphatase activity of these organs. Sperm quality deteriorated. The adverse effects of hypoxia were more pronounced if the exposure was extended to 14 days, but on further increasing the duration of exposure to 21 days, there was a tendency to recover. Male rats born at high altitude (3,515 m), i.e. F2, F3 and F4 generations were used and compared with rats born at sea level. The animals born at HA showed a deterioration of seminal quality, the tests showed lesions, epididymal and vasal physiology were affected. The adverse effects of high altitude were more prominent in F2 generations, while F3 and F4 generations showed adaptation to high altitude.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01552814
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    Errors in measuring distances from populations to service centers (1978)
    Springer
    The annals of regional science 12 (1978), S. 74-88 
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    ISSN: 1432-0592
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract A common practice in spatial analysis is to represent the population of a spatial unit, such as a county or census tract, by a single point, and to use this point when measuring the distance between the population and other places such as service centers. In theoretical spatial systems, distance measurements obtained under this practice may differ from true distances by as much as eight percent, and the difference may be greater for real spatial systems. The presence and magnitude of these measurement errors have important implications for spatial analysis, and particularly for evaluating alternative facility location plans.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01286124
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  • 21
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    An anthropocentric Summer Severity Index (1977)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 21 (1977), S. 16-28 
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    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An index depicting the severity of summer weather was developed for New York City and was used to examine the severity of summers during the period 1946–1975. This index incorporates various important parameters of summer weather and is primarily intended to represent the likely impact of summer weather on human comfort, morbidity, and mortality. This index would be applicable in areas that have a distribution of summer weather parameters characteristic of humid continental warm summer climate types. A linear regression of the Summer Severity Index against time was performed and indicated no significant trends in summer severity over the period of record.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01552963
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  • 22
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    The effects of acclimation to alternating environmental temperature on metabolic and endocrine responses in guinea pigs, during acute heat and cold exposure (1977)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 21 (1977), S. 64-74 
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    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Male Guinea pigs (n=80) were divided into four groups and maintained in a climatic chamber for three weeks in one of the following environmental conditions: (1) Ta20°C and 55% RH; (2) Ta35°C and 30–35% RH from 08:00 to 20:00 h and 5°C; 60–65% RH, from 20:00 h to 08:00 h; (3) Ta5°C and 60–65% RH; (4) Ta35°C and 30–35% RH. At the end of this period the animals were exposed to either −5°C, 60–65% RH or 45°C, 30–35% RH, for a period of 20 min, following which Tre, plasma 11-OHCS, thyroxin, glucose, and FFA, and body and organ weights were determined. The cold-warm adapted animals seemed to develop a more efficient adaptability to acute heat and cold exposure. It is suggested that on acute exposure to severe environmental conditions the endocrine and the nervous system play a dominant role in maintaining optimal body temperature, while on chronic exposure the metabolic rate of the various organs becomes relatively more important.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01552967
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  • 23
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    Effects of high altitude stay on the incidence of common diseases in man (1977)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 21 (1977), S. 93-122 
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    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Prolonged stay at high altitude significantly lowers the incidence of some of the diseases commonly encountered at sea level. This conclusion is based on a study involving 130,700 men stationed on plains between 760 m and sea level and 20,000 men stationed at altitudes between 3692 and 5538 m during the period 1965 to 1972. When yearwise differences in morbidity rates were determined for this period it was found that apart from amoebic hepatitis, goitre and lobar pneumonia, which show a higher incidence, the incidence of infections of bacterial, viral and protozoal origin, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and ischaemic heart disease, asthma and rheumatoid arthritis, gastric disorders, skin diseases, psychiatric ailments and anaemia was significantly lower at high altitude than at sea level. When the trend in morbidity rates was compared over the two subperiods of 1965 to 1968 and 1969 to 1972 it was found that generally increasing or decreasing trends on plains were reflected at high altitude. The overall incidence at high altitude however remained low. Part I of our communication deals with epidemiological data and these findings. Part II surveys the available literature and attempts to explain how improved hormonal state, enhanced fibrinolytic activity, accelerated humoral and cellular immune responses, favourable haemodynamics, better cardiac and cerebral functions, improved metabolic functions, and a relatively stable, dry and cold climate favourably influence the incidence of diseases at high altitude.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01553705
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  • 24
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    The effects of high altitudes on child growth and development (1977)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 21 (1977), S. 171-178 
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    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This study compares the growth characteristics of populations of Tibetan origin living in Nepal to high altitude populations of Peru and Ethiopia. Measurements were made on two groups of children, a sample of Sherpas living in the Everest region of northeast Nepal at elevations in excess of 3500 m, and a sample of Tibetan children living in Kathmandu at an altitude of 1000 m. Although the Tibetan children showed some growth advancement over the highland sample of Sherpas, the differences were less than might have been expected on the basis of work carried out in Peru, where long established high altitude populations live at similar elevations to those of Himalayan populations. In particular, some growth trends seen in Andean populations, such as the increased diameter of the chest wall, are not seen in populations of Tibetan origin. It is suggested that genetic influences may exert a stronger effect on the growth of high altitude populations than hitherto believed.
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    Weather and deaths in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: A comparison with Birmingham, Alabama (1977)
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    International journal of biometeorology 21 (1977), S. 7-15 
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    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between weather and daily mortality was examined over a 4-year period in the temperate climate of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Eight weather parameters were correlated with daily mortality using multiple, simple, and partial correlation techniques. Results from this study were then compared with results obtained from a previous investigation involving an identical analysis of the effects of weather on death in the subtropical climate of Birmingham, Alabama. Although the relationship between weather and total mortality is statistically significant in both areas, weather in the temperate region accounts for a greater portion of the daily variation in number of deaths. In both cities the effect of weather increases with age and is more intense among the white than the nonwhite population but does not appear to vary with sex. In both places weather significantly influences death due to respiratory diseases and circulatory diseases in general, but affects little, mortality from cancer or behaviorally related causes. The cities differ, however, in that Pittsburgh weather is significantly associated with deaths from ischemic heart disease but not with cerebrovascular mortality, while the reverse is observed in Birmingham. The cities also differ in specific meteorological factors and in the seasonal distribution of the intensity of the weather-mortality relationship.
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    Cold tolerance of long-distance runners and swimmers in Hawaii (1977)
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    International journal of biometeorology 21 (1977), S. 51-63 
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    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this study was to measure thermal and metabolic responses of six marathon runners and six long-distance ocean swimmers during a standard cold tolerance test, and to compare the results. The two groups of lean endurance athletes lived in Hawaii and were matched on the basis of age, height, weight, and skinfold thickness. Maximal oxygen uptake, however, was significantly higher in the runners (66.5 versus 58.8 ml/(kg·min) for the swimmers). There were no significant differences in maximal tissue insulation or the derived nonfat insulation, although the runners tended to have higher values. Our findings suggest a possible hypothermic insulative adaptation in the runners and, therefore, indirectly support a recent hypothesis that marathon training may potentiate cross-adaptation to cold. Reasons for a relatively high nonfat insulation in the runners (0.098 (°C.m2)/W) are unknown, but seem related to a vascular mechanism.
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    Cold responses of high altitude populations (1977)
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    International journal of biometeorology 21 (1977), S. 123-134 
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    Notes: Abstract The literature on cold stress in permanent high altitude residents and sojourners in the Himalayas and Andes is reviewed. High altitude natives, as exemplified by Peruvian Quechua Indians, are relatively well protected from the cold by the efficient use of wool clothing. However, exposure to wet-cold and dry-cold conditions is present, both diurnally and seasonally. Basal metabolism in the native is slightly elevated over United States norms, and natives are able to maintain high levels of blood flow to the extremities during whole-body and local extremity cooling tests. There is suggestive evidence for a developmental pattern of acclimatization to cold, but definitive evidence for genetic tolerance to cold in the highland native is lacking.
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    Myocardial electrolytes in hypobaric hypoxia (1977)
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    International journal of biometeorology 21 (1977), S. 157-164 
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    Notes: Abstract Male, white rats (Holtzmann) were exposed to 7,200 m in a barometric chamber for six hours a day for three weeks. Control rats were kept at a sea level altitude of 200 m in Peoria, Illinois. At the end of the exposure period the rats were guillotined and their hearts removed. Approximately equal size strips were cut out of the right ventricles (RV), septa (S) and left ventricles (LV) and weighed on a Mettler balance. All heart pieces were dried overnight in a 40°C oven and reweighed following cooling. They were digested in concentrated nitric acid, diluted with distilled water; and sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. RV and S muscle from the high altitude rats (HA) had a significantly higher water content. RV muscle from HA rats contained significantly more Na+, K+ and Ca++ and less Mg++ than sea level controls (SL). LV muscle from HA animals contained significantly less Na+ than SL controls. Within the HA hearts, the RV contained sïgnificantly more Na+, K+ and Ca++ and significantly less Mg++ than the S or LV. Evidence indicates that chronic high altitude exposure results in significant alterations in electrolyte distribution throughout the heart.
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    Coastal dune stability: The effect of meteorological conditions and vegetation (1977)
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    International journal of biometeorology 21 (1977), S. 189-202 
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    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Quantitative investigations and research conducted along the north coast of New South Wales, Australia are evaluated with respect to coastal processes, coastal alignment, meteorological data, dune dimensions, dune vegetative cover, development on the dunal area and dune management. The data available covered an assessment of the extent of dune instabilities, an assessment of long term coastline movements, a study of the effect of a cyclone and storm surge, and an assessment and evaluation of a phase of extreme coastline erosion. Specific situations are described and evaluated within the above context. The evaluations are used to determine the extent of coastal dune areas required to be designated as “buffer zone” in land use planning. The extent of the zone required is dependent upon “expected” magnitude of wave erosion. Magnitude of wave erosion was found to be proportional to the interaction of coastal processes during periods of extreme erosive factors and the beach dune characteristics for the particular section of coastline. It was found that man's influence on this natural interaction can be a dominating factor in determining beach dune characteristics and therefore the magnitude of wave erosion. — management of the beach dunal area to maintain an “acceptable” dynamic equilibrium of the beach dune line by a vegetated sand dune of specific dimensions is possible despite weather conditions, if a designated buffer zone is maintained.
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    Direct seeding of grass species for sand dune stabilization on the mid-Atlantic sea coast (1977)
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    International journal of biometeorology 21 (1977), S. 238-244 
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    Notes: Abstract The stabilization of moving sand dunes at Provincetown, Massachusetts, depends, to a large degree, upon the environmental factors of wind, temperature and rainfall. Direct seedings of grasses for the purpose of stilling these moving dunes can be wiped out totally by the severe northeast and northwest winds which occur in the very early spring. In this study, 9 different mulches were used with 12 grass varieties to examine their value in the establishment and survival of vegetation. The grasses were seeded with a grain drill, the planting units of which had been modified to incorporate the seed to a minimum depth of 5 cm. Evaluation of the mulches showed that the sodium silicate plots had slightly better grass emergence and establishment than the plots with the other mulches. In the unmulched check plots, grasses established themselves as well as or better than in some of the mulched plots. The species that survived, grew well, and controlled the drifting sand were coastal panicgrass, tall fescue, weeping lovegrass, and switchgrass. The study showed that large dune areas can be successfully seeded provided the right grass species are used, fertility levels are good initially and maintained, and provided, also, that climatic factors cooperate.
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    Coastal sand dune stabilization in the Pacific Northwest (1977)
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    International journal of biometeorology 21 (1977), S. 281-289 
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    Notes: Abstract Coastal dunes are stabilized in three stages: (1) The initial stage uses sand-stilling grasses established vegetatively. For this purpose, European beachgrass,Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link., is most used, followed by American beachgrass,A. breviligulata Fern., or American dunegrass,Elymus mollis Trin. Large solid plantings must be made with the spacing and number of plants per hill adjusted to the site conditions. Plantings, using Nitrogen fertilizer, are made during the dormant season. (2) Secondary permanent grasses and legumes are seeded 2 years later when sand movement slows and the initial grasses begin to lose their vigor. Most used are seaside lupine,Lupinus littoralis Dougl., purple beachpea,Lathyrus japonicus Willd., seashore bluegrass,Poa macrantha Vasey., and native red fescue,Festuca rubra L. (3) Final control is with woody plants that are well adapted to rough areas. Scotch broom,Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link. Hooker willow,Salix hookeriana Barratt, Nootka rose,Rosa nutkana Prese., and shore pine Pinus contorta Dougl., have been extensively used.
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    Description and forecast of summer climate in physiologically significant terms (1978)
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    International journal of biometeorology 22 (1978), S. 75-81 
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    Notes: Abstract The Discomfort Index (DI) was found to be an accurate expression of the atmospheric evaporative (cooling) power, and hence the heat load. It conveys the relevant climatic conditions in summer in physiologically significant terms. From 22–24 units a slight heat load exists, from 24.1–28 the heat load is moderate and above 28.1 a severe heat load exists. The heat load during the month of August was analyzed for 2 towns in Israel: Tel-Aviv (in the coastal plain) and Beer-Sheba (in the northern part of the desert). On the basis of this example a method is suggested to express summer climate as daily hours of heat load. Information about heat stress can be conveyed in terms which are sïgnificant physiologically and meaningful to the public.
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    Thyroid morphology and wet organ weight changes in rats exposed to different low intensity 0.5 Hz magnetic fields and pre-experimental caging conditions (1978)
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    International journal of biometeorology 22 (1978), S. 67-73 
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    Notes: Abstract In eight separate experiments, 48 adult female rats were caged in groups of 3 or 4 individuals under normal lighting conditions for 120–140 days. They were then exposed in pairs to one of 6 different variation intensities (0.001 to 10 G, i.e., 10−7 T to 10−3 T) of a 0.5 Hz rotating magnetic field (RMF) or to one of 3 sham field positions for 10 days while under constant 45 lux illumination. Post-mortem examination and histological analyses demonstrated that RMF-exposed rats show no significant changes in thyroid follicle numbers, perifollicular mast cell numbers, wet adrenal and pituitary weights, body weight changes, or water consumption either between intensity groups or relative to sham field controls. Significant interactions existed for thyroid and spleen weights between exposure intensities and preexposure caging conditions for the 10−5 T to 10−6 T groups; the effect was not linearly related with field intensity. Rats that had been maintained in the 4/cage situation showed significantly lighter body weights and more thyroid follicles; the significant alterations in thyroid, adrenal and spleen weights were related to body weight.
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    Effects of exercise on young and adult cattle at low and high altitude (1978)
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    International journal of biometeorology 22 (1978), S. 147-158 
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    Notes: Abstract Nine calves and nine oxen walked on a treadmill in a climatized low pressure chamber for one hour each day, 2 weeks at 400 m and 4 weeks at 3,500 m. The overall effects of walking were: increases in heart rate, pulmonary arterial pressure, rectal temperature, respiratory rate, blood-pH and lactate/pyruvate ratio. Haemoglobin, haematocrit, blood specific gravity and blood viscosity increased in the oxen but decreased in the calves. Blood lactate and blood pyruvate declined in both age groups, plasma viscosity only in the calves. The exercise effects were more pronounced at 3,500 m than at 400 m as exemplified by the following percentile differences (3,500-400 m): in heart rate 26%, mean pulmonary arterial pressure: 22%, respiratory rate: 11%, blood pH: 0.3%, blood lactate: 39%, blood pyruvate: 56%, haemoglobin: 4%, blood viscosity: 5%. Compared with the calves, the oxen experienced larger increases in heart rate and respiratory rate in response to exercise, suggesting a greater rise in metabolic rate: they also showed a more pronounced respiratory alkalosis. Thus, exercise seems to have strained the oxen more than the calves. In the oxen, there was a training effect as judged by reductions in exercising heart rate, respiratory rate and rectal temperature.
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    World Climate Conference (1978)
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    International journal of biometeorology 22 (1978), S. 233-234 
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    The influence of weather and climate on the incidence of gastric ulcers after reserpine in rats (1978)
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    International journal of biometeorology 22 (1978), S. 285-294 
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    Notes: Abstract Each month over a period of 22 months two groups of female rats were given i.p. 2.5 mg reserpine/kg BW and the number of gastric ulcers/rat were counted 24 h later. One group (n = 40) was kept for 17 days under environmentally controlled conditions (temperature, humidity, light intensity, length of photoperiod) while the other group (n = 40) was maintained for the same 17 days in a room near the open window under uncontrolled conditions. Under uncontrolled conditions gastric ulcer rate was negatively correlated with Ta (r=−0.87), Ta+Twb(r=−0.84), and Teq=Ta+2e (r=−0.83) of the last 24 hours. The correlation coefficients were higher with meteorological data of the 24 hours after administration of reserpine than with the data of the previous 16 days. No seasonal variation of ulcer morbidity was observed in the rats kept under controlled conditions. Hence, in rats, reserpine increases the gastric ulcer rate in the cold. Serious errors might arise in the interpretation of experiments when the rats are not housed under environmentally controlled conditions.
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    Effects of hyperthermia and hypothermia on spontaneous contractions of the adult rabbit testicular capsule (1978)
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    International journal of biometeorology 22 (1978), S. 303-311 
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    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Spontaneous contractions of the isolated testicular capsule of the adult rabbit have been found to be markedly sensitive to heat and cold stress. Testicular capsular contractions may provide a propulsive pumping action for transporting nonmotile sperm out of the testis and into the epididymis where they can then attain motility. An optimal temperature for the amplitude of spontaneous contractions of the rabbit testicular capsule occurred at 32 – 34°C. An increase in thein vitro organ bath temperature from 37 to 40°C caused a marked decrease in the amplitude of spontaneous contractions. A complete and irreversible cessation of spontaneous contractions occurred at 48°C for at least 30 min after cooling to 37°C. A decrease in temperature from 37 to 26°C resulted in a marked decrease in frequency and amplitude progressing to a complete but reversible cessation of spontaneous contractions at 16°C. Marked changes in the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous contractions of the isolated testicular capsule began to be observed when the tissue was exposed to organ bath temperatures of 3°C above and below the normal intra-testicular temperature. These data suggest that exposure of men to fever or excessively hot baths as well as swimming in excessively cold water or extreme cold weather exposure may have inhibitory effects on testicular capsular spontaneous contractions which may interfere with sperm transport.
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    The macroclimate and microclimate of coastal foredune grasslands in Cape Hatteras National Seashore (1977)
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    International journal of biometeorology 21 (1977), S. 227-237 
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    Notes: Abstract At Bodie Island, hourly air and soil temperatures at two depths on the front of a foredune were recorded in 1971. In 1972 hourly soil temperatures at three depths (20, 40, and 60 cm) on the front, top, and back of the foredune, plus air temperatures at the top of the dune were recorded at the same site. Data were also collected approximately monthly during 1971 and 1972 on soil moisture at 20, 40, and 60 cm, sand movement and soil cation levels (K, Na, Ca, and Mg) at the surface and at 20, 40, and 60 cm on the front, top, and back of the foredune. The Bodie Island Ranger Station (about 100 m away) collected daily maximum and minimum air temperatures, rainfall data, and data on wind speed and direction.
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    Climate, plant response and development of dunes on barrier beaches along the U.S. east coast (1977)
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    International journal of biometeorology 21 (1977), S. 203-216 
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    Notes: Abstract In recent years, the U.S. National Park Service has taken responsibility for eight National Seashores along the East and Gulf Coasts and has been supporting research aimed at an understanding of natural processes, human effects, and management techniques that will accomplish various goals related to public use. The importance of developing management approaches, including dune stabilization, consistent with goals of individual Seashores and in keeping with natural dune dynamics, has become increasingly clear. Current studies underway deal with variations in dune ecology along the coast and in the response of dune species to environmental variables. While certain basic processes (such as dune building or migration, inlet formation, littoral transport, and overwash) occur all along the coast, they do not do so with the same importance or frequency. The relative significance of such processes depends on the general climatic and oceanic conditions of any given area. Prevailing winds, shoreline orientation, average wave energies, sea level change, storm frequency, off shore profiles, shore configuration, and tidal range are important environmental factors which determine the relative importance of dune building, overwash, or various combinations of the two. Added to the climatic factors are the response of dune strand species to environmental forces and the distribution of adapted species along the coast. The behavior of plants adapted to dune building, overwash, or both, can be a significant factor in the development of shoreline morphology.
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    Establishment of woody plants for secondary and tertiary dune stabilization along the mid-Atlantic coast (1977)
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    International journal of biometeorology 21 (1977), S. 245-255 
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    Notes: Abstract Secondary and tertiary sand dunes along the Atlantic coast were originally covered with dense vegetation, including trees and shrubs. Most of this vegetation has been destroyed by various forms of development. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of various establishment techniques on the survival and growth of native and naturalized woody plants for secondary and tertiary dune stabilization, using bare root transplants. All plantings were made on sand dunes. The actual site was approximately 300 m from the ocean and was covered with a sparse stand of American beachgrass. Establishment variables were (a) peat moss applied in the fall, followed by fall plantings; (b) peat moss applied in the fall, followed by spring plantings; (c) peat moss applied in the spring, followed by spring plantings; and (d) no peat moss with either fall or spring plantings. Each planting included a fertilizer variable of (a) 30 g of magnesium ammonia phosphate placed 8 cm below the bottom of the planting hole; (b) 30 g of 10-6-4 fertilizer, which contained 50% of its nitrogen in an organic form, sprinkled around the base of the plant in the spring of the second growing season; and (c) no fertilizer. All plants used were 1- or 2-year-old seedlings. The use of organic soil amendments had a favorable affect on the survival of some species. Rugosa rose showed an increase in survival rate when the organic additive was added in the fall, followed by fall planting. Bayberry was favorably affected by the use of additive and regardless of planting time. The use of the two fertilizers produced no consistent or measurable response.
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    Vegetative control of inland sand dunes in the Pacific Northwest (1977)
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    International journal of biometeorology 21 (1977), S. 290-298 
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    Notes: Abstract Mammoth wildrye,Elymus giganteus Vahl. was found, after exhaustive tests using a large number of native and some exotic perennial herbaceous and woody plants, to be most effective for inland sand dune control. A superior strain selected for its vigor and rapid vegetative growth was named ‘Volga,’ released, and registered in 1964. It is propagated vegetatively. Under irrigation and with fertiliter, culms increase from 1 to 20 in one growing season. Plants are both dug and planted mechanically but must be processed by hand. Individual culms 3 to 5 mm in diameter are stripped of dead growth. Top leaves are trimmed to leave a plant 40 cm long. Specifications call for one or two plants per hill placed 20 cm deep in the sand with an approximate 50 × 50 cm spacing. Both digging and planting must take place during the dormant season which in the Northwest is November through February. The Army Engineers, the Bureau of Reclamation, Soil Conservation Districts, and State Game Departments have all used Volga wildrye. There is currently only one commercial source of planting stock.
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    Vergleichende Berechnung des Energieumsatzes bei der Atmung (1977)
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    International journal of biometeorology 21 (1977), S. 319-324 
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    Notes: Abstract A comparison between the equations for the respiratory heat loss by Fanger (RHLF), Abel, Baumgartner and Dohle (RHLABD), Aikas and Piironen (RHLAP) and McCutchan and Taylor (RHLMT) shows that at the same atmospheric conditions RHLABD is always greater than RHLAP, RHLMT and RHLF. The RHLABD equation does not include the energy liberated by the water vapour condensation during expiration. During the warm summer season this energy gain during expiration amounts to 28% of the energy loss during inspiration from heating and water vapour saturation of the inspired air.
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    Effects of ambient and local cutaneous temperatures on hand blood flow (1977)
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    International journal of biometeorology 21 (1977), S. 341-347 
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    Notes: Abstract The hand blood flow ( $$\dot Q$$ ) was investigated in response to a wide range of general and local cutaneous thermal stimuli (0–36°C and 4–42°C respectively), the local stimulus consisting of a thermostatically controlled water bath for the right hand (Tw), and the general stimulus, the ambient room temperature (Ta). $$\dot Q$$ was measured at the right wrist by strain gauge plethysmography; it was seen to respond more significantly to variations in Tw than to those in Ta at cold to comfortable ambient temperatures (Ta〈22°C). A paradoxical vasodilatation was observed at Tw=4°C (Lewis' “hunting” phenomenon). The graphs of $$\dot Q$$ versus T at average to high local cutaneous temperatures (Tw 〉 33°C) are remarkably similar, except for an upward shift at successively higher values of Tw. The slope (or vasomotor reactivity) is interpreted as being controlled by variations in Ta. The curves exhibited maximum values at Ta = 31°C. Their subsequent decrease could represent a thermoregulatory adaptation to environment-organism heat transfer, the relative vasoconstriction tending to reduce the transfer. Although the qualitative $$\dot Q$$ response was the same for both sexes, the absolute value of $$\dot Q$$ was generally greater in male than in female subjects.
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    The influence of environmental temperature and photoperiod on activity in the red squirrel,Tamiasciurus hudsonicus (1977)
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    International journal of biometeorology 21 (1977), S. 348-356 
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    Notes: Abstract The effects of environmental temperature and photoperiod on wheelrunning activity were studied in the diurnal red squirrel,Tamiasciurus hudsonicus. From 1 July to 22 November 1973 eight squirrels were maintained in separate cages in an outdoor shelter. Activity usually began before sunrise in the summer an early fall and after sunrise in the late fall. Wheel-running usually persisted throughout the day and ceased about the time of sunset in the summer and early fall. In late fall cessation frequently occurred after sunset. Neither changes in temperature nor photoperiod were found to separately account for the seasonal changes. Multiparameter analysis of variance was found to be a powerful statistical tool for analyzing the data. Six models for predicting the onset of activity were constructed and tested.
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    Effects of different ambient temperatures on physiological responses during exercise and recovery with special reference to energy requirement (1978)
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    International journal of biometeorology 22 (1978), S. 33-42 
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    Notes: Abstract Observation of the physiological responses was made on seven young male subjects ages 27–31, during pedalling a bicycle ergometer at the constant work load of 600 kg. m/min for 20 min and recovery in 35°C with 50% RH, in 30°C with 50% RH and in 23°C with 50% RH. Heart rate, respiratory volume, total oxygen intake and energy requirement were increased with an increase in ambient temperature, while blood pressures were lower in a hot environment than in cooler environments. In 35°C, oxygen intake during exercise, oxygen debt and anaerobic fraction of oxygen debt had increased when compared with those in 23°C. Thus it is inferred that the energy requirement, the oxygen debt and the anaerobic fraction of the oxygen debt for a fixed work had increased more in a hot environment than in a comfortable environment. Factors which caused differences in the physiological reactions during exercise and recovery in different conditions are discussed.
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    Off road vehicle impact in Cape Cod national seashore: Disruption and recovery of dune vegetation (1977)
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    International journal of biometeorology 21 (1977), S. 299-306 
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    Notes: Abstract An on-going investigation of the rates of vegetation breakdown and natural recovery under controlled conditions has been established at Cape Cod National Seashore, Massachusetts, U.S.A. In this study, the effects of controlled impacts on a variety of coastal habitats were measured in terms of above and below ground biomass. Dune sites, ranging from unstabilized to moderately stabilized, were driven on at varying levels of intensity and along different exposures relative to slope and prevailing wind direction. Preliminary evidence suggests that a single summer season of driving (300–700 passes) on a confined track through dense stands ofAmmophila vreviligulata, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, andDeschampsia flexuosa, can completely destroy the above-ground portions but leave adequate underground roots and thizomes for a small amount of vegetative regrowth after cessation of impact in the late summer and fall. Large differences in wind speed at ground level have been noted in driving tracks with different alignments relative to wind direction. Deflation rates may be excessive in tracks devoid of above ground cover and aligned parallel to strong prevailing winter winds.
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    Influence of high temperatures on milk production of friesian dairy cows grazed on farms in a pasture-based feed system (1978)
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    International journal of biometeorology 22 (1978), S. 279-284 
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    Notes: Abstract Daily milk production figures for 3 dairy farms having some irrigated feed and located in a semi-arid climate in New South Wales, Australia, were collected for a 2-year period. The possible short-term effects of high temperatures on production were examined by aggregating data for the 3 farms and comparing production on “hot days” (maximum temperatures above 27°C) with that on other days. No statistically significant differences were observed between production on hot days and other days, or between production on days having varying heat intensities above the 27°C threshold. Neither prolonged periods of high temperatures nor the rapid onset of hot weather resulted in consistent declines in farm production. Even though the farm data used were affected by uncontrolled variables, the temperature conditions examined did not constitute the dominant factor affecting short-term production fluctuations. Feed of adequate quality and quantity, and acclimatization of cows to temperatures that were often not greatly above the 27°C threshold, probably contributed to the lack of a significant decline in production in association with high temperatures.
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    Abstracts of the Fifteenth Annual Meeting of the Japanese Society of Biometeorology Sapporo, 27–28 January 1977 (1978)
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    International journal of biometeorology 22 (1978), S. 323-347 
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    Effects of small air ions on net blotch disease of barley (1977)
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    International journal of biometeorology 21 (1977), S. 1-6 
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    Notes: Abstract Small positive air ions significantly reduced the number of lesions and percentage of leaf area covered by lesions of net blotch disease of barley. Appearance of disease symptoms was delayed by three days when plants were exposed to an atmosphere of positive ions. No such effect was observed for negative air ions. Height and dry weight were significantly stimulated by unipolar ions.
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    Can winter swimming cause people to prefer lower room temperatures? (1977)
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    International journal of biometeorology 21 (1977), S. 44-50 
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    Notes: Abstract Preferred room temperatures were determined for 16 winter swimmers who had been exposed to cold shock daily by bathing in the sea (0–6°C) during at least two winter seasons. Each subject participated in one comfort experiment (2 1/2 h) in an environmental test chamber, where the preferred ambient temperature was determined by adjusting it according to his wishes. The subjects were sedentary and clothed in a standard uniform. Skin temperatures, rectal temperature and evaporative weight loss were measured. The results were compared with similar data for two other groups: (a) a control group of 64 „normal” subjects and (b) 16 persons who had been working 8 h a day at 8°C during at least 6 months in the meat packing industry. The results showed no significant differences between the ambient temperatures preferred by the three groups of subjects. This indicated that man cannot be adapted to prefer lower ambient temperatures by exposing him daily to cold.
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    Probit analysis of thermal sensation assessments (1977)
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    International journal of biometeorology 21 (1977), S. 29-43 
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    Notes: Abstract The probit technique for analysis of subjective assessments of thermal sensation is described. It enables transition temperatures from any selected thermal sensation to the adjacent thermal sensation (e.g. from “neutral” to “warm”) to be identified. A transition temperature is defined as that temperature at which the maximum number of people would change their assessment from one thermal sensation to the next. Thus if a seven-point scale of thermal sensation is used, six transition temperatures are possible. Increments between them will not necessarily be identical, as would be assumed in a linear regression analysis. The method has been applied in three studies: laboratory studies by the Kansas State University, field studies in Port Moresby, and field studies in Melbourne. In the first it is shown that men are more thermally tolerant than women, in the second it is shown that in Port Moresby the preferred temperatures of Melanesians are 2°C higher than those of Caucasians and in the third it is suggested that subjects in Melbourne have a slightly lower preferred temperature than predicted by Fanger (1972).
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    Changes in testis blood flow, the spermatic artery and prostaglandin F 2α content in testis tissue of heat-stressed rams (1977)
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    International journal of biometeorology 21 (1977), S. 75-84 
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    Notes: Abstract Blood flow to the testis, measured by the133-Xenon isotope clearance technique, initially increased after rams were exposed to elevated (32°C) temperature. However, after 5 and 7 days continuous exposure, blood flow decreased significantly. Similar changes in blood flow to the testis were found during whole body exposure to elevated temperature, or when the temperature of the testis was increased by scrotal heating. After one week of heating the wall of the spermatic artery in the middle region of the pampiniform plexus had thickened, and the arterial lumen had decreased significantly. The PGF 2α content in the testis of rams exposed to elevated temperature increased significantly. It is tentatively postulated that the higher levels of PGF 2α in the testis of rams exposed to elevated temperature may be responsible for impaired spermatogenic function by constricting the spermatic artery in the pampiniform plexus region and thereby reducing blood flow to the testis.
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    Developmental adaptation to high altitude hypoxia (1977)
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    International journal of biometeorology 21 (1977), S. 135-146 
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    Notes: Abstract Experimental studies on animals and humans exposed to hypoxic stress have been reviewed. These data suggest that the influence of hypoxic stress, and the organism's response to it, are greater during growth than during adulthood. The organism's responses include alterations in the quantity and size of the alveolar units of the lungs, enlargement of the right ventricle of the heart, slower somatic growth as measured by birth weight and body size, increased aerobic capacity during maximal work, and greater control of ventilation. It is postulated that the organism is more sensitive to the influence of environmental factors during growth and development than during adulthood. Consequently, adaptive traits acquired during the developmental period have profound, long-term consequences, which are reflected in the physiological and morphological characteristics of the adult organism. It is concluded that the differences between the highland and lowland natives in their physiological performance and morphology are mostly due to adaptations acquired during the developmental period. Attention is called to the fact that the principle of developmental sensitivity and plasticity does not imply equally adaptive responses in all biological parameters. In other words, what we consider a deficiency in a given variable may actually reflect the indirect influence of the adaptive success of another variable.
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    The role of facilitated diffusion of oxygen in tissue hypoxia (1977)
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    International journal of biometeorology 21 (1977), S. 179-187 
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    Notes: Abstract The evidence that cytochrome P-450 can act as a tissue oxygen carrier is outlined, and a new experimental approach to the measurement of the fraction of oxygen carried this way is described. This fraction is increased when cytochrome P-450 concentration is increased, which occurs on exposure of the experimental animal to hypoxia. This appears to be a new mechanism of tissue acclimation to hypoxia.
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    Effect of species on dune grass growth (1977)
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    International journal of biometeorology 21 (1977), S. 256-266 
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    Notes: Abstract Observations of experimental dunes made over a period of nine years indicate differences in utilizing three different dune species along the North Carolina coast and in the type of dunes produced by them.Ammophila is superior in ease of establishment and rate of sand accumulation but is shortlived. It produces a gently sloping dune.Uniola is difficult to propagate but is an excellent dune builder and eventually dominates the foredune. Grown alone, it produces a steep dune front.Panicum is an excellent companion plant to bothAmmophila andUniola. It is easy to propagate, relatively free of pests and produces dunes intermediate in shape, betweenAmmophila andUniola. Plantings of mixtures of two or more of these species should greatly improve long-term dune stability compared with either planted alone.
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    Effect of sand cover on the survival and vigor ofRosa rugosa Thunb. (1977)
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    International journal of biometeorology 21 (1977), S. 276-280 
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    Notes: Abstract Rugosa rose,Rosa rugosa Thunb., is adapted to the northeast coast of the United States. It can be used to trap blowing sand or planted for beautification. Unpredictable weather conditions during the year of establishment have caused survival to be generally poor. Field observations have indicated that rugosa rose spruted from old plants when covered with 30 to 60 cm of sand. To test this observation, rugosa rose was planted at three depths: 0, 15 and 30 cm deeper than the normal planting depth. Roses planted 30 cm deeper than normal developed expanded leaves sooner than did those planted at the normal depth. Peat moss mixed in the planting hole tended to delay leaf formation for the 0 cm treatment but had no effect on survival at any depth. Survival during the first year was 100% for the 30 cm depth and 93% for 0- and 15-cm treatments. The deeper planted roses were more vigorous at the end of the season than were those set at the normal depth. Rose hips developed on plants set at the two deeper treatments. No hips were produced on those plants for the normal depth. New roots grew on the buried stems. These new roots were near the sand surface rather than uniformly distributed along the buried stems.
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    Parallelism of atmospheric electrical potential and mortality in London air pollution episodes (1977)
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    International journal of biometeorology 21 (1977), S. 311-318 
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    Notes: Abstract Atmospheric electrical potential (E) was evaluated statistically with smoke and sulfur dioxide as a predictor of excess mortality during the London air pollution episodes of the 1950s. E, as a surrogate of respirable aerosols, in combination with SO2 proved to be a better predictor of excess episode mortality than smoke.
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    Studies on cold pressor response of subjects who suffered from frostbite at high altitude (1977)
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    International journal of biometeorology 21 (1977), S. 332-336 
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    Notes: Abstract Seven lowlander soldiers who had 1st to 3rd degree of frostbite and 8 lowlander soldiers who recovered from high altitude pulmonary oedema were tested for cold pressor response at 260 m, 26°C, 6.8°C and 4,085 m, 26°C, 6.8°C. 8 lowlander soldiers (Control subjects) of comparable age group were tested for their cold pressor response at 260 m, 26°C and 3,300 m, 26°C. Another group of control subjects from the laboratory were also tested at 2,121 m, 26°C. There was a highly significant decrease in cold pressor response of the frostbite subjects at 260 m, 26°C and a very significant increase at 260 m, 6.8°C as compared to non-frostbite subjects. The subjects who recovered from high altitude pulmonary oedema did not show significant differences as compared with the control subjects. The results suggest certain basic physiological differences in regulation of supply of blood to the extremities under condition of general and local cold exposure.
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    Aerial dispersal of biological material from Australia to New Zealand (1978)
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    International journal of biometeorology 22 (1978), S. 1-19 
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    Notes: Abstract New Zealand lies 2000 km across the Tasman Sea, southeast of Australia, in the path of prevailing westerly winds and thus is well sited for studies of long distance dispersal. The aerial transfer of biological material across the Tasman Sea from Australia to New Zealand is not well documented and evidence for this is reviewed. Plant Pathogens: Regular surveys have identified the races of wheat stem rust present in both countries. In general the identification of a new race in Australia was quickly followed by its appearance in New Zealand. SimilarlyAntirrhinum rust and poplar leaf rusts were detected in New Zealand soon after their first appearance in Australia. Insects: Coccids, the grain aphid, and blue moon and other butterflies and moths appear to have been carried across the Tasman during appropriate meteorological conditions. Seeds and Pollen: There is evidence for a west to east movement of seeds, spores and pollen. The affinities of the orchid and fern floras between the two countries provides circumstantial evidence and it is generally accepted thatCasuarina pollen found in peat and surface samples from various parts of New Zealand has its source in eastern Australia.
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    Absence of harmful effects of protracted negative air ionisation (1978)
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    International journal of biometeorology 22 (1978), S. 53-58 
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    Notes: Abstract The absence of harmful effects of protracted negative air ionisation was studied in 5 weather-sensitive women and 5 normal men chosen at random. Negative ions were generated by the Modulion of Amcor-Amron (Herzliya, Israel). The patients were exposed separately during 8 sleeping hours and 8 working hours to the apparatus at 1–2 m distance in a 4 × 4 m room, for 2 months. Thus they were exposed to a daily uptake of 1 × 104 negative ions/cm3 for 16 h/day during 2 months. Urinary 17-KS, 17-OH, adrenaline and noradrenaline excretion was not affected by the negative ionisation. However serotonin, 5-HIAA, histamine and thyroxine excretion — if increased before — diminished by 50% on an average. There were no changes in body weight, blood pressure, pulse, respiratory rate, oral morning temperature, dynamometer grip strength, routine liver function tests, urinary pH, albumen, glucose, ketones, bilirubin, or occult blood, red and white blood count and ECG records. The EEG revealed the typical changes due to negative air ionisation: stabilising of frequency, increased amplitudes, spreading of brainwaves from the perceptive occipital area to the conceptive frontal area and synchronisation of both hemisphere tracings.
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    Diurnal rhythms of supercooling in locusts (1978)
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    International journal of biometeorology 22 (1978), S. 112-115 
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    Notes: Abstract When locusts are exposed to diurnal cycles of LD 6:18, which are known to elicit a clear circadian periodicity in these insects, the supercooling point is lower in the dark than in the light phase — significantly so in the case ofL. migratoria. The adaptive value of this is that it enables the animals to withstand colder conditions. It is argued that the rhythm is probably endogenous and coupled with the circadian locomotory rhythm.
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    An approach to the biometeorology of decomposer organisms (1978)
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    International journal of biometeorology 22 (1978), S. 94-102 
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    Notes: Abstract A search for surrogate variables of weather's control over rate of decay by decomposer organisms has revealed that Actual Evapotranspiration (AE), a water budget term, correlates well (r = 0.976) with measured values of litter decomposition rate. Using data from many biomes of the earth, a curve-fit of AE with measured decomposition rate has been formulated. This curve-fit has been used to prepare a map which displays the geography of predicted decay rate for North America. The physical properties of the litter also controls decomposition rates. Work is in progress to refine the AE to decomposer relationship by considering the lignin content of decomposing litter. Preliminary results suggest that control of decomposition rates by lignin increases with AE so that in high AE environments small changes in lignin concentration result in large changes in litter decay rates. This relationship perhaps explains the great variability in decay rates reported in tropical ecosystems.
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    Thymus mast cell numbers following perinatal and adult exposures to low intensity 0.5 Hz magnetic fields (1978)
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    International journal of biometeorology 22 (1978), S. 123-128 
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    Notes: Abstract In a factorial design, 40 male 200-day-old rats that had been exposed from 2.5 days before to 2.5 days after birth to either 0.5 Hz rotating magnetic fields (RMFs) between 10−3T to 10−6T or to sham fields and maintained after weaning in one of two typical caging conditions were exposed as adults to either one of three 0.5 Hz RMF intensities (10−6T, 10−7T or 10−8T) or to sham fields or to colony room control conditions. The numbers of mast cells (MCs/mm2) were determined for thymus tissues stained with thionin and toluidine blue. Thymuses from adult rats that had been perinatally exposed to the RMF displayed a marginally significant 20% to 35% elevation in MC numbers relative to sham-field controls. However the adult exposures did not sïgnificantlÿ affect the MC numbers. The two postweaning caging conditions, a non-magnetic field comparator variable, induced a significant 35% difference in MC numbers. The absence of sïgnificant perinatal by adult RMF exposure interactions indicated that early magnetic field exposure did not alter adult thymus responsivity to weaker but more natural intensity levels.
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    Changing cold acclimatization patterns of men living in Antarctica (1978)
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    International journal of biometeorology 22 (1978), S. 163-176 
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    Notes: Abstract Responses to a standard cold stress of 10°C for 2 h applied before (Melbourne) and four times during a year in Antarctica were observed in 10 adult male Caucasians, 7 of whom were re-tested after returning from Antarctica. An early form of cold acclimatization developed within a month of arriving in Antarctica in which the cold stress response was characterised by cooler peripheral temperatures than in the pre-Antarctic series. This was replaced by a late form in which the rectal temperature was cooler and peripheral temperatures warmer than in Melbourne. Maintenance of rectal temperature was equal in both forms and superior to that obtained before going to Antarctica. An improved peripheral rewarming rate was associated with the late form. The reduction in plasma cortisol concentration at the end of the cold stresses in Antarctica compared with those in Melbourne was a further indication of the establishment of cold acclimatization. An increased delay in the onset of shivering, a lowered skin temperature at the onset of shivering, and a reduced noradrenaline response was observed in the late Antarctic series. Adrenaline excretion during the cold stress increased in the later series but the rise from the pre-stress level remained fairly constant. This increase did not appear to be related to climate. Similarities with cold adapted rodents and newborn infants suggest that the infantile mechanism of non-shivering thermogenesis mediated by noradrenaline was partially re-established.
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    Electric fields, small air ions and biological effects (1978)
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    International journal of biometeorology 22 (1978), S. 202-212 
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    Notes: Abstract Early growth of barley seedlings supplied with ion-depleted air in a controlled microenvironment was used as the criterion of physiological action in experiments designed to separate electrical field and air ion effects. The essential element in this work was the fact that3H foils, functioning as bias electrodes at applied voltages of 67.5-955 V and providing field strengths of 4.6 V/cm to 90 V/cm will produce 2.7×104–1.7×105 small air ions/cm3 — concentrations sufficient to yield a statistically valid increase in growth rate. In contrast, seedlings exposed to equivalent electrical fields in ion-depleted air exhibited no increase in rate of growth. These results indicate that this particular physiological response is produced by small negative air ions and is not dependent on the accompanying electrical fields.
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    Variability and trends of corn heat units on the Canadian prairies (1978)
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    International journal of biometeorology 22 (1978), S. 235-241 
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    Notes: Abstract Seasonal accumulations of corn heat units were calculated from temperature records of 85 stations in Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. The number of years of data varied from 16 to 72. The objectives of the study were to determine how many years of data were necessary to obtain a reliable estimate of CHU for each station and to examine possible CHU trends with time. Stein's two-stage sampling technique was used to show that about 20 years of data should be used to obtain a reliable estimate of the location mean. When years were taken at random, the number of years of data needed for a location was larger than when taken in sequence. Statistically significant indications of trends in CHU with time were found for only about 11% of the stations. Year-to-year variability was considerably greater than any possible trends in the last half-century. Means and standard errors of the deviations from the 30-year mean (1943–1972) were calculated for all stations. Although these data were not independent because of their geographic proximity, there was an indication that CHU totals have changed in the past half-century. However, future changes in the CHU totals could not be predicted.
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    Circadian variation of insensible perspiration in man (1978)
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    International journal of biometeorology 22 (1978), S. 271-278 
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    Notes: Abstract Body weight loss was measured continuously for 24 hours in lightly clothed subjects at a room temperature of 26°C and relative humidity of 60% using the bed scale (model 33B, James Addison Potter). One male, aged 38 years and four females, aged 22 years served as subjects. Skin temperatures of the chest, thigh, leg and arm were measured every ten min. and mean skin temperature was calculated. Water loss through the skin was estimated by deducting body weight loss due to respiratory gas exchange and respiratory water loss from total weight loss. Respiratory water loss was estimated by using the formula $$\dot m_e = 0.019\dot V_{0_2 } $$ (44-Pa) where $$\dot m$$ e is the rate of evaporative water loss in the expired air (g/min), $$\dot V_{0_2 } $$ the oxygen uptake (L/min STPD) and Pa is the ambient water vapor pressure. Insensible water loss through skin was found to be significantly lower between 2:00–5:00 h than in the daytime. These findings contradict the results that the value of insensible water loss was higher at night than during the day.
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    Sex ratio of offsprings of rats bred at 5°C (1978)
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    International journal of biometeorology 22 (1978), S. 312-315 
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    Notes: Abstract The sex ratio at birth was examined in offsprings of rats reared in 5°C for successive generations. The sex ratio of their offsprings significantly skewed toward females and the litter size markedly reduced, as compared with those of controls reared in 22°C. Continuous administration of norepinephrine for 12 weeks which purports to simulate a cold stress resulted in a reduction of litter size with a tendency of skewness in sex ratio toward females.
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    Symposium on the environment inside buildings (1978)
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    International journal of biometeorology 22 (1978), S. 348-348 
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    Influence of season and reproductive status on peripheral plasma progesterone levels in the lactating bovine (1977)
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    International journal of biometeorology 21 (1977), S. 85-91 
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    Notes: Abstract Data collected monthly for one calendar year from Holstein cows lactating under Louisiana ambient climatic conditions comprised a total of 264 cowmonths. The year was divided into seasons of cool, intermediate, and hot temperatures. A highly significant (P〈0.01) relationship between plasma progesterone and animal age (r=−0.57) was observed. Plasma progesterone concentrations in the hot season (4.6 ng/ ml) were significantly (P〈0.01) higher than concentrations in the cool and intermediate seasons (3.4 and 3.8 ng/ ml, respectively). Plasma cortisol concentrations were lower (P〈0.01) in the hot season than in the cool and intermediate seasons and suggested the adrenal cortex did not contribute to the increase in progesterone concentrations which occured in the hot season. A significant (P〈0.01) positive correlation (r=0.45) between cortisol and progesterone was observed. Reproductive status did not have a statistically significant effect on progesterone levels and the affect of season on progesterone concentrations was consistant across all reproductive status. Plasma progesterone levels in the anestrus animals (3.9 ng/ ml) suggested progesterone secretion was responsible for their failure to cycle. Similar progesterone levels were observed in normal (3.5 ng/ ml) and repeat breeders (3.6 ng/ ml).
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    Hypoxia and the CNS: Maturation and adaptation at high altitude (1977)
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    International journal of biometeorology 21 (1977), S. 147-156 
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    Notes: Abstract The well known circulatory, including hemopoetic, and respiratory adjustments to high altitude often serve as classic examples of adaptation to specific environmental conditions. Less extensively studied are the contributions of the nervous and endocrine systems to such adaptive mechanisms even though their involvement in humans and animals is indisputed. Observations from our and other laboratories have identified in the rat a number of neurologic and endocrine responses to acute and prolonged exposure to high altitude attributable primarily to its hypoxic component. These responses include general retardation in maturation and function of the central nervous system as manifested by alterations in spontaneous and evoked electrical activity particularly in the limbic structures and involving selectively the synapse and are associated with impairment of brain protein and lipid metabolism, myelinogenesis and neurotransmission. Together with these neurologic disturbances, endocrine dysfunctions lead to alterations in growth, fertility and metabolism. Thus hypoxia, even of moderate severity, would affect profoundly the biochemical and functional maturation and activity of the brain and endocrines, and, reciprocally, prevention and treatment of these neuroendocrine imbalances might strengthen the adaptive competence of the individual.
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    Bilirubinemia and intravascular hemolysis during acclimatization to high altitude (1977)
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    International journal of biometeorology 21 (1977), S. 165-170 
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    Notes: Abstract Bilirubinemia has been reported in man and animals exposed to high altitude, but the cause is not well known. Altered conjugation and delayed excretion of the pigment by the liver has been reported to contribute to the high serum bilirubin levels in man and animals exposed to high altitude, but the rate of development of bilirubinemia, the effects of severe polycythemia, altered erythrocyte fragility and intravascular hemolysis have not been thoroughly investigated. A study was made of the serum bilirubin concentration and the extent of intravascular hemolysis in rats during acclimatization to a simulated altitude of 5,500 m. During both continuous and intermittent (4h/d) exposure the serum bilirubin was significantly elevated at the end of 4 to 6 weeks. The elevations occurred only after severe polycythemia developed (hematocrit 68.5%, Hb 21.6 g/100 ml). An increase in intravascular hemolysis was found after 2 weeks intermittent exposure and after 4 weeks continuous exposure to 5,500 m. No change in erythrocyte fragility to account for increased intravascular hemolysis was found in any of the rats exposed continuously or intermittently to high altitude. No liver pathology was observed in rats exposed to 5,500 m. Bilirubinemia in the rat exposed to high altitude may have been due to the greatly increased erythrocyte number (hematocrit above 68%) and to a proportionate increase in destruction of erythrocytes, to increased intravascular hemolysis associated with the increased blood viscosity and possibly to an inability of the liver to handle increased levels of serum bilirubin.
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    The effects of aspect and exposure on the growth of dune grasses in Cape Hatteras National Seashore (1977)
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    International journal of biometeorology 21 (1977), S. 217-226 
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    Notes: Abstract During the month of July 1974, various growth parameters were measured forUniola paniculata (sea oats) andAmmophila breviligulata (American beach grass), plants on the dunes of east- and south-facing beaches of Cape Hatteras. The data were grouped based on the exposure and aspect of dunes studied. ForUniola, height of the flowering culm, number of flowering culms/m2, and the height of leaves of non-flowering plants were the most diagnostic parameters. ForAmmophila, the height of the leaves of non-flowering plants was diagnostic. Generally, theUniola plants on the foredunes were taller than those on the backdunes. Plants growing on the southfacing beach were taller than their counterparts on the east-facing beach. On the southfacing beach, the side of the dunes which faces away from the ocean had the taller plants. On the east-facing beach, the side facing the ocean tended to have taller plants. ForAmmophila, the tallest plants were on the back portions of overwash areas. The next tallest occurred on the front of overwash sites. TheAmmophila plants on the ocean side of the dunes were taller than the plants on the back side of the dunes.
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    Psychological test performance of different personality types on Sharav days in artificial air ionisation (1977)
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    International journal of biometeorology 21 (1977), S. 337-340 
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    Notes: Abstract 440 subjects were tested in a microclimate enriched with small negative ions. 225 subjects were tested on Sharav days, whereas 215 tested on regular days served as controls. It was hypothesized: (a) that test performance on Sharav days could be similar to that of the control group due to the ionized climate, and (b) that the improved performance would be different for subjects high or low on neuroticism and extraversion. Results showed that the performance of the Sharav groups was considerably similar to that of their controls. It was further found that on Sharav days subjects high on neuroticism scored worse than controls on non-verbal intelligence, whereas extraverts performed worse on substitution tests. A possible underlying mechanism is discussed.
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    Behavioral effects in monkeys exposed to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (1977)
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    International journal of biometeorology 21 (1977), S. 357-365 
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    Notes: Abstract Several experiments with rhesus and squirrel monkeys on the influence of extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields found no effects on behavior. Magnetic fields of 0.3 and 1.0 mT with electric fields of below 1 to 29 V/m at frequencies of 7, 10, 15, 45, 60 and 75 Hz were used. Small differences in ambulatory activity and response rate were occasionally observed, but no consistent effects between or within animals on any measures were obtained. No effects on reaction time, interresponse time, match-to-sample performance, and blood constituents were observed. Such previously reported effects may not be a consequence of ELF values alone, but are probably related to other environmental variables.
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    Effects of atmospheric small negative ions on the oxygen consumption of mouse liver cells (1978)
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    International journal of biometeorology 22 (1978), S. 43-52 
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    Notes: Abstract The effects of small negative air ions on the oxygen uptake of isolated mouse liver cells were studied by exposing the liver cells to varying ion concentrations. For concentrations of the order of 1–2 × 105 ions/cm3, the oxygen uptake was always higher than in the normal atmospheric conditions of 3–8 × 102/ions/cm3. For intermediate concentrations varying effects of activation and inhibition were observed. A statistical analysis showed that the oxygen uptake increased by approximately 14% when liver cells were exposed to ion concentrations of values 1–9 times the normal, by approximately 9% when exposed to 10–99 times the normal, and by approximately 38% when exposed to 100–999 times the normal. The significance and possible implications of the results are discussed.
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    Analogies between rhythms in plant material, in atmospheric pressure, and solar lunar periodicities (1978)
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    International journal of biometeorology 22 (1978), S. 103-111 
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    Notes: Abstract Low frequency fluctuations of the gaseous exchanges of seeds and of the length of the roots of seedlings, maintained in darkness and at constant temperature, were compared with the atmospheric pressure fluctuations and solar lunar rhythmicities. Several experiments were conducted in short and long series on seeds and seedlings of different species. Gaseous exchanges were measured with the Warburg apparatus. The experiments were conducted with or without renewing the series, on different conditions of temperature and humidity, with or without agitation. On the short series, the morning and afternoon series were compared. On the long series, a pooled variance spectrum or a periodogram were established. OnLycopersicum esculentum L. seeds, morning and afternoon gaseous consumptions oscillated with respect to one another with a greater morning consumption at intervals of 15 days in correlation with new and full moon. The same oscillation was detected on the inverse of the atmospheric pressure. OnHelianthus annuus L. seeds a rhythmicity of the gaseous exchanges of 15 days and the same rhythmicity for the inverse of the atmospherical pressure were observed. In a new experiment a periodicity of 15 days was detected with some other low frequency rhythms and a plurimonthly tendency almost correlated with the vernal equinox. OnLepidium sativum L. a monthly rhythm and a plurimonthly tendency of the growth of roots of 72-h seedlings were found. Analogies of rhythmicity between the biological material, the atmospherical pressure and the solar lunar rhythmicity are observed.
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    In memoriam Professor Edward R. Dewey 1895–1978 (1978)
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    International journal of biometeorology 22 (1978), S. 161-162 
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    In memoriam Professor Yasu Kuno 1882–1977 (1978)
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    International journal of biometeorology 22 (1978), S. 159-160 
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    Solar heating of mammals: Observations of hair transmittance (1978)
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    International journal of biometeorology 22 (1978), S. 197-201 
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    Notes: Abstract The transmission of solar radiation through animal coats by diffuse scattering is well known, but the part played by hair structure has not been examined. Transmittance of light through single guard hairs of 6 marine and 5 terrestrial mammals was measured through a microscope and values ranging from 0.29 to 0.94 were found. The hair transmittance was negatively correlated with pigmentation and medullation. Stepwise regression analysis indicates that solar heating at skin level is correlated with both hair transmittance and coat reflectance besides being coupled with coat thickness.
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    Clothing insulation as a biometeorological parameter during rest and exercise (1978)
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    International journal of biometeorology 22 (1978), S. 177-189 
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    Notes: Abstract A method of direct measurement of the heat and vapor transfer properties of clothing is described when worn in situ by human subjects during rest and exercise. Additional experimental observations were used to verify that a model for predicting Fpcl is reasonably accurate. From the thermal efficiency factor (Fcl), derived from $$\bar T$$ s and Tcl measurements, an effective value for Iclo can be determined and thus vapor permeation efficiency (Fpcl) can be predicted. A single coefficient (ψ) that characterizes the boundary environment over the skin surface is the ratio (hFcl)/(heFpcl) and is determined for any environment in terms of directly observed Fcl factor or clo value and relative air movement concerned. Ultimately,ψ-factor may be used as a key biometeorological parameter to describe any heat balance condition graphically on a psychrometric chart. Its usefulness is also evident in prediction of the probable combination of operative temperature and humidity necessary for thermal acceptable zones, the limits for evaporative regulation, and the zone in which some degree of thermal regulatory failure can be expected.
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    Elimination of meteorotropic coagulation of gelatin films by means of a Faraday cage (1978)
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    International journal of biometeorology 22 (1978), S. 227-232 
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    Notes: Abstract At a Munich printing-works it was observed over a period of several years that the gelatin films used for preparing printing cylinders in fully air-conditioned rooms became unfit for use at random intervals due to coagulation. It was assumed that this damage was caused by electromagnetic environmental factors. The working area for sensitization of the gelatin films was therefore surrounded by a Faraday cage. Since then coagulation of the gelatin films has never occurred again.
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    The ability of non-classical meteorological parameters to penetrate into buildings (1978)
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    International journal of biometeorology 22 (1978), S. 242-248 
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    Notes: Abstract The penetration ability of four physical variables whose value in the undisturbed atmosphere is influenced by meteorological processes and which have repeatedly been mentioned in biometeorological studies has been investigated. Ion concentration, sferics, pressure fluctuations, and temperature fluctuations were simultaneously recorded outside and inside buildings. Measurements were made in a classical wood/brick house as well as in a fully airconditioned reinforced concrete/glass construction. It was found that pressure fluctuations with periods longer than one minute penetrate the buildings practically unchanged while sferics (measured at a frequency of 10 kHz) are attenuated. The attenuation depends strongly on the construction type. The concentration of ions and the temperature fluctuations inside buildings are independant of their respective values in the atmosphere. Their value is determined only by local activity such as smoking, open windows, heaters, or the presence of persons.
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    The influence of small atmospheric ions on human well-being and mental performance (1978)
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    International journal of biometeorology 22 (1978), S. 249-262 
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    Notes: Abstract Two experimental series were carried out to investigate a possible influence of small atmospheric ions on human beings under well-controlled conditions. In Experiment I, six female subjects were individually exposed in a climatic chamber to high concentrations of positive atmospheric ions, negative atmospheric ions and no ions. Physiological measurements were made, mental performances were tested and subjective votings were recorded. No significant effects of positive or negative atmospheric ions were found. — in Experiment II, 12 male and female subjects were selected out of 125 persons, all tested individually for feeling of discomfort when exposed to positive air ions in short selection experiments. These subjects were exposed twice to the same three ion conditions as in Experiment I. For the selected subjects no significant influence of the ions was found.
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    On the interpolation of data from σ-surfaces to isobaric surfaces (1977)
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 25 (1977), S. 237-249 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zwei Methoden zur Interpolation von auf σ-Flächen erzeugten Windkomponenten auf isobare Flächen wurden geprüft. Es wurde gefunden, daß die daraus resultierenden zonal gemittelten Windkomponenten und Impulsmomentflüsse nur sehr wenig von den entsprechenden Verteilungen auf σ-Flächen abweichen. Bei der Berechnung der Impulsmomentflüsse können signifikante fehler entstehen, wenn man nicht dasselbe numerische Schema anwendet, das die Daten erzeugt hat.
    Notes: Summary Two methods were tested for interpolating model generated wind components on σ surfaces to isobaric surfaces. The resulting zonally averaged wind components and fluxes of angular momentum were found to differ very little from the corresponding distributions on the σ-surfaces. In calculating the fluxes of angular momentum, significant errors may develop if one does not use the same numerical scheme which generated the data.
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    Ergebnisse von Messungen über den Wärmehaushalt eines künstlich erwärmten Flusses (1977)
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 25 (1977), S. 281-292 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Verification of a method for the numerical integration of the heat balance equation of a river. The calculations are made on the base of an experiment concerning the thermally charged river Kainach in Styria.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine Methode der numerischen Integration der Wärmehaushaltsgleichung eines Flusses und der Berechnung von Flußtemperaturen wird anhand eines Beispiels am thermisch belasteten Kainachfluß in der Steiermark verifiziert.
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    Ergebnisse von Temperaturberechnungen an Flußmodellen: Das Abkühlverhalten künstlich erwärmter Flüsse (1977)
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 25 (1977), S. 293-304 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The calculation method described by Rudel [10] and controlled by field measurements is used for riverwatertemperature calculations. The daily temperature variations of thermally charged and of uncharged rivers of different size are shown for mean climatological conditions in the months of January, April, July and October. The difference between the temperature of the artificially warmed and the uncharged river under the same meteorological conditions signifies the thermal charge. The decrease of the high temperatures downstream the warming spot (the still existing overtemperature in parts of the initial temperature-increase) is shown for four different river models.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das von Rudel [10] beschriebene und durch Messungen überprüfte Rechenverfahren wird zur Berechnung der Temperatur von Flüssen verwendet. Es werden Tagesgänge der Wassertemperatur von ungestörten sowie von künstlich erwärmten Flüssen verschiedener Größe unter den durchschnittlichen klimatischen Bedingungen der Monate Jänner, April, Juli und Oktober berechnet. Durch Differenzbildung zwischen der Temperatur des künstlich erwärmten und des thermisch unbelasteten Flusses bei gleichen meteorologischen Bedingungen erhält man die Größe der thermischen Belastung. Der Abbau dieser Übertemperatur stromabwärts der thermischen Störstelle wird für vier verschiedene Flußmodelle gezeigt.
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    Buchbesprechungen (1977)
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 25 (1977), S. 305-308 
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    Zur “Scale”-Analyse atmosphärischer Bewegungen in natürlichen Koordinaten (1977)
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 25 (1977), S. 323-341 
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    ISSN: 1436-5065
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Knowledge of the production of both the shearing and curvature terms of vorticity is most desirable for diagnosing synoptic developments, the two respective rates of production being a measure of the intensity of cyclogenesis or anticyclogenesis. Scale analysis of atmospheric motions has been performed in the natural coordinate system, yielding an order-of-magnitude estimate of the relative changes of pressure, density and temperature along the direction of flow and perpendicular to it, and making it possible to approximately determine the required rates of production of vorticity—both shearing and curvature terms. The main factors controlling these production rates turned out to be the horizontal and vertical wind shear, including the variation of wind direction with height, and the heat of condensation which is being liberated.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Um synoptische Entwicklungen besser erfassen zu können, ist es unter anderem notwendig, die Produktion von Scherungs- und Krümmungsvorticity möglichst genau zu kennen. Diese Produktionsraten stellen ein Maß für die Intensität einer synoptischen Entwicklung dar. Mit Hilfe der “Scale”-Analyse atmosphärischer Bewegungen in einem natürlichen Koordinatensystem, die zur Abschätzung der Magnituden der relativen Druck-, Dichte- und Temperaturänderungen in Richtung der Strömung und senkrecht dazu führte, konnten die geforderten Produktionsraten von Scherungs- und Krümmungsvorticity approximativ bestimmt werden. Dabei zeigte sich, daß diese Produktionen im wesentlichen von der horizontalen und vertikalen Windscherung sowie von der Drehung des Windes mit der Höhe und von der freiwerdenden Kondensationswärme kontrolliert werden.
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    On the upper-air circulation over the Equatorial Americas (1977)
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 25 (1977), S. 309-321 
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    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der Äquatorialregion der Neuen Welt herrschen in den meisten Schichten der Troposphäre Ostwinde ganzjährig vor. Die Verhältnisse in der hohen Troposphäre über dem Kontinent sind im Südsommer durch von der südamerikanischen Antizyklone ausgehende Strömungen aus südlichen Quadranten und im Nordsommer durch mit einer äquatorialen Pufferzone zusammenhängende Nordwinde gekennzeichnet; Westwinde überwiegen über dem Atlantik; Windrichtungen im Pazifischen Raum sind der Lage mit Bezug auf einen Sattelpunkt entsprechend veränderlich. In der unteren Troposphäre zeigen die Windverhältnisse deutliche Unterschiede zwischen der pazifischen und der atlantischen Seite der Anden. Über dem Ostpazifik behauptet sich ganzjährig eine im Uhrzeigersinn gekrümmte und den Äquator kreuzende Bodenströmung von hoher Richtungsbeständigkeit. Die Strömung ist am Äquator nur etwa 1 km mächtig und erreicht ihre größte nordwärtige Ausdehnung im September und Juni. Die Grenzfläche zwischen der Bodenströmung und der darüberliegenden Nordostströmung hat eine typische Neigung um 1∶1000, mit den größeren Werten im Nordsommer. Über dem westlichen Atlantik unterläuft der südhemisphärische Passat den des Nordatlantik. Dabei beträgt die Neigung der Grenzfläche zwischen um 1∶100 im Nordwinter und 1∶600 im Sommer. Die Konfluenzachse am Boden hat einen einfachen Jahresgang, mit einer nördlichsten Lage im Hochsommer.
    Notes: Summary In the Equatorial Americas Easterlies prevail in most of the troposphere throughout the year. Conditions in the upper troposphere over the continent are characterized by winds from southerly quadrants originating in the South American anticyclone during Southern summer and by Northerlies associated with an equatorial buffer zone in Northern summer; Westerlies dominate over the Atlantic; and wind directions in the Pacific region vary in relation to a col point. In the lower troposphere, wind conditions differ markedly from the Atlantic to the Pacific side of the Andes. Over the Eastern Pacific, a clockwise turning cross-equatorial current of high directional steadiness persists throughout the year. The current is only about 1 km deep at the Equator and attains its farthest extent northward in September and June. The interface between this cross-equatorial surface current and the broad Northeasterly flow aloft has a typical slope around 1∶1000, with larger values in Northern summer. To the East of the Andes, lower tropospheric Easterlies prevail, with increased southerly component during Northern summer. Over the Western Atlantic, the Southern hemisphere trades undercut the Northern trades, the slope of the interface varying from around 1∶100 in Northern winter to around 1∶600 in summer. The surface confluence axis undergoes a simple annual migration, with a northernmost position in Northern summer.
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    Zur Bestimmung des Bodenwärmestroms (1977)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 25 (1977), S. 383-397 
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    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary By means of the thermal conduction equation the errors of the soil heat flux are investigated. The thermal conductivity λ of the soil is calculated only by the aid of the soil temperatures. If the temperatures are given with an accuracy of 0,1 K large errors in the soil heat flux are found, especially when using the heat flux equation. With the augmentation of temperature-accuracy to 0,01 K the errors become less then 10%.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe der Wärmeleitungsgleichung werden Fehler, die bei der Bestimmung des Bodenwärmestroms auftreten, berechnet. Dabei soll auch das Temperaturleitvermögen des Bodens aus den Bodentemperaturen ermittelt werden. Bei einer Genauigkeit der Temperaturwerte von 0,1 K treten zum Teil sehr große Fehler auf, insbesondere bei der Berechnung des Bodenwärmestroms nach dem Wärmeleitungsansatz. Es stellt sich heraus, daß eine Temperaturmeßgenauigkeit von 0,01 K die Fehler bei der Verwendung des Tautochronenverfahrens unter einen Wert von 10% verringern kann.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02317997
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  • 92
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    On the orographic influence and lee cyclogenesis in the Andes, the Rockies and the East Asian Mountains (1977)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 26 (1977), S. 1-12 
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    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine vergleichende Studie der Zyklogenese im Lee der Anden, der Rocky Mountains und der ostasiatischen Gebirge wird vorgeführt. An Hand der Daten von 1958 (Internationales geophysikalisches Jahr) und 1973 konnte gezeigt werden, daß die Bildung der meisten Lee-Zyklonen mit dem Auftreten gewisser Strömungsbedingungen über den Gebirgen zusammenhängt. Leezyklogenese tritt für gewöhnlich dann auf, wenn der vordere (östliche) Rand einer quer zum Gebirge gerichteten divergierenden Strömung in der mittleren Troposphäre einer Zone von niedertroposphärischer Konvergenz und orographischer Abgleitbewegung überlagert ist. Der Barriereneffekt großer Gebirge ist von bedeutendem Einfluß auf die Leezyklogenese. Es wurde beobachtet, daß die Leezyklogenese in Südamerika am häufigsten im Lee der Cordilleren von Oliva, Calalaste und Patagonien auftritt. Viele der Oliva- und Calalaste-Zyklonen waren schwach und kurzlebig, während die Patagonien-Zyklonen für gewöhnlich wanderten und beachtliche Intensitäten aufwiesen. Lee-Zyklogenese in den drei Kontinenten trat entweder an einer Bodenfront oder an einer lokalisierten baroklinen Zone (Pseudofront), hervorgerufen durch einen größeren Gebirgszug, auf.
    Notes: Summary A comparative study of cyclogenesis in the lee of the Andes, the Rockies and the East Asian Mountains, is presented. Using the data of 1958 (the International Geophysical Year) and 1973, it was found that the initial formation of most lee cyclones occurred with the onset of peculiar airflows over the mountains. The lee cyclones usually commenced under the leading (eastern) edge of a diffluent cross-barrier flow in the mid-troposphere superimposed on a zone of low-level convergence and orographic descent. The barrier effects of large-scale mountains were observed to be of great importance to lee cyclogenesis. It was observed that cyclogenesis in South America occurred most frequently in the lee of the Oliva, Calalaste and Patagonia Cordilleras. Many of the Oliva and Calalaste cyclones were weak and short-lived, while the Patagonia lows were usually migratory with a considerable intensity. Lee cyclones in three continents occurred initially either on a surface front or in a localized baroclinic zone (pseudo front) induced by major mountain ranges.
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    A model for the calculation of the appearance of frontal profiles and of the vertical velocity of air at a front (1977)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 26 (1977), S. 13-19 
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    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine einfache Gleichung für ein Frontenprofil vorgelegt. Die Form des Frontenprofiles wird für verschiedene Temperaturdifferenzen zwischen Kalt- und Warmluft und für verschiedene Werte des Druckgradienten normal zur Front berechnet. Die Abhängigkeit der Vertikalgeschwindigkeit der Warmluft an der Kaltfront von der Neigung des Frontprofiles wird ebenfalls gezeigt. Die berechnete Vertikalgeschwindigkeit an der Front ist in guter Übereinstimmung mit der mit Doppler Radar gemessenen Vertikalgeschwindigkeit.
    Notes: Summary A simple equation for frontal profile is presented. The shape of the frontal profile is calculated for various temperature differencies between cold and warm air and for different values of the pressure gradient in direction normal to front. The dependence of the vertical velocity of the warm air at a cold front and the slope of frontal profile were found too. The calculated vertical velocity at a front shows good agreement with the measured vertical velocity with Doppler radar.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02246531
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    Observations of vertical atmospheric structure in a deep mountain valley (1977)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 26 (1977), S. 39-50 
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    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Dezember 1975 wurden durch eine Fesselballonsonde die vertikalen Temperatur- und Windprofile im Gore River Valley im westlichen Colorado ermittelt. Aus Beobachtungen an einem wolkenlosen Morgen bei einer anfangs starken Inversion im Tal zeigte sich, daß die Inversionsobergrenze stetig um 120 m Std−1. absank und nach ungefähr vier Stunden den Talgrund erreichte. Schwache Talabwinde wehten innerhalb der Inversionsschicht. während stärkere Talaufwinde oberhalb derselben herrschten. Eine Hypothese wird vorgeschlagen, um diese Beobachtungen zu erklären. Die Abkühlung am späten Nachmittag und am Abend, wobei die Bildung einer Inversion einsetzte, deren Schichtdicke in weniger als zwei Stunden 175 m betrug, ist Gegenstand einer gesonderten Untersuchung. Winde innerhalb der Inversionsschicht wurden nicht mehr von den Winden in der freien Atmosphäre beeinflußt und blieben im Laufe der Nacht sehr schwach. Bewölkung während der Erwärmungsperiode an einem Morgen hatte zur Folge, daß das Temperaturprofil sich Isothermie näherte, indem Erwärmung gleichmäßig im ganzen Luftraum des Tales sich fortsetzte.
    Notes: Summary A tethered balloon sounder was used to collect vertical temperature and wind structure data in the Gore River Valley of Western Colorado during December, 1975. Observations taken on a clear morning in which a deep inversion was initially present in the valley showed that the inversion top descended at a steady rate of ∼120 m hr−1. reaching the valley bottom after approximately 4 hours. Weak down-valley winds were present within the inversion layer while stronger up-valley winds prevailed above. A hypothesis is presented to account for these observations. A case study is presented for afternoon and evening cooling in which a ground-based inversion developed to a depth of 175 m in less than 2 hours. Winds within the inversion became decoupled from the synoptic-scale winds and remained very weak during the night. The effect of cloud cover during a morning heating cycle was to make the temperature soundings approach isothermal while sensible heating continued throughout the valley volume.
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    Ein Vergleich deutscher und amerikanischer Höhenvorhersagekarten für den Alpenraum (1977)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 26 (1977), S. 83-91 
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    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The German 500 mb forecast charts have been compared to their American counterparts for the period from 1 October 1974 to 30 September 1975 for the regions of the Alps. For this purpose correlation coefficients at discrete points were used. It has been found that the American charts are generally superior to the German ones. A comparison taking into account various weather situations has yielded the same result and has emphasized the greater prognostic value of the American charts.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die numerischen Vorhersagekarten des deutschen Wetterdienstes und des amerikanischen Wetterbüros für das 500 mb-Niveau wurden innerhalb eines bestimmten Zeitraumes (1. Oktober 1974 bis 30. September 1975) für den Alpenraum mittels Korrelationskoeffizienten an diskreten Punkten miteinander verglichen. Als Ergebnis kann festgehalten werden, daß die amerikanischen Vorhersagekarten (sowohl die 48-stündigen als auch die 72-stündigen Karten) den äquivalenten deutschen Karten im allgemeinen überlegen sind. Auch bei dem Vergleich der Karten in bezug auf einzelne Wetterlagen müssen die amerikanischen Vorhersagekarten als richtiger bewertet werden.
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    Die Eintreffgenauigkeit der lokalen Wettervorhersage im Vergleich zur Persistenz (1977)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 26 (1977), S. 73-82 
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    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The Institute of Meteorology at the Free University Berlin has been checking its official daily 24-hr weather forecasts for Berlin since May 1971. The verification scheme is based on a concept developed in the German Weather Service. For 5 years monthly and annual mean values of the verification rate were computed for minimum temperature, maximum temperature, cloud cover, precipitation, and wind speed. In the same manner the 24-hr persistency was calculated for the five elements. As the mean value of the verification rates for the 24-hr forecasts of the five weather elements we found 84,4%. This value is 6,5% higher than that for the persistency-forecast. In detail the relationship of the annual mean values between persistency and actual 24-hr weather forecast is: minimum temperature 78.4% to 87.0%, maximum temperature 79.2% to 84.4%, cloud cover 64.5% to 71.1%, precipitation 74.6% to 84.8%, wind speed 92.9% to 93.9%. As a comparison shows, the mean monthly pressure anomaly appears to play an important role in determining both persistency and the verification rate of the entire actual weather forecast. The verification rate for correct 24-hr forecasts of only one or of two, three, four respectively all five parameters together is also tested.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Seit Mai 1971 werden nach einem vom Deutschen Wetterdienst entwickelten Schema die offiziellen täglichen Punktvorhersagen für Berlin auf ihre Eintreffgenauigkeit überprüft. Der vorliegende 5-Jahreszeitraum wurde nach Monats- und Jahresmitteln ausgewertet. Ferner wurde nach dem gleichen Verfahren die Erhaltungstendenz berechnet, und zwar ebenfalls getrennt für die Vorhersageelemente Tiefst- und Höchsttemperatur, Bedeckungsgrad, Niederschlag und Windstärke. Als Mittelwert der Eintreffwahrscheinlichkeiten der Vorhersage dieser fünf Einzelelemente ergeben sich für die Prognose 84,4% und für die Erhaltungstendenz 77,9%, das heißt die aktuelle Vorhersage ist der Persistenzvorhersage im Mittel um 6,5% überlegen. Ein Vergleich zeigt, daß die Eintreffgenauigkeit der Gesamtprognose sowie die Persistenz wesentlich von der mittleren monatlichen Druckanomalie mitbestimmt werden. Es wird auch geprüft, mit welcher Häufigkeit keiner der fünf Parameter oder ein, zwei, drei, vier oder alle fünf gleichzeitig richtig vorhergesagt bzw. durch die Persistenz richtig erfaßt werden.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02246536
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    Eine Einführung in die Ozeanographie (1977)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 26 (1977), S. 107-108 
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    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02246540
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    Eine Anmerkung zum Artikel: „Die Abgabe von elektrischer Ladung aus verdunstenden leitfähigen Aerosoltropfen” von Jaromir Frühwirth (1977)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 26 (1977), S. 101-105 
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    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The experiments of Frühwirth are critically reviewed. As a result, it must be concluded. that the measured particle trajectories cannot be caused by ethyl alcohol droplets. Presumably the combined influence of changes in the droplet density, the Cunningham correction and the viscosity of ambient air simulated the deliberation of electric charge. This opinion is supported by the avaialable literature.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Experimente von Frühwirth werden kritisch untersucht. Dabei zeigt sich, daß die gemessenen Bahntrajektorien nicht von Tröpfchen aus Äthylalkohol stammen können. Vermutlich täuschte der kombinierte Einfluß von Änderungen der Dichte des Tröpfchenmaterials, der Cunningham-Korrektur und der Viskosität der Umgebungsluft eine Ladungsabdampfung vor. Diese Ansicht wird durch die bisher vorliegende Literatur gestützt.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02246539
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    Lower-tropospheric ozone of stratospheric origin (1977)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 26 (1977), S. 179-186 
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    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Stündliche Ozonkonzentrationswerte vom Zugspitzobservatorium des Institutes für Atmosphärische Umweltforschung, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Bundesrepublik Deutschland, zeigten, daß bei einer günstigen Überlagerung von stratosphärischen und troposphärischen Strömungsfeldern die in den USA vorgeschriebene, einstündige Maximalkonzentration von 80 ppb unter Umständen um mehr als einen Faktor 2 in der unteren Troposphäre überschritten werden kann. Eine weitere Verdünnung dieser Konzentrationen kann durch die Mischungsprozesse in der planetaren Grenzschicht erwartet werden.
    Notes: Summary Using hourly ozone concentration data from Zugspitze Observatory, of the Institute for Atmospheric Environmental Research, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, it is shown that under a propitious superposition of stratospheric and tropospheric flow patterns U.S. Federal maximum ozone standards of 80 ppb can occasionally be exceeded by a factor of two or more in the lower troposphere. Further dilution of these concentrations has to be expected by mixing processes in the planetary boundary layer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02247161
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    Stratospheric-tropospheric exchange influenced by solar activity. Results of a 5 years study (1977)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 26 (1977), S. 127-154 
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    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Registrierungen von Be7, Ozon und Fallout in der Luft an einem Bergobservatorium in 3 km Höhe (Zugspitze) bilden die Grundlage für eine Untersuchung der Frage, ob die Häufigkeit stratosphärischer Lufteinbrüche in die Troposphäre von solaren Ereignissen beeinflußt wird. Die Daten umfassen den Zeitraum von Ende 1969 bis Februar 1975. Ein Zufluß stratosphärischer Luft zu der Meßstation wird durch einen bemerkenswerten Anstieg der Konzentrationen der 3 genannten Spurenstoffe stratosphärischen Ursprungs signifikant angezeigt. Wir benutzen die Synchronisationsmethode un Stichtage um die Abhängigkeit der Konzentrationen der stratosphärischen Spurenstoffe von solaren Ereignissen zu studieren. Folgende Ereignisse werden als Stichtage verwendet: a)H α Eruptionen mit Stärke 〉1 und zwischen 20°W und 20°E heliographischer Länge; b) Passagen der Sektorengrenzen des solaren interplanetarischen Magnetfeldes, wobei seine Polarität berücksichtigt wird. Abgesehen von den Konzentrationen der stratosphärischen Stoffe werden die folgenden Parameter synchronisiert: Calcium-Flecken-Index, Sonnenfleckenzahl, Neutronenkomponente der kosmischen Strahlung, geomagnetische Aktivität. Nicht zuletzt werden die stratosphärischen Verweilzeiten mit in Betracht gezogen. Auf der Grundlage dieser so gewonnenen Ergebnisse konnte mit Sicherheit festgestellt werden, daß die Häufigkeit der Stratosphärenluft-Einbrüche nachH α-Eruptionen und Passagen von interplanetarischen magnetischen Sektorengrenzen deutlich ansteigt. Dieser Zusammenhang gilt nicht nur während maximaler solarer Aktivität, sondern auch während solarer Ruhe.
    Notes: Summary Recordings of the Be7 and fallout in air and O3 obtained at a mountain observatory in 3 km altitude (Zugspitze) constitute the basis for a study of the question whether the frequency of intrusions of stratospheric air into the troposphere is influenced by solar events. The data cover the period from end of 1969 to February 1975. An influx of stratospheric air passing the measuring station is indicated by a noticeable increase in concentration of the said 3 stratospheric materials. As a statistical method we are using superposed epoch analyses for studying the variations of the concentrations of the stratospheric materials. The following solar events are used as key days: a)H α flares with importance〉1 and between 20°W and 20°E of heliographic length; b) passages of solar magnetic sector structure boundaries considering thereby their polarity. Aside from the stratospheric materials 1. the following solar parameters are superposed: Sunspot number, calcium plage index, solar flux intensity (2695 MHz), and 2. the following geophysical parameters: Radio propagation index, neutron component of cosmic rays, geomagnetic index. Not at least the stratospheric residence time is taken into account. Based on the results it can be established with certainty that the frequency of stratospheric intrusions into the troposphere is distinctly increased by solar flares and passages of solar magnetic sector structure boundaries. This correlation is not only significant during maximum solar activity but also during solar quiet.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02247159
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