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  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (1,421)
  • GEOPHYSICS  (896)
  • 2015-2019
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (2,317)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1999
  • 1978  (1,163)
  • 1977  (1,154)
Collection
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  • 2015-2019
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (2,317)
  • 1925-1929
Year
  • 1
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    Kerogen structures in recently-deposited algal mats at Laguna Mormona, Baja California: A model system for the determination of kerogen structures in ancient sediments (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-02-28
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Res. in the Space Sci., Vol. 2, No. 1; 29 p
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  • 2
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    Experience with the inversion of Nimbus 4 BUV measurements to retrieve the ozone profile (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: The relative merits of pressure increment and partial derivative formulations of the ozone inversion problem are discussed briefly. The height range of validity of the retrieved ozone profile and the effects of adding wavelengths to or of dropping wave-length from the inversion system are indicated. Illustrative results are presented for profiles retrieved from BUV data using Backus-Gilbert, minimum information (Twomey), and quasi-optimum procedures.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 577-597
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  • 3
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    The inversion of stratospheric aerosol and ozone vertical profiles from spacecraft solar extinction measurements (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: The inversions of multi-channel solar extinction measurements have been analyzed for the 0.35-1.0 micron wavelength region to retrieve stratospheric aerosol and ozone vertical profiles using both the constrained linear inversion scheme and the iterative scheme. The inversions of the multi-wavelength solar extinction data obtained from spacecraft have been analyzed based on the inversion of computer simulated data using various atmospheric models with differing amounts of aerosol and ozone in the stratosphere. The sensitivities of the inversion schemes to different experimental errors are discussed in terms of accuracy and resolution of the retrieved profiles.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 505-527
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  • 4
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    Application of modified Twomey techniques to invert lidar angular scatter and solar extinction data for determining aerosol size distributions (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Polarization properties of the angularly scattered laser light from a volume of air are used to determine the size distribution of the aerosol particles within the volume by the use of appropriate inversion techniques. Similar techniques are employed to determine a mean size distribution of the particulates within a vertical column through the atmosphere from determinations of the aerosol optical depth as a function of wavelength. In both of these examples, a modification of an inversion technique originally described by Twomey has been employed. Details of this method are presented as well as results from actual measurements employing bistatic lidar and solar radiometer.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 469-503
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  • 5
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    Application of statistical inversion to ground-based microwave remote sensing of temperature and water vapor profiles (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Surface-based observations of downwelling microwave thermal emission are related to temperature and humidity profiles via a standard integral equation of radiative transfer. Both in clear and in cloudy atmospheres, statistical inversion techniques are used to retrieve profiles from a data vector of brightness observations and surface meteorological constraints. For the clear case, accuracy predictions and profile retrievals are illustrated for: (1) single frequency angular scanned data; (2) multi-frequency angular scanned data; and (3) multi-frequency zenith data. For the last case predicted and achieved accuracies were compared in a recently conducted radiometric experiment. Retrievals of cloud contaminated radiometric data are elaborated.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 395-427
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  • 6
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    Comparison of linear inversion methods by examination of the duality between iterative and inverse matrix methods (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Linear numerical inversion methods applied to atmospheric remote sounding generally can be categorized in two ways: (1) iterative, and (2) inverse matrix methods. However, these two categories are not unrelated; a duality exists between them. In other words, given an iterative scheme, a corresponding inverse matrix method exists, and conversely. This duality concept is developed for the more familiar linear methods. The iterative duals are compared with the classical linear iterative approaches and their differences analyzed. The importance of the initial profile in all methods is stressed. Calculations using simulated data are made to compare accuracies and to examine the dependence of the solution on the initial profile.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 325-360
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  • 7
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    Analytic model approach to the inversion of scattering data (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: An analytic model approach is applied to several simple atmospheric inversion problems. This method gives a sharp determination of aerosol size distribution parameters. It is shown that this analytic approach, together with ground level point sampling data measurements, can be used to infer information on the tropospheric ozone profile.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 297-324
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  • 8
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    Inversion of infrared limb emission measurements for temperature and trace gas concentrations (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Limb emission measurements are characterized by sharp weighting functions at high altitudes, and for temperature determinations, strongly nonlinear dependence of the weighting function on the temperature. Several methods for inverting this type of measurement have been described and used, including iterative, statistical, nonlinear and approximate direct approaches. These approaches are described and advantages and disadvantages of each are outlined.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 195-216
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  • 9
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    Inverse solution of the pseudoscalar transfer equation through nonlinear matrix inversion (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Nonlinear matrix inversion operators have been developed which, applied to observed radiances, infer maximal information regarding atmospheric scattering parameters and vertical distribution of radiant sources and sinks. The algorithm has the attractive feature of noise discrimination, attributing instrumental errors to extra-atmospheric sources.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 139-153
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  • 10
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    Backus-Gilbert theory and its application to retrieval of ozone and temperature profiles (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: The inversion method provides a quantitative evaluation of the trade-off between vertical resolution of a retrieved profile and formal root-mean-square (rms) error due to measurement noise propagation. The problem of retrieving the top-side ozone profile from backscattered ultraviolet (BUV) measurements is considered. For measurements of the type currently being obtained with the Nimbus 4 and AE-E BUV experiments, it is found that a vertical resolution of approximately 0.75 scale height can be achieved for a formal volume mixing ratio profile error of 10%. Other examples include treatments of the retrieval of temperature profiles from measurements in the 15 micron CO2 absorption band for both the terrestrial and Martian atmospheres. Finally, the method is applied to the problem of retrieving temperature profiles of the Jovian planets from measurements in the far infrared pressure induced H2 lines to be obtained from the Mariner Jupiter/Saturn fly-by missions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 155-193
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  • 11
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    Statistical principles of inversion theory (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Statistical methods are used to deal with the inverse problem of radiative transfer. All the available information about an unknown profile can be expressed in the form of values of functions of that profile and error estimates of these values. Estimation theory shows how these values are combined to give an estimate of the unknown profile and its error covariance. Many inversion methods are expressed in this form, although the error estimate is not usually carried out. Practical applications are described, both for inversion of individual profiles, and the global analysis of satellite data.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 117-138
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  • 12
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    Some aspects of the inversion problem in remote sensing (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Several commonly used methods for inversion--constrained linear inversion, synthesis (Backus-Gilbert) methods and nonlinear iterative techniques for the Chahine type--are discussed. It is demonstrated that a very close connection exists between Backus-Gilbert solutions and those given by constrained linear inversion. A number of examples of the application of such methods are presented, showing that resolution is not greatly different for quite different algorithms, a result quite in accord with general theoretical considerations: more resolution can be achieved at the expense of introducing greater a priori bias in the procedure.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 41-65
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  • 13
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    Review of radiative transfer methods in scattering atmospheres (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: The radiative transfer in a scattering plane-parallel atmosphere is discussed, considering the exact analytical, the computational and the approximate methods. Some results of numerical comparisons are given. Finally, the difficulties of realistic atmospheric models are emphasized.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 21-40
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  • 14
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    Hybrid methods are helpful (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Multiple scattering problems in a plane layer often permit the convenient use of different methods joined together. Sample numerical results to illustrate this point refer to X- and Y-functions, asymptotic fitting, the small-loss approximations, polarization in high orders, and photon path distribution.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 1-19
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  • 15
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    A fast DFT algorithm using complex integer transforms (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Winograd's algorithm for computing the discrete Fourier transform is extended considerably for certain large transform lengths. This is accomplished by performing the cyclic convolution, required by Winograd's method, by a fast transform over certain complex integer fields. This algorithm requires fewer multiplications than either the standard fast Fourier transform or Winograd's more conventional algorithms.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 134-140
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  • 16
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    National geodetic satellite program, part 1 (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Determinations of tracking station locations and the gravitational constant of the earth, based on Doppler-tracking data from lunar and planetary spacecraft are presented. Two-way Doppler data obtained by the Deep Space Network of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) were used. The Deep Space Station instrumentation that JPL employed is described. How the stations were located is detailed, and the data used are discussed. Results are given together with an analysis of the errors.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Natl. Geodetic Satellite Program, Pt. 1; p 249-292
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  • 17
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    National geodetic satellite program, part 1 (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) space research program was directed toward modeling the gravitational field of the earth from an analysis of the Doppler shifts on the transmitted frequencies of the satellites as obtained by the tracking stations. Emphasis is on the satellites involved and the methods used in accomplishing this aim.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Natl. Geodetic Satellite Program, Pt. 1; p 89-138
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  • 18
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    The Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere (LIMS) experiment (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere is used to obtain vertical profiles and maps of temperature and the concentration of ozone, water vapor, nitrogen dioxide, and nitric acid for the region of the stratosphere bounded by the upper troposphere and the lower mesosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Nimbus 7 User's Guide; p 71-104
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  • 19
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    Microwave radiometer measurement of water vapor path delay: Data reduction techniques (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Data reduction techniques are developed to compensate for water vapor path delay, a limiting error source in geodetic measurements made with very long baseline interferometry and in radio ranging to spacecraft. It is shown that water vapor path delay is proportional to a linear combination of saturation-corrected sky brightness temperatures, measured on and off the water vapor line. The effects of emission from liquid water droplets in clouds as well as most of the oxygen emission are removed by the off-line channel. Sky brightness temperatures are saturation-corrected or 'linearized' using estimates of effective sky temperatures made from surface temperature. Tipping curves are used to remove instrumental error. Coefficients are found by two methods: from a regression analysis of measured brightness temperatures versus radiosonde measured delay, and from a regression analysis of theoretical brightness temperatures versus radiosonde measured delay. In each case the coefficients are adjusted for differing climatic conditions by measurements of surface temperature, pressure, and relative humidity. Regression solutions are constrained to remove liquid water contributions and to give the correct slope for radiometer versus radiosonde path delay.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 22-30
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  • 20
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    Introduction: National geodetic satellite program, part 1 (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Background for the National Geodetic Satellite Program (NGSP) is presented. An historical summary of the program and its technical structure is given. The technical structure of the program is described in enough detail that the reader can relate the work of the individual contributors to each other and to the NGSP.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Natl. Geodetic Satellite Program, Pt. 1; p 3-85
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  • 21
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    The Stratospheric and Mesospheric Sounder (SAMS) experiment (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Thermal emission and solar resonance fluorescence from the atmospheric limb are reported. Global measurements are made of radiation from the molecular species. The gas correlation spectroscopy technique based on the use of gas cells to select emission from chosen spectral lines or from particular parts of spectral lines is used. The source function and departure from the thermodynamic equilibrium between 80 and 130 kilometers associated with CO2 emission bands were investigated. The zonal wind velocity component along the line of sight is measured.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Nimbus 7 User's Guide; p 139-174
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  • 22
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    The Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) experiment (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The radiation budget of the earth on both synoptic and planetary scales by simultaneous measurement of incoming solar radiation and outgoing earth reflected (shortwave) and emitted (longwave) radiation was determined. Both fixed wide angle sampling of terrestrial fluxes at the satellite altitude, and scanned narrow-angle sampling of the radiance components, dependent on angle are used to determine outgoing radiation. Measurements of radiation are obtained in 22 different optical channels.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Nimbus 7 User's Guide; p 33-58
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  • 23
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    National geodetic satellite program, part 1 (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The major accomplishments of the GEOS-B, C-band systems project is assessed. The project objectives are given, namely: (1) primary objectives that must be met for project success; (2) secondary objectives that were sufficiently important to warrant serious consideration; and (3) other objectives that were important to the project and for which additional effort would be desirable. The primary objectives are presented and discussed in detail.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Natl. Geodetic Satellite Program, Pt. 1; p 487-524
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  • 24
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    National geodetic satellite program, part 1 (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Equipment and techniques were evaluated operationally, by the Department of Defense, during the National Geodetic Satellite Program (NGSP). The theory, instrumentation, and data reduction methods used are described. Results obtained during the NGSP are given.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Natl. Geodetic Satellite Program, Pt. 1; p 139-245
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  • 25
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    Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement (SAM 2) experiment (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement 2 (SAM 2) is used to map the concentration and optical properties of stratospheric aerosols as a function of altitude, latitude, and longitude. The vertical distribution of the stratospheric aerosols in the polar regions of both hemispheres is provided.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Nimbus 7 User's Guide; p 105-138
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  • 26
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    Possible correlation of Io's posteclipse brightening with major solar flares (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: In 6 of the 7 instances where posteclipse brightening of Io has been reported by observers using blue filters, a major solar flare occurred within 10 degrees of the sub-Jovian longitude in the 100-day interval prior to observation. In none of the 18 instances where no posteclipse brightening was observed did such a flare occur. It is proposed that a phenomenon associated with a major solar flare causes an increase in the trapped particle flux at Io's orbit by an order of magnitude. The posteclipse brightening may be caused by thermoluminescence of Io's surface material upon emergence. Alternatively, it is possible that the increase in trapped particle flux would warm the surface, creating a temporary atmosphere which would precipitate during eclipse cooling and vaporize in the period of warming after reemergence.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 33; Jan. 197
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  • 27
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    Stimulated plasma waves in the ionosphere (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The reported discussion is concerned with longitudinal waves associated with electron motions. These waves are easily stimulated in the ionosphere by rocket- and satellite-borne RF sounders. Most of the observations of stimulated plasma waves in the ionosphere are based on ionograms obtained from the sounders carried on board five satellites, including Explorer 20, Alouette 1 and 2, and ISIS 1 and 2. The majority of the observations can be explained by considering the propagation of the sounder-stimulated plasma waves. Attention is given to aspects of plasma wave dispersion, linear phenomena, plasma wave instabilities and nonlinear phenomena, unexplained phenomena, diagnostic applications, geophysical and astrophysical applications, and a number of experiments planned for the future.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Radio Science; 12; Nov
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  • 28
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    The mass of Phobos (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Radio tracking data associated with the February 1977 encounters between the Martian satellite Phobos and the Viking Orbiter I spacecraft have been analyzed to determine the gravitational constant of Phobos. A linear error analysis was conducted to determine the selection of data and the parameter solution set which would yield the best estimate of the gravitational constant. This error analysis indicated that the optimal data set was a data arc beginning just prior to the closest encounter and spanning three consecutive spacecraft orbits; data near periapsis were deleted. The most feasible parameter solution set consisted of the Phobos gravitational constant and the spacecraft initial conditions. The result of the data analysis was an estimate of (7.3 plus or minus 0.7) x 10 to the -4th cu km/sq sec for the gravitational constant of Phobos.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 4; Dec. 197
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  • 29
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    Thermal structure of the primitive ionosphere (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Exospheric neutral and electron temperatures have been estimated for the primitive upper atmosphere and ionosphere with various oxygen content in the scheme of our previous model (Shimizu and Shimazaki, 1976). The exospheric neutral temperature has been shown to be rather insensitive to the change of oxygen content, justifying our previous assumption for the temperature variation, while the exospheric electron temperature has been found to be quite sensitive to the compositional change, mainly owing to the strong dependence of electron density on the oxygen concentration.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Jan. 1
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  • 30
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    On the ortho-para equilibrium of H2 in the atmospheres of the Jovian planets (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The ratio for the equivalent widths for the unsaturated H2 quadrupole transitions observed in the Jovian planets is calculated and compared with a large number of observations. The comparison indicates that equilibrium hydrogen may be present in Jupiter and Saturn, while Uranus and Neptune exhibit ratios not in accord with equilibrium hydrogen. Observations which can differentiate among the possible states of H2 are proposed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 33; Jan. 197
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  • 31
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    The evolution of the atmosphere of the earth (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Computer simulations of the evolution of the earth's atmospheric composition and surface temperature have been carried out. The program took into account changes in the solar luminosity, variations in the earth's albedo, the greenhouse effect, variation in the biomass, and a variety of geochemical processes. Results indicate that prior to two billion years ago the earth had a partially reduced atmosphere, which included N2, CO2, reduced carbon compounds, some NH3, but no free H2. Surface temperatures were higher than now, due to a large greenhouse effect. When free O2 appeared the temperature fell sharply. Had earth been only slightly further from the sun, runaway glaciation would have occurred at that time. Simulations also indicate that a runaway greenhouse would have occurred early in earth's history had earth been only a few percent closer to the sun. It therefore appears that, taking into account the possibilities of either runaway glaciation or a runaway greenhouse effect, the continuously habitable zone about a solar-type star is rather narrow, extending only from roughly 0.95 to 1.01 AU.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Icarus; 33; Jan. 197
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  • 32
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    Infrared /JHK/ photometry of meteorites and asteroids (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper reports JHK colors observed for ten asteroids and synthesized JHK colors for seven meteorite groups, samples of iron and nickel metal, pyroxene, olivine, feldspar, a lunar anorthite and some terrestrial mineral samples. Pronounced differences are apparent between the chondritic and achondritic meteorite classes; the chondritic classes show less subdued trends in J-H color which reflect their metamorphic grade. We find small but significant differences between the JHK colors of the predominant C and S classes of asteroids. All JHK colors of asteroids observed here fall within the limited domain defined by the various chondritic and iron-rich meteorites but are strikingly different from those of most achondritic meteorites.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Meteoritics; 13; Mar. 31
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  • 33
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    Geographical variations of NO and O3 in the lower stratosphere (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Nitric oxide and ozone concentrations in the lower stratosphere have been measured from a high-altitude research aircraft using in situ measuring techniques. Results of several geographical surveys are presented along with predictions of two two-dimensional stratospheric models. Meridional and zonal data were obtained in June 1974 and in June, July, and August 1975. At longitudes 122-158 deg W the meridional data taken between 5 and 80 deg N latitude show an increasing NO concentration with latitude, by a factor of 4 at 21-km altitude and a less marked increase at 18 km. The minimum NO concentration at 21 km is observed at 5 deg N latitude and is about 6 x 10 to the 8th power/cu cm. Zonal data at latitudes 22-38 deg N taken from 55 to 176 deg N longitude show little variation of the NO and O3 concentrations with longitude.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Apr. 20
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    Spectrophotometric and color estimates of the Viking lander sites (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The spectral radiance and color of the Martian sky and soil and the spectral reflectance of soil features are estimated from six-channel (0.4-1.0 micron) spectral data obtained with the Viking lander cameras. Images taken near local noon from the two landers reveal a sky that is brighter near the horizon than the soil but with a similar spectral radiance shape and color. The scenes are predominantly moderate yellowish brown in color with only subtle variations except for some dark grey rocks. Most spectral reflectance estimates are similar: they rise rapidly with increasing wavelength between 0.4 and 0.8 micron and with only a few exceptions exhibit a pronounced minimum centered about 0.93 micron. These characteristics are consistent with an abundance of Fe(3+)-rich weathering products, notably nontronite. However, the delineation of the number and abundances of total mineral phases requires further analyses and laboratory comparisons. Reflectance estimates for rocks have not been repeatable, probably because most rocks have irregular pitted surfaces that introduce significant shadowing components.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Sept. 30
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    A search for ultraviolet OH emission from meteors (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Observations of hydroxyl (OH) emission from meteors were made during the late summers of 1975 and 1976 from altitudes of 10,600 and 14,200 feet (3.2 km and 4.45 km). The observations were made with OH meteor photometers developed at the NASA-Langley Research Center. Two of the meteors were Perseids, and one was an Alpha Capricornid. The Perseid meteors produced a peak irradiance at a distance of 100 km from the meteors of about 0.00005 erg/sq cm per sec in the OH emission region. The zero-magnitude Alpha Capricornid meteor produced a spectral irradiance at 3100 A of 23 hundred-millionths erg/sq cm per A per sec. This may be indicative of significant amounts of H2O in these meteors.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 217
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    Rare earth and trace element geochemistry of a fragment of Jurassic seafloor, Point Sal, California (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Rocks from an ophiolite suite once on the seafloor were analyzed for rare earth elements (REE), Sc, Co, Na2O, Cr, Zn and FeO. Strontium isotope exchange noted in some of the lavas is attributed to basalt-seawater interaction; the Ce abundance in smectite- and zeolite-bearing lavas may also be due to prolonged exposure to seawater. The higher grades of metamorphic rock, however, show no variation from the usual flat or slightly light REE depleted profiles. Plutonic igneous rock, all light REE depleted, have total REE abundances varying by a factor of 100 between the dunites and diorites. In order of decreasing REE abundance are hornblende, clinopyroxene, plagioclase, orthopyroxene and olivine. Calculations of REE contents of liquids in equilibrium with early cumulative clinopyroxenes suggest that the parent to the stratiform sequence was more depleted in light REE than the parent to the lava pile.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta; 41; Oct. 197
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    Computer simulation of earthquakes (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: In a computer simulation study of earthquakes a seismically active strike slip fault is represented by coupled mechanical blocks which are driven by a moving plate and which slide on a friction surface. Elastic forces and time independent friction are used to generate main shock events, while viscoelastic forces and time dependent friction add aftershock features. The study reveals that the size, length, and time and place of event occurrence are strongly influenced by the magnitude and degree of homogeneity in the elastic, viscous, and friction parameters of the fault region. For example, periodically reoccurring similar events are observed in simulations with near-homogeneous parameters along the fault, whereas seismic gaps are a common feature of simulations employing large variations in the fault parameters. The study also reveals correlations between strain energy release and fault length and average displacement and between main shock and aftershock displacements.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Sept. 10
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    Reducing greenhouses and the temperature history of earth and Mars (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: It has been suggested that NH3 and other reducing gases were present in the earth's primitive atmosphere, enhancing the global greenhouse effect; data obtained through isotopic archeothermometry support this hypothesis. Computations have been applied to the evolution of surface temperatures on Mars, considering various bolometric albedos and compositions. The results are of interest in the study of Martian sinuous channels which may have been created by aqueous fluvial errosion, and imply that clement conditions may have previously occurred on Mars, and may occur in the future.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 269; Sept. 15
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  • 39
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    The 1976 Standard Atmosphere and its relationship to earlier standards (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The 1976 U.S. Standard Atmosphere, representing a mid-latitude atmosphere for moderate solar activity, is compared to earlier standards. For heights of 51 km and below, this standard is identical with its immediate predecessor, the 1962 U.S. Standard Atmosphere. When the density-height profile of each of five earlier model atmospheres is compared with that of the 1976 standard, an oscillation of this parameter around the currently accepted average value is observed, which is partly the result of true density changes related to the 11-year cycle of solar activity and partly the result of earlier uncertainties. The development of knowledge is also elucidated by comparing the temperature-height profiles of each of the important standards used during the preceding century. Number densities of each of six atmospheric species computed for the 1976 U.S. standard are compared over the height region of 0 to 1000 km.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 15; Aug. 197
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  • 40
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    Happy Canyon - A new type of enstatite achondrite (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Mineralogical and chemical characteristics of the Happy Canyon meteorite, found in 1971 near Wayside, Texas, show it to be a new type of enstatite achondrite occupying the gap between the recrystallized enstatite chondrites and the igneous, crystalline, unbrecciated enstatite chondrites. Although the bulk composition of the specimen is consistent with that of an E6 enstatite chondrite, it has a crystal cumulate texture. There are minor amounts of metal and troilite which have survived extensive weathering. The Happy Canyon meteorite may represent an E6 composition which has melted and reprecipitated at a slightly higher oxidation state, possibly in the core of a small parent body.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Meteoritics; 12; June 30
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    A global thermospheric model based on mass spectrometer and incoherent scatter data MSIS. I - N2 density and temperature (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Measurements of neutral nitrogen density from mass spectrometers on five satellites (AE-B, Ogo 6, San Marco 3, Aeros A, and AE-C) and neutral temperatures inferred from incoherent scatter measurements at four ground stations are combined to produce a model of thermospheric neutral temperatures and nitrogen densities similar to the Ogo 6 empirical model (Hedin et al., 1974). This global model is designated MSIS (mass spectrometer and incoherent scatter). The global average temperature, the annual temperature variation, lower bound density, and lower bound temperature are discussed. The data set covers the time period from the end of 1965 to mid-1975 and also a wide range of solar activities. Diurnal and semidiurnal variations in lower bound density and temperature are considered, as is magnetic activity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; June 1
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    The upper ionosphere of Titan (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Photoionization of the upper atmosphere of Titan by sunlight is expected to produce a substantial ionospheric layer. One-dimensional forms of the mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations for ions and electrons have been solved along with electron number densities of about 1000/cu cm, using various model atmospheres. The significant ions in a CH4-H2 atmosphere are H(+), H3(+), CH5(+), CH3(+), and C2H5(+). Electron temperatures may be as high as 1000 K, depending on the abundance of hydrogen in the high atmosphere. Interaction of the solar wind with the ionosphere is also discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 31; May 1977
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    Lowest-order average effect of turbulence on atmospheric profiles derived from radio occultation (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Turbulence in planetary atmospheres and ionospheres causes changes in angles of refraction of radio waves used in occultation experiments. Atmospheric temperature and pressure profiles, and ionospheric electron concentration profiles, derived from radio occultation measurements of Doppler frequency contain errors due to such angular offsets. The lowest-order average errors are derived from a geometrical-optics treatment of the radio-wave phase advance caused by the addition of uniform turbulence to an initially homogeneous medium. It is concluded that the average profile errors are small and that precise Doppler frequency measurements at two or more wavelengths could be used to help determine characteristics of the turbulence, as well as accuracy limits and possible correction terms for the profiles. However, a more detailed study of both frequency and intensity characteristics in radio and optical occultation measurements of turbulent planetary atmospheres and ionospheres is required to realize the full potential of such measurements.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 214
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    The rings of Uranus (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A description is given of the observation of five brief occultations of the star SAO 158687 which occurred both before and after its occultation by Uranus on March 10, 1977. The events were observed with a three-channel occultation photometer, attached to a 91-cm telescope. The observations indicate that at least five rings encircle the planet Uranus. Possible reasons for the narrowness of the Uranus rings are discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 267; May 26
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  • 45
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    Observations of the mid-latitude lower ionosphere in winter (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Rocket observations of the lower ionosphere in the winter of 1971 at two locations show differences of electron density which are attributed to enhancements of nitric oxide and energetic electron fluxes precipitated into the mesosphere during the poststorm phase of a geomagnetic storm. Electron density distributions were observed above Wallops Island, Virginia, and Keweenaw, Michigan, larger values occurring at Keweenaw. Energetic electron fluxes were greater at Keweenaw (L = 3.9) than at Wallops Island (L = 2.5). While particle ionization was the dominant factor in establishing the electron density during one measurement at Keweenaw, particles were not present two days earlier, even though the electron density distribution was significantly larger than that observed at Wallops Island on both occasions. An accompanying ion composition profile measured at Keweenaw during the earlier flight showed NO(+) to be the dominant ion to 76 km, where the concentration of hydrated ions H3O(+).(H2O)n, exceeded that of NO(+).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; May 1
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    Observations at the planet Mercury by the plasma electron experiment - Mariner 10 (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Two nightside encounters with Mercury's magnetosphere by Mariner 10 revealed bow shock and magnetosheath signatures in the plasma electron data that are entirely consistent with the geometry expected for an interaction between a planet-centered magnetic dipole and the solar wind. The geometrically determined distance between the planet's center and the solar wind stagnation point is 1.4 plus or minus 0.1 R sub M. Both diffuse and sharp shock crossings were observed on the two magnetosphere encounters.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; May 1
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    Large-scale electric fields in the earth's magnetosphere (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Studies of the earth's magnetosphere have indicated that a large-scale electric field E plays a central role in its electrodynamics and in the flow and acceleration of charged particles there; while many observations relevant to E have accumulated, quite a few basic problems involving the origin and structure of this field remain unsolved. The ultimate source of E is presumably the flow of the solar wind past the earth, but the mechanism by which E arises is still unclear, and several independent sources may contribute to it, some of them being of a rather transient nature. This review attempts to sum up the main observed facts and theoretical concepts related to E.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 15; May 1977
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    Theoretical aspects of tidal and planetary wave propagation at thermospheric heights (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A simple semiquantitative model is presented which allows analytic solutions of tidal and planetary wave propagation at thermospheric heights. This model is based on perturbation approximation and mode separation. The effects of viscosity and heat conduction are parameterized by Rayleigh friction and Newtonian cooling. Because of this simplicity, one gains a clear physical insight into basic features of atmospheric wave propagation. In particular, we discuss the meridional structures of pressure and horizontal wind (the solutions of Laplace's equation) and their modification due to dissipative effects at thermospheric heights. Furthermore, we solve the equations governing the height structure of the wave modes and arrive at a very simple asymptotic solution valid in the upper part of the thermosphere. That 'system transfer function' of the thermosphere allows one to estimate immediately the reaction of the thermospheric wave mode parameters such as pressure, temperature, and winds to an external heat source of arbitrary temporal and spatial distribution. Finally, the diffusion effects of the minor constituents due to the global wind circulation are discussed, and some results of numerical calculations are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 15; May 1977
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    Variational electric fields at low latitudes and their relation to spread-F and plasma irregularities (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: In situ measurements of variational electric fields at low latitudes, taken by OGO 6 satellite instruments, are analyzed. The observations are compared with other data on F region and spread-F structures. Conformity of the electric field fluctuations with the overall picture of low-latitude irregularities is examined empirically and theoretically, and candidate processes for generation of the observed irregularities are considered. Three distinct types of irregularities are delineated and compared.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 39; Mar. 197
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    The N.A.S.A. earth and ocean dynamics programme (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Practical applications of NASA space systems, science, and technology to the study of oceans and solid earth are discussed. Goals involving earth dynamics include earthquake hazard assessment and alleviation, and global surveying and mapping, while goals involving ocean dynamics include the determination of ocean currents and circulation, and the monitoring of ocean surface conditions. Satellites used to obtain data are described, and projects such as the study of open ocean tides and earth motion determination are reviewed, with consideration given to the techniques (e.g., laser ranging, satellite-to-satellite track) used in these studies. Several physical phenomena, the extent to which they presently can be measured, and possible future requirements for more accurate measurements are examined.
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    Polar motion and earth tides from laser tracking (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper discusses techniques available for measuring polar motion, earth rotation and earth tides with laser tracking of satellites. In a discussion of future prospects, it is noted that when the Laser Geodynamics Satellite is launched, a network of laser stations is projected to be able to achieve better than 10 cm from each coordinate from less than one day of tracking.
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    Probing the earth's gravity field by means of satellite-to-satellite tracking (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Two satellite-to-satellite tracking (sst) tests are described in detail: (1) the ATS-6/Geos-3 and (2) the ATS-6/Apollo-Soyuz experiment. The main purpose of these two experiments was to track via ATS-6 the Geos-3, as well as the Apollo-Soyuz and to use these tracking data to determine both of the orbits at the same time, each of the orbits alone, and to test the two sst links to study local gravity anomalies. A second purpose was to test communications, command and data transmission from the ground via ATS-6 to these spacecraft and back again to the ground.
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    Pulsating aurora induced by upper atmospheric barium releases (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper reports the apparent generation of pulsating aurora by explosive releases of barium vapor near 250 km altitude. This effect occurred only when the explosions were in the path of precipitating electrons associated with the visible aurora. Each explosive charge was a standard 1.5 kg thermite mixture of Ba and CuO with an excess of Ba metal which was vaporized and dispersed by the thermite explosion. Traces of Sr, Na, and Li were added to some of the charges, and monitoring was achieved by ground-based spectrophotometric observations. On March 28, 1976, an increase in emission at 5577 A and at 4278 A was observed in association with the first two bursts, these emissions pulsating with roughly a 10 sec period for approximately 60 to 100 sec after the burst.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 267; May 12
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    Minor planets and related objects. XXII - Phase functions for /6/ Hebe (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Twenty-two light curves of Hebe are analyzed along with results of UBV photometry and photometric astrometry. A mean synodic period of approximately 7 hr 16 min 28.7 sec is adopted, and it is found that the amplitude of Hebe appears to vary directly with phase. The asteroid's magnitudes and colors are plotted against phase, its pole orientation is estimated, and the sidereal period is determined to be about 7 hr 16 min 28.01 sec from photometric astrometry. A color curve is plotted which shows that Hebe has a reddened region on its surface near the secondary minimum and that the asteroid is nearly spherical. Opposition effects are compared and found to be closely similar for Hebe, Ceres, Lydia, Massalia, and Vesta.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 82; Mar. 197
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    The Del Rio ataxite, Texas (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Basic data are presented on the Del Rio, Nordheim, and Monahans ataxites found in Texas. Results are reported for bulk-chemistry analysis, metallographic observations, and electron-microprobe analysis of the Del Rio meteorite. It is shown that Del Rio is distinctly different from the other two ataxites in terms of nickel, phosphorous, and carbon content, and is composed of at least three coarse grains in different crystallographic orientations. All the kamacite in Del Rio is found to have transformation structures that are probable shock products, and minor inclusions of daubreelite, schreibersite, and troilite are observed. It is concluded that Del Rio was apparently mildly shocked prior to its fall.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Meteoritics; 12; Mar. 31
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    Observation of neutral winds during an equatorial electrojet (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The vertical profile of the horizontal wind in a strong equatorial electrojet is distinctly different from profiles observed previously at other times and locations. The zonal wind speed is small and varies slowly with altitude, whereas the meridional component manifests a cross-equatorial oscillation with altitude which may result from a unique interaction of the ionized and neutral motions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 39; Feb. 197
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    Intercomparison of neutral composition measurements from the satellite Esro 4, Aeros A, Aeros B, and Atmosphere Explorer C (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Number-density data obtained at orbital 'crossover' points with the neutral-gas mass spectrometers aboard the Esro 4, Aeros A, AE-C, and Aeros B satellites are intercompared. All the mass spectrometers were designed to measure the ambient number densities of atomic oxygen, molecular nitrogen, helium, and argon. It is found that the agreement for N2 and O is satisfactory within the experimental errors and that the He measurements exhibit unexpectedly large discrepancies far outside the error range. Calibration and instrument sources of error are considered.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Mar. 1
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    Wind enhanced planetary escape - Collisional modifications (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Effects of collisions and finite winds characteristic of a highly perturbed atmosphere on the thermal escape of terrestrial hydrogen and helium are investigated using a Monte Carlo approach. The limiting cases of vertical and horizontal winds are considered, and the relaxation layer between the collisionless exosphere and the collision-dominated thermosphere is modeled as a plane-parallel slab of given column density, depth, and atmospheric density. For both gases, the upwardly injected flux at the base of the relaxation layer is compared with the returning downward flux distribution at the same location; the technique is also applied to the atmosphere of Titan. The results show that inclusion of collisions in the escape model for terrestrial hydrogen with winds effectively throttles the escape process, that collisional throttling is negligible for helium when the exobase temperature is at least 5000 K, and that the escape of a planetary-atmosphere constituent depends on the ratio of its gravitational and kinetic energies as well as on the ratio of its mass to that of the background gas.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Mar. 1
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    A low-frequency radio survey of the planets with RAE 2 (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Over one thousand occultations of each planet in the solar system have occurred during the period from mid-1973 through mid-1976 as seen from the lunar orbiting Radio Astronomy Explorer 2 (RAE 2) spacecraft. These occultations have been examined for evidence of planetary radio emissions in the 0.025-13.1 MHz band. Only Jupiter and the earth have given positive results. Lack of detection of emission from the other planets can mean that either they do not emit radio noise in this band or the flux level of their emissions and/or its occurrence rate are too low to be detected by RAE 2.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Mar. 1
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    Laser-induced fluorescence of CN/X2 Sigma +/ produced by photolysis of C2N2 at 160 nm (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper reports laser-induced fluorescence measurements of the initial product state distributions of CN(X2 Sigma +) produced during the photolysis of C2N2 at a wavelength of 160 nm. The parent molecules were photodissociated by an argon flash lamp, and saturated solutions of BBD in p-dioxane were used as a laser dye to produce radiation that excited CN radicals in the (upsilon-double-prime, N-prime) vibrational-rotational sublevels of the X state to the B-state sublevels. Spectral-line identification is discussed along with the observed rotational, electronic, and vibrational energy partitionings. The effect of added buffer gas (N2 or He) on the observed product state distributions is examined in order to monitor collisional energy transfer from CN(A2 Pi, upsilon = 0) to CN(X2 Sigma +, upsilon-double-prime = 4). It is found that both buffer gases produce population inversion between the upsilon-double-prime = 4 and upsilon-double-prime = 3 levels of the X state.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Chemical Physics; 66; Mar. 1
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    Physics of magnetospheric substorms (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Magnetosphere substorm physics are updated in the monograph. Major topics include: (1) open magnetosphere and the auroral oval; (2) auroras and auroral particles; (3) plasma distribution in the magnetosphere; (4) magnetosphere responses to interplanetary disturbances; (5) magnetospheric substorms and magnetotail phenomena; (6) magnetospheric currents, plasma injection, plasmasphere disturbances; and (7) magnetospheric substorms and solar-terrestrial relations. Other topics covered include: open field lines and the open magnetosphere, field-aligned currents, auroral particles and atmospheric emissions, plasma mantle, plasma sheet, radiation belts, magnetic flux transfer to the magnetotail, polar cap phenomena, substorm parameters, thinning of the plasma sheet, auroral electrojets, diurnal variations and dawn-dusk asymmetry of particle distributions, and instabilities.
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    On high-latitude convection field inhomogeneities, parallel electric fields and inverted-V precipitation events (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A simple model of a static electric field with a component parallel to the magnetic field is proposed for calculating the electric field and current distributions at various altitudes when the horizontal distribution of the convection electric field is given at a certain altitude above the auroral ionosphere. The model is shown to be compatible with satellite observations of inverted-V electron precipitation structures and associated irregularities in the convection electric field.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 25; Jan. 197
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    Lunar soil - Iron and titanium bands in the glass fraction (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 195; Mar. 11
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  • 64
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    The storm-time equatorial electrojet (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A Petrel rocket carrying a double cell rubidium magnetometer was launched from the Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station during the early main phase of a magnetic storm. No ionospheric currents associated with the storm were observed, and the large field depression at the flight time must therefore be attributed to currents at higher altitudes. The equatorial enhancement of ionospheric magnetic storm currents, predicted on the basis of theory and earlier ground data, was not observed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 39; Jan. 197
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  • 65
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    The 5-day wave and ionospheric absorption (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: In a previous paper, Fraser and Thorpe (1976) indicated that the average partial-coherence spectra for three summers and the average for three winters at a southern mid-latitude site had a dominant peak at a period of about six days. This peak in coherence between absorption and temperature is anomalous, and the present paper explains how some of the unexpected coherence features can be explained by the five-day wave described by Geisler and Dickinson (1976) and whose existence in the upper stratosphere was discussed by Rodgers (1976).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 39; Jan. 197
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  • 66
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    Geopotential resonances on Vanguard orbits (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Since their establishment in 1959 the orbits of Vanguard 3 (1959-7A) and the Vanguard 2 rocket (1959-2B) have been slowly contracting through at least five strong resonances of eleventh order. Tracking with Baker-Nunn cameras and the U.S. Navy space surveillance (radio interferometer) system over a 14-year period has revealed resonant fluctuations on them of up to 0.035 deg in inclination (peak to peak). Six geopotential terms (lumped coefficients) of eleventh order and three of twenty-second order have been measured by using orbit inclinations derived from this tracking record. The terms of eleventh order are significantly smaller than is predicted by Kaula's rule. (The lumped coefficients are sensitive to geopotential effects as high as thirty-seventh degree.) These observed terms are compatible with a recent 27-satellite geopotential solution (GEM 7) whose formal coefficent errors are increased by a factor of 3.3.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Feb. 10
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  • 67
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    Improvement in the geopotential derived from satellite and surface data /Gem 7 and 8/ (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A refinement has been obtained in the earth's gravitational field by using satellite and surface data. In addition to a more complete treatment of data previously employed on 27 satellites, the new satellite solution Gem 7 (Goddard Earth Model 7) includes 64,000 laser measurements taken on seven satellites. Gem 7, containing 400 harmonic terms, is complete through degree and order 16. The companion solution Gem 8 combines the same satellite data as Gem 7 with surface gravimetry over 39% of the earth. Gem 8 is complete to degree and order 25. Extensive tests on data independent of the solution show that the undulations of the geoidal surface computed by Gem 7 have an accuracy of about 2.5 m (rms). The overall accuracy of the geoid calculated by Gem 8 is estimated to be about 4 m (rms). The new combination solution is the first to show signs of 'convection rolls' in the upper mantle below the Pacific Ocean.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Feb. 10
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  • 68
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    On the reality of the Venus winds (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The article presents a rebuttal of Young's (1975) view that the 140 m/sec horizontal wind at 45 km reported by Venera 8 is anomalous or spurious. Some errors are discussed and the largest contribution is attributed to descent probe measurements designed to find the true probe descent rate. Young's suggestion of error in in situ measurement of winds due to selection of a reference speed and to unrecognized oscillator drift is scrutinized. Evidence is seen for a wide band of variable high-grade retrograde horizontal winds girdling Venus at the equator. Mariner 10 evidence (UV photographs) is taken into account. The band of winds at 45 km is seen to extend well beyond the top of the visible cloud, and an upper turbulent region is attributed to vertical convection currents carried along by high-speed horizontal winds.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 30; Feb. 197
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  • 69
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    Solar wind plasma injection at the dayside magnetospheric cusp (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Two mechanisms have been proposed for solar wind particle injection at the dayside magnetospheric cusps: magnetic merging and cross-field diffusion. These two mechanisms are experimentally distinguishable in that they produce different latitudinal distributions of particles penetrating to the low-altitude cusp. An examination of proton and electron measurements obtained by the AE-C satellite in the low-altitude dayside cusp reveals evidence of both types of injection processes. A majority of the injection events, especially the more intense fluxes, are best explained by a merging injection model in which cusp particles are confined to the poleward side of the last closed field line and have a characteristic energy that decreases with increasing latitudinal distance from the last closed field line. Less frequent and less intense injection events are better explained in terms of a diffusive injection of cusp particles onto closed dayside field lines with a characteristic energy that increases with increasing latitudinal distance from the last closed field line. Although diffusion appears to be quantitatively less important than merging in terms of the instantaneous particle injection rate, cross-field diffusion nevertheless appears to proceed at an unexpectedly fast rate, possibly exceeding the Bohm diffusion limit.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Feb. 1
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  • 70
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    Variations in eddy diffusion and associated transport processes (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Variation in the eddy diffusion coefficient constitutes a momentum source. This variation near the turbopause affects both the composition and the wind and temperature fields of the thermosphere. Two types of calculations are carried out, for horizontal winds considered self-consistently in a three-dimensional dynamic model and horizontal winds artificially suppressed to simulate a one-dimensional model. Momentum transfer associated with variations in eddy diffusion coefficients represents the source function in the analysis presented. It is shown that for long-term variations in the thermosphere, the compositional dependence on variations in eddy diffusion coefficients can be entirely different in one and three dimensional models with horizontal winds included. Horizontal winds can greatly reduce the effects of eddy diffusion in general and the ratio between He and O amplitudes in particular.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 4; Jan. 197
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  • 71
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    Optical constants of ammonium sulfate in the infrared (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The infrared spectral reflectance at near normal incidence has been measured for 3.2 M, 2.4 M, and 1.6 M solutions of ammonium sulfate, an aerosol abundant in the stratosphere and also present in the troposphere. Kramers-Kronig analysis was used to determine values of the refractive and absorption indices from the measured spectral reflectance. A synthetic spectrum of crystalline ammonium sulfate was obtained by extrapolation of the absorption index obtained for the solution to the absorber number densities of the NH4 and SO4 ions characteristic of the crystal.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Optical Society of America; vol. 67
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  • 72
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    Mass spectrometric measurements in the lower thermosphere (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Several types of spectrometers are discussed along with their methods of operations. The open source magnetic deflection type mass spectrometer and the quadrupole mass spectrometer are described in detail. The calibration and mounting procedures used for satellite-borne mass spectrometers were reviewed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Alabama Univ. UAH(NASA Workshop on the Use of a Tethered Satellite System; p 120-129
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  • 73
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    In situ measurement of reactive neutral constituents in the thermosphere by atomic and molecular resonance fluorescence (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Tethered Satellite System in combination with in situ atomic and molecular resonance fluorescence techniques can treat the problem of simultaneously determining the absolute density of atomic and molecular species known to control the photochemical structure of the upper atmosphere. Two familities of reactants which can be treated by these techniques are the nitrogen oxygen family and the hydrogen oxygen family.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Alabama Univ. UAH(NASA Workshop on the Use of a Tethered Satellite System; p 111-118
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  • 74
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    Reduction and analysis of satellite magnetometer data (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The broad-scale magnetic anomalies that appear in regional complications of aeromagnetic data, and in regional and global maps are discussed. Satellite data can be of value in defining such anomalies and invaluable, especially when utilized with airborne data, in their interpretation. The reduction and interpretation of satellite magnetometer data differ significantly from the standard techniques that are routinely applied to conventional measurements. The reduction of the data is discussed and its morphology is detailed. Interpretational techniques that are applicable are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Alabama Univ. UAH(NASA Workshop on the Use of a Tethered Satellite System; p 59-91
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  • 75
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    Chemical releases (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A Chemical Release Module to be carried into orbit by the shuttle is described. The module would release chemicals from orbiting satellites in order understand processes within the Earth's magnetosphere, atmosphere and ionosphere. A large number of potential experiments are identified, ranging from introducing traceable material into the solar wind in order to study its transport to and within the magnetosphere, to injecting material into the outer magnetosphere to simulate the precipitation of trapped charged particles, to the release of material at lower altitudes to create waves both mechanical and electromagnetic.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Alabama Univ. UAH(NASA Workshop on the Use of a Tethered Satellite System; p 135-150
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  • 76
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    Interaction of a tethered satellite with the atmosphere and the resultant environment (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The calibration of apparatus like mass spectrometers under free molecular conditions and the design and execution of relevant calibration experiments in the transition regime in low density wind tunnels is addressed. Potential access to the tethered satellite for beam instrumentation is discussed and would involve aerodynamic design input on the satellite, both as to preferred shape for the experiments and aerodynamic control for up-stream pointing. Aerodynamic design for the purpose of stabilization and pointing is also discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Alabama Univ. UAH(NASA Workshop on the Use of a Tethered Satellite System; p 106-110
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  • 77
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    Gravity gradient determination with tethered systems (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A detailed investigation of the Earth's gravity field is needed for application to modern solid earth and oceanic investigations. The use of gravity gradiometers presents a technique to measure the intermediate wavelength components of the gravity field. One configuration of a gradiometer involves a tethered pair of masses orbiting the Earth and stabilized by vertical gravity gradient of the earth. A mesurement of the tension in such a system, called the DUMBBELL system is described. It allows the determination of the vertical gradient of the anomalous component of the Earth's gravtiy field. Preliminary analysis of the dynamics, mechanization, expected signal levels and noise environment indicates that the Dumbbell system is feasible.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Alabama Univ. UAH(NASA Workshop on the Use of a Tethered Satellite System; p 33-58
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  • 78
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    Simultaneous in situ magnetospheric and ionospheric detection of detached plasmas (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: On January 19, 1972, in situ measurements by Explorer 45, orbiting in the magnetosphere near the equatorial plane, and ISIS 2, in a circular polar orbit at 1400 km, simultaneously detected patches of enhanced ionization outside the main body of the plasmasphere. The magnetospheric plasma region extended between (geomagnetic latitude) L values 3.4-4.8 and the ionospheric electron density enhancement extended between L values 3.6-4.4. The two plasma features were detected near 22 hours magnetic local time (MLT). Based on a number of observations, it is inferred that the plasma density enhancement persisted for more than 5 hours and extended over at least 2 hours in MLT near L = 5. These results provide experimental evidence that some detached magnetospheric plasma regions are signatures of a flux tube containing enhanced ionization throughout a volume extending from the topside ionosphere out to the equator.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 4; Sept
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  • 79
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    Martian isotopic ratios and upper limits for possible minor constituents as derived from Mariner 9 infrared spectrometer data (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 32; Sept
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  • 80
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    Electric and magnetic fields in the high-latitude magnetosphere (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The configuration of high-latitude electric and magnetic fields is reviewed. Various results suggest that high-latitude magnetic field lines from the outermost regions of the dayside magnetosphere converge toward a point near the noon meridian. Plasma flows, the midday cusp, and a dawn-dusk electric field across the polar cap are characterized. The electric fields associated with plasma flows produce Hall currents on the polar cap which vary with sector structure. Some evidence indicates that polar cap convection may reverse during intervals of strong northward interplanetary field. It is concluded that most observations are consistent with an open field magnetosphere model.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 15; Aug. 197
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  • 81
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    Impulsive penetration of filamentary plasma elements into the magnetospheres of the earth and Jupiter (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Assuming that the solar wind plasma is usually nonuniform over distances of 10,000 km or less, it is shown that filamentary plasma elements stretched out from the sun can penetrate impulsively and become engulfed into the magnetosphere. The diamagnetic effects associated with these plasma inhomogeneities are observed in outer magnetospheres and magnetosheaths as dips or directional discontinuities in the magnetic field measurements. From the mean penetration distances of these diamagnetic plasma elements one can deduce a mean deceleration time, as well as an approximate value of the integrated Pedersen conductivity in the polar cusp of the earth and Jupiter.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 25; Sept
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  • 82
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    Reduction and treatment of magnetic anomalies of crustal origin in satellite data (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The problem of proper reduction and treatment of the residual total magnetic field observed on satellite orbits is studied. The reduction procedure used for Pogo satellite data is reviewed, and a procedure is presented for reducing the residual total field observed on satellite orbits to a spherical surface. Several examples based on selected models are provided to demonstrate the accuracy of the formulas developed for continuation of the satellite data from an irregular to a spherical surface. This procedure is tested on a set of Pogo data covering the area that contains the Bangui magnetic anomaly in central Africa. A technique is also given for determining the field components on a spherical surface and calculating the total field in any fixed direction of the geomagnetic field.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Aug. 10
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  • 83
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    Terrestrial kilometric radiation. III - Average spectral properties (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The spectral properties of terrestrial kilometric radiation (TKR) derived from observations made during radio-astronomy experiments on board the Imp 6 and Radio Astronomy Explorer 2 spacecraft are studied. As viewed from near the equatorial plane, TKR is most intense and most often observed in the 2100-2400 LT zone and is rarely seen in the 0900-1200 LT zone. The absolute flux levels in the 100- to 600-kHz TKR band increase significantly with increasing substorm activity as inferred from the auroral electrojet index (AE). In the late-evening sector the median power increases by about 3 orders of magnitude between quiet periods (AE less than 75 gammas) and disturbed periods (AE above 200 gammas). The peak flux density usually occurs near 250 kHz, although the frequency of the peak in the flux spectrum appears to vary inversely with AE from a maximum near 300 kHz during very quiet times to a minimum below 200 kHz during very disturbed times. The half-power bandwidth is typically 100% of the peak frequency. The variation of TKR flux density with apparent source altitude indicates that source strength decreases more rapidly than the inverse square of distance.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Aug. 1
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  • 84
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    Observations of neutral composition and related ionospheric variations during a magnetic storm in February 1974 (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The neutral-atmosphere composition experiment on Atmosphere Explorer C measured N2, O, Ar, and He densities during a magnetic storm at altitudes down to about 160 km. At latitudes above 45 deg N, N2 and Ar densities generally increase during the storm, while He and O densities decrease. Below 45 deg N all densities tend to increase during the storm. The density increases at perigee indicate that density- or temperature-profile changes are taking place below 160 km. The return to prestorm conditions is very slow, demonstrating the integrating effect of the atmospheric response. A recent theoretical model incorporating thermospheric circulation and diffusion effects reproduces the longitudinally averaged data, including latitude trends and the asymmetry about the storm maximum. Comparison with the mass-spectrometer and incoherent-scatter empirical model shows qualitative agreement with latitude trends but not with storm asymmetry, while the earlier J71 model based on total mass density is not in agreement with observed latitudinal trends. A close correlation is found between in situ O/N2 measurements and in situ and ground-based ionosonde measurements of electron density.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Aug. 1
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  • 85
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    Distribution of molecular weight in glyceride polymerizates or aggregates of them after contact with lunar grains (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An attempt is made to report on experiments in which a molecular-weight increase was determined in thin layers of triglyceride-containing glycerides after thin-layer contact for two years with lunar topsoil grains at 25 C without any thermal activation. It is noted that solidification was observed on both dielectric grains and metal-rich areas and that changes in viscosity and molecular weights were first detected by solidification of surface layers. Gel permeation chromatography is described which detected a general shift of the Gaussian distribution of the molecular-weight data toward generally higher molecular weights as well as an increase in mean molecular weight. Reaction mechanisms are considered, and results of spectrographic analysis are cited which support the interpretations of the molecular-weight data.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: The Moon; 16; May 1977
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  • 86
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    Possible Jovian methane emission at 76 GHz in coincidence with decameter activity (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The tentative detection of a methane line in emission at 76.2 GHz in the atmosphere of Jupiter is reported. The observed feature is well-correlated with the presence and absence of Jovian decameter-emission activity on successive days. The present results may represent the first detection of extraterrestrial methane microwave emission.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 216
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  • 87
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    Solar proton event - Influence on stratospheric ozone (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Large-scale reductions in the ozone content of the middle and upper stratosphere over the polar cap regions were associated with the major solar proton event of 4 August 1972. This reduction, which was determined from measurements with the backscattered ultraviolet experiment on the Nimbus 4 satellite, is interpreted as being due to the catalytic destruction of ozone by odd-nitrogen compounds (NOx) produced by the event.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Science; 197; Aug. 26
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  • 88
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    The clouds of Venus (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The current state of knowledge of the Venusian clouds is reviewed. The visible clouds of Venus are shown to be quite similar to low level terrestrial hazes of strong anthropogenic influence. Possible nucleation and particle growth mechanisms are presented. The Pioneer Venus experiments that emphasize cloud measurements are described and their expected findings are discussed in detail. The results of these experiments should define the cloud particle composition, microphysics, thermal and radiative heat budget, rough dynamical features and horizontal and vertical variations in these and other parameters. This information should be sufficient to initialize cloud models which can be used to explain the cloud formation, decay, and particle life cycle.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 20; May 1977
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  • 89
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    The Pioneer Venus program (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Mission timetables, spacecraft, scientific objectives, and payloads of the two mission, Orbiter and Multiprobe, planned for launch and encounter with Venus during the 1978 Venus mission opportunity are described. Basically, the Orbiter mission has the goal of global mapping of the clouds, atmosphere and ionosphere of Venus by remote sensing and radio occultation, global studies by in situ measurements of the upper atmosphere and ionosphere and solar wind-ionosphere interaction region, and determination of gravitational field harmonics from perturbations of the spacecraft orbit. The Multiprobe mission will study the nature and composition of the clouds, the structure of the atmosphere, the circulation pattern, and the characteristics of the planetary environmental interaction with the solar wind.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 20; May 1977
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  • 90
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    The exploration of Venus (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper outlines the evolution of the Pioneer Venus program from the initial meeting of a consortium of scientists to study the feasibility of a simple entry probe to Venus, through the Planetary Explorer missions, to the Orbiter Mission proposals. Major recommendations of the 1970 National Academy of Sciences study on Venus exploration planning and of the 1972 Pioneer Venus Science Steering Group report are mentioned.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 20; May 1977
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  • 91
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    Composition and structure of the atmosphere of Venus (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Some of the main questions regarding the composition, structure, and origin of the atmosphere of Venus are posed. These questions are (1) the distribution of the constituents of the lower atmosphere, (2) cloud composition, (3) the planet's surface and interior as revealed by atmospheric data, (4) the state property profiles and their variation over the planet, (5) the reason for the high temperatures of the lower atmosphere, (6) composition and temperature profiles of the upper atmosphere and location of the homopause, (7) spatial and temporal variations in the upper atmosphere, (8) the cause of the stability of CO2 - global circulation or local turbulence, (9) influence of neutral composition on the thermal structure, (10) response of upper atmosphere to change in solar EUV and solar wind, (11) the source and destination of the atmosphere, and (12) the location of Venus's water. The main parameters to be measured which will aid in resolving these problems are enumerated.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 20; May 1977
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  • 92
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    The surface and interior of Venus (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The present knowledge of Venus is reviewed with discussions of the nature and history of both the surface, crust and interior. Instrumentation on board the Pioneer Venus Orbiter, including the radar mapper, radio tracking and the fluxgate magnetometer, is described. Topographic, geological, Bouguer gravity, magnetic, and crustal thickness maps will be constructed from Orbiter data. These maps should provide information on composition and thermal history, the major geological or geophysical provinces, the rate of past and present tectonic activity, and evidence of past or present MHD dynamos.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 20; June 197
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  • 93
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    The Venus ionosphere and solar wind interaction (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The current state of knowledge of the chemistry, dynamics and energetics of the upper atmosphere and ionosphere of Venus is reviewed together with the nature of the solar wind-Venus interaction. Because of the weak, though perhaps not negligible, intrinsic magnetic field of Venus, the mutual effects between these regions are probably strong and unique in the solar system. The ability of the Pioneer Venus Bus and Orbiter experiments to provide the required data to answer the questions outstanding is discussed in detail.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 20; June 197
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  • 94
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    The thermal balance of the atmosphere of Venus (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Current knowledge of the temperature structure of the atmosphere of Venus is briefly summarized. The principal features to be explained are the high surface temperature, the small horizontal temperature contrasts near the cloud tops in the presence of strong apparent motions, and the low value of the exospheric temperature. In order to understand the role of radiative and dynamical processes in maintaining the thermal balance of the atmosphere, a great deal of additional data on the global temperature structure, solar and thermal radiation fields, structure and optical properties of the clouds, and circulation of the atmosphere are needed. The ability of the Pioneer Venus Orbiter and Multiprobe Missions to provide these data is indicated.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 20; June 197
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  • 95
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    Dynamics, winds, circulation and turbulence in the atmosphere of Venus (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: With the possible exception of the lowest one or two scale heights, the dominant mode of circulation of Venus' atmosphere is a rapid, zonal, retrograde motion. Global albedo variations in the ultraviolet may reflect planetary scale waves propagating relative to the zonal winds. Other special phenomena such as cellular convection in the subsolar region and internal gravity waves generated in the interaction of the zonal circulation with the subsolar disturbance may also be revealed in ultraviolet imagery of the atmosphere. We discuss the contributions of experiments on the Orbiter and Entry Probes of Pioneer Venus toward unravelling the mystery of the planet's global circulation and the role played by waves, instabilities and convection therein
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 20; June 197
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  • 96
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    Model of climate evolution based on continental drift and polar wandering (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The thermodynamic meteorologic model of Adem is used to trace the evolution of climate from Triassic to present time by applying it to changing geography as described by continental drift and polar wandering. Results show that the gross changes of climate in the Northern Hemisphere can be fully explained by the strong cooling in high latitudes as continents moved poleward. High-latitude mean temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere dropped below the freezing point 10 to 15 m.y. ago, thereby accounting for the late Cenozoic glacial age. Computed meridional temperature gradients for the Northern Hemisphere steepened from 20 to 40 C over the 200-m.y. period, an effect caused primarily by the high-latitude temperature decrease. The primary result of the work is that the cooling that has occurred since the warm Mesozoic period and has culminated in glaciation is explainable wholly by terrestrial processes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geological Society of America; vol. 88
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  • 97
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    The ionospheres of Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Models of the ionospheres of Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are presented. It is postulated that galactic cosmic-ray ionization is an important component of these ionospheres. For example, in the case of Neptune, the level of ionization caused by cosmic rays is comparable with that due to solar extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) radiation. The existence of cosmic-ray, as well as solar EUV-produced ionization, could be a valuable diagnostic tool for investigating the atmospheric thermal structure of those planets.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 215
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  • 98
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    Lunar transient phenomena /LTP/ - Manifestations, site distribution, correlations and possible causes (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: More than 1400 observations of lunar transient phenomena (LTP), encompassing brightenings, darkenings, and gaseous, reddish, and bluish events, are analyzed in an attempt to determine the possible causes of LTP. Hypotheses considered include effects of earth tides on the moon, low-angle illumination, thermal luminescence, UV heating, solar-particle acceleration by the magnetopause of earth's magnetotail, terrestrial magnetotail bow-shock-front turbulence, cathode luminescence due to magnetotail effects, and solar-flare particle bombardment. Analysis are performed in terms of histograms of the number of observations vs. phase of anomalistic period and of number vs. moon's age, percentage of numbers of observed phenomena and percentage of expected numbers as well as their ratios, and albedo behavior over a lunation period of chosen permanent points in ten specific features. The results indicate that different phenomena may have different causes, strong tidal effects are dubious, correlations with sunrise are most frequent, and the distribution of all LTP sites is distinct from that of deep- and shallow-focus moonquake epicenters.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 99
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    Diurnal variations in the thermosphere. II - Temperature, composition, and winds (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The fundamental diurnal component of temperature, composition and wind fields is discussed for the thermosphere, the results delineated in terms of energy sources in the lower atmosphere, mesosphere and thermosphere, illustrating their relative significance. The diurnal component in the composition of H, He, O, O2 and Ar has been analyzed in terms of effects from thermal expansion in diffusive equilibrium and transport processes associated with chemistry, wind circulation, exospheric flow and escape. Next to thermal expansion, wind-induced diffusion is the single most important process; it dominates the diurnal variations of He and prevails in the variations of O, O2 and Ar below 200 km.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; July 1
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  • 100
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    Very-high-resolution far-infrared measurements of atmospheric emission from aircraft (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Instrument problems and technical results are discussed for an experiment in which an absolute spectrometric radiometer was flown aboard a NASA aircraft at altitudes of 33,000 to 41,000 ft to measure atmospheric emission in the spectral range from 5 to 40 kaysers with a resolution of about 0.03 kayser apodized. The instrument used was actually a polarizing interferometer, and the atmosphere was observed at fixed zenith angles constant to within plus or minus 0.1 deg. The only problem noted was the spoilage of some interferograms by spikes due to electrical interference from the aircraft radio transmission system. A spectrum of the atmospheric-emission brightness temperature obtained with real-time calibration is examined, and the spectral resolution, S/N ratio, and total instrument efficiency are evaluated. The experimental S/N ratio is estimated to be between 40 and 100.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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