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  • Articles  (106)
  • Angiosperms  (85)
  • Chlorella
  • Springer  (106)
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  • Articles  (106)
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  • 2010-2014
  • 2005-2009
  • 1985-1989  (88)
  • 1975-1979  (18)
  • 1945-1949
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  • Biology  (106)
  • Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
  • Philosophy
  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photoregulation of transfer and 5S ribosomal RNA synthesis in Chlorella (1977)
    Springer
    Planta 137 (1977), S. 139-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Chlorella ; Chloroplast ; Light regulation ; Nucleus ; RNA synthesis ; Transcription
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of blue and red light on the synthesis of transfer and 5S ribosomal RNA in autotrophic cultures of Chlorella pyrenoidosa was studied by pulse labeling experiments with tritiated guanosine. Compared with darkness or red light (679 nm), blue light (457 nm) of low intensities (quantum flux: 0.5–5×10−10 mol photons cm−2 s−1) stimulated incorporation of guanosine into transfer and 5S ribosomal RNA within the first 5 min of illumination. This blue light effect was abolished by cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis on 80S ribosomes, but not by rifampicin, an inhibitor of chloroplastic transcription, nor by lincomycin, an inhibitor of chloroplastic translation. The rifampicin-insensitive synthesis of transfer and 5S ribosomal RNA was nuclear transcription as shown by RNA-DNA hybridization. The blue light effect on nuclear RNA synthesis was not inhibited by 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl-urea, an inhibitor of photosynthesis electron transport. Further evidence for a photosynthesis-independent photocontrol of RNA synthesis was provided by experiments with the colorless mutant 125a of Chlorella vulgaris. Blue light stimulated incorporation of guanosine into cytoplasmic 25S and 18S ribosomal RNA as well as into transfer and 5S ribosomal RNA, whereas incorporation in red light was the same as that of the dark control.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00387550
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of permeant acids and bases on net potassium uptake by Chlorella (1978)
    Springer
    Planta 138 (1978), S. 243-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Chlorella ; Permeant acids and bases ; pH-stat ; Potassium uptake ; Proton transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Salts of membrane-permeant acids and bases strongly influence net K uptake by Chlorella fusca. Na phenylacetate, acetate, isobutyrate, propionate, and butyrate added to buffered algal suspensions containing 0.1–0.2 mM KCl increasingly stimulated net K uptake. In contrast, K release was induced by the chlorides of imidazole, ammonia and methylamine. All these effects were found in the light and, less pronounced, in the dark. The dependence of the net K movements on the concentrations of the salts added and on the pH of the medium suggests that the free acids or bases are the effective agents. Between net uptake of K and uptake of labeled propionate a molar ratio close to 1 was found. It is concluded that the internal pH of the cell is changed by the permeants. Acidification of the cytoplasm stimulates extrusion of protons coupled to uptake of K. Alcalization brings about proton uptake and K extrusion. Apparently K/H exchange serves as a pH-stat of the cell.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00386818
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrate reductase of Chlorella fusca: Partial purification, cytochrome content and presence of HCN after in vivo inactivation (1978)
    Springer
    Planta 141 (1978), S. 323-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Chlorella ; Cyanide ; Cytochrome b557 ; Nitrate reductase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An inactivated nitrate reductase (EC 1.6.6.1) formed in vivo by the green alga Chlorella fusca Shihira and Kraus is shown to be a cyanide complex. The partially purified inactive enzyme releases 0.048 nmol of HCN per unit of enzyme activated. This compares with 0.066 nmol of HCN liberated in similar previous measurements with the inactivated enzyme from Chlorella vulgaris. The nitrate reductase from C. fusca has been purified to a level of 67 μmol nitrate reduced per min per mg enzyme. It contains a cytochrome b557, at a level 1.9-fold higher per unit of active enzyme, than the nitrate reductase from C. vulgaris.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00388351
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of ammonium and ferricyanide on nitrate utilization by Chlorella vulgaris (1978)
    Springer
    Planta 141 (1978), S. 279-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Ammonium ; Chlorella ; Ferricyanide ; Nitrate reductase ; HCN-Inactivation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract It has been shown previously that added ammonium salts cause a cessation of nitrate utilization in some Chlorella species. It has also been shown that Chlorella vulgaris can form an inactivated nitrate reductase which is an HCN complex. In the present study, a comparison has been made of the rate of nitrate utilization and the rate of nitrate reductase inactivation in Chlorella vulgaris in response to the addition of ammonium salts and light-dark changes. The rate of formation of HCN-inactivated enzyme is too slow to account for the prompt inhibition of nitrate utilization caused by adding ammonium. In contrast, when nitrate utilization is inhibited by addition of ferricyanide to intact cells, the HCN-inactivated enzyme is promptly formed in vivo, and might account for the inhibition of nitrate utilization, though inhibition of nitrate uptake can not be excluded.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00388344
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Sulfite: Preferential sulfur source and modifier of CO2 fixation in Chlorella vulgaris (1978)
    Springer
    Planta 143 (1978), S. 225-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Chlorella ; CO2 fixation ; Growth yield ; Methionine ; O2 evolution ; Sulfolipids ; Sulfite action
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sulfite was added at the time of inoculation to a standard and to a sulfate deficient medium of Chlorella vulgaris. It was not only used as a sulfur source, but besides this, at concentrations 〈1.0 mmol l−1, the growth yield was enhanced up to 30% compared to sulfate saturated conditions. Higher sulfite concentrations increasingly inhibited cell growth. Growth rate determinations indicated that the enhancement, and the inhibition respectively, were confined to the very beginning of culture growth; the time period during which the sulfite was not yet oxidized (5–10 h). In contrast, an increased CO2 fixation rate/unit of protein, occurring up to 5.0 mmol l−1 sulfite and a shift towards the β-carboxylation pathway, are persisting at least during the growth period of 4 days. The preferential uptake of sulfite, also indicated by a marked increase in methionine content of algal protein, presumably causes an increase in thylakoidal sulfolipids, and is such modifying the CO2 fixation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00387793
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  • 6
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    Incorporation of 14CO2 in prenylquinones of Chlorella pyrenoidosa (1978)
    Springer
    Planta 141 (1978), S. 253-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Chlorella ; Photosynthesis (prenylquinone synthesis) ; Prenylquinones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Incorporation and release of 14C-label in prenylquinones of Chlorella was investigated under steady state conditions. After one hour of 14CO2-photosynthesis all plastid quinones investigated were labeled. The highest label was found in phylloquinone (18%) while α-tocopherol exhibits the lowest label (0.38%). Among the plastoquinones, plastohydroquinone-9 shows a higher labeling degree (5.1%) and a faster labeling kinetic than plastoquinone-9 (1.6%). After replacement of 14CO2 against 12CO2 the total radioactivity in plastohydroquinone-9, α-tocopherol and phylloquinone decreases but in α-tocoquinone and plastoquinone-9 proceeds further. From this labeling kinetic we conclude, that newly synthesized [14C]α-tocopherol molecules are converted to [14C]α-tocoquinone and [14C]plastohydroquinone-9 molecules to [14C]plastoquinone-9. From their 14C-incorporation kinetic half-lives could be calculated for all prenylquinones in the same ranges as previously found for the chlorophylls and carotenoids (Grumbach et al., 1978). Half-lives are shorter in plastohydroquinone-9 (30 min) and plastoquinone-9 (40 min) than in phylloquinone (55 min), α-tocoquinone (50 min) and α-tocopherol (220 min). This means that all prenyl-lipids such as chlorophyll a, α-and β-carotene, plastohydroquinone-9 and plastoquinone-9 which are more directly involved in the process of photosynthesis are subject to a continuous and higher turnover than the xanthophyll and α-tocopherol. From the fast labeling kinetic and short half-lives of α-tocoquinone and especially phylloquinone with a labeling degree of 12% after one hour of 14CO2 photosynthesis we suppose that perhaps these two prenylquinones are also involved in the photosynthetic activity of chloroplasts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00388340
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  • 7
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    Incorporation of 14CO2 in photosynthetic pigments of Chlorella pyrenoidosa (1978)
    Springer
    Planta 140 (1978), S. 37-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Carotenoids ; Chlorophylls ; Chlorella ; Photosynthetic pigments ; Turnover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Tracer kinetic studies of chloroplast pigments of Chlorella pyrenoidosa were carried out in a special steady-state apparatus which allowed the simultaneous recording of oxygen evolution, CO2-fixation and 14CO2-incorporation. A special cylindrical vessel which permits labeling experiments with larger algae suspensions (800 ml) is described.-1. After 2 h of 14CO2-photosynthesis (fixation rate 100–160 μmol CO2/μmol chlorophyllxh) 3.3% of the total 14C-uptake (5.66 mCi) was found in the Chlorella lipid fraction. Total and specific radioactivity were higher in total carotenoids than in the chlorophylls. Chlorophyll a gave a higher labeling degree (2.4%) than chlorophyll b (1.3%).-2. Among the carotenoids α-and β-carotene were labeled after 2 h 14CO2 exposure with the same specific radioactivity and with a particular high labeling degree of c. 19%. The xanthophylls exhibit lower labeling degree (violaxanthin 5.1%, zeaxanthin 1.9%, lutein 1.4%, antheraxanthin 1.3%, and neoxanthin 0.7%).-3. During the 4 h 12CO2-exposure period, which followed the 2 h 14CO2-incorporation time, the specific and total radioactivity of the α-and β-carotene pools decrease with a concomitant increase in the α-ionone-(lutein) and β-ionone xanthophylls (violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheraxanthin). The possibility, that the decrease of 14C label in the carotenes may in part be due to a photo-oxidative degradation, is discussed.-4. Calculation of biological half-life-times from the 14C-incorporation kinetics during the first hour of the experiment, when the pigment concentration is almost unchanged, results in times from 30 to 60 min. Half lives are shorter in the precursor pools such as chlorophyll a (30 min), α-carotene (40 min) and β-carotene (50 min) and violaxanthin (60 min) respectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00389377
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Studies on Chlorella protoplasts (1978)
    Springer
    Planta 139 (1978), S. 257-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Cell wall staining ; Cell wall regeneration ; Chlorella ; Protoplasts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Protoplasts of Chlorella saccharophila (Krüger) Nadson were obtained by cellulase digestion of the microfibrillar inner compount of the cell wall after the resistant outermost layer had been scratched with sea sand. The absence of the cell wall was demonstrated immunologically, electron microscopically and by staining, thus confirming the protoplastic nature of the treated cells. After transfer to an enzyme-free medium regeneration of a thin cell wall was observed. The regeneration of the cell wall obviously followed the same steps as does the cell wall development of the autospores. At least 50% of the protoplasts were able to form colonies when plated on a suitable agar medium.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00388638
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  • 9
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    The cell content and secretion of water-soluble vitamins by several freshwater algae (1977)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 112 (1977), S. 57-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Water soluble vitamins (secretion, cell content) ; Chlamydomonas ; Chlorella ; Scenedesmus ; Anabaena
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three green algae, Chlamydomonas reinhardii, Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus obliquus, and one blue-green alga, Anabaena cyclindrica, were grown in chemically defined media. All the algac examined contained folates, β-carotene and vitamins C and E; several of the B-vitamins and vitamin A were found in varying amounts in some but not in all the algae examined. All the green algae secreted significant amounts of folate and biotin and all but Scenedesmus secreted pantothenate into their growth medium; Anabaena secreted folate and pantothenate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00446654
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  • 10
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    Physiological and biochemical contributions to the taxonomy of the genus prototheca (1977)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 113 (1977), S. 139-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Biochemical taxonomy ; Prototheca ; Chlorella ; Hydrogenase ; Acid tolerance ; Salt tolerance ; Sodium chloride ; Thermophily ; Gelatin liquefaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Five physiological and biochemical characters, which had proved to be valuable for the taxonomy of the genus Chlorella, were studied in the genus Prototheca. There is no hydrogenase activity and no liquefaction of gelatin. Most strains are very acidtolerant (limit of growth at pH 2.0 or 2.5) and very salt-tolerant (limit of growth at 4 or 5% NaCl). Two strains grow well at 38°C. The 16 strains, which were previously assigned to seven taxa, fall into four different groups. Our results tend to support the assumption that Prototheca might be related to Chlorella protothecoides.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428593
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  • 11
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    Physiological and biochemical contributions to the taxonomy of the genus Chlorella (1978)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 119 (1978), S. 13-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Biochemical taxonomy ; Chlorella ; Starch hydrolysis ; Amylase ; Extracellular enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Starch hydrolysis, i.e., the production of extracellular amylolytic enzymes, was found to be a specific character for most species of the genus Chlorella. C. fusca var. vacuolata, C. spec. 211-30, and C. spec. 211-11r hydrolyse starch, whereas C. vulgaris, C. fusca var. rubescens, C. zofingiensis, C. fusca var. fusca, C. minutissima, C. homosphaera, C. kessleri, C. luteoviridis, and C. protothecoides are unable to hydrolyse starch. Only C. sorokiniana and C. saccharophila appear heterogenous; within C. sorokiniana, 7 strains hydrolyse starch and 9 do not; and within C. saccharophila, 6 strains exhibit amylolytic activity and 2 do not. — A key for the identification, according to 9 easily determined physiological and biochemical characters, of the Chlorella species is presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00407921
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  • 12
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    The cryopreservation ofChlorella (1978)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 119 (1978), S. 153-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Chlorella ; Cryopreservation ; Fatty acids analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Following growth under sub-optimal concentrations of nutrients, cells ofChlorella emersonii accumulated lipid and became more resistant to the damage caused by freezing and thawing. These results suggest that the factor responsible for the cold hardening of someChlorella spp is not the effect of low temperatures per se but simply that of the reduced metabolic rate. Evidence is given that the post-thaw injury observed following rapid rates of cooling is associated with the vacuole.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00964266
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  • 13
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    Physiological and biochemical contributions to the taxonomy of the genus Chlorella (1978)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 116 (1978), S. 97-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Biochemical taxonomy ; Chlorella ; DNA hybridization ; DNA homology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 1. DNA homology was studied in 12 Chlorella species. The DNA of 88 strains was hybridized with 3H-labelled DNA from C. fusca var. vacuolata 211-8b and from C. vulgaris 211-8m. The results indicate that the genus Chlorella is a heterogenous taxon which consists of several groups of species. 2. The “C. fusca group” comprises C. fusca var. vacuolata, C. fusca var. rubescens, and C. zofingiensis. Within this group, C. zofingiensis appears to be more closely related to C. fusca var. vacuolata than is C. fusca var. rubescens. C. fusca var. fusca does not belong to this group of taxa. 3. The “C. vulgaris group” consists of C. vulgaris, C. sorokiniana, and C. saccharophila. There are several strains which seem to assume a position intermediate between C. vulgaris and C. saccharophila. C. protothecoides is not related to this group of species. 4. Several groups of strains of C. sorokiniana with different base compositions (guanine + cytosine content) of their DNA appear to belong to the same taxon. 5. In addition to C. fusca var. fusca and C. protothecoides, also C. luteoviridis, C. minutissima, C. kessleri, and C. homosphaera seem to have so little relationship with the other species that their assignment to the genus Chlorella appears questionable.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00408739
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  • 14
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    The cryopreservation of Chlorella (1977)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 114 (1977), S. 249-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Chlorella ; Cryopreservation ; Fatty acid analysis ; Preeze-fracture electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Following a shift from autotrophic to heterotrophic nutrition, cells of Chlorella protothecoides become sensitive to the stresses of freezing and thawing. The injury then observed at slow rates of cooling cannot be explained by the cellular response to hypertonic solutions, and at faster cooling rates intracellular ice formation was not demonstrated to be damaging. These findings are at variance with suggested mechanisms of injury in other cellular systems. The results are compared with alterations in ultrastructure and in the composition of the cellular fatty acids.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00446869
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  • 15
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    Physiological and biochemical contributions to the taxonomy of the genus Prototheca (1978)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 116 (1978), S. 105-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Biochemical taxonomy ; Prototheca ; Chlorella ; Starch hydrolysis ; DNA ; Base composition ; GC content
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 16 strains of the genus Prototheca do not produce extracellular amylolytic enzymes. The base composition of their DNA shows rather continuous values from 62% to 78% GC (guanine + cytosine). Their assignment to four species and their possible relationship with Chlorella protothecoides are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00408740
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  • 16
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    Evidence for a plasma-membrane-bound nitrate reductase involved in nitrate uptake of Chlorella sorokiniana (1989)
    Springer
    Planta 178 (1989), S. 19-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Chlorella ; Nitrate reductase (plasma membrane bound) ; Nitrate uptake ; Plasma membrane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Anti-nitrate-reductase (NR) immunoglobulin-G (IgG) fragments inhibited nitrate uptake into Chlorella cells but had no affect on nitrite uptake. Intact anti-NR serum and preimmune IgG fragments had no affect on nitrate uptake. Membrane-associated NR was detected in plasma-membrane (PM) fractions isolated by aqueous two-phase partitioning. The PM-associated NR was not removed by sonicating PM vesicles in 500 mM NaCl and 1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and represented up to 0.8% of the total Chlorella NR activity. The PM NR was solubilized by Triton X-100 and inactivated by Chlorella NR antiserum. Plasma-membrane NR was present in ammonium-grown Chlorella cells that completely lacked soluble NR activity. The subunit sizes of the PM and soluble NRs were 60 and 95 kDa, respectively, as determined by sodium-dodecyl-sulfate electrophoresis and western blotting.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00392522
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  • 17
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    Changes in pigment content, lipid pattern and ultrastructure of synchronous Chlorella after heat and cold shocks (1978)
    Springer
    Planta 139 (1978), S. 29-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Carotenoids ; Chlorella ; Chlorophyll ; Chloroplasts ; Lipids ; Temperature shocks ; Thylakoids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Completely synchronous Chlorella cultures were treated with heat (45°C) or cold shocks (4° C) of different lengths at the sixth hour of the 14:10 h lightdark-cycle. After the treatment the cells were grown under normal conditions. Analysis at the end of the cycle showed a direct connection between pigment bleaching, reduction of lipid content, loss of thylakoid stacking and a shift of the fluorescence emission maximuminto a region of shorter wavelength. The thylakoid stacking was completely loosened after a heat shock while two thylakoids remained in contact after cold treatment. This probably explains the different regeneration capacities in temperature shock treated cells. None of the described effects could be observed directly after the shocks. From the parallel decay of chlorophyll a, monogalactosyl diglyceride and carotenoids an intimate correlation with the photosystem II complex is suggested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00390806
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  • 18
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    Bemerkungen zur Cytologie einiger Arten der GattungSilene (Caryophyllaceae) aus Zentralgriechenland und Kreta (1978)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 130 (1978), S. 203-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Caryophyllaceae ; Silene ; Chromosome numbers ; Flora of Greece ; Crete
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The chromosome numbers of several Greece species of the genusSilene L. from natural habitats are reported for the first time:S. sieberi, S. niederi, S. radicosa subsp.rechingeri, S. oligantha, S. skorpilii, S. schwarzenbergeri andS. fruticulosa. All species are diploid with 2n = 24 chromosomes, including 0, 2 or 4 SAT-chromosomes;S. niederi has B-chromosomes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00982804
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  • 19
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    Paleobotanical studies inFagaceae of the European Tertiary (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 162 (1989), S. 213-229 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Fagaceae ; Cuticles ; Recent ; Tertiary ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A systematic reassessment of megafossil records ofFagaceae in Central Europe has been undertaken on the basis of leaf cuticular characters. The oldest representatives date back to the Eocene:Quercus subhercynica spec. nova,Dryophyllum furcinerve (Rossm.)Schmalh.,Trigonobalanopsis rhamnoides (Rossm.) gen. & comb. nov. In the Oligocene other members of extant genera appear:Quercus rhenana (Weyl. & Kilpp.)Knobloch & Kvaček,Fagus attenuata Goepp.,Lithocarpus saxonicus spec. nova. In the Neogene these ancient taxa (except inFagus lineage), are gradually replaced by deciduous species ofQuercus andCastanea. Trigonobalanus andCastanopsis are recorded by fruits (or wood) only.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00936918
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  • 20
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    Paleobotanical evidence on the early radiation of nonmagnoliid dicotyledons (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 162 (1989), S. 165-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Chloranthaceae ; Platanaceae ; Trochodendrales ; Fagaceae ; Cercidiphyllum ; Paleobotany ; phylogeny ; floral structure ; leaf architecture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Paleobotanical studies indicate that several isolated and systematically depauperate groups of extant woody dicotyledons originated in the Mid Cretaceous. TheChloranthaceae had probably differentiated into insect-pollinated (Chloranthus andSarcandra) and wind-pollinated (Ascarina andHedyosmum) forms by the end of the Albian, and leaves referable to theTrochodendrales are known from the Albian and Cenomanian. In the latest Cretaceous and Early Tertiary, extinct representatives of theTrochodendrales includedNordenskioldia and theJoffrea-Nyssidium complex. ThePlatanaceae also differentiated before the end of the Albian and initially had insect-pollinated, unisexual flowers with five carpels or stamens. Some of these features persisted in the platanoid lineage until the Early Tertiary, and during the Paleocene and Eocene thePlatanaceae included forms with elliptical, palmate and pinnate foliage. The history of thePlatanaceae suggests that several features of the reproductive morphology of extant taxa may have arisen in association with a trend toward wind pollination. In the Mid Cretaceous, platanoid foliage partially intergrades with pinnateSapindopsis and pedateDebeya-Dewalquea leaves suggesting a close relationship betweenPlatanaceae andRosidae andFagaceae respectively. TheChloranthaceae, Trochodendrales, andPlatanaceae all occupy a somewhat intermediate position between theMagnoliidae andHamamelidae and are of considerable interest with respect to their role in the initial radiation of nonmagnoliid (“higher”) dicotyledons.
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    Aspects of evolutionary differentiation of theHamamelidaceae and the LowerHamamelididae (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 162 (1989), S. 193-211 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Hamamelididae ; Trochodendrales ; Hamamelidales ; Hamamelidaceae ; Hamamelideae ; fossilHamamelidaceae ; Floral structure ; fruit ; seed ; valvate anther dehiscence ; Floral evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract New investigations on the flower and fruit structure of extantHamamelidaceae and other LowerHamamelididae together with new finds of fossil flowers and seeds from the Upper and Lower Cretaceous provide the outline of an increasingly more differentiated picture of the early evolution of the subclass. Three patterns of valvate anther dehiscence are recognized in the subfamilyHamamelidoideae (and the subclassHamamelididae). The basic (plesiomorphic) type within theHamamelididae has 2 valves per theca. The type with 1 valve but 2 pollen sacs per theca is both consistent and exclusive for the 5 southern genera of theHamamelidaceae. They seem to be the remnants of a homogeneous group that originated before the Upper Cretaceous. This is supported by fossil hamamelidaceous flowers from the Upper Cretaceous that have thecae with 1 valve. Since several-seededHamamelidaceae predate one-seeded forms in the fossil seed record (in Europe) and the systematic structure of the one-seeded group is relatively more homogeneous, several-seeded groups are considered to be more ancient. Several parallel evolutionary trends are recognized within theHamamelidaceae as well as within the LowerHamamelididae: anther dehiscence with 2 valves per theca → 1 slit or 1 valve; pollen sacs per theca 2 → 1; pollen tricolpate → polyforate; exine coarsely reticulate → finely reticulate; loss of perianth (tepals or petals and sepals) and concomitant loss of fixed number of floral organs; differentiation of exposed nectaries.
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    Early history of theJuglandaceae (1989)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 162 (1989), S. 231-250 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Juglandaceae ; Paleobotany ; pollen ; fruits ; evolution ; Cretaceous ; Tertiary
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The major radiation of theJuglandaceae occurred during the early Tertiary as recorded by the proliferation of juglandaceous pollen and the appearance of fruits representing extinct and extant genera of the family. Juglandaceous pollen types of the Paleocene were predominantly triporate and exhibited a greater diversity in patterns of exinous thinning than occurs in the family today. Analyses of in situ pollen from early Tertiary juglandaceous inflorescences confirms the taxonomic value of certain patterns of exinous thinning. Data from co-occurring fruits and pollen indicate that relatively unspecialized, isopolar triporate pollen of the type presently confined to the tribeEngelhardieae also occurred in other tribes of the family during the Paleocene. Pollination has been mostly anemophilous throughout the Tertiary. Both wind and animal fruit-dispersal syndromes were established early in the radiation of the family but a greater diversity of wind-dispersed genera has prevailed.
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    Aspects of the fossil record and phylogeny of the familyRutaceae (Zanthoxyleae, Toddalioideae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 162 (1989), S. 251-265 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Rutaceae ; Phylogeny ; fructifications ; morphology ; anatomy ; paleogeography ; Cretaceous ; Tertiary
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A comparative analysis of the seed morphology and anatomy of fossil and extantRutaceae (mainlyZanthoxyleae andToddalioideae) is presented. This allows to place the most important fossil taxa in a time-table and on paleogeographical maps. A phylogenetic scheme demonstrates the postulated historical relationships ofEvodia, Zanthoxylum, Fagara, Rutaspermum, Acronychia, Toddalia, Fagaropsis, andPhellodendron.
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    The genusBuxus (Buxaceae): Aspects of its differentiation in space and time (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 162 (1989), S. 267-283 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Buxaceae ; Buxus ; Pollen morphology ; leaf venation ; fossil records ; systematics ; evolution ; chorogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Trends of pollen grain aperture evolution and exine characters as well as characters of leaf venation, petiole and axial vascularization are briefly described and related to geographical distribution and classification ofBuxus. A review of fossil records is given. Three major taxonomic groups can be delimitated within the genus, and aspects of their relationships and chorogenesis are presented. The level of differentiation, the pattern of distribution and the fossil record speak in favour of an ancient origin of the genus.
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    Operculum development in theEudesmieae B eucalypts andEucalyptus caesia (Myrtaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 165 (1989), S. 227-237 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Eucalyptus ; Eudesmieae ; Floral morphology ; calyx ; corolla ; operculum ; growth ; allometry ; convergence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In theEudesmieae B eucalypts and inEucalyptus caesia, the perianth of the mature flower consists of a single, anatomically continuous, opercular structure that is crowned by the tips of the original free and separate calycine and corolline whorls. Ontogenetic and comparative evidence supports the hypothesis that this operculum is mostly corolline in composition, and that the calycine parts have been elevated distally onto the dorsal surface. In theEudesmieae B eucalypts this condition appears to be due to precocious initiation of the corolline primordia, followed by expansion and continuity of their growth centres which incorporates the areas at or below the base of the still differentiating calycine whorl. InEucalyptus caesia the corolline primordia are not precocious, but a similar situation is effected by a seemingly retarded increase in receptacle diameter relative to lateral expansion of the corolline growth centre(s). In these two examples the same final perianth form apparently derives from two different sets of growth processes which, nonetheless, result in the same allometric relationships within the developing flower. Although identical at maturity, the operculum form in these two taxa is best described in terms of convergence, rather than homology.
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    On some pollen types withinArum (Araceae) (1989)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 41-44 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Araceae ; Arum spp. ; Pollen types ; pollination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In a second paper onArum pollen seven further taxa are investigated. Most of them have spinose pollen, only inA. korolkowii the pollen is scabrose. The possible relation between pollen sculpturing and the actual pollination mode is discussed.
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    Biosystematics of two sympatric species ofEucharis (Amaryllidaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 11-30 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; monocotyledons ; Amaryllidaceae ; Eucharis ; Phenetics ; chromosome morphology ; isozyme electrophoresis ; speciation ; sibling species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Eucharis candida andE. formosa are two often sympatric species of bulbous geophytes restricted to neotropical rain forest understory. The species are most common in eastern Ecuador, and are the only two east Ecuadorean species of the genus found north of the Pastaza valley. Data from phenetic, karyotypic, and preliminary isozyme electrophoretic analyses of both species are represented. The species are distinguishable phenetically and karyologically, but isozyme-based relationships are more complex. Phenetic resolution of the isozyme phenotypes supports recognition of two species in Ecuador. A Peruvian isolate ofE. formosa, though not morphologically distinct, shows both allozyme and chromosomal divergence from Ecuadorean populations. Cladistic relationships based on overall allozyme data do not support species distinction, but a novel electrophoretic phenotype for glutathione reductase is shared only by individuals ofE. candida. An apparent geographic component within the monophyletic groups resolved in the cladogram suggests that some degree of gene flow between these two species has been maintained without the complete loss of morpholgoical species identity. This may have been mediated either by artificial population structures due to a probable long history of cultivation, or via Pleistocene refugia effects. Both species may have originated in eastern Ecuador from a common ancestral population which has since radiated outward, perhaps several times.
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    Effects of pollen donors on seed formation inEspeletia schultzii (Compositae) populations at different altitudes (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 45-67 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Espeletia ; Diallel cross ; pollen donors ; parental effects ; outcrossing distance ; inbreeding ; seed abortion ; incompatibility ; pollen tube growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract The influence of different pollen donors on seed formation was investigated in three populations ofEspeletia schultzii that differ in environmental conditions and life history characteristics. Self pollen and pollen from different donors (〈 15m apart) within each population was used in a diallel design in order to test the genetic base of seed set variation. Three measures of seed formation were used: (1) achene number; (2) proportion of filled achenes (fruits) that distinguishes between achenes with seeds and empty achenes; (3) proportion of aborted seeds that distinguishes between viable and aborted seeds. Self-pollinations resulted in empty achenes. Achene number did not vary between the different pollen donors. A bimodal pattern of filled achenes was found in two populations in two consecutive years. On the other hand, a unimodal pattern was found in crosses between more distant donors (〉 30m). These patterns seems to be the results of a sporophytic incompatibility system. Seed abortion was highest at the higher elevations and seems to be correlated with elevation rather than with any genetic effect.
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    Karyotypic and chloroplast genomic diversity inMedicago sect.Lupularia (Leguminosae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 69-78 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Leguminosae ; Medicago lupulina ; M. secundiflora ; Chromosomes ; karyotypes ; chloroplast DNA evolution ; phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Studies were made on the chromosome complements and chloroplast genomes ofMedicago lupulina andM. secundiflora, which comprise sectionLupularia ofMedicago. Both types of analyses indicated more substantial differences between these species than suggested by external morphology.Medicago lupulina has a relatively asymmetrical karyotype in terms of centromeric position and relative length. The karyotype ofM. secundiflora is comparatively more asymmetrical in centromeric position and reduced in absolute size but exhibits greater symmetry in relative length. The restriction endonuclease fragmentation patterns of the chloropiast DNA of these two species (with Bam HI, Eco RI, Bgl II, and Xho I) show little similarity, with only 17% of the fragments matching in size. The lack of interspecific congruence among data of morphology, karyology and cpDNA inLupularia is contrary to consistency exhibited among these data inMedicago subsect.Intertextae.
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    Isozymes as molecular markers for diploid and tetraploid individuals ofNajas marina (Najadaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 131-139 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Najadaceae ; Najas marina ; Isozymes ; polyploidy ; Polymorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genetic variability of five natural populations ofNajas marina L., i.e. one diploid of subsp.marina (Europe), two of subsp.intermedia (Europe) and both a diploid (C. Africa) and a tetraploid (Middle East) of subsp.armata, has been estimated by means of electrophoretic studies. These populations differ in their morphology and karyotype. Emphasis is placed on the characteristics and status of a tetraploid cytotype from Merkaz Sappir (Israel). Almost all the variation observed is expressed in seed alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). The differences are in a unique allele of theAdh-2 locus and in the formation of novel heteromeric isozymes.Adh genes in seeds can be used as a marker for the autotetraploid character. The other enzyme systems tested failed in this respect. The genetic variability based on 23 loci is rather low. Nevertheless, the autotetraploid population has a higher or equal ratio of polymorphic loci than the related diploids. Cluster analysis illustrated not only thatNajas marina subsp.marina has diverged much from subsp.intermedia and subsp.armata, but also showed the difference between the latter two taxa, as well as the intermediate position of the autotetraploid population.
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    Operculum development inEucalyptus clöeziana andEucalyptus informal subg.Monocalyptus (Myrtaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 183-196 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Myrtaceae ; Eucalyptus ; E. clöeziana ; Monocalyptus ; Floral morphology ; operculum ; androecium ; staminophore ; phyllotaxy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Flowers ofEucalyptus clöeziana have two clearly distinct perianth whorls. The small free parts of the outer (calycine) whorl cease growth early and are lost from the flower; the parts of the inner (corolline) whorl become continuous laterally by confluence of growth centres and form an operculum in the mature flower. The stamens are inserted on a circumfloral buttress (staminophore) that is homologous to the adaxial corolline component inAngophora and the bloodwood andEudesmia eucalypts. Flowers ofMonocalyptus have only one perianth whorl, which is opercular. The stamens are similarly inserted on a circumfloral buttress. Developmental study does not provide conclusive evidence for either a calycine or corolline determination of theMonocalyptus operculum, but comparison with other eucalypt groups, includingE. clöeziana (the sister taxon), predicts an essentially corolline composition.
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    Differentiation of fourHordeum sect.Stenostachys spp. (Poaceae: Triticeae) using multivariate morphometrics (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 211-223 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Triticeae ; Hordeum brachyantherum ; H. californicum ; H. capense ; H. secalinum ; Morphometrics ; cluster analysis ; classificatory discriminant analysis ; canonical analysis ; sheared principal component analysis ; bootstrap validation ; identification key
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Field collections and 296 herbarium sheets were examined for 27 morphometric variables. A priori species identifcation was based on geographical distribution except forH. californicum, a diploid species primarily occurring in California and differing from the much more widespread tetraploidH. brachyantherum that thrives in N. America and N.E. Asia;H. capense grows in S. Africa andH. secalinum mainly in Europe. Various cluster analyses were used followed by cluster recovery verification. Classificatory discriminant analysis and validation by the bootstrap yielded 85–90% overall total correct classification of the four species. Canonical analysis revealed thatH. californicum occupies an intermediate phenetic position among the other three distinct species. Factors of shape differences were unravelled and portrayed by shearing. A revised key to species was drawn up.
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    Variation in self-fertility and floral characters ofGeranium caespitosum (Geraniaceae) along an elevational gradient (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 225-241 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Geraniaceae ; Geranium caespitosum ; Breeding system ; ecotype ; gynodioecy ; pollen sterility ; self-fertility ; selfing ; inbreeding depression ; stigma receptivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Characters that have the potential to alter the breeding system ofGeranium caespitosum were investigated. The characters differ mechanistically, functioning either endogenously and independent of pollen transfer, or exogenously by influencing pollen transfer. Little variation in self-fertility (endogenous mechanism) was measured among populations from different elevations grown in a common garden. Variation in floral morphology (exogenous mechanism) was limited and unlikely to create a change in the breeding system. Macroscopic variation (exogenous mechanism), including gynodioecy, sexual specialization, and pollen sterility, was observed in extreme elevation populations and probably has a sizeable effect on the breeding system.
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    Cyclamen (Primulaceae) in tropical Africa (1989)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 249-252 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Primulaceae ; Cyclamen ; C. somalense ; Taxonomy ; phytogeography ; Mediterranean floristic element ; Flora of Somalia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cyclamen somalense Thulin & Warfa, spec. nova, the first member of the genus known from tropical Africa, is described from the Al Miskat Mts in NE. Somalia. The new species is closely related to the E. MediterraneanC. persicum Mill. The disjunct Mediterranean element in the mountain flora of northern Somalia, to whichC. somalense belongs, is believed to be largely a relict of Tertiary origin.
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    Cytogenetical changes of offsprings from the induced tetraploid hybrid betweenRanunculus silerifolius (2n = 16) andR. chinensis (2n = 16) (Ranunculaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 167 (1989), S. 129-136 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Ranunculaceae ; Ranunculus cantoniensis ; R. chinensis ; R. silerifolius ; Amphidiploid ; aneuploid induction ; cytotaxonomy ; fertility ; habitat segregation ; hybrid ; multivalent ; speciation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cytogenetical studies were carried out on the successive generations of offsprings from the induced tetraploid hybrid (2n = 32) betweenRanunculus silerifolius (2n = 16) andR. chinensis (2n = 16). Aneuploids, 2n = 30 to 35, frequently occurred. In latter subsequent generations the deviation of aneuploids increased, but the proportion of euploids decreased, accompanied by the reduction of fertility of pollen grains and seed sets. F2 and F4 PMCs constantly exhibited meiotic abnormality, i.e. formation of quadrivalents and univalents. The speciation process ofR. cantoniensis (2n = 32), which was presumed to arise from tetraploid hybrids between the above two species, is discussed on the basis of the above evidences.
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    The unique pollination ofLeporella fimbriata (Orchidaceae): Pollination by pseudocopulating male ants (Myrmecia urens, Formicidae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 167 (1989), S. 137-148 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Leporella ; Formicidae ; Myrmecia ; Ant pollination pseudocopulation ; floral morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Leporella fimbriata is a self compatible orchid of southern Australia. It is dependant across its range on unique pollination by sexually attracted male winged antsMyrmecia urens, which pseudocopulate with the flower. Typical pollination sequences began with an initial circling then zig-zag flight to the flower. Vectors usually alighted on the inflorescence stem and quickly crawled to the flower where they adopted a copulatory position sideways along the wide labellum, pseudocopulatory probing immediately followed. In this position pollen carried on the thorax was deposited on the stigma. Departure from the labellum usually resulted in pollinium removal. Pollinator movements were restricted and the distribution leptokurtic with a mean of 3.141 ± 4.59 m. Pollination was widespread but variable from site to site and season to season with a maximum of 70% of all flowers being pollinated. Pollinator limitation is indicated. Traits essential for this pollination interaction include the coincidence of orchid and ant geographic distributions and the coincidence of flowering with the flight period of the ant. The production of pheromonelike substances and the distinctive floral morphology are also essential for attraction and manipulation of male ants. The ant mating system which the orchid can exploit is also important.
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    Comments on flower evolution and beetle pollination in the generaAnnona andRollinia (Annonaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 167 (1989), S. 189-194 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Magnoliidae ; Annonaceae ; Annona ; Rollinia ; Beetle pollination ; flower evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dynastid scarab beetle pollination appears basic within the genusAnnona. Those species ofAnnona which are more morphologically derived, as well as allRollinia spp. possess reduced floral chambers and attract small beetles likeNitidulidae orStaphylinidae. Pollination of the primitive species ofAnnona byDynastinae would imply that the genus had not evolved before the Tertiary. The fossil record is in congruence with this hypothesis. Once again it is stressed that the cantharophilous syndrome, as it is found in theAnnonaceae, Magnoliaceae, Eupomatiaceae andCalycanthaceae, with beetles being exclusive pollinators, is a secondary and derived condition and obviously different from the expected basic entomophily of the original angiosperms.
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    Karyological studies in someHypochoeris spp. (Compositae) from Sicily (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 49-57 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Hypochoeris ; Karyotype ; karyogram ; idiogram ; basic chromosome number ; symmetry of karyotype ; asymmetrical index
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract FiveHypochoeris spp. from Sicily have been investigated:H. glabra L. (2n=10),H. radicata L. (2n=8),H. cretensis L. (2n=6),H. laevigata L. (2n=12),H. robertia Fiori (2n=8). Basic chromosome numbers are very variable, x = 3, 4, 5, 6. The karyotype of each species is presented. Geographical origin (S. America or Mediterranean region) of the genusHypochoeris and the taxonomic position ofH. robertia are discussed.
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    Deoxyribonucleic acid reassociation and interspecies relationships of the genusChlorella (Chlorophyceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 71-82 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Algae ; Chlorococcales ; Chlorophyceae ; Chlorella ; Scenedesmus ; Taxonomy ; phylogeny ; DNA reassociation ; DNA/DNA hybridization ; DNA homology ; DNA base composition ; thermal stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phylogenetic relationships within the genusChlorella were studied by means of DNA/DNA hybridization under both optimal and relaxed reassociation conditions as well as by determination of the thermal stability of hybrid DNA duplexes. The results indicate a relationship betweenC. fusca var.fusca, C. fusca var.rubescens, C. fusca var.vacuolata, and the genusScenedesmus. In addition, the strains endosymbiotic withParamecium bursaria seem to be related with theC. vulgaris/sorokiniana group. The relations between most other species, however, could not be sufficiently resolved by the above methods. This implies considerable phylogenetic divergency within the genusChlorella.
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    Hybridization studies in the genusSilene sectt.Siphonomorpha andAuriculatae (Caryophyllaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 143-148 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Caryophyllaceae ; Silene sect.Siphonomorpha ; sect.Auriculatae ; Crossing experiments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ten species in the genusSilene sectt.Siphonomorpha andAuriculatae were crossed artificially involving 612 crosses to test inter- and infraspecific, intervarietal and intersectional crossability. In sect.Siphonomorpha all interspecific crosses (between diploids) failed due to cross- or seed-incompatibility; however, intervarietal crosses betweenS. gigantea var.gigantea andS. gigantea var.incana produced hybrids. In sect.Auriculatae hybrids were produced betweenS. vallesia andS. boryi, both tetraploids, but crosses between these and the diploid species were unsuccessful. The delimitation and status of the species in both sections was supported by the crossing results.
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    Fragrance analyses, an aid to taxonomic relationships of the genusCoryanthes (Orchidaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 159-165 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Coryanthes ; Fragrance analyses ; 2-N-methylaminobenzaldehyde ; taxonomic studies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract All members of the investigated genusCoryanthes (subtribeStanhopeinae) are pollinated by male euglossine bees. The different fragrance profiles are the primary reproductive isolating mechanisms, because the flowers are interfertile. The fragrance patterns of 17 species ofCoryanthes were analyzed by gas chromatography as a means to improve the classification of this genus. A first amine (2-N-methylaminobenzaldehyde) was found to be the main fragrance compound of an as yet unclassifiedCoryanthes species.
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    Pothos crassipedunculatus, a new species ofPothos sect.Allopothos (Araceae) from India (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 221-225 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; monocotyledons ; Araceae ; Pothos sect.Allopothos ; Pothos crassipedunculatus ; spec. nova ; Taxonomy ; systematics ; Flora of India
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pothos crassipedunculatus Sivadasan & Mohanan (Araceae), a new species closely related to the SW. Indian endemic and little known speciesP. thomsonianus Schott is described. It is characterized by the the non-ligulate, shortly vaginate petiole, thickly peduncled inflorescence, broadly ovate spathe and a sessile spadix. It is included in ser.Brevivaginati Engler of sect.Allopothos Schott.
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    Cladistic analyses of some net-veinedLiliiflorae (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 123-141 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Liliiflorae ; Liliales ; Dioscoreales ; Asparagales ; Cladistics ; relationships ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Comparisons between previous intuitive or phenetic classifications of the netveinedLiliiflorae was used to determine a suitable group of taxa for cladistic analyses. The resultant 48 genera and generic groupings comprising 19 families from within theAsparagales, Liliales andDioscoreales were then analysed. The cladistics largely supported previous treatments, with theLiliales, Dioscoreales andAsparagales all monophyletic.
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    Preferential infestation of fruits within theMedicago truncatula — M. littoralis (Leguminosae) complex by the bean weevilBruchidius bimaculatus (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 35-41 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Leguminosae ; Medicago truncatula ; Medicago littoralis ; Bruchidius bimaculatus ; Bruchid infestation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The bean weevilBruchidius bimaculatus was found in fruits of 68 of 217 populations of theMedicago truncatula — M. littoralis complex of Israel, Greece, Italy and Spain. Infestation was higher in fruits of somewhat larger than mean size, and in the more pubescent and tightly coiled fruits. Bean weevil size proved to be independent of fruit size, so that the “preference” for larger fruits does not seem due to adaptation to a larger food source or a larger domicile. Fruit size has been used to delimit the host “species”M. truncatula andM. littoralis, but the character proved to be unimodal, and it is apparent that the taxonomy of the plant complex requires further clarification. Of the 11 472 fruits examined, less than 4% were infested. Given that the plants have evolved indehiscent legumes in which typically only one of the approximately six seeds survives to reproduce, and that very few seeds of a fruit are destroyed, the bruchid's infestation appears to be non-harmful, and indeed the association may be mutualistic.
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    A survey of C-band patterns in chromosomes ofLilium (Liliaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 53-69 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Liliaceae ; Lilium ; C-banding ; heterochromatin ; karyosystematics ; karyotype
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract C-band patterns are described for 20Lilium spp. distributed across six sections. All species have a similar basic karyotype (n = 12) but C-bands differ markedly between them. The patterns are characterized by a dispersed scattering of thin intercalary bands as well as centric and NOR bands. Only one species,L. canadense, shows a clear equilocal pattern with intercalary C-bands occurring proximally in all of the longer chromosome arms. Comparing species, similar patterns are revealed forL. regale andL. sulphureum, forL. formosanum andL. longiflorum (all in sect.Leucolirion) and to a lesser extent forL. hansonii, L. martagon, andL. tsingtauense (sect.Martagon). The pattern forL. henryi (previously classed in sect.Sinomartagon) matches those ofL. regale andL. sulphureum quite well and its transfer to sect.Leucolirion is proposed. This is consistent with results from interspecies hybrids betweenL. henryi andL. regale (and related species) which are reportedly fertile. No other clear similarities in C-band patterns were seen across species. It seems that C-band patterns change rapidly inLilium and hence their usefulness in classification will be restricted to identifying closely related species.
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    Chloroplast DNA variation inAnemone s. lato (Ranunculaceae) (1989)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 81-85 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Ranunculaceae ; Anemone ; Pulsatilla ; Hepatica ; Chloroplast DNA ; restriction endonuclease analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chloroplast DNA of seven species belonging toAnemone (sectt.Omalocarpus, Anemonidium, andAnemonanthea),Hepatica, andPulsatilla have been analyzed by restriction enzymes. According to the dendrogram constructed, the sections ofAnemone and the generaHepatica andPulsatilla seem to be evolutionary approximately equidistant to each others. This supports the concept that these groups should be treated on a similar taxonomic level, either as genera or subgenera.
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    Nucleolar activity of B-chromosomes inAllium cernuum (Alliaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 87-92 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Alliaceae ; Allium ; B-chromosomes ; nucleolar activity
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nucleolar activity was analyzed in two samples of plants of the wild onion speciesAllium cernuum, one from Canada (2n=14) and one from the United States of America (2n=14+3B), using phase contrast analysis and C- and Ag-NOR-banding. Three chromosome pairs of the standard A-chromosome complement show small telomeric satellites, which corresponds to the maximum number of Ag-NOR-bands at metaphase and to the telomeric C-heterochromatin. However, the maximum number of nucleoli observed at interphase was eight, indicating that another chromosome pair possesses nucleolar activity. Corresponding results were obtained for the A-chromosome complement of plants from the United States of America, however, these plants further possess three small metacentric supernumerary chromosomes, which show telomeric satellites on both arms, corresponding to two telomeric Ag-NOR-bands observed after silver staining. The presented data clearly indicate that the B-chromosomes ofAllium cernuum possess rDNA gene clusters which show strong nucleolar activity.
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    Taxonomic and functional implications of stigma morphology in species ofCassia, Chamaecrista, andSenna (Leguminosae:Caesalpinioideae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 93-105 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Leguminosae (Fabaceae) ; Caesalpinioideae (Caesalpiniaceae) ; Cassia ; Chamaecrista ; Senna ; Stigma morphology ; taxonomy ; floral ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two stigma forms occur inChamaecrista andSenna, but only one inCassia. In the common chambered form, a stigma pore is positioned on the reflexed style tip and is the entrance to a tapering chamber. The pore rim is fringed by hairs which vary in number, size, distribution and shape. In the alternative form the stigma is situated at the apex of the curved style and is crateriform. The crater rim is fringed by hairs of variable number and shape. The stigmatic hairs are predominantly unicellular and cutinized. Stigma and hair differences aid in the taxonomy of the genera. Their functions in pollination biology are discussed.
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    Interspecific relationship of ten European orchid species as revealed by enzyme electrophoresis (1989)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 107-119 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Orchis ; Dactylorhiza ; Gymnadenia ; Taxonomy ; interspecific relationship ; enzyme electrophoresis ; computer evaluation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ten species of orchid plants belonging to the generaOrchis (7),Dactylorhiza (2), andGymnadenia (1) were analyzed by enzyme electrophoresis. Each species can be identified by a combination of enzyme bands different from those of all other species examined. The electrophoretic data were used for the construction of phenetic and phylogenetic trees with the help of computer programs. The trees were almost identical regardless which method was used. Our results differ considerably from a classification based on morphological evidence. The electrophoretic data indicate that the genusOrchis is not a monophyletic group.
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    A new species ofJusticia sect.Ansellia (Acanthaceae) from Tanzania (1989)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 121-125 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Acanthaceae ; Justicia sect.Ansellia ; J. brevipedunculata ; spec. nova ; Flora of Tropical East Africa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Justicia brevipedunculata, a new species ofJ. sect.Ansellia endemic to Tanzania, is described and illustrated. Detailed palynological information is given, and relationships to other species of the section are discussed.
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    The chromosomes ofGrahamia (Portulacaceae) (1989)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 127-131 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Portulacaceae ; Grahamia bracteata ; Chromosome number ; karyotype ; base number
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The somatic and gametic chromosomes of the monotypical genusGrahamia (G. bracteata) have been studied for the first time: 2n = 18, n = 9. The karyotype is symmetrical; of the nine m pairs one has microsatellites. The basic chromosome number x = 9 is considered to be primitive within the family.
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    A new look at the acetolysis method (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 147-152 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Beilschmiedia ; Calluna ; Polyalthia ; Strelitzia ; Acetolysis ; palynology ; sporoderm ; exine ; intine ; pollen characters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The acetolysis method intreduced byGunnar Erdtman is still a very welcome and highly successful technique in palynology. However, acetolysis destroys all pollen material with the exception of sporopollenin that forms the outer pollen wall, the exine. Modern palynology in its application to plant systematics and phylogeny must consider all sporoderm characters, not only those of the exine. The neglect of the intine may distort some principal palynological aspects. This is illustrated by cases of total breakdown or gross modification of thin exine structures (e.g. inBeilschmiedia, Strelitzia) and by the clarification of apertures (e.g.,Polyalthia, Fissistigma, Calluna). In our view the investigation of both acetolysed and non-acetolysed pollen is obligatory for a well balanced view of pollen structure and function.
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    Meiotic analyses ofCucumis hybrids and an evolutionary evaluation of the genusCucumis (Cucurbitaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 133-146 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Cucurbitaceae ; Cucumis ; C. sativus ; C. melo ; C. metuliferus ; C. anguria ; C. zeyheri ; C. myriocarpus subsp.leptodermis ; comb. nov. ; Crossing experiments ; meiosis of hybrids ; polyploidy ; isozymes ; DNA analysis ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Meiosis in seven interspecificCucumis hybrids has been analysed i.a. inC. metuliferus ×C. zeyheri, where the parents belong to different sections. In the triploid hybrids a remarkably high number of trivalents has been found. Additional data from literature on geographical distribution, cucurbitacins, flavonoid patterns, isozymes, C-banding, genome size, DNA amount and chloroplast DNA are used to discuss species relationships and evolution. The African cross-compatible group is divided into theMyriocarpus subgroup with the diploid speciesC. africanus, C. myriocarpus subsp.leptodermis and subsp.myriocarpus, and theAnguria subgroup withC. anguria, C. dipsaceus, C. ficifolius, C. prophetarum, C. zeyheri and all polyploids (exceptC. heptadactylus). It is argued that the Asian subg.Melo with x = 7 is derived from the African subg.Cucumis with x = 12; the latter contains all the polyploid species and has the most common basic chromosome number of theCucurbitaceae. This phylogenetic advance is interpreted with concepts of the quantum model of evolution.
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    A comparison of within-plant karyological heterogeneity between agamospermous and sexualTaraxacum (Compositae) as assessed by the nucleolar organiser chromosome (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 177-185 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Taraxacum ; Agamospermy ; NOR-chromosome ; chromosomal rearrangement ; transposable genetic elements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Morphological variation for the NOR chromosome was studied for four half-siblings of a sexual outbreedingTaraxacum, for three siblings of the obligate agamospermT. pseudohamatum, and for two individuals of the agamospermT. brachyglossum. No rearrangement was detected for the 113 chromosomes of sexuals, or for 41 chromosomes of two agamospermous individuals. In the other three agamospermous individuals, 3/16, 5/50, and 5/20 chromosomes showed evidence of chromosomal rearrangement. The majority of rearrangement events (10/13) occurred to the satellite rather than to the body of the NOR-chromosome. It is considered that such high levels of somatic chromosomal rearrangement in agamospermousTaraxacum may be the result of activity by transposable genetic elements. This recombination may be of selective advantage to asexual plants which cannot generate genetic variability through the sexual process.
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    Structure of the inflorescence and flower ofPetalonyx linearis (Loasaceae) (1989)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 211-226 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Loasaceae ; Petalonyx ; Inflorescence ; floral ontogeny ; vascular pattern ; androecium ; gynoecium ; nectary ; symmetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Inflorescence and floral structure ofPetalonyx linearis are described to assist in understanding homologies among the diverse flowers ofLoasaceae. The inflorescence consists of racemose axes, along which each individual flower is recaulescent with its subtending leaf. Both floral vascularization and appendage initiations show a set of variations. The pseudomonomerous gynoecium may be derived from a triplacental condition. Nectary position, on a collar on which the perianth and androecium are inserted, appears homologous to the ovarian dome position of the nectary among otherLoasaceae.
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    Notes on the pollination mechanisms ofMoraea inclinata andM. brevistyla (Iridaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 201-209 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Iridaceae ; Moraea inclinata ; M. brevistyla ; Bees ; Anthophoridae ; Halictidae ; Pollination mechanism ; flower morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Individual flowers ofMoraea inclinata are nectariferous and last about six hours. They appear to be pollinated largely by bees in the familyHalictidae (Lasioglossum spp.,Nomia spp.,Zonalictus) and to a lesser extent by bees in the familyAnthophoridae (Amegilla). The mechanism of bee-pollination inM. inclinata is the “Iris type”; i.e., each flower consists of three pollination units (an outer tepal, a partly exserted anther, and the opposed style branch which terminates in a pair of petal-like crests). Bees rarely visit more than one pollination unit per flower. Transferral of pollen to the bee is passive and nototribic although all bees collected on the flowers were female and 55% of the bees carried pollen loads with 2–5 pollen taxa in their scopae.Moraea brevistyla flowers are nectariferous but lack scent and last two days. They are visited infrequently by bees and only one femaleLasioglossum spec. carried the pollen ofM. brevistyla. Unlike flowers ofM. inclinata those ofM. brevistyla deposit pollen only on the head and thorax. Bee-mediated autogamy in both species is avoided due to the erratic foraging patterns of the bees and the flexibility of each stigma lobe as the bee backs out of the flower. Approximately 2–4 flowers in the inflorescences of both species (6–8 flowers/infloresence) develop into capsules.
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    Probleme der Infloreszenztypologie vonW. Troll (1989)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 187-199 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Marantaceae ; Inflorescence morphology ; monotely and polytely ; homogenization ; racemization ; truncation ; pseudoflorescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In contrast toW. Troll's typology of inflorescences which aims at more or less rigid, well defined types, this investigation accentuates the processes that constitute the evolutionary transformations leading from one typical form to another.Troll divided the inflorescences into the two types of monotelic and polytelic synflorescences, the first with a terminal flower on the main axis, the latter with a homogeneous florescence on the indeterminate axis. Both forms are enriched by proximal branches which repeat the structure of the main axis (paracladia). The evolutionary processes leading from the more primitive monotelic type to the advanced polytelic type are truncation (loss of the terminal flower) and homogenization of the distal branches, which thus form a homogeneous florescence. A closer survey of the polytelic groups reveals the fact that, usingTroll's criteria, the same distinction can be found within these groups themselves. Loss of the terminal florescence (truncation of 2nd and higher degree) as well as homogenization of the distal paracladia may lead to florescence-like units of higher complexity. Examples can be found inAsteraceae (Figs. 1 and 2),Fabaceae (Fig. 3 a),Mimosaceae (Fig. 3 b),Acanthaceae, and also in Monocots, as exemplified by theMarantaceae (Figs. 4 and 5). The so-called racemization (inversion of efflorescences from basipetalous to acropetalous) may be mentioned as a third element of transformation, emphasizing the unity of the florescences.—In consequence, there are more organizational levels than reflected in the twoTroll types. The polytelic type comprises several degrees of truncation and homogenization, the basis for a reasonable organizational analysis should therefore be the degree of ramification of flowering branches rather than the mere question of a terminal flower on the main shoot axis (Fig. 6). On the other hand the three processes of truncation, homogenization and racemization are evolutionary transformations that may occur independently from one another, thus giving rise to a large number of variations, which can not be satisfactorily interpreted by exactly defined types. On the basis of these considerations the question of homologous parts in inflorescences is reviewed. The homology of partial florescences and paracladia is accentuated contrary toTroll's interpretation (Fig. 7). Homogenization as an evolutionary trend may transform paracladia of different degree of ramification, leading to one-flowered units on the one side and to highly complex structures as in theMarantaceae on the other.
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    Taxonomic and morphological studies inHypecoum sect.Hypecoum (Papaveraceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 227-280 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Papaveraceae ; Hypecoum ; Taxonomy ; morphological variation ; mating system ; autogamy ; UV-reflection ; pollen morphology ; chromosome numbers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hypecoum sect.Hypecoum comprises 8 species, one with 2 additional subspecies, in the Mediterranean area and the Middle East. Five of these are recognized for the first time, viz.Hypecoum procumbens L. subsp.fragrantissimum Å. E. Dahl,H. procumbens L. subsp.atropunctatum Å. E. Dahl,H. trullatum Å. E. Dahl,H. angustilobum Å. E. Dahl andH. torulosum Å. E. Dahl. H. dimidiatum Delile andH. pseudograndiflorum Petr., which have generally been included inH. imberbe Sm., are reestablished as distinct species. Morphology and variation patterns are described and discussed with special reference to mating systems. Self-incompatibility is dominating butH. procumbens subsp.procumbens andH. torulosum are self-compatible. The broad variation ranges of the former taxon in traits presumably related to mating system (petal, anther and stigma sizes as well as pollenovule ratios) indicate varying rates of outcrossing. SEM micrographs are given of petal and stigma surfaces and of pollen grains. Chromosome counts are presented for seven taxa. All are diploid with 2n = 16.
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    The cytological basis of the plastid inheritance in angiosperms (1989)
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    Protoplasma 152 (1989), S. 57-64 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Plastid inheritance, uniparental ; Plastid inheritance, biparental ; Plastid distribution ; Plastid transmission
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    Über denChlorella-Phycobionten vonTrapelia coarctata (1978)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 130 (1978), S. 253-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Lichens ; Trapeliaceae ; Trapelia coarctata ; Chlorophyta ; Oocystaceae ; Chlorella ; Cellular organization ; development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Trapelia coarctata is lichenized withChlorella saccharophila var.ellipsoidea; this is in accordance with one of two former statements. The cells of the isolated alga may be covered individually by a gelatinous envelope; they also can be embedded in confluent mucilage. The course of succedanous divisions leading to the formation of autospores starts with the appearance of a second, new pyrenoid and goes on with bipartioning of the chloroplast, nuclear division and cytokinesis. Starch grains identical to those in the stroma surround the pyrenoid more or less loosely and not in the form of saucer-shaped parts constituting a coherent shell.
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    Ultrastructure of nuclear inclusions and the separation ofVerbenaceae andOleaceae (incl.Nyctanthes) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 1-12 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteridae ; Verbenaceae ; Oleaceae ; Nyctanthes ; Intranuclear inclusions ; mesophyll cells ; ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract TEM observations were carried out on 40 taxa of the familyVerbenaceae and 35 taxa of the familyOleaceae, in order to ascertain distribution, ultrastructure and morphology of the intranuclear proteinic inclusions in the mesophyll parenchymatic cells. The investigated genera amount to some 25% and 60% respectively of the genera of the two families. Inside theVerbenaceae, lamellar inclusions (L-type) occur in 6 out of 23 investigated genera: they are mostly present inside the tribesCitharexyleae andVerbeneae (both belonging toVerbenoideae), while they are absent in other subfamilies. All of the investigatedOleaceae genera show intranuclear crystalline inclusions (C 1-type) of three different shapes. Among theAsteridae this is a character peculiar toOleaceae. They appear to be a well defined natural group, including the controversial genusNyctanthes.
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    Aegilops cylindrica var.kastorianum (Poaceae): A new variety from Greece (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 13-20 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Aegilops cylindrica var.kastorianum ; New variety ; karyotype analysis ; protein and esterase patterns ; isoelectric focusing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A native population ofAegilops cylindrica was encountered for the first time in Greece in 1980 (near Kastoria, NW. Greece), completely isolated and at a great distance from its main distribution area. There are morphological and chromosomal, but no protein and esterase pattern differences from otherAe. cylindrica populations. This justifies the recognition of a new variety: var.kastorianum. Our comparative and karyotypic observations support the view thatAe. caudata var.polyathera and not var.caudata (typica) is the possible donor of genome C of the new variety.
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    A new species ofAristolochia (Aristolochiaceae) from India with co-evolutionary notes onA. indica and papilionid butterflies (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 31-34 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Aristolochiaceae ; Aristolochia krisagathra spec. nova ; A. indica ; Ornithoptera ; Taxonomy ; butterflies ; host plants ; Flora of India
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Aristolochia krisagathra, a new species from the Western Ghats of Peninsular India is described, illustrated and included into a key to the four Indian species of the genus. Notes on the host-relationships of these species are also provided, paticularly ofA. indica to papilionid butterflies.
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    Floral biological observations onHeliamphora tatei (Sarraceniaceae) and other plants from Cerro de la Neblina in Venezuela (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 21-29 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Sarraceniaceae ; Melastomataceae ; Rapateaceae ; Gentianaceae ; Loranthaceae ; Malpighiaceae ; Ericaceae ; Orchidaceae ; Campylopterus duidae ; Diglossa duidae ; Anoura geoffroyi ; africanized honey bee ; Pollination by bees ; buzz pollination ; Flora of Neblina
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract During 20 days in 1985, floral biological observations were made at 1 850–2 100m elevation on Cerro de la Neblina in Venezuela.Heliamphora tatei var.neblinae (Sarraceniaceae) is nectarless and has poricidal anthers.Heliamphora tatei, Graffenrieda fruticosa, G. polymera, G. reticulata, Tocca pachystachya, T. tepuiensis (Melastomataceae),Saxofridericia compressa, andStegolepsis neblinensis (Rapateaceae), are buzz-pollinated by ten species ofBombus, Eulaema, Melipona, Centris, Xylocopa, Dialictus, andNeocorynura. Additional observations of floral visits on tepui species ofGentianaceae, Loranthaceae, Malpighiaceae, Ericaceae, Orchidaceae, andAsteraceae are reported. Visitors include the hummingbirdCampylopterus duidae, the flower-piercerDiglossa duidae, the nectarivorous batAnoura geoffroyi, and various species ofCentris andBombus bees. Scent baits for euglossine bees attracted very few bees.Apis mellifera adansonii-scutellata, the africanized honey bee, was caught at 1 850m elevation.
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    Epicuticular wax alkanes ofEricaceae andEmpetrum from alpine and sub-alpine heaths in Austria (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 71-79 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Ericaceae ; Arctostaphylos ; Arctous ; Calluna Erica ; Loiseleuria ; Rhododendron ; Rhodothamnus ; Oxycoccus ; Vaccinium ; Empetraceae ; Empetrum ; n-Alkanes ; epicuticular waxes ; chemotaxonomy ; environmental effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Alkane distribution patterns were determined in the epicuticular wax of the leaves of 13 species and a hybrid fromEricaceae and one species ofEmpetrum (Empetraceae). As chemotaxonomic indicators, the results are of limited use only. The most uniform genus wasRhododendron, the most heterogeneousVaccinium. The dominant effect of genetic over environmental factors was apparent in most cases.
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    Ecogeographical differentiation of the Submediterranean deciduous forest flora (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 162 (1989), S. 315-329 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Aceraceae ; Betulaceae ; Celastraceae ; Fagaceae ; Juglandaceae ; Oleaceae ; Rosaceae ; Staphyleaceae ; Summer-green woody plants ; submediterranean ; distribution types ; climatic conditions ; post-Pleistocene dispersal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The deciduous wood flora of southern Europe is characterized as a special “nemoral-Submediterranean element”. The distribution patterns of some representatives (total ranges and local areas in Roumania) are described and explained by recent climatic conditions. The northern limits of Submediterranean and Submediterranean-middle European deciduous forest taxa exhibit a continuous gradation, but only a few species with a wide ecological amplitude extend into the temperate zone.
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    A Giemsa C-banding and DNA content study inScilla cilicica andS. morrisii, two little known sibling species of theS. siberica alliance (Hyacinthaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 165 (1989), S. 71-83 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Hyacinthaceae ; Scilla cilicica ; S. morrisii ; Karyotype evolution ; C-banding ; genome size ; Endemism ; flora of Cyprus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract S. cilicica Siehe andS. morrisii Meikle are two little known sibling species of theScilla siberica alliance with previously difficult taxonomy, especially with regard to specific delimitation and geographic distribution. Quantitative C-band karyotyping and DNA content determinations were performed in four provenances, including the type localities. Both species (2n = 12) differ strikingly in their banding patterns despite of similar DNA content. Karyotype diversification involved changes in eu- and heterochromatin quantities and resulted in some changes of chromosome form. Despite this, actual phylogenetic relatedness is indicated by a chromosomal marker (NOR-position) of rare occurrence in the alliance. Karyological results and circumstantial evidence from the literature suggest thatS. morrisii is an endemic, exclusive to Cyprus as a member of theS. siberica alliance.S. cilicica seems to be restricted to continental S. Anatolia opposite to Cyprus. Its occurrence on Cyprus is questionable.
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    Didymocarpus geitleri, a remarkable new species ofGesneriaceae with deceptive pollen flowers (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 165 (1989), S. 95-100 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Gesneriaceae ; Didymocarpus ; Morphology ; floral ecology ; Flora of Malaysia ; SE. Asia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Didymocarpus geitleri spec. nov. is described from Sungai Pandan, Kuantan distr., Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia. Distinctive features include: leaden-grey leaves with long, erect hairs on the upper side and whitish, campanulate flowers with a long exserted, bright yellow style. The colouring of the latter is caused by densely arranged glands. Together with two yellow blotches in front of the filament insertion, the style apparently acts as an anther (pollen) dummy.
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    Biosystematic studies in European species ofGladiolus (Iridaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 165 (1989), S. 189-198 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Iridaceae ; Gladiolus ; G. atroviolaceus ; G. communis ; G. illyricus ; G. imbricatus ; G. italicus ; Geography ; morphology ; multivariate analysis ; chromosome numbers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Representative specimens of the EuropeanGladiolus species (excl.G. palustris) were used to study variability and relationships. 25 characters were measured for cluster, principal component and Wells hybrid analyses (Figs. 1–3). Three (with PCA) respective five (cluster analysis) main groups are revealed. Bulb characteristics appear to be very useful for indentification. The subspecific status ofG. communis subsp.byzantinus is confirmed. Hybrids of four different parental combinations were detected in our collection. Most species include polyploid series. Partly 3x, 4x, 6x, 8x, 12x and aneuploid cytotypes but no diploids were found. Polyploids as pioneers and hybridization of sympatric species are apparently linked to migrations during the glacial periods.
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    Corolla and androecium development in someEudesmia eucalypts (Myrtaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 165 (1989), S. 239-254 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Myrtaceae ; Eucalyptus ; Eudesmia ; Floral morphology ; corolla ; operculum ; androecium ; staminophore ; growth centres ; continuity ; heterotopy ; epipetaly
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the early stages of ontogeny, the corolline parts of theEudesmia eucalypts develop as compound structures directly comparable to the early stages of the petals ofAngophora and the bloodwood eucalypts, but with the onset of androecial formation a marked difference takes place. Rather than forming on the floral apex, the stamen primordia arise on the basal adaxial components of the young corolline parts; this basal component develops into the staminophore of the mature flower. The operculum consists only of the dorsal components of the corolline parts, the homologues of the “dorsal keels” of theAngophora petals. If the corolline parts remain more or less free in their early developmental stages, corresponding groups of stamens are produced. Early corolline continuity leads to a continuous ring of stamens. The staminophore is not an organ sui generis, but a derivative of the corolla. The bundles of stamens in some species are best referred to as epipetalous groups, not antepetalous fascicles.
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    A biometrical analysis of the South AmericanElymus glaucescens complex (Poaceae: Triticeae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 91-104 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Agropyron ; Elymus ; Biometrics ; Wells' distance diagram ; morphological variation ; Flora of S. America ; Patagonia ; Tierra del Fuego ; Falkland Islands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Based on a simple multivariate analysis of the morphology of theAgropyron pubiflorum complex—A. patagonicum, A. antarcticum, A. fuegianum, andA. magellanicum—the variation pattern is shown to be clinal, and all taxa are included in a single, variable species. Currently the majority of species ofAgropyron is included inElymus and the correct name of this species isE. glaucescens.
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    Chromosome evolution within theOrnithogalum tenuifolium complex (Hyacinthaceae), with special emphasis on the evolution of bimodal karyotypes (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 79-89 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Liliaceae ; Hyacinthaceae ; Ornithogalum tenuifolium ; Evolution of karyotypes ; bimodal karyotypes ; DNA content ; Feulgen densitometry ; hybrids ; meiotic chromosome pairing ; fitness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hypotheses on the evolution of the karyotypes of 8 chromosome races (2n = 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16-two forms, 26) within theOrnithogalum tenuifolium complex are discussed. Four of the karyotypes are strictly bimodal: 2n = 8 (6 long and two short chromosomes), 2n = 10 (6 long and 4 short chromosomes), 2n = 12 (6 long and 6 short chromosomes) and 2n = 16 (12 long and 4 short chromosomes). The hypotheses are tested by means of measurements of nuclear DNA content, studies of meiosis and pollen fertility of hybrids, and comparisons of karyotype morphology. The results indicate that the E. African 2n = 12 chromosome race is the most primitive and has given rise to the other chromosome races. The 2n = 6 race is found to have a significantly higher fitness than the 2n = 12 race.
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    Multivariate morphometric and allozymic analysis of theConospermum taxifolium (Proteaceae) species complex (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 141-158 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Proteaceae ; Conospermum taxifolium ; C. longifolium ; Biosystematics ; numerical taxonomy ; morphology ; allozymes ; electrophoresis ; Flora of Australia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A morphometric analysis of 18 attributes of 110 plants of theConospermum taxifolium complex suggests that it consists of three polythetically distinct taxa, corresponding to the traditional concepts ofC. taxifolium Smith s. str.,C. ericifolium Smith andC. ellipticum Smith. Discrimination is possible on the basis of leaf but not flower attributes. Analysis of allozymic variation indicates that the taxa are also genotypically differentiated.C. ericifolium andC. ellipticum are geographically isolated from each other but not fromC. taxifolium, andC. taxifolium is usually ecologically segregated from the other two taxa. Where this ecological segregation breaks down, morphological intermediates sometimes occur as the result of hybridization.
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    Esterase isozyme variation in theEragrostis curvula complex (Poaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 173-181 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Eragrostis curvula ; Lovegrasses ; Esterase isozymes ; disc electrophoresis ; biosystematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The biosystematic relationships of the apomictic complexEragrostis curvula s. lato, is investigated by disc electrophoresis of seed extracts to obtain esterase patterns of 23 accessions representing the morphological variants of this complex: curvula, conferta, robusta, chloromelas and lehmanniana. The zymograms thus obtained were classified into four groups on the basis of the presence of certain bands taken as characteristic and constant markers. Within each group variations were found in strict accordance with the morphological and cytogenetic data available on the complex. Cluster analysis showed similarity levels between the strains studied, representing different genomic groups. The esterase pattern proved useful as an additional criterion for identifying the individual taxa making up the complex and for evaluating their reciprocal relationships.
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    Predictivity in taxonomy and the probability of a tree (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 167 (1989), S. 43-57 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Chenopodiaceae ; Chenopodium ; Taxonomic trees ; phenograms ; cladograms ; natural classifications ; predictivity ; information content ; probability of trees
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The contribution ofJ. S. L. Gilmour to numerical taxonomy is reviewed. His important concept of natural classification, as being general-purpose classifications with high predictivity, led to the development of ideas of information content, unit characters and equal character-weighting. The concept of predicitivity is extended to taxonomic trees (phenograms or cladograms). Under certain assumption of random sampling of characters it is shown that the probability of recovering the correct tree topology or tree-form may be small if characters are few. There may be very many topologies or tree-forms, every one of which has individually a low probability. It is, however, possible to estimate the aggregate probability of trees which have more than some specified resemblance to the “correct” tree. The practical prospects of estimating the distribution of tree probabilities are discussed.
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    Rapid cytofluorimetric determination of leaf nuclear DNA content in the polyploid seriesRanunculus marsicus (R. auricomus agg.,Ranunculaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 167 (1989), S. 219-226 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Ranunculaceae ; Ranunculus auricomus agg. ; Ranunculus marsicus ; Cytofluorimetry ; polyploidy ; agamic complex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cytofluorimetric method for DNA amount determination on nuclei released from fixed leaves has been successfully tested on samples belonging to the polyploid series ofRanunculus marsicus Guss & Ten. (sect.Auricomus). The procedure was devised to screen rapidly for different ploidy levels within topodemes and progenies.
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    A comparative study of the ontogenetic development of the cupules inCastanea andLithocarpus (Fagaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 7-18 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Fagaceae ; Castanea ; Lithocarpus ; Comparative morphology ; cupule ; ontogenetic development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two contradicting theories have been proposed for the morphological nature of fagaceous cupules; the intercalary growth theory and the higher order dichasial branch theory. All the previous ontogenetic studies insist on the latter one, but the genera investigated have been rather restricted and have not covered all the cupule types. A comparative study of the ontogenetic development of cupules inCastanea crenata andLithocarpus edulis, which are representatives of fundamentally different cupule types, revealed that both the theories are incomplete. InL. edulis, the higher order dichasial branches contribute to cupule formation along the anterior portions of the lateral flowers. However, along the adaxial portion of the central flower, the cupule develops as an intercalary growth, represented by rapid increase of tangentially oblong epidermal cells. InCastanea, intercalary growth is not clearly observable, for presumably, the flowers are surrounded by a well-developed partial inflorescence mound from the beginning of development.
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    Genome analysis, phylogeny, and classification (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 159-171 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Triticeae ; Biosystematics ; genome analysis ; chromosome homology ; phylogenetic reconstruction ; classification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The implications of genome analysis for evolutionary theory and systematics are treated. The precise relationship between the theoretical and operational definitions of chromosome homology is shown to be uncertain. It is pointed out that genera defined by genome analysis may be either monophyletic or non-monophyletic, and that the genus is not a basic unit of evolution. Characters obtained by genome analysis may be useful in a phylogenetic context, provided they are treated as all other characters.
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    DNA characterization in host-specificViscum album subspecies (Viscaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 243-248 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Viscaceae ; Viscum ; Nuclear DNA content ; DNA denaturation ; DNA reassociation ; host-specific DNA organization ; subspecific genome differentiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The nuclear DNA content and composition with respect to base composition and the proportion of repetitive DNA was studied in the host-specific mistletoe subspecies,Viscum album subsp.album, V. a. subsp.abietis andV. a. subsp.laxum, using DNA ofLoranthus europaeus as a standard. Small but not significant differences were found between the 2C DNA contents and the base composition but significant differences were detected in the patterns of sequence organization. This infraspecific variation is briefly discussed in the light of differences known to occur in the patterns of lectins and viscotoxins, immunostimulating and cancerostatic effects.
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    Habit differentiation and chromosome evolution inPleione (Orchidaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 253-264 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; orchids ; Pleione ; P. bulbocodioides ; P. formosana ; P. yunnanensis ; P. humilis ; P. forrestii ; Chromosome banding ; Feulgen staining ; karyotype analysis ; epiphytic ; semi-terrestrial ; terrestrial habitats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Karyotypic and heterochromatin studies suggest a basic division of the orchid genusPleione into two groups, one represented by the clearly epiphytic species and the other including both species with terrestrial trends as well as those that are truly terrestrial. The epiphytic group possesses only (sub) metacentric chromosomes and is characterised by a considerable amount of terminal heterochromatin while the terrestrial group has some subtelocentric chromosomes and only small amounts of centromeric heterochromatin. It is concluded that a major phyletic split in the mode of chromosome change occurred during the transition from the epiphytic to the terrestrial habitat.
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    Chemotaxonomy of theSymphytum officinale agg. (Boraginaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 167 (1989), S. 113-127 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Boraginaceae ; Symphytum ; S. officinale agg. ; Chemotaxonomy ; pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; isobauerenol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In a chemotaxonomic study of the genusSymphytum pyrrolizidine alkaloids and triterpenes were used as chemotaxonomical markers. A micro-extraction methods was developed for screening compounds of very small pieces of herbarium material. The occurrence of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids symphytine and (acetyl-)lycopsamine is very general forSymphytum taxa. Echimidine is present in someS. officinale L. plants and inS. tanaicense Steven. The triterpene isobauerenol is present inS. officinale, S. bohemicum Schmidt,S. tanaicense and inS. officinale var.lanceolatum Weinm. The chemotaxonomic hypothesis, proposed byGadella and collaborators, based on the presence of the triterpene isobauerenol inS. officinale and its absence inS. asperum Lepech. and the presence of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid echimidine inS. asperum and its absence inS. officinale, can no longer be applied absolutely to theS. officinale species complex. The pyrrolizidine alkaloid and triterpene pattern ofS. officinale (2n = 24) andS. bohemicum (2n = 24) is identical.S. bohemicum is morphologically, cytologically and phytochemically very similar toS. officinale. Furthermore, it readily crosses with the white flowered W. European diploids ofS. officinale. Therefore it seems likely that these two taxa are conspecific.S. tanaicense shows a pyrrolizidine alkaloid and triterpene pattern similar toS. officinale (2n = 40). Also on morphological and cytological grounds they are very similar. It seems highly probable thatS. tanaicense is conspecific withS. officinale (2n = 40) and represents an intraspecific variant only.S. officinale var.lanceolatum contained no pyrrolizidine alkaloids but did contain isobauerenol. This feature points to an origin fromS. officinale.
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    Ontogeny of intruding non-periplasmodial tapetum in the wild chicory,Cichorium intybus (Compositae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 167 (1989), S. 149-164 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Cichorium intybus ; Tapetum ; pollen ; exine ; pollenkitt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The tapetal development ofCichorium intybus L. is investigated using LM and TEM and discussed in relation to the development in other species. During the second meiotic division the tapetal cells become binucleate and lose their cell walls. They intrude the loculus at the time of microspore release from the meiotic callose walls, which means that a locular cavity is never present in this species. During pollen development they tightly junct the exine, especially near the tips of the spines. During the two-celled pollen grain stage they degenerate and most of their content turns into pollenkitt. Until anther dehiscence they keep their individuality, which means that these intruding tapetal cells never fuse to form a periplasmodium. The ultrastructural cytoplasmatic changes during this development are discussed in relation to possible functions.
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    Sex allocation and mating systems in pigeonpea,Cajanus cajan (Fabaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 59-69 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Fabaceae ; pigeonpea ; Cajanus cajan ; Sex allocation ; mating systems ; fruit and seed set
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sex allocation theory predicts that: (1) resources allocated to androecium should decrease with an increase in selfing, (2) a decrease in androecium biomass should be accompanied by an increase in the biomass of pistils, and (3) a decrease in androecium biomass should be coupled with a decrease in flower size, specifically corolla biomass. Another predicted change in reproductive traits associated with variation in selfing concerns seed to ovule ratios, but does not directly stem from sex allocation theory. It has been postulated that seed to ovule ratios should be positively correlated with the amount of selfing. These predictions were tested for six accessions of pigeonpea,Cajanus cajan L., that differed in selfing rates. The results were remarkably in accordance with the predictions. We conclude that sex allocation theory provides a powerful tool to understand the evolution of many reproductive traits in plants.
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    MOBCENTR: A nonhierarchical classification algorithm for exploratory data analysis (EDA) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 87-94 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Apiaceae ; Pimpinella major ; P. saxifraga ; P. alpina ; Asteraceae ; Solidago virgaurea ; S. canadensis ; S. gigantea ; Exploratory data analysis (EDA) ; classification algorithm ; MOBCENTR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract MOBCENTR is a classification algorithm combining features of classification about mobile centres, Ward algorithm and of the Hard-Isodata method. The results of this new algorithm and of Ward algorithm are compared by morphological characters of species ofSolidago andPimpinella.
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    The annual species ofAdonis (Ranunculaceae)—a polyploid complex (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 181-193 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Ranunculaceae ; Adonis ; Taxonomy ; distribution ; cytology ; chromosome numbers ; meiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The five annual species ofAdonis L., sect.Adonis, growing in Israel, form a series of diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid species. Their somatic chromosome numbers are 2n = 16 inA. annua L.,A. dentata Del. andA. palaestina Boiss., 2n = 32 inA. microcarpa DC., 2n = 48 inA. aestivalis L.; counts forA. dentata, A. palaestina andA. microcarpa are new records. There are indications that alloploidization may have been involved in the process of speciation in sect.Adonis. A taxonomic survey of the 8 species of the section reveals that a higher ploidy level is usually combined with a larger distribution area.
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    Paleogeography and historical phytogeography (paleochorology) in the Neophyticum (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 162 (1989), S. 5-61 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Nypa ; Ctenolophon ; Bombacaceae ; Olacaceae ; Symplocos ; Alangium ; Nepenthes ; Pachysandra andSarcococca ; Restionaceae ; Chloranthaceae ; Austrobaileyaceae ; Paleogeography ; paleochorology ; chorology ; Neophyticum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract After presenting the methodological bases of historical phytogeography (paleochorology; Fig. 1), a new paleographic map series is introduced (Fig. 2). They serve for ten examples of paleochorological analyses, in which the major phases of the development of a group in space and time are documented. In addition to purely tropical taxa (Nypa, Ctenolophon), others which originated in the warm and humid N. Tethyan belt (Bombacaceae p.p.,Olacaceae p.p.,Symplocos, Alangium, Nepenthes) or which presently occur as eastern N. American/E. Asian disjuncts (Sarcococca andPachysandra) are discussed (Figs. 3–14). Finally, analyses of two very old angiosperm groups with complicated paleochorological patterns (Restionaceae andAscarina, Chloranthaceae p.p.; Figs. 15–16) are presented.
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    Evolution of the Australian flora through the Tertiary (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 162 (1989), S. 63-78 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Myrtaceae ; Proteaceae ; Casuarinaceae ; Lauraceae ; Nothofagus ; etc. ; Tertiary floras of Australia ; evolution of the Australian flora
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The evolution of the Australian flora through the Tertiary has not been reviewed by a megafossil palaeobotanist for almost a century. Based on material available and published studies, the Australian Tertiary can be considered in three units: Eocene, Oligo-Miocene, and Pliocene. Key taxa in the Eocene includeCasuarinaceae, Proteaceae, Fagaceae, Podocarpaceae, andLauraceae. Many known Eocene deposits are interpreted as warm, humid rainforests. Oligo-Miocene floras reflect a climatic deterioration, with greater occurrence of sclerophylly and xerophylly. A reduction of tropical taxa is seen with an increase ofMyrtaceae and earliest records ofMimosaceae, Chenopodiaceae, andPoaceae. These trends continue into the Pliocene, which is not well represented in Australia. Problems needing to be addressed include the discrepancy between the pollen and megafossil records ofNothofagus, the origins of Australia's wet tropical taxa, and the role of fire in the early evolution of the Australian flora.
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    Antheseabhängige UV-Muster in Blütenständen von Asteraceen (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 165 (1989), S. 91-94 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Heliopsis scabra ; Rudbeckia vulgaris ; Flowers ; UV patterns during anthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The pseudanthia ofHeliopsis scabra andRudbeckia vulgaris (Asteraceae) were examined during the anthesis for differences in their UV patterns. Distinct changes in the reflectance and absorbance properties could be observed. The results suggest a close correlation between different stages of floral development and pollinator attraction.
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    Plastid transformation in greening scales of the onion bulb (Allium cepa, Alliaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 165 (1989), S. 85-89 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Alliaceae ; Allium cepa ; Leucoplast ; chloroplast ; plastids ; plastid metamorphosis (transformation)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The greening of the upper part of the outerAllium cepa L. bulb scales, in particular along the vascular regions, is limited to the hypodermal cells in which typical leucoplasts are transformed to normal and functional chloroplasts. This process is light dependent and cannot afterwards be reversed or modified by darkness. The changes in fine structure are described and briefly discussed.
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    The perennial taxa ofCrucianella (Rubiaceae) in SW. Asia and their eco-geographical differentiation (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 165 (1989), S. 101-136 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Rubiaceae ; Rubieae ; Crucianella sect.Roseae ; C. platyphylla (spec. nova) ; C. gilanica (with subspp. and stat. nov.) ; C. suaveolens andC. sintenisii ; Systematic revision ; eco-geographical analysis ; Flora Iranica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The perennial taxa ofCrucianella in Asia form a coherent group, apparently diploid (x = 11) and outbreeding throughout, and should be placed into sect.Roseae. This Irano-Turanian group has its centre of diversity in the mountain systems south of the Caspian Sea and reaches with outposts NE. and E. Anatolia, NE. Iraq, S. Iran and C. Asia. Four species and 13 subspecies (within the polymorphicC. gilanica) are recognized, described (partly as new), and illustrated (Figs. 1–6). Conspectus, keys and distribution maps (Figs. 7 and 8) as well as plesio- and apomorphic character states and data on size of areas are provided (Table 1). There is an obvious correlation between more plesiomorphic taxa with smaller areas in the distribution centre of the group, and more apomorphic taxa with larger areas towards its periphery (Fig. 9). These findings are linked to a working hypothesis on the evolution of the group.
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    Patterns of genetic variation of the genusCapsicum (Solanaceae) in Mexico (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 165 (1989), S. 159-188 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Solanaceae ; Capsicum ; Isozymes ; genetic distance ; geographic differentiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The evolutionary relationships of 186 accessions ofCapsicum from Mexico were studied through enzyme electrophoresis. A total of 76 alleles representing 20 genetic loci coding for nine enzyme systems were observed and the allelic variations of enzymes were studied for geographical distribution. Allele frequencies were used to estimate the apportionment of gene diversity within and between populations and to construct a dendrogram based on a similarity matrix containingNei genetic distances. — The gene diversity estimates suggest that the structure ofCapsicum populations in Mexico consists of predominantly homozygous genotypes presumably due to a self-pollinated breeding system and population bottlenecks. Significant genetic differentiation was found mainly between populations of differing geographical regions.—Based on the results of this study, three species of domesticatedCapsicum can be identified in Mexico,C. annuum var.annuum, C. chinense, andC. pubescens. Semidomesticated and wild forms include two species,C. frutescens andC. annuum var.glabriusculum. A sharp geographical division results between the latter species;C. frutescens was collected exclusively in the southeastern states of Oaxaca, Chiapas, and Tabasco; whereas wild and semidomesticated forms from the rest of the country areC. annuum. Based upon the similarity of enzyme genotypes of semidomesticated and wild forms, the primary center of domestication of cultivatedC. annuum was estimated to be the region comprising the states of Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon, San Luis Potosi, Veracruz, and Hidalgo in eastern Mexico. A possible second center of domestication is suggested to be localized in the state of Nayarit, western Mexico.
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    A serological contribution to the systematics of the genusLupinus (Fabaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 265-278 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Leguminosae ; Fabaceae ; Genisteae ; Sophoreae ; Thermopsideae ; Lupinus ; Serological systematics ; phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The immunological comparison of the seed reserve proteins suggests thatLupinus is a natural genus, the American and the Euro-African species belonging to the same stock. Among the Lupines of the Old World, the smooth-seeded and the rough-seeded species from two natural segregates. The genusLupinus is serologically related to the rest of theGenisteae and to the AsiaticSophoreae rather than to AmericanSophoreae andThermopsideae. The data suggest thatLupinus may have originated with the remainder of theGenisteae from primitiveSophoreae of temperate-subtropical Asia. America and the Mediterranean-African region are regarded as secondary centres of speciation.
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    Embryology and systematic position ofLiparis (Orchidaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 1-9 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Epidendreae ; Liparidinae ; Liparis paradoxa ; Liparis rostrata ; Embryology ; systematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The embryology ofLiparis paradoxa andL. rostrata has been studied. The young anther wall consists of an epidermis, endothecium, three middle layers and secretory tapetum with uninucleate cells. In the mature anther, two or three sub-epidermal layers develop fibrous thickenings. The anther wall development corresponds to the massive type. Simultaneous cytokinesis results in decussate, isobilateral, linear, T-shaped and tetrahedral pollen tetrads. The pollinia are compact and at anthesis the pollen grains are 2-celled. Ovules are anatropous, bitegmic and tenuinucellate. Both the integuments are dermal in origin and 2-layered. Development of female gametophyte is of the monosporic, 8-nucleate type. Double fertilization occurs. The primary endosperm nucleus degenerates. The mature embryo is organized from the derivatives of tiers 1, 1′, m, and n. Its development conforms to a variation of the Onagrad type. The seed coat is formed entirely by the outer layer of the outer integument. There are three sterile and three fertile valves in the ovary. In the prefertilization stages valves consist of parenchymatous cells. After fertilization, the sterile valves become sclerenchymatous whereas the fertile valves remain parenchymatous. The embryological characters support the disputed systematic position ofLiparis within subtribeLiparidinae ofEpidendreae.
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    Karyotype analyses in three Patagonian and S. Andean endemic genera ofNicotianeae (Solanaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 31-39 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Solanaceae ; Nicotianeae ; Benthamiella pycnophylloides ; Combera paradoxa ; Pantacantha ameghinoi ; Somatic chromosome numbers ; karyotype analyses ; taxonomic and phylogenetic significance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The somatic chromosomes and karyotypes of threeNicotianeae have been studied for the first time. All of them have 2n = 2x = 22 and symmetrical karyotypes.Benthamiella pycnophylloides has 9 m pairs + 1 sm pair + 1 st pair; pairs 2, 4, 5, and 11 bear microsatellites.Combera paradoxa andPantacantha ameghinoi have 9 m pairs + 2 sm pairs; pair 11 ofC. paradoxa is satellited, while pair 9 ofP. ameghinoi bears microsatellites and shows a pericentric inversion in heterozygous state in 20% of the seedlings. Results are compared with previous chromosome reports for the tribe. The cytological data support their present position in the family system. Besides,Benthamiella, Combera andPantacantha appear to be primitive genera ofNicotianeae, a comparatively advanced tribe within the family.
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    Chromosomal evolution withinPiperaceae (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 105-117 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Piperaceae ; Piper ; Pothomorphe ; Peperomia ; Chromosome numbers ; karyomorphology ; banding patterns ; polyploidy ; evolution and systematics in tropical plants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chromosome numbers for 26 different species of the generaPiper, Peperomia andPothomorphe (Piperaceae) are reported. The basic chromosome numbers are 2n = 26, x = 13 (Piper, Pothomorphe) and 2n = 22, x = 11 (Peperomia), polyploid series are characteristic forPiper andPeperomia. Piper has the smallest chromosomes and prochromosomal interphase nuclei,Peperomia the largest ones and mostly reticulate to euchromatic nuclei.Pothomorphe is intermediate in both characters. The karyomorphological differences betweenPothomorphe andPiper underline their generic separation. Interspecific size variation of chromosomes occurs inPiper andPeperomia. Infraspecific polyploidy was observed inPiper betle. C-banding reveals different patterns of heterochromatin (hc) distribution between the genera investigated. The genome evolution is discussed.
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    Flower and fruit development in the Macaronesian endemicCeballosia fruticosa (syn.Messerschmidia fruticosa, Boraginaceae, Heliotropioideae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 119-129 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Boraginaceae ; Heliotropioideae ; Ceballosia ; Messerschmidia ; Fruit morphology ; anatomy ; systematics ; Flora of Macaronesia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ontogeny of the flower and the fruit of the Macaronesian endemicCeballosia were investigated morphologically and anatomically by SEM and LM. The fruit does not break into four mericarps, but splits into two two-seeded carpids. Exo- and mesocarp wither after fruit-ripening and the endocarp constitutes the remaining outer wall. Within the stony endocarp tubular parenchymatic isles develop which are linked with the mesocarp. Subsequent disintegration pretends additional locules in the mature fruit. Similar pericarp formations are also found in someHeliotropium species but result from a different ontogeny. Therefore, although a close relationship ofCeballosia toHeliotropium is obvious, the taxon should be treated as a separate genus.
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    Phenotypic plasticity inCrepis tectorum (Asteraceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 19-38 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Crepis tectorum ; Phenotypic plasticity ; morphometry ; norm of reaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two experiments were carried out using two different approaches to compare populations ofCrepis tectorum (Asteraceae). One was based on a comparison of means of various vegetative and reproductive characters and another was based on a comparison of response patterns of the same characters in a series of environments. Population divergence within two earlier recognized form series, one from weed habitats and one from alvar habitats on Baltic islands, resulted in a partially overlapping pattern in cluster analyses based on character means. However, the pattern revealed by a comparison of the direction and amount of plastic response suggested that populations within the two form series had more similar response patterns than other combinations of populations. It was concluded that patterns of plasticity may provide useful additional information on the overall similarity among taxa. An hypothesis that plants in weed populations should exhibit a greater phenotypic response to the environments than plants in alvar populations was rejected.
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    The chromosomes ofAzima tetracantha (Salvadoraceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 83-86 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Salvadoraceae ; Azima ; Chromosome number ; C-banding ; fluorochrome staining ; karyotype
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Azima tetracantha has an asymmetrical karyotype with large chromosomes and a large amount of heterochromatin. The haploid number (n = 11) may represent the base number of the family. However, a possible secondary origin of this base number is also considered.
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    Diaspore diversity in the anemochorousGouanieae (Rhamnaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 149-158 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Rhamnaceae ; Gouanieae ; Gouania ; Crumenaria ; Reissekia ; Alvimiantha ; Anemochory ; seed dispersal ; fruit morphology ; plant anatomy ; Neotropics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fruits and seeds of four anemochorous taxa ofRhamnaceae-Gouanieae were studied by SEM. Flight performance of diaspores of three genera was analyzed. Diverging postfloral morphogeneses lead to different fruit and diaspore types: (1) a solid schizocarp dehiscing into three 2-winged mericarps (Gouania, Crumenaria), (2) an inflated schizocarp dehiscing into three inflated mericarps (Reissekia), and (3) a “hollow” septicide capsule which releases three winged hemimericarps (Alvimiantha). The latter convey significantly heavier seeds thanGouania andReissekia at comparable fall rates. The generic status ofAlvimiantha is confirmed. The Neotropics are pointed out as being a site of strong adaptive radiation for the tribeGouanieae.
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    Bat pollination ofEncholirium glaziovii, a terrestrial bromeliad (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 167-179 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Bromeliaceae ; Pitcairnioideae ; Encholirium ; Phyllostomidae ; Lonchophylla ; Chiropterophily ; Flora of southeastern Brazil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The many-flowered, brush-like spikes ofEncholirium glaziovii, a ground-dwelling pitcairnioid bromeliad of the “campo rupestre” formation of southeastern Brazil, was observed being pollinated by the glossophagine bat,Lonchophylla bokermanni, in the Serra do Cipó (Minas Gerais). Nectar feeding was while hovering, and the pollen was preferentially transferred by the bat's snout. The floral pattern is chiropterophilous; unlike known tillandsioid bat flowers, stamens and style are protrusive beyond a small, persistent perigon, and anthesis, apparently protogynous, extends over several nights, with gradual onset and cease. Although various other flower-visitingChiroptera are known to occur in the area and are not mechanically precluded from exploitingEncholirium glaziovii, no one seems to compete withLonchophylla bokermanni. This species, a trap-liner, habitually forages in open habitats, a possible reason for its exclusiveness.—Flower details of two other species ofEncholirium from the same locality including one with the bat pollination syndrome, are given.
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