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  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (1,436)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984  (710)
  • 1975-1979  (726)
  • 1940-1944
  • 1982  (710)
  • 1976  (726)
Collection
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Years
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984  (710)
  • 1975-1979  (726)
  • 1940-1944
Year
  • 1
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    Ray tracing studies of Jupiter's magnetosphere (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Raypaths for decametric wavelength radiation in Jupiter's magnetosphere were calculated. The model-dependent raypaths with the Voyager observations were compared. Characteristics of the source regions and the influence of propagation effects were deduced. A three dimensional ray tracing program was employed to calculate the raypaths. Families of rays were launched at particular angles with respect to the magnetic field lines to generate conical sheets of radiation for various frequencies and various source locations. As the planet's magnetic field rotates, these warped sheets of radiation sweep past the observer, producing signatures in frequency versus time plots. These signatures match some of those found in the Voyager data. The greatest propagation effects occur in and around the source regions in the Io auroral oval.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Alabama Univ. in Huntsville The 1981 NASA(ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; 16 p
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  • 2
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    Interaction of large meteoroids with the atmosphere (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Disturbances of the atmosphere at heights of 120 to 40 km by penetration of meteroids of meter and decameter dimensions were examined. Unbiased data on atmospheric penetration of large meteroids was acquired, and their supply of gas and dust components to the middle atmosphere and their connection with the noctilucent clouds were determined.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 4; p 153-154
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  • 3
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    Anomalies within the system - Rochechouart target rock meteorite (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Contaminated impact crater formations are pertinent to the study of meteoritic contamination at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary and other Ir-enriched layers. Target mixing considerations and volumetric estimates of Rochechouart breccias are presently combined with the geochemistry of both major and siderophile trace elements, to evaluate how the chemistry of the preserved target rock-projectile mixture evolved since deposition. Over 99 percent of the mass of extraterrestrial Ir and Os in preserved formations at Rochechouart is located in suevite-like breccias and impact melts. Hydrothermal alteration and/or weathering are the most likely processes to explain both major and trace element redistribution in Rochechouart formations.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 4
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    Exploration of the giant planets by infrared spectroscopy (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The infrared spectrometer and radiometer for the Mariner-Jupiter-Saturn mission is described. Results of Nimbus and Mariner 9 IR spectroscopy of earth and Mars are used as examples to demonstrate the power and diversity of the technique. Determinations of planetary surface compositions, surface temperatures, vertical temperature profiles, surface pressures, and atmospheric constituents are summarized. Applications to Jupiter and Saturn are briefly mentioned.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 5
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    Structure of Mars' atmosphere up to 100 kilometers from the entry measurements of Viking 2 (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Viking 2 entry data on the structure of Mars' atmosphere up to 100 kilometers define a morning atmosphere with an isothermal region near the surface; a surface pressure 10% greater than that recorded simultaneously at the Viking 1 site; and a thermal structure to 100 kilometers at least qualitatively consistent with pre-Viking modeling of thermal tides. The temperature profile exhibits waves whose amplitude grows with altitude, to about 25 K at 90 kilometers. The atmosphere is stable against convection, except possibly in some very local regions. Temperature is everywhere appreciably above the carbon dioxide condensation boundary at both landing sites, precluding the occurrence of carbon dioxide hazes in northern summer at latitudes to at least 50 deg N. Thus, ground-level mists seen in these latitudes would appear to be condensed water vapor.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 194; Dec. 17
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  • 6
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    Scientific results of the Viking missions (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The two Viking missions to Mars have been extraordinarily successful. Thirteen scientific investigations yielded information about the atmosphere and surface. Two orbiters and landers operating for several months photographed the surface extensively from 1500 kilometers and directly on the surface. Measurements were made of the atmospheric composition, the surface elemental abundance, the atmospheric water vapor, temperature of the surface, and meteorological conditions; direct tests were made for organic material and living organisms. The question of life on Mars remains unanswered. The Viking spacecraft are designed to continue the investigations for at least one Mars year.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 194; Dec. 17
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  • 7
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    Estimated grain saltation in a Martian atmosphere (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Mariner 9 spacecraft images showing evidence of variable surface features and surface erosion resulting from atmospheric wind on Mars have caused a renewed interest in the eolian mechanics of saltating grains. To study this phenomenon, both experimental investigation in an atmospheric wind tunnel and numerical solutions of the equations of motion of a single grain under Martian surface conditions were conducted. The numerical solutions for earth were used and empirically adjusted to correlate with existing experimental data for Mars. These modified equations were then solved to estimate grain motion for Mars. These calculations show the importance of a lifting force on the grain to initiate motion in both earth and Mars calculations. Major findings include a comparison of earth and Mars grain trajectories that show Mars length scales to be longer and to fall with a higher terminal grain velocity. The grains in the Mars calculation also made a smaller collision angle with the surface on rebound.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Nov. 10
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  • 8
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    Al-26 in Kenna and other ureilites (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A description is presented of the results of a nondestructive analysis conducted with a 42-g slice of the Kenna ureilite. The sample was analyzed in a gamma-gamma coincidence counting system, using a dual-parameter, 4096-channel pulse height analyzer. Data concerning Al-26 and Ne-22/Ne-21 in ureilites and Chassigny are presented in a table. A graph shows the ratio of measured Al-26 activity to that calculated from elemental production rates vs spallation Ne-22/Ne-21 for ureilites and Chassigny. The significance of the data with respect to findings reported by Wilkening et al. (1973) is discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta; 40; Dec. 197
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  • 9
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    On the energy deposition of photoelectrons in the atmosphere of Venus (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Vertical components of photoelectron fluxes in the atmosphere of Venus are computed by solving an appropriate form of the Boltzmann equation in the cases where there is no flux of either photoelectrons or solar-wind particles across the ionopause and where photoelectrons are free to escape from the atmosphere. It is assumed that Venus has no magnetic field and that the atmosphere is composed of carbon dioxide, atomic oxygen, and helium. The results are plotted as a function of altitude for several energies in the range from 100 eV to a cutoff of the order of 1 eV. Heating rates for the two upper boundary conditions and the case of no spatial transport are determined which show that transport effects dominate at altitudes greater than about 200 km. Electron temperatures are calculated for the adopted model atmosphere and ionosphere by solving the pertinent conservation equation, and excitation rates are computed for the CO Cameron band as well as the CO2(+) A and B bands.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Oct. 1
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  • 10
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    The 'soil' of Mars /Viking 1/ (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The immediate environs of the Viking 1 lander are described, and the techniques employed to deduce the properties of the two different 'soil' types there are summarized. It is shown that the surface in the immediate vicinity of the lander consists of an area with fine-grained materials ('Sandy Flats') and a rocky area set in a matrix of finer-grained material ('Rocky Flats'). Estimates are given for the bulk density, particle density, particle size distribution, cohesion, angle of internal friction, and penetration resistance of the surface layer in each area. Footpad penetration into the surface layer is discussed, and wind removal of particles is examined. It is concluded that the surface layer of the Viking 1 landing site contains loess, dune sand, lunar nominal soil, lag gravel, and bare rock.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 194; Oct. 1
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  • 11
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    Status of the Viking missions (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A chronology of Viking 1 lander activities is presented for the first 43 sols (Martian days) of surface sampling and analysis. The orbital insertion of the second Viking spacecraft is reviewed along with the search for the second landing site. A general assessment of the planet is made on the basis of the data thus far obtained. Some of the findings reported are that: (1) there is extensive evidence of volcanism, fluvial and aeolian erosion, and deposition over the entire surface; (2) the floor of Vallis Marineris is significantly younger than the planet's surface; (3) the morphology of Martian crater ejecta is indicative of surface flow rather than ballistic deposition; (4) the rocks in the immediate vicinity of the lander are all covered by a layer of fine red dust; (5) the atmosphere is optically thick and well mixed, with suspended particles giving the sky a pink color; (6) the N and Ar isotopic ratios are different from those on earth; (7) atmospheric water vapor varies with both time of day and location; (8) the summer northern polar regions have a high water concentration in the atmosphere; (9) a large fraction of magnetic material resides in the surface; and (10) no complex organic compounds have been detected in the two samples analyzed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 194; Oct. 1
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  • 12
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    Venus' night side ionosphere - Its origin and maintenance (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A substantial nightside ionosphere has been observed on Venus by both Mariner 5 and Mariner 10. Major dayside ionic species such as O2(+) and other molecular ions have chemical lifetimes much shorter than the 244.3-day rotation period of the planet. Rapid transport of ions from the dayside to the nightside to the extent required seems most unlikely. Consequently, possibilities are investigated for local production of ions on the nightside itself. Constraints imposed by chemical lifetimes require atomic ions with low ionization potentials. It is suggested that metallic ions of meteoric origin are the positive charge carriers, and the plausibility of this mechanism is demonstrated. Other possibilities are examined and shown to be less likely. Meteor ablation on Venus, the aeronomy of metallic species, and the role of negative ions near the electron peaks of the atmosphere are discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Sept. 1
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  • 13
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    The Viking landing sites - Selection and certification (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: During the past several years the Viking project developed plans to use Viking orbiter instruments and earth-based radar to certify the suitability of the landing sites selected as the safest and most scientifically rewarding using Mariner 9 data. During June and July 1976, the earth-based radar and orbital spacecraft observations of some of the prime and backup sites were completed. The results of these combined observations indicated that the Viking 1 prime landing area in the Chryse region of Mars is geologically varied and possibly more hazardous than expected, and was not certifiable as a site for the Viking 1 landing. Consequently, the site certification effort had to be drastically modified and lengthened to search for a site that might be safe enough to attempt to land. The selected site considered at 47.5 deg W, 22.4 deg N represented a compromise between desirable characteristics observed with visual images and those inferred from earth-based radar. It lies in the Chryse region about 900 kilometers northwest of the original site.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 193; Aug. 27
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  • 14
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    The Halley rendezvous via solar sailing mission description (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The possibility of using solar sails to achieve a rendezvous with Halley's Comet is explored. Rendezvous trajectories are calculated.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Proc. of the Shuttle-Based Cometary Sci. Workshop; p 251-256
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  • 15
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    QH observations (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A model of the dissociative lifetime of the hydroxyl radical is computed where the H2O and OH velocities are vectorially added. A lifetime of approximately 3 x 100,000 seconds is determined.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc. of the Shuttle-Based Cometary Sci. Workshop; p 222-226
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  • 16
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    The spectrum of comets as derived from IUE observations (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Eight comets were observed with the IUE at various-heliocentric and geocentric distances. Their UV spectra are remarkably similar despite the large differences in the dust to gas ratios. Since all the dominant atomic species (except N) radicals and ions of the coma are detected in this spectral region, the total gaseous output of the nucleus can be estimated. The abundance of the carbon atom-bearing species is still not very well known and there are indications that the CO content of the coma could vary from comet to comet.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: ESA 3rd European IUE Conf.; p 445-449
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  • 17
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    Analysis of photometric spectra of 17 meteors (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The initial phase of the photometry which involved 17 meteor spectra consisting of eight Geminid spectra, six Orionid spectra and three Eta Aquarid spectra is discussed. Among these 17 spectra it is found that the Geminid spectra are of the best quality and are used for the identification of the atomic lines and molecular bands that normally appear on video tape spectra. The data from the Geminid records are used for developing calibration techniques in photometry. The Orionid and Eta Aquarid spectra are chosen for early analysis because of the current interest in all physical and chemical data relating to Comet Halley.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Meteors and Meteor Spectra Anal.; 9 p
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  • 18
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    Morphology of volcanoes (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The effects of chemical composition of the lava, physical processes of volcanic formation, and lava flow lengths on the morphology of Earth volcanoes were investigated. Difficulties in investigating volcanic morphology are discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Advan. in Planetary Geol.; p 565-568
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  • 19
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    Chemistry and evolution of Titan's atmosphere (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The chemistry and evolution of Titan's atmosphere are reviewed, in light of the scientific findings from the Voyager mission. It is argued that the present N2 atmosphere may be Titan's initial atmosphere, rather than one photochemically derived from an original NH3 atmosphere. The escape rate of hydrogen from Titan is controlled by photochemical production from hydrocarbons. CH4 is irreversibly converted to less hydrogen-rich hydrocarbons, which over geologic time accumulate on the surface to a layer thickness of about 0.5 km. Magnetospheric electrons interacting with Titan's exosphere may dissociate enough N2 into hot, escaping N atoms to remove about 0.2 of Titan's present atmosphere over geologic time. The energy dissipation of magnetospheric electrons exceeds solar EUV energy deposition in Titan's atmosphere by an order of magnitude, and is the principal driver of nitrogen photochemistry. The environmental conditions in Titan's upper atmosphere are favorable to building up complex molecules, particularly in the north polar cap region.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 20
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    Production of nitric oxide by lightning on Venus (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The first measurements of the production of nitric oxide (NO) by a laboratory discharge in a simulated Venus atmosphere are presented. The average NO yield over a range of energies was found to be 3.7 + or - 0.7 x 10 to the 15th molecules/joule. Simultaneous measurements of carbon monoxide (CO) resulting from the lightning-induced dissociation of carbon dioxide (CO2) indicated a CO yield of about 4 x 10 to the 17th molecules/joule. These measurements suggest that at and below cloud level, a region where solar ultraviolet radiation cannot penetrate, the dissociation of CO2 by lightning may be a significant source of oxygen atoms. Depending on the assumed value for the total energy dissipated by lightning on Venus, the production of NO by lightning may be a significant sink of atmospheric nitrogen over the history of Venus.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 9; Aug. 198
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  • 21
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    Evidence for a distant /greater than 8,700 R sub J/ Jovian magnetotail - Voyager 2 observations (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N82-18106)
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 9; Aug. 198
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  • 22
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    Quasi-periodic climate changes on Mars - A review (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The current understanding of the manner in which astronomical variations modulate the Martian climate and thereby lead to the occurrence of laminated polar terrain is considered. The seasonal cycles of dust, carbon dioxide and water, and their responses to astronomical variations, are studied. After an assessment of the way in which these cycles presently operate, for which pertinent spacecraft and ground-based observations are extant, attempts to predict how these cycles may differ under conditions of high and low obliquity and eccentricity are discussed. Attention is given not only to those areas in which there is broad agreement, but also to the controversial and speculative. Key questions include the proportion of dust and water ice in the laminae and its variations within individual layers, the relative importance of older laminae and lower-latitude material as sources of new laminae, and the factors responsible for the youth of the laminated terrain.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 23
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    Photoclinometric determination of the topography of the Martian north polar cap (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Photoclinometry is useful for the determination of topography for areas which have a uniform albedo. The technique is applied to early spring Viking images of the Martian north polar cap, taken when the surface was covered by a nearly uniform frost cover. Unlike earlier approaches, the topographic profiling can be used for surfaces with any photometric function, but the strike of the planetary surface relative to the illumination angle must be specified along the profile. The resultant profiles are relatively insensitive to misestimation of the photometric function and slope orientation, but are quite sensitive to the assumed values of the reflectance of an equivalent level surface and the atmospheric opacity (if it is large).
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 24
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    Stability of negatively charged dust grains in Saturn's ring plane (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The boundary between the inner and outer parts of Saturn's B ring is located at the theoretical limit of stability of dust grains with large negative charge to mass ratio. A grain inside of this stability limit will move along magnetic field lines and strike Saturn if given a slight velocity component normal to the ring plane. Outside of this marginal stability radius, a perturbed grain merely oscillates back and forth through the ring plane. The theoretical location of the marginal stability radius is at 1.625 Saturn radius. Observations by Pioneer 11 and Voyager 2 in the infared see the boundary as a prominent change in ring brightness at this radius. The occultation of delta-Scorpii by the rings in the ultraviolet seen by Voyager 2 shows about a factor of two change in optical depth beginning very close to this radius.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 87; Aug. 1
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  • 25
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    The Lappajarvi meteorite crater, Finland - Petrography, Rb-Sr, major and trace element geochemistry of the impact melt and basement rocks (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta; 46; July 198
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  • 26
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    On the location of acid-hydrolysable carbon in lunar soil fines (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Soil fines exposed on the lunar surface accumulate small metallic iron particles and solar wind-derived carbon. In previous work, it has been suggested that an intimate association exists between one particular carbon phase, hydrolysable carbon, and very fine iron droplets, where the carbon is in solid solution in the iron. The earlier hypothesis of a constant carbon in iron concentration across a broad range of droplet sizes is testable by combining hydrolysable carbon determinations with a variety of magnetic measurements sensitive to different droplet diameters. New measurements of ferromagnetic resonance response on density and magnetic separates from size fractions of soil 12023 are interpreted as evidence that hydrolysable carbon is preferentially associated with the larger, magnetically stable single-domain iron particles rather than with the smaller superparamagnetic droplets. For the former, there is a quite uniform ratio of iron to carbon both within a series of separates from a single soil, and among soils of widely varying FeO content.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Earth and Planetary Science Letters; 59; 1, Ju; June 198
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  • 27
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    Theory of radio occultation by Saturn's rings (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The radio occultation technique, as applied to Saturn's rings, is developed as a new method for the study of the physical properties of planetary ring systems. The rings are treated as a Doppler-spread radar target composed of an ensemble of discrete scatterers. The mathematical formulation of the received signal as a random-phasor-sum process is carried out following a conventional radar theory approach, providing a convenient starting point for deriving coherent signal parameters. A classical result is rederived for the equivalent refractive index of the medium. The analysis is generalized to include ringlets of arbitrary width and it is shown that when the width is such that two adjacent rays are differentially perturbed in phase, ray bending that causes focusing of the coherent signal may result. The diffuse component is also treated in detail.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 49; Feb. 198
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  • 28
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    Structure of the Venus mesosphere and lower thermosphere from measurements during entry of the Pioneer Venus probes (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Data on the thermal structure of the nightside middle atmosphere of Venus, from 84 to 137 km altitude, have been obtained from analysis of deceleration measurements from the third Pioneer Venus small probe, the night probe, which entered the atmosphere near the midnight meridian at 27 deg S latitude. Comparison of the midnight sounding with the morning sounding at 31 deg S latitude indicates that the temperature structure is essentially diurnally invariant up to 100 km, above which the nightside structure diverges sharply from the dayside toward lower temperatures. Very large diurnal pressure differences develop above 100 km with dayside pressure ten times that on the nightside at 126 km altitude. This has major implications for upper atmospheric dynamics. The data are compared with the measurements of Keating et al. (1980) above 140 km, with theoretical thermal structure models of Dickinson, and with data obtained by Russian Venera spacecraft below 100 km. Midnight temperatures are approximately 130 K, somewhat warmer than those reported by Keating et al.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 49; Jan. 198
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  • 29
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    The Mars reference atmosphere (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A nominal atmospheric model of Mars is presented, with detailed consideration being given to the various sources of variability in the Martian atmosphere. A basic model for the midlatitude summer is outlined for the northern and southern hemispheres. Attention is given to meteorological variability due to winds, diurnal and seasonal pressure variations, temperature changes, and the effects of dust opacity, particularly on temperature stratification. Viking lander IR thermal mapper data are examined in terms of diurnal and latitudinal temperature variations, and cloud and haze formation and locations are discussed. Mass spectrometry of the atmosphere is used to describe the molecular abundances, and water vapor measurements are reviewed. Finally, radio occultation, UV airglow, and mass spectrometry of the Martian upper atmosphere are investigated, along with the temperature structure of the upper atmosphere.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 30
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    Venus - Chemical weathering of igneous rocks and buffering of atmospheric composition (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Data from the Pioneer Venus radar mapper, combined with measurements of wind velocity and atmospheric composition, suggest that surface erosion on Venus varies with altitude. Calcium- and magnesium-rich weathering products are produced at high altitudes by gas-solid reactions with igneous minerals, then removed into the hotter lowlands by surface winds. These fine-grained weathering products may then rereact with the lower atmosphere and buffer the composition of the observed gases carbon dioxide, water vapor, sulfur dioxide, and hydrogen fluoride in some regions of the surface. This process is a plausible mechanism for the establishment in the lowlands of a calcium-rich mineral assemblage, which had previously been found necessary for the buffering of these species.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 216; Apr. 9
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    The induced magnetosphere of Titan (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: No evidence was found for an intrinsic magnetic field, nor for the development of a bow shock wave, as the corotating Saturnian magnetoplasma convected past Titan during the Voyager 1 close encounter of November 12, 1980. The observation of a well-developed, induced bipolar magnetic tail is evidence, however, of a strong electrodynamic interaction. Three thin, current-carrying regions were crossed which correspond to the inbound and outbound tail magnetopause and an imbedded tail neutral sheet. The interaction is unique among those observed to date in the solar system, in that it is intermediate with respect to sonic and Alfvenic Mach numbers by comparison with Titan in the solar wind and Io in the Jovian magnetosphere. The draping of the Saturnian magnetic field around the ionosphere of Titan is suggested by results of the analysis of magnetic field data.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 87; Mar. 1
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    The Allan Hills icefield and its relationship to meteorite concentration (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Allan Hills icefield is described by as a limited icefield that has large concentrations of meteorites. The meteorites appear to be concentrated on the lower limb of an ice monocline with other finds scattered throughout the field. In an attempt to understand the mechanisms of meteorite concentration, a triangulation chain was established across the icefield. This chain is composed of 20 stations, two of which are on bedrock, and extends westward from the Allan Hills a distance of 15 kilometers. The triangulation chain and its relationship to the meteorite concentrations is shown.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Catalog of Meteorites from Victoria Land, Antarctica, 1978 - 1980; p 12-18
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    Composition of Jupiter (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The chemistry of Jupiter's atmosphere is reviewed. The various molecules that were discovered on Jupiter are summarized. The compounds: methane, ammonia water, ethane, acetylene, carbon monoxide, phosphine, and germane.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Vibrational-Rotational Spectry. for Planetary Atmospheres, Vol. 1; p 363-385
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    Infrared absorption by OH containing compounds (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The spectroscopy of the species H2O, H2O2, and HO2 are discussed. Their vibration rotation transitions are emphasized, but the pure rotational transitions in the vibrational ground state of H2O are also considered since they contribute to opacity in the middle infrared region.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Vibrational-Rotational Spectry. for Planetary Atmospheres, Vol. 1; p 295-310
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  • 35
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    New theoretical and experimental methods for pressure broadened linewidths and their interpretation (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A review of recent progress in the theory of collisional line broadening, particularly the impact of recent advances in collision dynamics calculations is presented. Some new approaches to the interpretation of experimentally measured linewidths and their impact on planetary atmosphere research are discussed. Experimental techniques which may have some advantage in providing pressure broadening data at very low temperatures are also mentioned.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Vibrational-Rotational Spectry. for Planetary Atmospheres, Vol. 1; p 125-148
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  • 36
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    Molecular spectroscopy and planetary exploration from space (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Examples of the role which molecular spectroscopy played in the interpretation of the thermal emission spectra of Earth, Mars, and Jupiter are given. Some advantages of molecular spectroscopy from a spacecraft passing close to a planet, or from an orbiter, over ground based techniques are discussed. Specifically the possibility of obtaining spectra over a wide spectral range (1) without the obscuring effect of Earth's atmosphere, (2) at much higher spatial resolution, and (3) from directions and with phase angles inaccessible from Earth.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Vibrational-Rotational Spectry. for Planetary Atmospheres, Vol. 1; p 29-47
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  • 37
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    Channel and physical models of the Jovian subnebula (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A semiempirical physical model of the Jovian subnebula was developed by analogy with the primitive solar nebula itself. The chemical aspects of this model are developed according to the principles developed in the study of the thermochemistry and gas kinetic behavior of the solar nebula, but with important modifications to take into account the higher pressures and densities in the Jovian subnebula. The bulk compositions and densities of the inner satellites of Jupiter are calculated. It is proposed that Europa differs from Io chiefly in that in has suffered a less severe thermal history. The general features of this model are applicable with minor modification to the systems of Saturn and Uranus.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Planetary Atmospheres Program; p 4-26
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  • 38
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    Line intensities from band and diode laser measurements: Neutrino 4 of CH4 (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The experimental data and theoretical work on the 7.7 micron band of methane are reviewed. This band is particularly relevant in studies of the atmospheres of Jupiter, Saturn and the other outer planets. Methane spectra taken from the infrared spectrometer (IRIS) aboard Voyager, and a temperature profile derived by inverting those data, both for hydrogen and methane are presented.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Vibrational-Rotational Spectry. for Planetary Atmospheres, Vol. 2; p 529-542
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  • 39
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    Thermal Structure of Jupiter and Saturn (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Temperatures in the sensible regions of the atmospheres of the outer planets are quite cold. The temperature structures for Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, derived from the equilibrium models are presented in preparation. The vertical temperature profiles for Jupiter and Saturn, the molecular spectroscopic data which form the basis for this type of analysis, and the problems involved with these models for molecular absorption and with the recovery technique in general, are discussed. Results for Jupiter and Saturn from the Pioneer and Voyager infrared experiments are also presented.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Vibrational-Rotational Spectry. for Planetary Atmospheres, Vol. 1; p 333-362
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  • 40
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    Spectroscopic measurements of Mars and Venus with heterodyne techniques (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Measurements were made of the exact shape of CO2 absorption lines in Mars and Venus to determine the vertical pressure temperature structure using high resolution heterodyne spectroscopy. Accurate measurements of absolute wind velocities in both the mesosphere and stratosphere of Venus were made from Doppler shifts of narrow CO2 lines, and searches were made for minor molecular species of interest in modeling the stratospheric photochemistry for Mars and Venus.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Vibrational-Rotational Spectry. for Planetary Atmospheres, Vol. 1; p 277-294
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  • 41
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    Transient species on Mars and Venus (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The similarities between the atmospheres of Earth, Venus, and Mars are discussed. The following species are highlighted: NOx, HOx, and COx. The concentrations of the species were examined for all three planets.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Vibrational-Rotational Spectry. for Planetary Atmospheres, Vol. 1; p 243-251
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  • 42
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    Neutral species in the atmosphere of Venus (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: About 97% of the Venusian atmosphere is CO2, with the balance comprised of various trace constituents. Species other than CO2 that are found in Venus' atmosphere or are being sought are discussed. The problems connected with the spectrum of CO2 itself are highlighted.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Vibrational-Rotational Spectry. for Planetary Atmospheres, Vol. 1; p 229-242
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  • 43
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    Gaseous infrared absorption in the lower atmosphere of Venus (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Possibly important sources of infrared opacity in the Venusian atmosphere was identified. It is shown that which is the major atmospheric constituent comprising about 97 percent of the atmosphere, is the dominant infrared opacity source. Not shown is N2 which comprises about 3 percent of the atmosphere. The mixing ratio of water vapor varies considerably with altitude but falls in the range of about 20 to 200 parts per million (ppm). The mixing ratio of SO2 falls in the range of 100-200 ppm. This number is about 5000 times larger than estimates obtained earlier via Earth-based observations. The abundance of some of the other minor constituents is also shown.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Vibrational-Rotational Spectry. for Planetary Atmospheres, Vol. 1; p 255-269
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    The JPL millimeter, submillimeter and microwave line catalog (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The catalog includes molecules of interest in the interstellar medium, in planetary atmospheres and in the Earth's atmosphere. Different units than those on the AFGL tape are used. For citing line frequencies in the microwave region. Either the experimental errors or the propagation of errors from the fit are included on the tape. This gives an estimate of how accurate the frequencies are. The intensity units are defined as follows: the logarithm of the intensity unit is the cross section times the frequency in MHz. This is essentially the same unit as on the AFGL tape, but contains fewer factors of the speed of light. The catalog is available to the scientific community either as a tape or on microfiche (filmed in frequency sorted and molecule sorted format).
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Vibrational-Rotational Spectry. for Planetary Atmospheres, Vol. 1; p 191-196
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  • 45
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    Microwave rotational spectroscopy (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The region of planetary atmospheres upward of 1 millimeter is considered. The applications of this region, how microwave, millimeter, and submillimeter spectra (the so called rotational spectra) can fruitfully interact with infrared spectral measurements are described. Both the rotational bands and vibrational bands of molecules are considered. A typical rotational absorption coefficient for a linear molecule in a low J state with a dipole moment of about one Debye is plotted and evaluated. A vibrational case was chosen similarly: the transition dipole moment used for the vibrational case is typical of CO at the peak of its rotational distribution. Information on high altitude parameters that often cannot be obtained from higher frequency spectra, which can be provided by rotational spectra is discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Vibrational-Rotational Spectry. for Planetary Atmospheres, Vol. 1; p 171-190
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  • 46
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    Venus: Halide cloud condensation and volatile element inventories (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Several Venus cloud condensates, including A12C16 as well as halides, oxides and sulfides of arsenic and antimony, are assessed for their thermodynamic and geochemical plausibility. Aluminum chloride can confidently be ruled out, and condensation of arsenic sulfides on the surface will cause arsenic compounds to be too rare to produce the observed clouds. Antimony may conceivably be sufficiently volatile, but the expected molecular form is gaseous SbS, not the chloride. Arsenic and antimony compounds in the atmosphere will be regulated at very low levels by sulfide precipitation, irrespective of the planetary inventory of As and Sb. Thus the arguments for a volatile-deficient origin for Venus based on the depletion of water and mercury (relative to Earth) cannot be tested by a search for atmospheric arsenic or antimony.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Planetary Atmospheres Program; p 27-35
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  • 47
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    Comments on Pluto's atmosphere (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A pure CH4 atmosphere would rapidly escape from Pluto. For such an atmosphere, even CH4 frosts on Pluto's surface would completely sublimate on a time scale short compared to Pluto's life. Observations of CH4 therefore imply that its atmosphere must also contain another gas in significant quantity.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Vibrational-Rotational Spectry. for Planetary Atmospheres, Vol. 2; p 709-715
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  • 48
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    Spectroscopy of Triton and Pluto: Current status and prospects (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Near-infrared spectrophotometry of Triton and Pluto at low spectral resolution and signal precision reveals methane absorption on both bodies. The absorption on Triton is probably gaseous CH4, while that on Pluto is a combination of gas and ice of CH4. Using present detectors and telescopes, spectra of Triton and Pluto can be obtained which are 5-10 times better than those published, but such data will not be sufficient to distinguish between gaseous and solid methane on these bodies.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Vibrational-Rotational Spectry. for Planetary Atmospheres, Vol. 2; p 699-706
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  • 49
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    Spectra of ammonia (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Developments in the spectral analysis of ammonia are highlighted. Experimental techniques of diode laser spectroscopy were reviewed. It is shown that diode lasers give much better spectral resolution than even Fourier transform spectroscopy.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Vibrational-Rotational Spectry. for Planetary Atmospheres, Vol. 2; p 611-634
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  • 50
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    Long-pathlength absorption spectroscopy of CH4 (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Infrared spectra of methane and ammonia are taken. The methane data base accumulated is described. The spectral region from 4,000 to 6,500 cm is covered at moderate resolution (0.15 cm), working at three temperatures (118, 191, and 272K), and with the (pressure - pathlength) product ranging over a factor of a thousand. Methane spectra broadened by hydrogen and helium have also been taken. Normalized spectra are stored on magnetic tapes, at a resolution slightly better than 0.25 cm.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Vibrational-Rotational Spectry. for Planetary Atmospheres, Vol. 2; p 585-595
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    Current Studies of CH4 from 2.5 to 7 microns (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The 3.5 micron region of methane was analyzed. The positions and strengths of approximately 9000 absorption lines in the region from 2400 to 3200 cm were measured. Spectra were obtained at a resolution of 0.1 cm using the Fourier transform spectrometer and at 0.02 cm resolution using the four passed grating spectrometer. The analysis of the 3.5 micron region required the use of spectra of CH4 in other regions, therefore the methane spectrum from 1200 to 4700 cm is indicated. The method used for the compilation of line lists is demonstrated.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Vibrational-Rotational Spectry. for Planetary Atmospheres, Vol. 2; p 503-526
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    A review of acetylene, ethylene and ethane molecular spectroscopy for planetary applications (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Spectroscopic work in acetylene, ethylene and ethane, are of particular interest since the Voyager IRIS observations of Jupiter. Acetylene and ethane but not ethylene were observed in the Jovian spectrum. Two fundamental bands of the observed gases are used to determine the spatial distribution of these hydrocarbons on Jupiter and to illuminate the photochemistry of these species. The 100 to 1000 cm region is discussed and selected examples of current laboratory work are given.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Vibrational-Rotational Spectry. for Planetary Atmospheres, Vol. 2; p 473-496
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  • 53
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    Collision induced sharp features in the infrared spectrum of HD (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The collision induced spectra of HD and H2 are studied. Their application to the study of planetary (and planetary satellite) atmospheres is investigated.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Vibrational-Rotational Spectry. for Planetary Atmospheres, Vol. 2; p 439-447
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  • 54
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    High resolution spectral analysis of the Jovian decametric radiation. II - The band-like emissions (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Analysis of the bandlike Jovian decametric emission is presented. A model for the active region that accounts for the observed radiation characteristics is described using the measured parameters of the bandlike emission and a model of the Jovian magnetic field. The active region is characterized not only by the fact that an upward-flowing electron stream is caused to radiate in this region, but the stream itself is broken into radiating electron bunches within the active region. Observed undulations of the emission band on the time-frequency plane are interpreted as motions of the active region along a flux tube. The instantaneous location of the active region along the flux tube shows a dependence on the density of the stream entering the active region. The mechanism responsible for density modulation of the stream appears to be common to both the bandlike and simple-S-burst emission types.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 29; Dec. 197
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    High resolution spectral analyses of the Jovian decametric radiation. I - Burst morphology and drift rates (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Morphological analyses of high-resolution spectral recordings of Jovian decametric radiation show a regime of phenomena not seen at lower resolutions. Observed emissions range from narrow-band (50 kHz) simple quasi-periodic bursts to wide-band emissions (extending over a 500-kHz passband) exhibiting complex structural detail. Assuming gyroemission from electrons in a dipole field for which the magnetic moment is 10 Gauss Jupiter-radius-cubed, drift-rate measurements of the bursts indicate that the source size is of the order of 600 km and its location is near 1.3 Jupiter radii at a colatitude of 27.3 deg. The measurements suggest that the emitting electrons belong to a population having a very specific equatorial pitch angle near 3.5 deg. This study concludes that it may be possible to verify gyroemission as the mechanism responsible for the decametric radiation.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 29; Dec. 197
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    The occultation of Mariner 10 by Mercury (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Analysis of Mariner 10 dual-frequency radio-occultation recordings has yielded new information on the radius and atmosphere of Mercury. The ingress measurements, which were conducted near 1.1 deg north latitude and 67.4 deg east longitude on the night side of the planet, gave a value for the radius of 2439.5 + or - 1 km. Egress near 67.6 deg north latitude and 258.4 deg east longitude on the sunlit side yielded a radius of 2439.0 + or - 1 km. The atmospheric measurements showed the electron density to be less than 1000 per cu cm on both sides of the planet. From the latter result one may infer an upper limit to the dayside surface gas density of 1 million molecules per cu cm.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 29; Dec. 197
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    Relation of a contracting earth to the apparent accelerations of the sun and moon (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: It has been concluded that the theoretical ratio of the apparent secular accelerations of the moon and the sun implied by tidal theory is far higher than the ratio of observed values. This paper shows that the discrepancy can be entirely removed within the range of uncertainty of the various quantities involved if terms making allowance for a secularly decreasing terrestrial moment of inertia are included in the dynamical equations for the apparent secular accelerations. Such a decrease has already been predicted on the basis of the phase-change hypothesis for the nature of earth's core. The development of this hypothesis is reviewed, the modified dynamical equations are derived, and values of tidal couples implied by existing observational data are examined. The numerically determined rate of decrease of earth's moment of inertia is found to be in close agreement with that predicted by the phase-change hypothesis. The results indicate that a diminishing gravitational constant is unlikely, that the moon would have been in close proximity to earth only 1 billion years ago, and that earth's rotation period at that time would have been about 5 hr.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: The Moon; 16; Dec. 197
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    Observational and theoretical temperatures for a total lunar eclipse (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Temperature profiles from seven regions of the moon were recorded during a total eclipse using an infrared radiometer and telescope. The eclipse was visible from beginning to end. Target areas chosen range from mare areas to mountainous highlands. Theoretical temperature curves were calculated using a thermophysical model in which the lunar material properties are variable. These curves are compared with the experimental data. A description of the instrumentation, observations, calibration, signal reduction, and the theoretical model is given. The results show excellent agreement between the observational and theoretical temperatures during the eclipse. The apparent differences between the observed and calculated temperatures during pre- and post-eclipse are minimal after directional radiation is taken into account.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: The Moon; 15; June-Jul
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    Floor-fractured lunar craters (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Observational data concerning floor-fractured craters on the lunar near and far sides are examined, including the morphologic classification of the craters, their spatial and size distributions, and their floor, peak, and rim elevations relative to the maria. Six morphologic classes and two subclasses are delineated on the basis of fracture pattern, crater floor depth, and floor type. These data are used to reconstruct a history of crater modification which accounts for the large differences in affected crater size and age, the small peak-rim elevation differences, remnant central peaks within mare-flooded craters and ringed plains, ridged and flat-topped rim profiles of heavily modified craters and ringed plains, as well as the absence of positive gravity anomalies in most floor-fractured craters and some large mare-filled craters. The results indicate that: (1) impact craters became centers of intrusions and volcanism generally related to periods of basin inundation by mare basalts; (2) some light-plains units in the highlands may be due to both impact ejecta and extrusions of light-colored lava or ash; (3) floor-fractured craters may have become important volcanic vents that contributed to the inundation of the lunar surface by mare basalts; and (4) the lunar highlands probably did not fully escape the epochs of mare flooding.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: The Moon; 15; June-Jul
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    The chemistry of planetary atmospheres (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Present knowledge concerning the chemistry of planetary atmospheres is reviewed along with the theories which attempt to explain observational data. The known gross atmospheric compositions of the terrestrial and giant planets are listed, differences between the atmospheres of earth and Venus are discussed, and the atmospheres of the giant planets are described. The origin and evolution of the atmospheres of earth, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus are outlined, and chemical processes in the atmospheres are examined, particularly cloud formation. The question of organic synthesis and evolution in the reducing atmospheres of the giant planets is considered. It is noted that laboratory work on the individual chemical processes and reactions involved in the evolution of organic compounds in planetary atmospheres, comets, and interstellar space points to the inevitability of organic-compound synthesis in all these situations and to the pervasiveness of organic chemistry throughout the universe.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Chemical Education; 53; Apr. 197
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    Mars dynamics, atmospheric and surface properties - Determination from Viking tracking data (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Approximately three months of radio tracking data from the Viking landers have been analyzed to determine the lander locations, the orientation of the spin axis of Mars, and a first estimate from Viking data of the planet's spin rate. Preliminary results have also been obtained for atmospheric parameters and radii at occultation points and for properties of the surface in the vicinity of lander 1.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 194; Dec. 17
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    Viking magnetic properties investigation - Further results (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The amounts of magnetic particles held on the reference test chart and backhoe magnets on lander 2 and lander 1 are comparable, indicating the presence of an estimated 3 to 7 percent by weight of relatively pure, strongly magnetic particles in the soil at the lander 2 sampling site. Preliminary spectrophotometric analysis of the material held on the backhoe magnets on lander 1 indicates that its reflectance characteristics are indistinguishable from material within a sampling trench with which it has been compared. The material on the RTC magnet shows a different spectrum, but it is suspected that the difference is the result of a reflectance contribution from the magnesium metal covering on the magnet. It is argued that the results indicate the presence, now or originally, of magnetite, which may be titaniferous.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 194; Dec. 17
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    Spiral structure as an explanation for the asymmetric brightness of Saturn's A ring (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 264; Nov. 25
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  • 64
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    Tektites and their origin (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Questions concerning the tektite distribution are examined, taking into account the Australasian strewn field, the Ivory Coast strewn field, the Moldavite strewn field, the North American strewn field, the Libyan desert glass, the Aouelloul crater glass, and amerikanites. Attention is given to the shapes of tektites, the internal structure of tektites, the physical properties of tektite glass, the chemical composition of tektites, isotopes, fission tracks, cosmic ray tracks, and arguments in favor and against the terrestrial origin of tektites. It is concluded that tektites cannot be terrestrial in origin. They are probably volcanic ejects, of geologically recent epochs, from one or a number of lunar volcanoes.
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  • 65
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    Viking to Mars - Profile of a space expedition (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Viking spacecraft, operations, and findings are reviewed and numerous pictures are presented in an attempt to capture the atmosphere of the Viking expedition. The details of the two Viking spacecraft, each consisting of an orbiter and lander combination launched a Titan III/Centaur are described and illustrated, along with the Viking ground-data and communications system. The principal conclusions of the Viking mission to date are: detection of nitrogen, argon, krypton, and xenon; determination of isotopic ratios of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and argon; uniform diurnal meteorological conditions; determination of major elemental abundances; complex surface chemistry; no ubiquitous organic material; 4 to 7% of the sampled surface material is magnetic; discovery of ancient extensive fluvial activity; north permanent polar cap made of water ice; and significant variations of the atmospheric water vapor, the summer hemisphere being much more humid than the winter hemisphere.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astronautics and Aeronautics; 14; Nov. 197
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  • 66
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    An example of a thermally metamorphosed agglutinate (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The nature and properties of lunar agglutinates in relation to the kind of metamorphism described by Albee et al. (1973) are briefly considered. The properties of the agglutinates are compared with those of a lunar metaclastic particle which is believed to be the product of the extreme thermal metamorphism of an agglutinate. The results of electronprobe microanalyses of selected agglutinitic glasses are presented in a table. Attention is also given to the bulk chemical composition of some noritic metaclastic rocks and several highland rock types.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Meteoritics; 11; Sept. 30
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  • 67
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    Unlimbering Viking's scoop (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A number of difficulties which were encountered in deploying the Viking 1 lander's surface-sampler arm are discussed. When the surface sampler jammed during its initial operation, the problem was studied with the aid of tests on a full-scale lander mock-up. It was found that the difficulty was caused by a boom latch pin which had failed to fall clear. The surface-sampler arm could subsequently be freed by modifying the original command sequence. Another difficulty could be overcome by a similar approach.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: IEEE Spectrum; 13; Oct. 197
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  • 68
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    A radar study of the backup Martian landing sites (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Goldstone radar system at DSS 14 was used to probe the Martian surface at 8495 MHz in a narrow strip between -6 deg and -2 deg latitude. The Viking C landing sites lie in this strip, and their altitudes, rms surface slope, and reflectivity are presented.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 49-52
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  • 69
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    A geological basis for the exploration of the planets: Introduction (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The geological aspects of solar-system exploration were considered by first showing how geologic data are related to space science in general, and, second, by discussing the approach used in planetary geology. The origin, evolution, and distribution of matter condensed in the form of planets, satellites, comets, and asteroids were studied. Terrestrial planets, comets, and asteroids, and the solid satellites of the outer planets are discussed. Jupiter and Saturn, in particular, have satellites of prime importance. Geophysics, geochemistry, geodesy, cartography, and other disciplines concerned with the solid planets were all included.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: A Geol. Basis for the Exploration of the Planets; p 1-12
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  • 70
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    Viking magnetic properties investigation - Preliminary results (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Three permanent-magnet arrays are aboard the Viking lander. By sol 35, one array, fixed on a photometric reference test chart on top of the lander, has clearly attracted magnetic particles from airborne dust; two other magnet arrays, one strong and one weak, incorporated in the backhoe of the surface sampler, have both extracted considerable magnetic mineral from the surface as a result of nine insertions associated with sample acquisition. The loose Martian surface material around the landing site is judged to contain 3 to 7 per cent highly magnetic mineral which, pending spectrophotometric study, is thought to be mainly magnetite.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 194; Oct. 1
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  • 71
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    Search for the Viking 2 landing site (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The search for the landing site of Viking 2 is reviewed, emphasizing the characteristics of the various candidate sites and reasons for rejecting unsuitable sites. It is shown that the B3 site in Utopia Planitia was selected because the B latitude band (40 to 50 deg N) was of the highest scientific interest, the site appeared to be smoothed by uniform mantling, and the additional data analysis and acquisition required to land at any other site could have resulted in a landing delay and significant additional operational complexity. It is tentatively concluded that the Viking 2 lander rests in a deflation hollow.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 194; Oct. 1
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  • 72
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    Mapping of lunar surface from side-looking orbital radar images (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Side-looking spacecraft radar imagery has thus far been produced only from an orbit around the moon. This was a part of the Apollo Lunar Sounder Experiment (ALSE) of the Apollo 17 mission in December 1972. This paper reports results of a radargrammetric evaluation of overlapping Apollo 17 synthetic-aperture radar images (wavelength 2 m). The potential to map from single images and to reconstruct three-dimensional stereoscopic models is studied. The relative height accuracy achieved is about + or - 100 m and is thus competitive with that obtained with the vidicon camera presently used for planetary exploration.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: The Moon; 15; June-Jul
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  • 73
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    Martian north pole summer temperatures - Dirty water ice (1976)
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    Description: Broadband thermal and reflectance observations of the Martian north polar region in late summer yield temperatures for the residual polar cap near 205 K with albedos near 43 percent. The residual cap and several outlying smaller deposits are water ice with included dirt; there is no evidence for any permanent carbon dioxide polar cap.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 194; Dec. 17
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  • 74
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    The Viking seismic experiment (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A three-axis short-period seismometer is now operating on Mars in the Utopia Planitia region. The noise background correlates well with wind gusts. Although no quakes have been detected in the first 60 days of observation, it is premature to draw any conclusions about the seismicity of Mars. The instrument is expected to return data for at least 2 years.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 194; Dec. 17
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  • 75
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    Discovering Jupiter. I (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The current state of knowledge regarding the planet Jupiter is examined, taking into account data obtained with the aid of the spacecraft Pioneer 11. A description is given of Jupiter's weather. The Pioneer 11 pictures show that the planet's banded cloud structure breaks down above 50 deg latitude, and turns into relatively small, mostly circular cloud features in the polar regions. Attention is given to Jupiter's heat balance, aspects of internal heat flow, questions of atmospheric circulation, the turbulence in Jupiter's atmosphere, the effects of coriolis forces, Jupiter's upper atmosphere, the Great Red Spot, and the Jovian magnetosphere and radiation belts.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Spaceflight; 18; Dec. 197
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  • 76
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    Stratigraphy and structural geology (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The immediate goal of stratigraphy and structural geology is to reduce the enormous complexity of a planetary surface to comprehensible proportions by dividing the near-surface rocks into units and mapping their distribution and attitude.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: A Geol. Basis for the Exploration of the Planets; p 13-32
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  • 77
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    Geophysics (1976)
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    Description: Four areas of investigation, each dealing with the measurement of a particular geophysical property, are discussed. These properties are the gravity field, seismicity, magnetism, and heat flow. All are strongly affected by conditions, past or present, in the planetary interior; their measurement is the primary source of information about planetary interiors.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: A Geol. Basis for the Exploration of the Planets; p 63-74
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  • 78
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    Geodesy and cartography (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Geodesy and cartography provide the geometric framework on which most investigations of planets are ultimately based. Specifically, the products of these disciplines provide information on the following: (1) the dimensions of the planet, (2) a mathematical figure of reference for the planet, (3) the orientation of the body in the celestial coordinate system, (4) the rotational constants, (5) a defined system of coordinates, (6) the location of surface points in the defined coordinate system, (7) the gravity potential expressed in spherical harmonics, (8) topographic and thematic maps, and (9) surface albedo in various wavelengths. The relevance of geodesy and cartography to planetology is discussed, and the requirements of data acquisition and mission design are considered.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA Ames Res. Center A Geol. Basis for the Exploration of the Planets; p 75-84
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    Geochemistry (1976)
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    Description: The most effective strategy for the geochemical study of a planet is to proceed systematically with the mineralogical and chemical characterization of its materials in accordance with geologically determined priorities. It is insufficient merely to analyze chemically the surface rocks. To appreciate the meaning of a chemical analysis, some assessment must be made of the geologic history of the sample - what its source and mode of origin are and what processes have operated upon the sample to cause chemical fractionation. Determination of mineralogy, texture, lithology, and other properties of the rock that might be relevant to origin is, therefore, necessary.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA Ames Res. Center A Geol. Basis for the Exploration of the Planets; p 33-62
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  • 80
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    Photometry of Venus from Mariner 10 (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Photometry of the upper atmosphere of Venus from Mariner 10 on February 5, 1974 is discussed with respect to in-flight verification of camera linearity, shading, and absolute photometric calibration. Among photometric results are the following: (1) temporal brightness variations were observed in the UV greater than 10% over a few hours due to the rapid rotation of the upper atmosphere, (2) the observed terminator was 4 degrees past the geometric terminator due to detached haze layers at altitudes around 85 km, (3) there were no indications of cloud top elevation variations greater than a few hunderd meters, and (4) in the UV, the bright and dark regions both had low albedos in all scales, showing that the UV absorber is not confined just to dark markings.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 33; Sept
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  • 81
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    Jupiter at five microns (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The paper summarizes the information obtained in recent maps of Jupiter at 5 microns, a frequency at which the gases in Jupiter have a relatively low opacity. It is highly possible that 5-micron hot spots are breaks in the cloud deck permitting observation of the hot lower layers of the atmosphere. Many 5-micron sources coincide with blue visual features, but the details of the correspondence need further investigation. Large-scale changes in the appearance of the planet occur at 5 microns on time scales of months; these changes are sufficiently dramatic to produce detectable variations in the whole-disk flux from the planet. Their correspondence to large-scale changes in visual features is not yet determined.
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    Bow shock and magnetosheath waves at Mercury (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Mariner 10 measurements at the Mercury bow shock provide examples where the magnetic field is approximately parallel or perpendicular to the bow shock normal. Upstream of a broad irregular parallel shock, left-hand circularly polarized waves are observed which cut off very sharply at about 4 Hz. Upstream of a perpendicular shock, righ-hand circularly polarized waves are observed which persist up to the Nyquist frequency of 12 Hz. Determination of the wave propagation vector as a function of frequency helps to identify conclusively the waves as whistler mode waves propagating from the shock. The magnetosheath downstream of the parallel shock is disturbed more than that downstream of the perpendicular shock, particularly below 1 Hz. In the latter case, regular left-hand-polarized waves observed slightly above the proton gyrofrequency are identified as ion cyclotron waves with wavelengths of about 300 km which have been Doppler shifted up to their observed frequency.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Aug. 1
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  • 83
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    Mars - Wind friction speeds for particle movement (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Wind friction threshold speeds for particle movement were determined in a low pressure boundary layer wind tunnel at an atmospheric pressure of 5.3 mb. The results imply that for comparable pressures on Mars, the minimum wind friction threshold speed is about 2.5 m/sec, which would require free-stream winds of 50 to 135 m/sec, depending on the character of the surface and the atmospheric conditions. The corresponding wind speeds at the height of the Viking lander meteorology instrument would be about a factor of two less than the free-stream wind speed. The particle size most easily moved by winds on Mars is about 160 microns; particles both larger and smaller than this (at least down to about 5 microns) require stronger winds to initiate movement.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 3; Aug. 197
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  • 84
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    The first Viking mission to Mars (1976)
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    Description: The paper outlines the major goals and present achievements of the Viking 1 mission to Mars. The construction and instrumentation of the orbiter and lander are described. The criteria used to select the optimum landing site are discussed together with orbit adjustments and the landing process. Special attention is given to constraints on surface coverage and observation conditions.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 193; Aug. 27
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    A new estimate of volatile outgassing on Mars (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The presence of 28% argon on Mars, as calculated by Levine and Riegler (1974) and indirectly inferred from Soviet Mars-6 lander data, has important implications for the outgassing history of H2O, CO2, and N2 on Mars. Even if the terrestrial volatile outgassing ratio is only approximately valid for Mars, then large quantities of H2O (of the order of 100,000 g/sq cm), about 10,000 g/sq cm of CO2 (about 1000 times more CO2 than found at present in the Martian atmosphere), and some 450 g/sq cm of N2 may have outgassed over the history of Mars.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 28; June 197
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    On the calculation of cosmic-ray exposure ages of stone meteorites (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Abundances of cosmic ray-produced noble gases and Al-26, including some new measurements, have been compiled for some 23 stone meteorites with exposure ages less than 3,000,000 yr. Concentrations of cosmogenic He, Ne, and Ar in these meteorites have been corrected for differences in target element abundances by normalization to L-chondrite chemistry. Combined noble gas measurements in depth samples of the Keyes and St. Severin chondrites are utilized to derive equations for normalizing the production rates of cosmogenic He-3, Ne-21, and Ar-38 in chondrites to an adopted 'average' shielding. The measured unsaturated AL-26 concentrations and the calculated equilibrium Al-26 for these meteorites are combined to estimate exposure ages. These exposure ages are statistically compared with chemistry- and shielding-corrected concentrations of cosmogenic He, Ne, and Ar to derive absolute production rates for these nuclides, which are found to be roughly 25% higher than production rates used in the past. From these production rates and relative chemical correction factors, production rates for other classes of stone meteorites are derived.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta; 40; July 197
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    Possibility of detecting magnetospheric radio bursts from Uranus and Neptune (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The intensity of magnetospheric radio bursts (MRBs) is scaled to solar-wind input into planetary magnetospheres and the frequency of emission is scaled to polar surface magnetic-field strength in order to estimate the possibility of detecting MRBs from Uranus and Neptune. A scaling law is derived which relates the ratio of power radiated in MRBs to the solar-wind input for earth, Jupiter, and Saturn. Power-flux spectra of MRBs from these three planets are plotted, and it is shown that Jupiter and Saturn may radiate 1% to 5% of the solar-wind energy input into their magnetospheres. The properties of MRBs from Uranus and Neptune are estimated by assuming a conversion efficiency of 1% to 5%, a bandwidth of half the peak frequency, and conformity of Uranus' and Neptune's dipole moments with the magnetic Bode's law. Based on the results, it is suggested that detection of MRBs from these two planets may be a reasonable cruise-mode radio-astronomy objective on future missions to the outer solar system.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 261; May 27
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    Aliphatic amines in the Murchison meteorite (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The paper reports on the determination of aliphatic amines in water extracts of the Murchison meteorite. The amines were analyzed by gas chromatography both as the free amines and as 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) derivatives. The results give evidence for the presence of all of the possible primary aliphatic monoamines (eight) with fewer than five carbon atoms. Two of the seven possible secondary or tertiary aliphatic monoamines were identified. The identified primary amines total 80 nmol per g meteorite, and seem to be chemically or physically trapped in the meteorite. Similarities between the water-extractable amines and amino acids suggest that (1) a simple carbon compound, methane, for example, is the precursor of meteorite amines and amino acids, and (2) both amines and amino acids are extracted from the meteorite both as such and in the form of acid-hydrolyzable derivative or precursor species.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 261; May 13
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  • 89
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    Polarization of the reflected light of asteroid 433 Eros (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Linear polarizations measured for asteroid 433 Eros at various wavelengths and at solar phase angles ranging from 9 to 53 deg are presented. The polarization results are entirely typical of main-belt S asteroids, and indicate a dusty surface with geometric albedo 0.20. The derived effective diameter at photometric maximum is 21 km. Eros is quite uniform polarimetrically; no dependence on aspect is detected, and the polarization is shown to be constant during a single rotation with a precision of one part in forty.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 28; May 1976
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    Lightcurves and the axis of rotation of 433 Eros (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Ten lightcurves and UBV photometry of 433 Eros were obtained between August 1972 and May 1975. The absolute magnitude of the lightcurve maximum is 10.75 and the phase coefficient is 0.025 mag/deg. There may be a small difference in B-V color between the northern and southern hemispheres. The pole of the axis of rotation is directed toward 16 deg, ecliptic longitude and 12 deg ecliptic latitude, respectively, and the rotation is direct with a sidereal period of 5 hr 16 min 13.4 sec. The dimensions derived from the polarimetric albedo and the lightcurve amplitudes are 12 km by 12 km by 31 km for a smooth cylinder with hemispherical ends.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 28; May 1976
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    Investigation of a new stony meteorite from Mauritania with some additional data on its find site - Aouelloul crater (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Zerga meteorite, a small stony meteorite found at Aouelloul crater, is a fragment of a larger mass with a pre-atmospheric radius between 20 and 125 cm. The meteorite is a typical amphoterite, with monomict brecchia which has undergone at least one recrystallization episode. The terrestrial age of the meteorite is roughly an order of magnitude smaller than the K-Ar gas-retention age (about 3.1 million years) of the glassy impactite found at the crater, which is close to the age of the nearby Tenoumer crater (about 2.5 million years). The similar ages of the two craters, together with their alignment with the Temimichat Ghallaman crater, suggest a simultaneous triple impact following the disruption of a large meteorite moving on a very shallow earth trajectory. The unusually shallow original depths inferred for two of the craters may be explained by low impact angles.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Earth and Planetary Science Letters; 30; 2, Ma; May 1976
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  • 92
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    Physical properties of asteroid 433 Eros (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Newly available photometric, polarimetric, spectroscopic, thermal-radiometric, radar, and occultation results are synthesized in order to derive a coherent model for Eros. The geometric albedo is 0.19 plus or minus 0.01 at the visual wavelength, and the overall dimensions are approximately 13 by 15 by 36 km. The rotation is about the short axis, in the direct sense, with a sidereal period of 5 hr 16 min 13.4 sec. The pole of rotation lies within a few degrees of ecliptic coordinates 16 deg longitude and beta = +11 deg latitude. Eros is uniformly coated with a particulate surface layer several millimeters thick. It has an iron-bearing silicate composition, similar to that of a minority of main-belt asteroids, and probably identifiable with H-type ordinary chondrites.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 28; May 1976
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  • 93
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    Martian atmospheric lee waves (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Areas of extensive mountain lee wave phenomenon in the northern midlatitudes during late winter are observed in Mariner 9 television pictures of Mars. The lee wave pattern is due to the discrete spectrum of waves generated by a crater ridge in an airstream. The cloud patterns resulting from the waves generated by the flow across a mountain or crater are dependent on the velocity profile of the airstream and the vertical stability of the atmosphere. A two-layer velocity model of the airstream is used in calculations based on the theory of mountain lee waves. Regardless of the simple model used for the airstream, the calculations appear to be capable of reproducing the observed wave patterns. The many observations of lee waves suggest that the near surface wind speeds as implied by the lower stream velocities do not greatly exceed, and most of the time are less than, 40 m/sec in the northern midlatitudes during late winter except possibly on a very localized scale. Results are in agreement with circulation models, especially the Leovy and Mintz (1969) two-layer numerical model.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 27; Apr. 197
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  • 94
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    Thermal emission spectra of 24 asteroids and the Galilean satellites (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 27; Apr. 197
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  • 95
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    Radiometric diameter and albedo of the remarkable asteroid 1976AA (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: It is pointed out that the minor planet 1976AA discovered on January 7, 1976, is the first asteroid found with an orbital period of less than a year. A description is given of a study in which the diameter and the albedo of the asteroid were determined with the aid of infrared radiometry. It is concluded that on the basis of its albedo 1976AA can probably be classed with the stony group of asteroids.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 260; Apr. 22
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  • 96
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    New theory of the Great Red Spot from solitary waves in the Jovian atmosphere (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: It is shown that many characteristics of the Great Red Spot (GRS) and numerous other features that have been observed on Jupiter can be explained by solitary waves on a horizontally sheared zonal flow in a rotating, stratified atmosphere. Streamline patterns for waves corresponding to combined depression-elevation solitary waves (D-E solitrons) show a strong resemblence to the flow around the GRS. The morphology and flow pattern of the South Tropical Disturbance indicate that it was a D solitron. Numerous spot-like features situated in regions between cloud bands where horizontal shear forces might be expected have the morphology of E solitrons. Restrictions placed on the atmospheric parameters by the model are consistent with available models and observations.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 260; Apr. 8
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  • 97
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    Minor planets and related objects. XIX - Shape and pole orientation of /39/ Laetitia (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Results are reported for analyses of UBV photoelectric photometric data and light curves of the asteroid Laetitia. The pole orientation is determined using a technique for reducing the scatter in the magnitude-phase relation. No significant variations in color are found over the surface, and the light curves are found to indicate topographic elements (peaks, scarps, or depressions) approximately 10 km in radius. It is shown that the light-curve amplitudes as well as the wide scatter in observed magnitude and phase relation can be explained by a triaxial ellipsoidal figure with a dimensional ratio of about 15:9:5. It is concluded that the size, shape, and composition of this asteroid are highly suggestive of a major collisional fragment from a substantially more massive differentiated parent body.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 81; Jan. 197
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  • 98
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    Diurnal tide in the Martian atmosphere (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Classical atmospheric tidal theory is extended to include the effects of large-amplitude planetary-scale variations of the terrain height. Utilizing simple models of the thermotidal forcing, the resulting technique is used to compute the diurnal tide in both the dust-free and the dust-laden Martian atmosphere. The main effect of the Martian variable terrain is to drive topographic tidal modes which can propagate vertically and to excite the possibly resonant diurnal Kelvin mode. The resulting surface wind can exceed 20 m/sec and may determine the preferred location for the initiation of global dust storms. In the middle Martian atmosphere (30-80 km) static and shear instabilities embedded within the tidal fields will generate extensive, though variable, regions of turbulence. Vertical mixing by this turbulence and transport by the tide itself may help to stabilize the middle Martian atmosphere against photolysis.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 33; Feb. 197
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  • 99
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    New vistas in planetary radio astronomy (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Recent progress in planetary radio astronomy is reviewed, where the most significant advances have come from spacecraft observations. The low-frequency radio spectra of the earth, Jupiter, and Saturn are compared, and the striking similarity in shapes is noted. New radio data are examined which provide a way to compare the magnetic field strengths of the planets. More detailed information on the radio structures of Jupiter and Saturn, and possibly on Uranus, is expected from the 1977 Mariner Jupiter-Saturn mission.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Sky and Telescope; 51; Mar. 197
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  • 100
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    Early lunar magnetism (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A new method (Shaw, 1974) for investigating paleointensity (the ancient magnetic field) was applied to three subsamples of a single, 1-m homogeneous clast from a recrystallized boulder of lunar breccia. Several dating methods established 4 billion years as the age of boulder assembly. Results indicate that the strength of the ambient magnetic field at the Taurus-Littrow region of the moon was about 0.4 oersted at 4 billion years ago. Values as high as 1.2 oersted have been reported (Collison et al., 1973). The required fields are approximately 10,000 times greater than present interplanetary or solar flare fields. It is suggested that this large field could have arisen from a pre-main sequence T-Tauri sun.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 260; Mar. 18
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